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SYNOPTICAL 
FLORA   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


SYNOPTICAL 


FLORA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


By  ASA  GEAY,  LL.D., 

F.M.  R.S.  &  L.S.  Lond.,  R  I.A.,  Roy.  Soc.  Upsala,  Stockholm,  Gbttingen; 
Roy  Acad.  Sci.  Munich,  Berlin,  &c. ;  Corresp.  Imp.  Acad.  Sci.  St  Petersburg,  &c. 

FISHER   PEOFESSOK   OF   NATURAL   HISTORY    (bOTANT)    IN   HARVARD   UNIVERSITY. 


Vol.  II.  — Part  L 
Gamopetal^    after    COMPOSIT-E. 


NEW;  Y  O  R  K  : 
IVISON,    BLAKEMAN,    TAYLOR,    AND    COMPANY. 

LONDON:    TRUBNER  &  CO.,  LUDGATE  HILL. 

LEIPSIC:    T.  O.  WEIGEL. 

May,  1878. 


Copyright, 
By  Asa  Gray, 

1878. 


Cambridge : 


PREFACE. 


This  volume  commences  where  the  Flora  of  North  America  by  Torrey 
and  Gray  stopped,  thirty-five  years  ago,  namely  at  the  close  o£  the  great 
order  of  Compositae ;  and  the  present  part  comprises  the  remaining 
Gamopetalee.  It  is  intended  to  complete  this  Synoptical  Flora  in  two 
volumes,  of  about  1200  pages  each ;  the  first  to  cover  the  ground  which 
was  gone  over  in  the  work  referred  to  (now  wholly  out  of  print  as  well 
as  antiquated),  that  is,  to  contain  the  orders  from  Ranunculaceae  to  Com- 
positae, newly  elaborated.  The  next  ensuing  part  of  the  present  volume 
will  be  devoted  to  the  Apetalse  and  Gymnospermss,  and  the  final  portion 
to  the  Monocotyledones  and  the  Vascular  Cryptogamia. 

Botanists  will  need  no  particular  explanation  of  the  plan  of  this  work. 
Geographically  it  comprises  the  United  States  and  all  the  North  Amer- 
ican continent  and  islands  northward,  Greenland  excluded.  The  series 
of  Natural  Orders  adopted  is  that  of  Bentham  and  Hooker's  Genera 
Plantarum.  The  generic  characters  are  given  synoptically,  but  with 
essential  completeness,  at  the  beginning  of  each  order.  The  characters 
of  sections  of  genera,  when  of  comparatively  high  rank,  are  designated  by 
the  sectional  mark  (§)  and  printed  in  the  larger  type ;  and  those  of 
first  "importance,  such  as  may  be  termed  subgenera,  are  distinguished  by 
having  a  substantive  name.  Subsections,  and  also  primary  divisions 
when  of  low  rank,  are  in  small  type.  Such  subdivisions  are  very  freely 
made,  for  convenience  of  analysis  and  to  save  repetition  of  identical 
phrases  under  the  included  species ;  and  they  are  preferred  to  artificial 
keys  to  the  species,  because  enabling  these  to  be  grouped  more  naturally. 
If  somewhat  less  facile  for  rapid  determination,  they  are  more  ex- 
haustive and  less  liable  to  mislead ;  and  they  permit  the  ultimate  specific 


vi  PREFACE. 

characters  to  be  more  simply  diagnostic.  In  monotypic  genera,  it  has 
been  found  more  convenient  to  give  the  details  under  the  species,  in 
the  form  of  a  specific  character.  Throughout  the  work,  from  the  order 
down  to  the  species  or  variety,  the  endeavor  is  to  avoid  repetition  of 
statement. 

The  names  of  introduced  species,  sufficiently  established  to  claim  a 
place  in  our  flora,  are  printed  in  small  capitals,  as  are  such  adventitious 
or  extraneous  species  as  require  mention. 

In  the  accentuation  of  generic,  sectional,  and  specific  names,  no 
attempt  is  made  (as  in  the  Manual  of  Botfany  of  the  Northern  United 
States  and  other  works)  to  mark  the  quality  of  the  accented  vowel,  but 
only  to  designate  the  syllable  upon  which  the  principal  accent  falls. 

Compactness  being  essential,  only  the  leading  synonymy  and  most 
important  references  are  given,  and  these  briefly.  All  deficiency  in  this 
respQct  will  be  amply  supplied  by  the  Bibliographical  Index  to  North 
American  Botany,  pre'pared  at  the  Harvard  University  Herbarium 
by  Sereno  Watson,  and  now  in  course  of  publication  by  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution.  The  first  part  of  this  most  important  adjunct  to  the 
present  work,  which  is  just  issued,  gives  the  full  bibliography  of  the 
Polypetal^  (the  subject  of  the  first  volume  of  Torrey  and  Gray's  Flora 
of  North  America,  published  in  1838  and  1840),  with  revision,  critical 
corrections,  and  additions  up  to  the  present  time.  Its  continuation  may 
be  expected  to  proceed  pari  passu  with  this  Flora. 

Harvard  Uxiversity  Herbarium, 

Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  April  10,  1878. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

goodeniace^ 1 

lobeliace^     ,     .     .     .    7 1 

Campanulace^ 9 

Ericace^ 14 

Lennoacejj 50 

DlAPENSIACE^ 51 

Plumbaginace^ 53 

Primdlace^ 55 

Mtesinace^   i 64 

Sapotace^ 66 

Ebenace^e 69 

Stteacace^ 70 

Oleace^ 72 

Apoctnace.e 79 

AsclepiadacejE 85 

loganiace^ 106 

GENTIANACEiE 110 

POLEMONIACE^' 128 


Page 

Htdrophtllace^ 152 

borraginace^ 177 

convolvulace^ 207 

solanace^ 224 

scrophulariace^ 244 

Orobanchace^ 310 

Lentibulaeiace^ 314 

BlGNONlACE^ 318 

Pedaliace^ 320 

acanthace^ 321 

Selaginace^ 332 

Verbenace^ 332 

LABiATJi; 341 

Plantaginace^ 388 

Additions  and  Corrections      .    .    .  393 

Index 397 


SYNOPTICAL 
FLORA   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Division  II.    GAMOPETALOUS  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS 

CONTINUED    AFTER    COMPOSITjE. 

Order  LXXIV.   GOODENIACE^. 

^  Shrubby  or  herbaceous  plants,  chiefly  with  alternate  leaves  and  no  proper 
stipules,  most  resembling  Lobeliacece,  especially  in  having  the  corolla  cleft  down 
between  two  of  the  lobes  more  deeply  than  between  the  rest;  but  without 
milky  juice,  the  anthers  separate,  and  a  cup-like  indusium  around  and  at  first 
enclosing  the  stigma.  Mainly  Australian  and  Oceanic,  one  or  two  species  of 
the  following  genus  reaching  or  overpassing  the  northern  tropic. 

1.  SC^VOLA,  L.  (Diminutive  of  sc«ua,  a  left-handed  person;  application 
obscure.)  Calyx  adnate  to  the  2-celled  ovary ;  the  limb  5-cleft  or  a  mere  border 
around  the  base  of  tlae  epigynous  5-lobed  corolla,  the  tube  of  which  is  cleft  down 
one  side  to  the  base ;  its  lobes  valvate-induplicate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5, 
epigynous,  or  lightly  connected  with  the  base  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its 
lobes,  distinct.  Ovules  solitary  or  a  pair  in  each  cell,  erect.  Fruit  drupe-like, 
or  when  dry  nut-like.  Flowers  in  axillary  cymes,  or  sometimes  solitary.— 
L.  Mant.  145 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  539. 

S.  Plumieri,  Vahl.  Low  and  shrubby,  with  fleshy  obovate  entire  leaves,  woolly-bearded  in 
the  axils,  otlierwise  smooth:  limb  of  the  calyx  a  truncate  border:  corolla  white,  an 
mch  long ;  the  tube  as  long  as  the  lobes,  very  woolly  inside.  —  Lobelia,  Plum.  Ic.  t.  165  • 
Catesb.  Car.  i.  t.  79.  —  Seashore,  S.  Florida.     ( W.  Ind.,  S.  Afr.,  S.  Asia.) 

Order  LXXV.   LOBELIACE^. 

Herbs  (out  of  the  tropics),  the  juice  usually  milky  and  acrid,  with  alternate 
simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  racemose  inflorescence,  and  perfect  5-merous  flowers ; 
having  the  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  epigynous  irregular  corolla  and  sta- 
mens, the  latter  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  and 

1 


2  LOBELIACE^.  Nemacladus. 

usually  both  syngenesious  and  monadelphous.  Limb  of  the  calyx  divided  down  to 
the  ovary,  which  is  wholly  inferior  or  sometimes  a  large  part  free  ;  its  lobes  generally 
persistent.  Corolla  (with  the  stamens)  inserted  just  where  the  calyx  becomes 
free  from  the  ovary,  its  lobes  mostly  valvate  or  induplicate  in  the  bud,  commonly 
deeper  cleft  or  completely  split  down  between  two  of  the  lobes,  the  cleft  mostly  on 
the  upper  side  (next  the  axis  of  inflorescence)  m  the  open  blossom,  but  becoming 
so  by  a  twist ;  in  the  early  bud  the  cleft  looks  toward  the  bract.  The  5  petals 
occasionally  disposed  to  separate  from  below  upward,  and  the  limb  to  be  bilabiately 
hregular.  Filaments  generally  free  from  the  corolla,  sometimes  more  op  less  ad- 
herent to  its  tube  :  anthers  2-celled,  introrsely  dehiscent,  firmly  united  around  the  top 
of  the  style  into  a  ring  or  short  tube  (except  in  an  anomalous  tribe).  Ovary 
2-celled  with  placentse  projecting  from  the  axis,  or  sometimes  1-celled  with  2 
parietal  placentse.  Style  entire:  stigma  commonly  2-lobed,  girt  with  a  rim  of 
hairs.  Ovules  aud  seeds  mostly  indefinitely  numerous,  small,  anatropous.  Embryo 
small  or  narrow,  straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  (Too  near  the  Cam- 
panulacece,  and  nearly  passing  into  them,  therefore  united  by  recent  authors ;  but 
as  there  are  two  dozen  genera,  agreeing  in  the  indefinite  inflorescence,  irregular 
corolla,  aud  mostly  in  the  syngenesious  anthers,  it  seems  best  to  retain  the  order.) 
Tribe  I.    CYPHIE^.     Anthers  entirely  separate,- merely  surrounding  the  stigma. 

1.  NEMACLADUS.  Calyx  partly  or  wholly  free.  Corolla  bilabiately  irregular;  lower 
lip  3-,  upper  2-lobed  or  parted.  Filaments  monadelphous  above  the  middle :  anthers  oval, 
glabrous.  Style  incurved  at  tip  :  stigma  capitate,  2;lobed,  obsoletely  annulate.  Capsule 
2-celled,  2-valved  from  top,  20-40-seeded. 

Tribe  II.   LOBELIE^E.    Anthers  syngenesious.    CoroUatrulygamopetalous,  at  least 
above,  in  ours  distinctly  bilabiate,  two  lobes  turned  away  from  the  other  three. 
*   Corolla  open  down  to  the  base  on  one  (the  apparently  upper)  side. 

2.  LOBELIA.  Calyx-tube  short.  Corolla  with  tube  commonly  straight;  the  lobe  each 
side  of  the  cleft  erect  or  turned  backwards  ;  the  throe  others  larger  and  somewhat  combined 
to  form  the  spreading  or  recurved  (apparently)  lower  lip.  Stamens  free  from  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  monadelphous  except  near  the  base.  Capsule  tlun-walled,  2-celled,  many-seeded, 
loculicidally  2-valved  at  the  top  or  free  upper  part. 

*  *  Corolla  with  a  closed  tube  :  capsule  wholly  inferior. 

3.  PALMER.ELLA.  Calyx-tube  turbinate ;  the  lobes  slender.  Corolla  with  an  elongated 
linear  and  straight  tube,  not  at  all  dilated  at  the  throat;  the  short  limb  abruptly  spreading; 
two  lobes  small,  spatulate-linear  and  recurving ;  the  three  larger  obovate  or  oblong  and 
slightly  united  at  base.  Filaments  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  corolla  up  to  near  the  throat, 
then  monadelphous  and  free,  or  farther  adnate  on  one  side  only  :  anthers  oblong;  the  three 
larger  naked  ;  ti'e  two  shorter  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  very  unequal  stout  bristles.  Stigma, 
ovarj',  and  probably  capsule  as  in  Lobelia.  ^ 

4.  LAURENTIA.  Calyx-tube  turbinate  or  oblong.  Corolla  with  its  tube  as  long  as  the 
limb,  which  is  like  that  of  Lobelia.  So  are  the  stamens,  pistil,  &c.  Capsule  short, 
2-vaIved  at  the  summit. 

5.  DOWNINGIA.  Calyx-tube  very  long,  stalk-like.  Corolla  with  a  very  short  tube,  and  an 
ample  bilabiate  limb;  lips  spreading,  the  larger  3-lobed  and  broad;  the  two  distinct  divi- 
sions of  the  smaller  narrower.  Anther-tube  incurved :  one  or  both  of  the  shorter  an- 
thers tipped  with  a  stout  bristle-like  point ;  the  others  naked.  Ovarj^  at  first  two-celled. 
Capsule  very  long  and  linear,  crowned  with  the  foliaceous  and  linear  calyx-lobes,  terete 
or  2-3-angled,  earlj'  becoming  1-celled  with  2  parietal  and  many-seeded  filiform  placentse, 
remaining  closed  at  the  narrow  apex,  dehiscent  longitudinally  by  from  one  to  three  long 
fissures  or  valves. 

1.  NEMACLADUS,  Ivutt.  (Nyfia,  a  thread,  and  y.lddo^^,  branch,  from  the 
very  slender  stem  and  branches.)  —  Two  small  annuals  a  span  high,  at  length 
excessively  branched  and  diffuse :  leaves  minute ;  the  radical  obovate ;  cauline 
reduced  to  subulate  bracts,;  pedicels  capillary,  racemose  on  zigzag  branches  : 
corolla  flesh-color.  —  Gray  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  28. 


Lobelia.  LOBELIACE^E.  3 

^wfp? °fiK-^'?'Y1;^!'**\  ^'"u'"^''  "^""P*  '^^  "^'""^^^y  V^hen^^nt  tuft  of  radical 
sh  o.n«.,li^  ,  t  ^=  "  ":^'  '""'^i''^'^'  "^"^'•^  '"^  '^'  lower  third  of  the  ovary  and  round- 
ish capsule,  which  does  not  exceed  the  rather  unequal  lobes :  corolla  short  (a  line  long  1 
soon  separating  into  3  or  5  parts  or  petals:  filaments  monadelphous  above:  seeds  oblong: 
oval.  -  PI.  Gamb.  (Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.),  254  ;  Torr.  Mex.  Bound.  108  t.  35  - 
Gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  California  to  New  Mexico. 

N.  longiflorus  Gray.  Radical  leaves  more  canescent:  calyx  5-parted.  free  from  and 
much  shorter  than  the  narrow  oblong  capsule,  its  lobes  equal:  corolla  narrower,  firmly 
gamopetalous,  f  ulb^  3  Imes  long,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx  :  filaments  long-mona- 
delphous:  seeds  short-oval.  -  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  60. -S.  California,  Wallace,  Lemmon. 

2.  L0B:&LI A,  L.  (Commemorates  Matthias  de  V Ohel,  latinized  Lohelius,  an 
early  Flemish  herbalist.)  —  Ours  herbs,  flowering  in  summer,  some  of  them  showy  • 
common  m  the  Atlantic,  almost  absent  from  the  Pacific  United  States.  Tube 
of  the  corolla  more  or  less  disposed  to  split  up  in  age  into  three  pieces  or  into 
Its  five  petals ;  at  least  the  two  shorter  anthers  with  a  bearded  tuft  at  tip. 

§  1.  HoMOCHiLus,  A.DC.  Lips  of  the  corolla  somewhat  equal;  one  of  them 
3-toothed,  the  other  2-parted :  flowers  long-peduncled  from  the  axil  of  leaves 
or  large  leafy  bracts,  in  ours  red  and  yellow  :  perennials. 

L.  laxiflora  HBK.,  var.  angustifolia.  Tall  and  branching:  leaves  lanceolate  or 
even  hnear,  3  or  4  inches  long,  denticulate  :  peduncles  2  to  4  inches  and  corolla  an  inch 
long:  calyx-lobes  hardly  longer  than  the  inh^.  - L.  persica^folia,  HBK.,  not  Lam.  L. 
Cavamllesu  MKvt.;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3600. -Damp  ground,  just  below  the  Mexican 
border  of  Arizona,  north  of  Arispe,  Thurber.  (Mex  )  A  form  intermediate  in  the  breadth 
of  the  leaves  between  the  var.  and  the  L.  Cavanilksii,  Cav.  Ic.  t.  518,  or  the  plant  culti- 
nelrl    ^4^^'^^''''""^-!''"'  ^''°^'""-      Anthers   sometimes   long-hirsute   externally,  sometimes 

§  2.  EuLOBELiA.  {Eulohelia,  Hemipogon,  &  Holopogon,  Benth.  &  Hook.) 
Larger  lip  of  the  corolla  3-parted  or  3-cleft  and  spreading  or  dependent;  the 
other  two  lobes  either  erect  or  turned  backward:  flowers  racemose  or  spicate. 

L.  cardinalis  L.  (Cardinal-flower.)  Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrous  :  stem  2  to  4  feet 
high,  commonly  simple:  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both 
ends,  irregularly  serrate  or  serrulate :  lower  bracts  leafy  :  tube  of  calyx  and  capsule  hemi- 
spherical, much  shorter  than  the  subulate  linear  lobes:  tube  of  the  corolla  about  an  inch 
long:  seeds  oblong,  rugose-tuberculate :  the  intense  red  of  the  corolla  varying  rarely  to 
rose-color  or  even  white. -Bot.  Mag.  t.  320;  Bart.  Med.  Bot.  t.  48.- Wet  ground,  New 
Brunswick  to  the  Saskatchewan,  Florida,  and  the  borders  of  Texas. 

L   splendens,  WiUd.     More  slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  leaves  lanceolate  or  almost 

erv  lif  "tt  f    ''^''^  '^*  ""  ^'"^^  ^^"^'^^  ^--^-^  ^-^  tuberculate:  otherwise 

ve  y  like  the  precedmg.  -Hort.  Berol.  t.  86,  the  corolla-lobes  larger  and  longer  than  in 
wild  specimens.  LTe.ensis,  Raf.  Ann.  Nat.  (1833)  20.- Wet  grounds,  Texas  and  through 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  borders  of  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  rahier. 
Also  Mexico.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  in  our  plant  (as  in  many  Mexican)  only  3  to  6  lines 
long.     Anthers  sometimes  a  little  hairy  on  the  back. 

^^ti/J""^",^  'l^'r  Of,  Pa'"''y  ^^liite,  sometimes  varying  to  white:  tips  of  the  three  lar-er  anther, 
naked  or  short-bearded,  or  rarely  with  a  tuft  like  the  other  two.  '='     ^"^^^^'^ 

■¥-  Flowers  rather  large  (tube  of  the  corolla  half  or  over  a  third  of  an  inch  long),  spicate-racemose- 
capsule  short  and  broad :  stems  leafy :  plants  perennial,  mostly  by  offsets.  lacemose. 

•H-  Leaves  short  and  small  (about  half  an  inch  long),  thickish,  very  numerous  up  to  the  inflores- 
cence, and  passing  into  fohaceous  bracts.  =>  "P  10  uie  innores- 

L.  brevifolia,  Nutt.     Glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent:  stem  virgate  and  simple  a  foot 
or  two  high:  leaves  rather  fleshy,  strongly  toothed,  mostly  2  lines   broad;   the  lowest 


4  LOBELIACE^.  Lobelia. 

obovate  or  spatulate;  the  upper  oblong-linear,  often  crowded  and  widely  spreading  or 
refiexed,  sometimes  even  pinnatifid-tootlied,  the  teeth  callous :  spike-like  raceme  few  - 
many-flowered:  short  pedicels  mainly  appressed  and  equalled  by  the  short  foliaceous 
bracts:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  and  pectinately  toothed, 
auriculate-appendaged  at  base,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  puberulent  tube  of  the  corolla: 
anthers  all  liairy  above,  but  only  the  two  shorter  with  conspicuous  beard  at  tip :  capsule 
very  short. — A. DC.  Prodr.  vii.  377;  Bertol.  Misc.  x.  28.  L.  crassiuscula,  Hook.  Comp. 
Bot.  Mag.  i.  100.  —  Open  pine  barrens,  Louisiana,  Alabama,  and  Florida;  flowering  late. 
Tube  of  the  corolla  nearly  half  an  inch  long. 
++  ++  Leaves  rather  large  and  broad  (1  to  5  inches  long),  from   ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate, 

numerous  ;  the  upper  passing  into  foliaceous  bracts:  lip  and  upper  part  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla 

glabrous  within. 
L.  syphilitica,  L.  Somewhat  pubescent  with  scattered  hairs:  stem  rather  stout,  very 
leafy,  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaves  thinnish,  lanceolate  or  oblong  and  tapering  to  both  ends, 
irregularly  serrate  or  repand-denticulate  (the  larger  5  or  6  inches  long) :  spicate  raceme 
leafy  below,  a  span  to  a  foot  long :  calyx-lobes  mostly  hairy  or  ciliate,  moderately  shorter 
than  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  tiie  sinuses  conspicuously  appendaged  by  deflexed  auricles: 
larger  anthers  wholly  naked  at  tip.  —  Dill.  Elth.  t  242 ;  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  t.  597  ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  537. 
L.  (jiandulosa,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxxii.  t.  63.  — Wet  grounds,  Canada  to  Georgia,  Louisiana, 
and  west  to  Kansas  and  Dakotah.  Runs  into  some  varieties:  var.  Liidoviciana,  A.DC,  is  a 
south-western  smoother  form,  with  thickish  leaves  :  there  are  also  garden  hybrids.  Auricles 
of  the  calyx  sometimes  reaching  the  base  of  the  ovary,  sometimes  short.  Corolla  bright 
liglit  blue,  rarely  varying  to  white  or  purple ;  its  tube  broader  than  in  the  following, 
half  an  inch  long. 
L.  puberxila,  Michx.  Soft-pubescent  with  very  short  and  fine  hairiness,  2  feet  high: 
leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  obtuse  and  an  inch  or  two  long,  pale  or  slightly 
hoary,  callous-denticulate  or  more  toothed ;  the  upper  passing  into  ovate  foliaceous  lower 
bracts  of  the  strict  and  virgate  spike-like  raceme:  flowers  mostly  crowded,  becoming 
horizontal  on  the  short  appressed  pedicels :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  little  shorter  than  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  (about  4  lines  long,  rarely  shorter  in  proportion) ;  the  auricles  at  the 
sinuses  short  and  rounded,  commonly  very  short,  often  inconspicuous:  larger  anthers 
minutely  short-bearded  at  tip:  ovary  generally  hirsute.  —  Fl.  ii.  152.  L.  amc^a,  Ell.  1 
A.DC.  Prodr.  vii.  377,  not  Michx.  L.  glandulosa,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  PI.  Lindh.  i.  14.— 
Damp  sandy  grounds,  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  Florida,  and  Texas.      Passes  insensibly  into 

Var.  glabella,  Hook.  (Bot.  Mag.  t.  8292,  not  of  Ell.):  a  greener  form,  with  slender, 
more  glabrous,  and  usually  more  naked  virgate  spike,  glabrous  calyx,  &c.,  and  flowers 
more  secund.  —  L.  glandulosa,  var.  obtusifoUa,  A.DC.  1.  c. ;  Bertol.  Misc.  x.  29.  —  N.  Carolina 
to  Florida  and  Texas. 
L.  amdena,  Michx.  Green  and  glabrous  throughout,  or  nearly  so :  stem  1  to  4  feet 
high,  in  the  larger  plants  leafy  to  the  virgate  raceme :  leaves  thinnish,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  narrower,  mostly  tapering  to  both  ends,  2  to  4  inches  long,  irregularly  serrate  or  den- 
ticulate ;  the  upper  passing  into  conspicuous  lanceolate  or  linear  bracts;  these  often  glan- 
dular-denticulate, and  the  foliaceous  lower  ones  equalling  the  flowers  :  calyx- lobes  long 
and  very  slender,  little  shorter  than  the  narrow  tube  of  the  corolla,  from  filiform-  to 
linear-subulate,  commonly  quite  entire,  little  widened  and  not  auriculate  at  base:  larger 
anthers  wholly  naked  or  merely  puberulent  at  tip :  o'vary  glabrous :  lobes  of  the  large 
lip  of  the  corolla  broadly  ovate.  —  L.  sj/phillfica,  Wa.\t.  Car.  218;  Juss.  Ann.  Mus.  xviii. 
t.l,  f.l.  L.  puberula,  var.  glabella,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  267.  L.  glandulosa,  var.  glabra,  A.DC.  1.  c. 
L.  colorafa,  Don,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  n.  ser.  t.  180,  and  L.  horlensis,  A.DC.  1.  c,  are  a  hybrid 
form  of  this.  —  Deep  swamps,  N.  Carolina  to  Florida.  Raceme  a  span  to  a  foot  long; 
tube  of  bright  blue  corolla  half  an  inch  long.  Calyx-lobes  sometimes  with  a  few  teeth  ; 
the  sinuses  absolutely  naked,  or  sometimes  obscurely  bordered.  —  To  this  belongs 
Clayton's  plant  referred  by  Gronovius  to  L.  Cliffortiana,  L. 

Var.  obtusata.  Cauline  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  and  almost  entire :  spicate  raceme 
virgate  and  naked :  calyx-lobes  subulate,  shorter,  only  half  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the 
corolla :  larger  anthers  densely  very  short-pubescent  at  tip.  —  L.  amana,  Chapm.  Fl.,  in 
part.  —  Middle  Florida,  Chapman. 

Var,  glandulifera.  A  foot  or  two  high,  often  slender  and  sparsely  leaved,  below 
sometimes  hirsute-pubescent;  leaves  from  oval  to  lanceolate-oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long. 


lohelia.  LOBELIACE^.  5 

mainly  obtuse  and  the  margins  beset  with  glandular  salient  teeth :  raceme  secund  slender 
and  loosely  or  few-flowered :  bracts  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx;  these  and  the  ender 
calyx-teeth  beset  with  slender  gland-tipped  teeth  or  lobes:  sinuses  of  the  calyx  omSs 
decidedly  auriculate- appendaged :  anthers  as  in  the  preceding  var.  or  more  hai^y  -  ? 
glandulosa,  A  DC  m  part. -Moist  grounds,  S.  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Alabama. -These 
three  forms  clearly  run  together.  j^nebe 

++++++  Leaves  long  (2  (o  5  inches)  and  narrow  ;  the  upper  few  and  =inar<iP  •  Hn  nf  ««,  ii        w 
Sdicd.''"  '■  """"^  '  P'"  °'  ^'^"'^  "■  ^"^"  ^•^^^''^^  ^-'^"^'  ^^  '^  bLrof  the' trt 
L.  glandulosa,  Walt.     Glabrous,  or  sometimes  stem  sparsely  and  often  the  calvx-tubP 
densely  hirsute:  stem  slender,  1  to  4  feet  high:  leaves  thick  and  smooth,  bright  ereen 
anceolate  or  linear  (U  to  4  lines  wide),  callous-  or  glandular-denticulate :  raceme  or  spike 
loosely  few-many-flowered,   secund,  often  as  it  were  long-peduncled  :   bracts  linear  and 
subulate,  more  strongly  glandular-toothed :  calyx-lobes  subulate,  half  the  length  of  the 
tube  of  the  corolla,  bearing  few  or  numerous  salient  gland-bearing  teeth  or  lobes  or  occa 
sionally  qmte  entire ;  the  sinuses  not  auriculate-appendaged :  tube  of  the  light  blue  corolla 
C  or  6  Unes  long:  anthers  all  bearded  at  the  tip.  — Ell.  Sk.  i.  265;  A.  DC.  1.  c  (excl  vars  )  • 
Chapm.  Fl.  254.    L.  crassiuscvla,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  252 ;  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  76.  —  Pine-barren  swamnV 
S.  Virginia  (Bailey)  to  Florida :  fi.  autumn.  ^  ' 

H-  -(-  Flowers  smaller  or  small :  tube  of  the  corolla  not  exceeding  2  or  3  lines  in  length. 
■H.   Stem  scape-like  and  mostly  simple,  hollow:  leaves  all  or  mainlv  in  a  rosulate  cluster  at  the 
base,  flesl.y:  bracts  of  the  raceme  shorter  than  the  pedicels:  lobes  of  the  cah x  s  bXe  and 
entire,  the  smuses  naked  or  nearly  so:  tibrous-rooted  and  mostly  aquatic  ven- glabrous  Peren 
nials,  with  pale  blue  or  whitish  Howers  half  an  inch  long.  '  gwoious  peren- 

L.  paludosa,  Nutt.     A  foot  or  two  or  even  4  feet  high :  stem  in  the  larger  plants  some- 
times branching  above  and  bearing  several  few-many-flowered  racemes :  leaves  flat  from 
hnear-spatulate  to  oblong,  repand-denticulate  or  entire  (1  to  9  inches  long)    sometimes 
scattered  along  the  lower  part  of  the  stem :  corolla  pubescent  at  the  base  of  the  lip  inside 
—A.  DC.  1.  c.  376.  —  In  water  (but  foUage  emerged),  Delaware  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
L.  Dortmanna,  L.     Scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  naked  except  a  few  fleshy  bracts  • 
leaves  in  a  radical  tuft,  linear,  fleshy,  terete,  hollow  and  with  a  longitudinal  partition  • 
raceme  loosely  few-flowered:  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  almost  naked.  — Fl.  Dan.  t.39.  — Boi^ 
ders  of  ponds,  often  immersed,  New  England  to  Penn.,  and  to  subarctic  Amer.    (Eu.) 
'■*^^^Jftf' "  'f  fy- "'f  <b.7i'»ple,  strict,  and  continued  into  a  more  or  less  pedunculate  and  elongated 
Ml  gate  and  naked  spike-like  raceme:  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  obovate,  barely  denticulate  or 
repand :  lip  prominently  2-tuberculate  within  at  base.  •'    "'^""^""*^«  or 

=  Flowers  or  at  least  the  capsules  horizontal,  secund,  scattered  in  the  slender  raceme  laree  for  the 
section,  the  tube  of  the  corolla  3^  to  2  lines  long.  '-^^^mti,  large  101  me 

L.  Ludoviciana,  Gray.  Glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high  (from  a  perennial?  root)  slender- 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  and  obtuse,  merely  denticulate,  tliickish' 
an  mch  or  two  long  (not  over  4  lines  broad),  all  with  tapering  base  and  the  lower  petioled : 
raceme  loosely  5-20-flowered :  flowers  commonly  puberulent :  corolla  half  an  inch  Ions- 
calyx  with  nearly  hemispherical  tube;  its  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  or  rather  cordate-Ian' 
ceolate  being  rounded  auriculate  at  the  sinuses  (their  margins  entire  or  obscurely  few- 
denticulate),  only  half  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  and  hardly  longer  than 
the  capsule:  larger  anthers  densely  hirsute  at  and  near  the  summit, 'but  with  no^iearded 
r    ;r  i:'^^       '''^-  '^'-  ^^-  ~  ^^*  prairies,  W.  Louisiana,  Hale.     Texas  near  Houston, 

Lindheimer.  Tube  of  the  corolla  fully  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long:  barely  a  trace  of  pu- 
bescence on  the  base  of  the  lip.  The  five  short  auricles  at  the  sinuses  of  the  calyx  broad 
and  entire.     Intermediate,  as  it  were,  between  L.  paludosa  and  the  following. 

L.  appendiculata,  A.  DC.  Neariy  glabrous,  or  the  strong  angles  of  the  slender  stem 
above  scabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high  from  an  apparently  annual  or  biennial  root,  not  rarely 
branching:  leaves  thin,  mostly  denticulate  or  repand,  an  inch  or  two  long,  obtuse,  the 
lowest  obovate,  the  others  oval  or  oblong  and  mainly  sessile  by  a  bjoad  base :  spike-like 
raceme  very  slender,  several-many-flowered:  corolla  a  third  of  an  inch  long:  calyx  with 
turbinate  tube ;  its  lobes  linear-acuminate  from  a  broader  base,  minutely  hispid-ciliate, 
equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  tlieir  bases  sagittately  extended  into  the  deflexed  auricles, 
which  are  sometimes  subulate  and  all  10  distinct,  but  more  commonly  united  partially  or 
wholly  into  5  lobes  which  not  rarely  cover  the  tube :  base  of  capsule  hemispherical,  much 


6  LOBELTACE^.  Lobelia. 

shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes :  larger  anthers  slightly  hirsute  on  the  hack,  but  naked  at  tip. 

—  Proclr.  vii.  376. — Moist  grounds,  W.  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  E.  Texas:  flowering 
early.  Tube  of  the  bluish  corolla  2  to  2-^  lines  long.  Calyx-appendages,  as  in  allthese 
species,  very  variable. 

=  =  Flowers  or  at  least  the  fruit-bearing  pedicels  ascending,  mostly  very  numerous  and  hardly 
secund  in  the  elongated  and  virgate  spike-like  raceme:  tube  of  the  corolla  barely  2  lines  long:" 
upper  leaves  passing  into  bracts  ni  tlie  stronger  plants :  calyx-lobes  loose  and  spreading  in  flower. 

L.  leptostachys,  A.  DC.  Calyx-tube  short-turbinate  and  in  fruit  becoming  hemi- 
spherical, the  sinuses  each  with  a  pair  of  subulate  or  linear  strictly  deflexed  appendages, 
■which  mostly  soon  equal  or  even  exceed  the  tube;  otherwise  as  the  next.  —  Prodr.  vii.  376. 

—  Sandy  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Missouri,  and  Virginia  to  Georgia :  fl:  early  summer. 
L.  spicata,  Lam.     Puberulent:  stem  virgate,  1  to  4  feet  high  (irom  a  biennial  1  root) : 

leaves  pale,  barely  denticulate,  obtuse ;  the  radical  and  lowest  obovate,  1  to  4  inches  long  ; 
the  upper  spatulate,  gradually  smaller,  and  at  length  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  and  bract- 
like :  spike-like  raceme  from  3  to  18  inches  long :  tube  of  the  calyx  turbinate ;  the  lobes 
subulate  or  linear-subulate  and  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  (light  blue,  pale,  or  rarely 
white)  corolla;  the  sinuses  not  appendaged.  —  Diet.  iii.  587.  L.  Clayloniana,  Michx.  Fl.  ii. 
1-53.  L.  pallida,  Muhl.  Cat.,  Ell.,  &c.  L.  goodenioides,  Willd.  Hort.  Berol.  t.  30.  L.  nivea, 
Raf .  Ann.  Nat.  1820,  15,  white-flowered  form.  —  Gravelly  or  sandy  and  mostly  dry  soil,  N. 
New  England  to  Saskatchewan,  Louisiana  and  Arkansas :  fl.  through  summer. 

Var.  parviflora,  a  small  form,  with  calyx-lobes  broadly  subulate,  and  pale  corolla 
only  3  lines  long.  —  L.  pallida,  Muhl.?  —Swamps,  Lancaster,  Penn.,  Porter:  fl.  June. 

Var.  hirtella,  a  western  form,  with  somewhat  scabrous  pubescence,  and  minutely 
liirsutely  ciliate  bracts  and  calyx-lobes,  the  latter  subulate-linear  and  fully  as  long  as  the 
tube  of  the  corolla .  —  Chiefly  towards  and  beyond  the  Mississippi. 

++  ++  -H-  Stem  very  leaf}',  simple  and  strict,  continued  into  a  very  leafy-bracted  spike:  leaves 
and  bracts  laciniate-toothed  :  lips  of  the  corolla  of  nearly  similar  lobes,  smooth  and  naked:  seeds 
with  a  very  smooth  and  even  coat. 

L.  fenestralis,  Cav.  Annual  or  at  most  biennial,  2  or  3  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous,  or  the 
sharp  decurrent  angles  of  the  stem  hau-y  :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  all  the  upper  partly 
clasping  and  acuminate,  passing  into  the  similar  bracts  of  the  long  spicate  inflorescence, 
these  mostly  exceeding  the  crowded  flowers :  calyx-tube  obovate ;  the  lobes  linear  and 
mostly  with  some  slender  teeth :  tube  of  the  corolla  2  lines  long,  surpassing  the  stamens 
and  style :  larger  anthers  short-bearded  at  tip.  —  Ic.  vi.  8,  t.  512 ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxiv. 
t.  47.  L.  pectinata,  Engelm.  in  Wisliz.  Rep.  108.  —  S.  W.  Texas  to  Arizona  and  Mexico. 
++++++++  Stems  leaf}',  often  paniculately  branched :  flowers  loosely  racemose :  sinuses  of  the 
calyx  not  appendaged :  mainly  biennials  or  annuals. 

=  Cauline  leaves  chief!}'  linear,  entire  or  merely  denticulate:  capsule  not  inflated. 
a.  Tube  of  the  corolla  fully  3  lines  long:  perennial  from  filiform  rootstocks. 

L.  gruina,  Cav.  Puberulent  or  glabrous :  stems  nearly  simple,  slender,  a  foot  or  two 
high :  leaves  all  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  denticulate,  an  inch  or  two  long :  raceme 
mostly  slender-peduncled  and  few-flowered :  calyx-lobes  slender-subulate,  shorter  than  the 
tube  of  the  corolla.  —  Arizona,  in  the  Sierra  Tilanca,  at  7000  feet,  Rothrock.  Flowers  smaller 
than  in  Mexican  specimens  ;  the  tube  of  corolla  only  3  lines  long.  (Mex.). 
b.  Tube  of  the  bright  blue  (rarely  varying  to  white)  corolla  not  over  2  lines  long;  the  two  superior 
lobes  small  and  naiTOw :  plants  mainly  glabrous,  slender  and  erect:  inflorescence  disposed  to 
become  paniculate. 

L.  Boykini,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Perennial :  stem  a  foot  or  two  high  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock,  fistulous,  mostly  simple  :  leaves  all  small  and  scattered,  filiform  or  nearly  so,  an  inch 
or  less  long  and  above  reduced  to  setaceous  bracts :  filiform  pedicels  rather  longer  than  the 
flower,  spreading:  calyx-lobes  setaceous-subulate,  spreading,  very  much  longer  than  the 
short  tube,  which  in  fruit  is  rounded  at  base :  mature  capsule  half  superior :  seeds  short- 
oval,  rough-rugose.  —  A.  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  374;  Chapm.  Fl.  255.  ^- Pine-barren  swamps  in 
shallow  water,  S.  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida,  beginning  to  flower  in  May. 

L.  Canbyi,  Gray.*  Perennial  from  offsets  ?  or  annual,  2  feet  high,  the  larger  plants  pani- 
culately branched  above,  obscurely  puberulent,  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth :  leaves  linear, 
remotely  denticulate-glandular,  an  inch  or  two  long,  a  line  or  two  wide  :  racemes  elongated, 
often  leafy  at  base :  pedicels  naked,  erect  or  ascending,  shorter  than  the  bracts  or  the 
flower :  calyx-lobes  subulate-linear,  denticulate-glandular,  hardly  longer  than  the  wholly 


Lobelia.  LOBELIACE^.  % 

inferior  oblong-turbinate  capsule:  seeds  oblong-obov^ate,  rugose-reticulated.  —  Man.  ed.  5. 
284.  —  Wet  swamps,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  S.  Carolina  :  fl.  late  summer.  Corolla 
about  4  lines  long.     Capsule  2  lines  long. 

L.  Kalmii,  L.  Biennial  or  perhaps  perennial  from  small  rosulate  offsets,  a  ^an  to  a  foot 
or  more  high,  often  paniculately  brandling,  glabrous  and  smooth  or  below  slightly  hairy : 
radical  and  lowest  cauline  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  and  the  upper  linear,  an  inch 

•  or  two  long :  racemes  loosely  and  mostly  few-flowered,  often  leafy  at  base  or  panicled  : 
pedicels  equalling  or  longer  than  the  flowers,  mostly  2-glandular  or  minutely  bracteolate 
above  the  middle :  calyx-lobes  subulate,  a  little  longer  than  the  broadly  turbinate  tube : 
capsule  shorter  and  blmiter  at  base  than  in  the  preceding,  or  even  roundish,  wholly  inferior : 
seeds  oblong,  reticulated.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2238.  —  Wet  banks.  Lower  Canada  and  Hudson's 
Bay  to  L.  Winnipeg",  and  to  S.  New  York  and  Penu.,  but  rare  southward. 

L.  Nuttallii,  Roera.  &  Schult.  Annual,  or  at  most  biemiial,  very  slender,  a  foot  or  two 
high,  simple  or  sparingly  and  loosely  branclied  above  :  leaves  an  inch  or  less  in  length ;  the 
radical  ones  oblong  or  oval ;  the  others  from  lanceolate  to  linear,  denticulate-glandular : 
racemes  slender :  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  bract  and  shorter  than  the  flower ;  the 
minute  bractlets,  if  any,  near  the  base :  calyx-lobes  subulate,  considerably  shorter  than  the 
tube  of  the  pale  blue  corolla :  capsule  short  and  broad,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  half 
superior :  seeds  obovate-oval,  roughish,  these  as  well  as  the  flowers  only  half  the  size  of 
those  of  L.  Canhyi.  —  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  i.  240.  L.  gracilis,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  77.  L.  Kalmii,  var. 
gracilis,  Bart.  Fl.  i.  t.  34.  —  Moist  pine  barrens.  New  Jersey  and  Penn.  to  Georgia.  Whole 
corolla  3  or  at  most  4  lines  long.  —  To  this  belongs  the  Rapuntium  minimum  Jiore  pallida 
caa-uleo ;  Clayt.,  Gronov.  Fl.  Virg.  ed.  2.  134. 

=  ==  Leaves  chiefly  ovate  or  oblong  and  more  or  less  serrate  or  toothed:  root  annual:  stems 

branching. 
a.  Capsule  not  inflated,  partly  or  sometimes  mainly  superior:  pedicels  of  the  pedunculate  raceme 

slender :  leaves  mostly  petioled. 

L.  Cliffortiana,  L.  Glabrous  or  slightly  and  minutely  hairy,  a  foot  or  so  high:  leaves 
ovate  or  slightly  cordate,  obtusely  toothed  or  repand,  petioled,  or  the  upper  lanceolate  and 
sessile  :  pedicels  filiform,  longer  than  the  flowers :  calyx-tube  obconical ;  the  lobes  subulate 
and  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  capsule  ovoid,  obtuse,  nearly  the  upper  half  free : 
seeds  oval,  very  smooth  and  shining.  —  Hort.  Cliff,  t.  26,  &  Sp.,  excl.  syn.-Gronov. ;  Michx.  Fl. 
ii.  152  ?  (Therefore  L.  Michauxii,  Nutt.  Gen.l )— Occasionally  met  with  in  the  S.  Atlantic 
States,  in  waste  or  cult,  grounds  :  probably  introduced  from  Trop.  Amer. 

Var.  Xalapensis  differs  in  the  fully  two-thu-ds  free  and  rather  more  oblong  capsule 
(which  does  not,  as  in  L.  micrantha,  much  exceed  the  calyx-lobes),  and  the  stems  are  weaker 
or  diffuse.^!,.  Xalapensis,  HBK.  —  Peninsula  of  Florida  (Canhy,  E.  Palmer,  &c.) ;  perhaps 
introduced  from  W.  Ind.  and  Mex. 

Var.  brach^poda,  a  remarkable  and  distinct  form,  with  cauline  leaves  from  obovate- 
spatulate  to  lanceolate,  and  pedicels  (2  or  at  most  3  lines  long)  rather  shorter  than  the 
flower  or  the  capsule,  which  is  that  of  genuine  L.  Cliffortiana.  —  L.  Berlandieri,  Torr.  Mex. 
Bound.  107,  hardly  of  A.DC.  —  S.  W.  Texas,  Wright,  Parry.  Adjacent  parts  of  Mexico, 
Berlandier,  &c.  (No.  3177  of  the  latter  may  be  L.  Berlandieri,  A.DC,  but  is  from  Mata- 
moras,  not  Tampico :  it  has  long  filiform  pedicels  and  seems  to  be  a  depauperate  form  of 
the  true  L.  Cliffortiana.) 

L.  Feayana,  Gray.  Slender,  a  span  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  glabrous 
througliout:  leaves  small  (a  quarter  to  half  inch  long),  repand-denticulate,  roundish  or 
obovate,  or  the  small  uppermost  spatulate  or  lanceolate  and  sessile :  raceme  loosely  4-10- 
flowered :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flower,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  subulate  bract : 
calyx-tube  and  capsule  broadly  obconical ;  the  latter  two-thirds  inferior,  its  free  apex  about 
the  length  of  the  subulate  calyx-lobes ;  these  only  half  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  bright 
blue  corolla:  anthers  glabrous  (except  the  bearded  tips  of  the  shorter  ones) :  seeds  oblong, 
with  a  rough  cellular  coat.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  60.  —  E.  &  S.  Florida,  Dr.  Feay,  Dr.  E. 
Palmer,  Mrs.  Treat.  Tube  of  the  corolla  under  2  lines  long.  Pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long. 
b.  Capsule  inflated,  wholly  inferior,  longer  than  the  pedicels :  leaves  sessile. 

L.  inflata,  L.  (Indian  Tobacco.)  Pubescent,  a  foot  or  two  high,  branching  above,  and 
the  spike-like  but  loose  racemes  paniculate  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  (an  inch  or  two  long), 
obtusely  "toothed,  veiny ;  the  upper  forming  foliaceous  bracts  :  uppermost  bracts  linear- 


g  LOBELIACE^.  Palmerella. 

subulate  as  long  as  the  pedicels  :  corolla  pale  blue  or  whitish,  2  lines  long,  hardly  sur- 
passing the  subulate-linear  calyx-lobes :  turgid  capsule  oval,  4  lines  long,  glabrous,  trans- 
versely veiny  between  the  ribs:  seeds  oblong,  roughish  and  reticulated. —Act.  Ups.  1741, 
23  t  1  •  Schk.  Handb.  t.  269 ;  Barton,  Med.  t.  16 ;  Bigelow,  Med.  t.  19  ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  t.  63. 
—  Open  rather  dry  grounds,  Hudson's  Bay  to  Saskatchewan,  and  to  Georgia  and  Ar- 
kansas. Herbage  very  acrid,  formerly  much  employed  in  empirical  medicine ;  an  acrid- 
narcotic  poison. 

3_  PALMER:&LLA,  Gray.  (Named  for  the  discoverer,  Dr.  Edward 
Palmer.)— K  single  species.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  81,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  619. 
P  debilis  Gray  1-  e.  A  glabrous  apparently  perennial  herb :  stems  simple  or  branched 
above  2  feet  high',  slender  and  rather  weak  or  spreading,  very  leafy :  cauline  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  Unear-lanceolate,  about  2  inches  long,  entire  or  remotely  denticulate,  very 
acute  •  the  uppermost  passing  into  foliaceous  or  at  length  slender-subulate  bracts  of  the 
few-many-flowered  raceme:  pedicels  rather  slender:  lobes  of  the  calyx  slender  or  seta- 
ceous-subulate, much  longer  than  the  tube,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  blue 
corolla  —In  the  Tantillas  Caiion,  just  below  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  Palmer.  Corolla- 
tube  whitish  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  tomentose  within,  in  age  disposed  to  split  up 
from  below  as  in  most  Lobelias,  and  the  filaments  then  separating,  the  sinus  between  the 
small  lobes  completely  closed,  and  the  filaments  most  adnate  on  that  side :  three  larger 
lobes  deep  violet-blue,  3  or  4  lines  long.     Mature  fruit  not  seen. 

Var.  serrata,  Gray ;  a  form  with  inflorescence  and  tube  of  the  corolla  somewhat 
Buberulent  •  all  but  the  upper  leaves  acutely  serrate ;  the  lowest  broader,  spatulate  and 
obovate.  —  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c. ;  Bothrock  in  Wheeler  Rep.  1877,  t.  16.  -  Valley  of  Ojai  Creek, 
Ventura  Co.,  California,  RothrocL 

4.  LAURE]NTIA,  Micheli.  (In  honor  of  3f.  A.  Laurenti,  Professor  at 
Bologna  early  in  the  18th  century.)  —  Low  herbs,  with  the  aspect  and  characters 
of  the  small  species  of  Lobelia,  excepting  the  closed  tube  of  the  corolla :  flowers 
blue.  Mainly  S.  Europe,  Africa,  and  S.  America :  some  have  ovary  almost  free. 
—  A.DC.  Prodr.  vii.  409;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  549.  Purterella,  Torr.  in 
Hayden  Rep.  1872,  488. 

L  carnosiala  Benth.  Annual,  rooting  in  the  mud,  glabrous,  1  to  5  inches  liigh,  rather 
'succulent  •  leaves  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  a  quarter  to  half  inch  long:  flowers 
axillary  and  above  corymbose  or  racemose,  long-pedicelled :  calyx-lobes  somewhat  foliaceous, 
linear  obtuse,  equalling  the  oblong-obconical  or  clavate  tube,  and  also  that  of  the  corolla : 
seeds  elongated-oblong,  smooth. -Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  444.  LobeUa  ca™os«/.^  Hook.  &  Am. 
Bot  Beech.  362.  PortereUa  carnosula  (carmdosa),  Torr.  1.  c. ;  Parry  m  Am.  Nat.  viii.  177.  - 
Muddy  borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  from  California  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Utah  and 
Wyoming.  Limb  of  corolla  deep  blue  with  a  white  or  yellowish  throat ;  three  larger  lobes 
round-obovate,  2  or  3  lines  long ;  the  other  two  small  and  lanceolate. 

5  DOWNlNGIA,  Torr.  (In  memory  of  A.  J.  Doivning,  distinguished  in 
landscape  gardening,  pomology,  and  horticulture.) —Low  and  mostly  showy- 
flowered  annuals  (of  Oregon,  California,  and  one  in  Chili);  with  entire  and  ses- 
sile slightly  succulent  small  leaves,  the  upper  passing  into  bracts  to  the  axillary 
sessile  flowers,  which,  on  account  of  the  very  long  and  slender  calyx-tube  and 
ovary,  seem  to  be  racemose  or  corymbose.  Corolla  blue,  with  white  or  yellowish 
throat  or  broad  blotch  on  the  large  lip.  Capsule  sometimes  twisted.  Seeds  oblong, 
very  smooth.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  116  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  I.e.  Clintoma,  Dougl. ; 
Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1241. 
D   elegans   Torr.     Stems  a  span  to  a  foot  long:  loaves  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute 

(4  to  10  lines  long)  :  larger  lip  of  the  corolla  moderately  3-lobed,  the  other  lobes  lanceolate  : 

seeds  short-oblong.  -  C/intoma  elegans,  Dougl. ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1241 .     C.  con,mhosa,  A.DC . 

Prodr.  vii.  347,  a  more  leafy  form.- Wet  ground,  N.  California  to  Washington  Terr.,  and 


Downingia.  CAMPANULACE^.  9 

S't  incheslong.'^"^^  "^  ''  ^°^^"^  ^  ^^^^^  *«  ^^^  -°^  ^-g  -^  I'-ad.  Capsule 
D.  pulcheUa,  Torr  Mostly  lower  or  weaker-stemmed:  leaves  more  linear  and  obtuse: 
large  lip  of  he  corolla  deeply  3-lobed  ;  the  other  two  lobes  .oblong-ovate  :  seeds  elongated- 
oblong.-  Chntonia  pulcheUa,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1909;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2.  t.  412  -Wet 
banks  California,  nearly  through  the  State,  and  in  the  borders  of  N.  Nevada  and  Oregon 
Large  lip  of  corolla  much  broader  than  long  (9  or  10  by  5  or  6  Unes) ;  all  the  lobes  intense 
blue  ;  the  large  centre  mostly  white.  -  Very  like  the  preceding;  both  cultivated  as  orna- 
mental  annuals. 

Order  LXXVI.  CAMPANULACE^. 

Herbs,  with  bland  milky  juice,  alternate  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  regular 
5-merous  flowers ;  the  tube  of  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  2-5-celled  many-ovuled 
ovary ;  the  corolla  and  5  stamens  (alternate  with  its  lobes)  inserted  where  the 
calyx  becomes  free,  or  the  latter  adnate  merely  to  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  fruit  a 
many-seeded  capsule,  rarely  baccate.  Calyx  persistent,  usually  divided  down  to 
the  ovary.  Corolla  valvate,  induplicate,  or  rarely  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
mostly  distinct :  anthers  with  2  parallel  cells,  introrse.  Style  one,  almost  always 
pubescent  or  puberulent  for  some  distance  below  the  2  to  5  introrse  stigmas. 
Ovules  anatropous,  on  placentae  projecting  from  the  axis.  Seeds  small,  usually 
smooth.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  Flowers  often  showy ; 
the  corolla  commonly  blue  or  in  the  same  species  white,  and  withering  rather  than 
deciduous.  In  fertilization  proterandrous ;  the  anthers  opening  in  the  bud,  dis- 
charging their  pollen  upon  the  style,  where  it  accumulates  upon  the  collecting 
hairs  or  pubescence ;  the  stigmas  (then  firmly  conniving)  maturing  and  diVerging 
much  later,  receiving  only  pollen  conveyed  from  flower  to  flower  by  insects. 

Tribe  I.  SPHEXOCLE^.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  bearing  the  short  sta- 
mens.    Style  destitute  of  collecting  hairs.     Flowers  simply  spicate,  centripetal. 

1.  SPHENOCLEA.  Flowers  all  alike.  Calyx  with  5  roundish  lobes  ;  the  short  tube  ad- 
nate aJmost  to  tlie  depressed  summit  of  the  ovary.  Corolla  short-campanulate  5-lobed 
deciduous,  bearing  the  stamens  on  the  lower  part  of  its  tube.  Style  very  short  •  stigma 
capitate-2-lobed.  Capsule  globular  and  cuneate  at  base,  2-celled,  with  stipitate  placentiE 
circuniscissile  just  below  the  calyx-lobes,  which  fall  with  the  lid.     Seeds  very  numerous) 

Tribe  II.    CAMPANULE^.     Corolla  mostly  valvate  or  induplicate  in  the  bud,  and 
stamens  free  or  adnate  to  its  very  base.     Style  below  the  stigmas  clothed  with  pollen- 
collecting  hairs.     Inflorescence  mostly  centrifugal,  sometimes  centripetal. 
*  Capsule  opening  by  a  perforation  at  the  apex  within  the  calyx. 

2.  GITHOPSIS.  Flowers  all  alike  and  corolUferous.  Tube  of  the  calyx  club-shaped, 
strongly  10-nbbed,  adnate  up  to  the  very  summit  of  the  ovary;  limb  of  5  long  and  linear 
loliaceous  lobes.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate  5-lobed.  Filaments  short,  dilated  at  tlie 
base :  anthers  long,  linear.  Ovary  3-ceIled :  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  club-siiaped,  cori- 
aceous, crowned  with  tlie  rigid  calyx-lobes  of  its  own  length,  strongly  striate-ribbed,  many- 
seeded,  opening  when  the  persistent  base  of  the  style  falls  away  by  a  round  hole  in  its 
place.     Seeds  fusiform-oblong.  —  Annual. 

*  *   Capsule  dehiscent  by  one  or  more  small  valvular  openings  on  the  sides,  usually  over 
a  partition,  rarely  disposed  also  to  split  septicidally. 

3.  SPECULARIA.  Flowers  in  Amer.  species  dimorphous  ;  the  earlier  ones  smaller,  with 
undeveloped  corolla,  and  close-fertilized  in  the  bud.  Calyx-lobes  in  these  flowers  com- 
monly 3  or  4,  in  the  ordinary  corolliferous  flowers  5,  narrow  :  calyx-tube  more  or  less  elon- 
gated and  narrow,  usually  prismatic.  Corolla  short  and  broad,  rotate  when  expanded 
or  nearly  so,  5-lobed  or  5-parted.  Anthers  linear.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  3,  some- 
times 2  or  4.  Capsule  prismatic  or  elongated  obconical,  or  cylindraceous ;  the  valvular 
openings  either  near  the  summit  or  near  the  middle.  —  Annuals. 


10  CAJ^IPANULACE^.  Sphenoclea. 

4.  CAMPANULA.  Flowers  all  alike  and  corolliferous.  Calyx-lobes  5,  narrow,  its  tube 
short  and  broad.  Corolla  campanulate  or  nearly  rotate,  5-Iobed  or  5-parted.  Filaments 
dilated  at  base :  anthers  oblong  or  linear.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  3  to  5.  Cap- 
sule mostly  short,  opening  on  the  sides  or  near  the  base  by  3  to  5  small  uplifted  valves  or 
perforations. 

*  *  *  Capsule  bursting  indefinitely  on  the  sides  by  the  giving  way  of  the  thin  walls. 

5.  HETEROCODON.  Flowers  dimorphous  in  the  manner  of  Specularia.  Calyx  with 
large  and  leaf-like  ovate  lobes,  3  or  4  in  the  earlier,  5  in  the  later  flowers,  much  longer 
than  the  obpyramidal  tube.  Corolla  open  campanulate,  5-lobed.  Stamens,  style,  &c.,  as  in 
Campanula.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-angled,  very  thin  and  membranaceous.  Seeds  numerous, 
oblong,  obscurely  triangular.  —  Annual. 

1.  SPHENOCLEA,  Gsertn.  (-Tqpjjr,  a  wedge,  and  nXeico,  to  shut  up,  the 
bases  of  the  crowded  capsules  becoming  wedge-shaped  by  mutual  pressure.) — A 
single  species,  native  of  tropical  Africa  or  Asia,  dispersed  over  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  world. 

S.  ZeylAnica,  Gaertn.  Glabrous  and  somewhat  succulent  annual,  a  foot  or  more  high : 
leaves  entire,  from  obovate  to  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  petiole :  flowers  closely  sessile  in 
a  dense  terminal  pedunculate  spike,  small,  each  subtended  by  a  short  bract  and  pair  of 
bractlets :  corolla  white,  a  line  or  so  wide,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  S.  Pongatlum, 
A.DC.  Prodr.  vii.  548.    Pongatlum  Indicum  (Juss.),  Lam.  —  Low  grounds,  nat.  in  Louisiana. 

2.  GITHOPSIS,  Nutt.  (From  the  resemblance  of  the  calyx  to  that  of 
Githago,  the  Corn  Cockle.)  —  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  258  ;  Benth. 
&  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  559  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  L  446.  —  Single  species. 

G.  specularioides,  Nutt.  Small  annual,  2  to  10  inches  high,  hirsute  or  glabrate :  leaves 
small,  linear-oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  sessile :  flowers  simply  terminating  the  stem  or 
branches,  or  becoming  lateral,  strictly  erect :  corolla  blue  :  rigid  capsule  tapering  into  a 
very  short  and  stout  peduncle. —  G.  calyclna,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  32L  G.  pulchella,  Vatke  in 
Linn,  xxxviii.  714. — Open  grounds,  California,  toward  the  coast,  and  Oregon.  Calyx- 
lobes  from  near  half  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  rigidly  1-nerved,  sometimes  few-toothed. 
The  form  named  G.  calyclna  has  short  corolla,  exceeded  by  the  long  calyx-lobes ;  the  G, 
pulchella,  longer  corolla  surpassing  the  calyx-lobes. 

3.  SPECULiARIA,  Heister,  A.DC.  (/Speculum  Veneris,  i.  e.  Venus's 
Looking-Glass,  an  early  popular  appellation  of  the  common  European  species.) — 
Annuals,  with  leafy  slender  stems,  and  sessile  or  short-peduncled  flowers,  1-2- 
bracteolate,  terminal  or  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Corolla  blue  or  purplish.  The 
American  species,  differing  from  those  of  the  Old  World  chiefly  in  the  dimorphism 
of  the  flowers,  are  not  to  be  generically  separated. —  Triodanis  (not  Triodallus), 
Raf.,  founded  on  specimens  with  only  the  close-fertilized  flowers  yet  appearing. 
Dysmicodon,  section  of  Specularia,  Endl.,  but  the  true  character  unnoticed.  Dtjs- 
micodon  ^  Campylocera,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

§  1.  Campyl(5cera,  Gray.  Flowers  dimorphous.  Stigmas  2  to  4.  Capsule 
slender,  straight  or  curved,  occasionally  twisted,  in  the  close-fertilized  flowers 
at  least  disposed  to  split  longitudinally  into  valves,  sometimes  by  abortion  one- 
celled. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  82.      Campylocera,  Nutt.  1.  c. ' 

S.  leptocarpa,  Gray.  Minutely  hirsute  and  roughish  or  nearly  glabrous :  stems  (a 
span  or  two  high)  virgate,  mostly  simple  or  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  lanceolate: 
flowers  closely  sessile  in  their  axils :  stigmas  2  or  3 :  cells  of  the  ovary  as  many, 
or  in  the  lower  close-fertilized  flowers  only  one  with  a  parietal  placenta :  calyx-lobes 
of  the  lower  flowers  3:  capsules  nearly  cylindrical  (half  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  only  a 
line  thick),  inclined  to  curve  and  rarely  to  twist,  opening  by  one  or  two  uplifted  valves 
near  the  summit ;  the  lowest  also  often  spliting  longitudinally  from  the  summit :  seeds 
oblong.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.     Campylocera  leptocarpa,  Nutt.  1.  c.     Specularia  [Campanula) 


Campanula.  CAMPANULACE^.  H 

Linsecomii,  Buckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1861,  460.  —  Arkansas  to  W.  Texas  and  Colorado. 
Leaves  an  inch  long  or  less.  Expanded  corolla  half  to  three-fourths  inch  wide. 
S.  Lindheimeri,  Vatke.  Larger  than  the  last :  stems  erect  or  diffuse  (1  to  3  feet  long), 
paniculately  branched  above :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  lower  oblong  or  spatulate  : 
flowers  subsessile  or  short-peduncled,  commonly  terminating  branchlets :  stigmas  3  or  4 :  cells 
of  the  ovary  as  many :  calyx-lobes  even  in  close-fertilized  flowers  5,  about  the  length  of 
the  ovary  :  capsules  angular,  narrowed  to  the  base,  mostly  straight,  not  twisted,  opening 
by  2  or  3  downwardly  turned  or  irregularly  bursting  small  valves  below  the  summit,  and 
afterwards  somewhat  disposed  to  be  septicidal :  seeds  almost  orbicular,  flattened.  —  Linn, 
xxxviii.  713 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  Campanula  Coloradoense,  Buckley,  1.  c.  —  W.  Texas,  on  the  Colo- 
rado and  Guadaloupe,  &c.  Larger  leaves  two  inches  long.  Expanded  corolla  sometimes 
an  inch  broad. 

§  2.  DysmiC(5don,  Endl.  Flowers  dimorphous.  Capsule  rather  short,  straight, 
not  disposed  to  split.  —  Dysmicodon,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

S.  biflora,  Gray.  Stem  slender,  mostly  simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  minutely  and 
retrorsely  serrulate-hispid  on  the  angles  :  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  or  the  upper  re- 
duced to  lanceolate  bracts,  sparingly  somewhat  creuate :  flowers  sessile,  singly  or  in  pairs 
in  the  axils :  the  lower  and  close-fertilized  ones  with  3  or  4  short  subulate  or  ovate  calyx- 
lobes;  the  upper  with  4  or  5  longer  lanceolate-subulate  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the 
developed  corolla  :  capsule  oblong  and  cylihdraceous  or  slightly  fusiform,  obscurely  ribbed, 
the  2  or  3  valvular  openings  close  under  the  calyx  :  seeds  lenticular.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 
Campanula  biflora,  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  Fl.  Per.  ii.  55,  t.  200,  f.  6.  C.  Montevidensis,  Spreng.?  C.  Lu- 
doviciana,  Torr.  ined.  C.  intermedia,  Engelm.  in  Nutt.  1.  c.  Dysmicodon  Californicum  & 
D.  ovatum,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Specularia  ovata,  Vatke,  1.  c.  —  Open  grounds,  often  with  the  next, 
S.  Carolina  to  Texas  and  Arkansas ;  also  in  California.  Leaves  half  an  inch  or  less  in 
length,  the  uppermost  shorter  than  the  flowers.     (S.  Am.) 

S.  perf  oliata,  A.DC.  Stems  commonly  stouter  and  simple  (8  to  20  inches  high),  very  leafy 
throughout,  hirsute  or  hispid  on  the  angles,  sometimes  smoother :  leaves  round-cordate 
and  clasping,  mostly  crenate,  veiny  :  flowers  sessile  singly  or  clustered  in  the  axils :  calyx- 
lobes  of  the  close-fertilized  flowers  3  or  4  and  short,  of  the  later  and  coroUiferous  flowers 
as  long  as  the  ovary :  capsule  oblong  or  somewhat  obconical ;  the  2  or  3  valvular  open- 
ings at  or  below  the  middle :  seeds  lenticular.  —  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  i.  428,  t.  65.  Campanula 
perfoUala,  L. ;  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  t.  265.  C.  amplexicauUs,  Michx.,  &c.  Dysmicodon 
perfoliatum,  Nutt.  1.  c.  —  Open  gravelly  ground,  Canada  to  Texas,  Utah,  and  Oregon. 
(Mex.,  &,c.) 

4.  CAMPANULA,  Tourn.  Bell-flower,  Hare-bell.  (Italian  Cam- 
pana,  a  bell.)  —  Flowers  mostly  showy  or  pretty  and  blue  or  white,  in  summer. 
Seeds  smooth.  A  very  large  genus,  dispersed  over  the  northern  hemisphere,  but 
scanty  in  North  America.  Ours  all  have  a  3-celled  ovary,  and  all  but  one  on  our 
north-western  borders  have  naked  sinuses  to  the  calyx.  "Canterbury-bells"  of 
the  gardens,  O.  Medium,  represents  the  section  with  reflexed  appendages  in  the 
sinuses  of  the  calyx,  covering'  the  tube,  and  the  cells  to  the  ovary  as  many  as 
lobes  to  the  corolla. 

§  1.  Calyx  with  deflexed  appendages  at  the  sinuses  more  or  less  covering  the 
tube  :  our  species  perennial  and  the  stigmas  and  cells  of  the'  ovary  3. 

C  pilosa,  Pall.-  Stems  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  1-flowered,  when  young  woolly-pubescent : 
leaves  mainly  radical,  from  ovate  to  spatulate-lanceolate,  crenate ;  the  cauline  from  lan- 
ceolate to  linear :  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate  :  corolla  an  inch  or  more  long,  open-cam- 
panulate,  internally  soft-bearded ;  its  tube  longer  than  the  lobes  and  surpassing  the  calyx. 
—  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  v.  148 ;  Ledeb.  Ic.  t.  209 ;  Herder  in  Radde,  Reis.  iv.  6.  C.  dasyantha, 
Bieb.  Cauc. ;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Crit.  i.  t.  85;  A.DC.  Camp.  t.  10,  f.  4.  C.  Pallasiana,  Roem.  & 
Sch.  1.  c.  C.  Altaica,  A.DC.  1.  c.  229,  t.  10,  f.  3.  —  Alaska,  Aleutian  Islands,  and  northward, 
(Kamtschatka  and  Siberia.) 


12  CAMPANULACEiE.  Campanula. 

§  2.  Calyx  wholly  destitute  of  appendages  at  the  sinuses  :  stigmas  and  cells  of 

the  ovary  3. 

*    Style  not  longer  than  the  corolla,  straight:  root  perennial  in  all  the  North  American  species. 
H—  Openings  of  the  capsule  toward  its  summit:  low  and  one-floAvered  arctic-alpine  plants. 

C.  lasiocarpa,  Cham.  An  inch  to  a  span  high,  rather  slender :  leaves  denticulate  or 
laciniate  with  subulate  salient  teeth ;  the  radical  spatulate  or  oblong,  mostly  aeute,  and 
slender-petioled ;  cauline  few  and  lanceolate  or  linear :  calyx-tube  obconical,  villous ;  its 
lobes  lanceolate-linear,  laciniate-toothed :  corolla  between  half  and  an  inch  long,  broadly 
oblong-campanulate,  glabrous  witliin ;  its  tube  twice  the  length  of  its  lobes  and  surpassing 
the  calyx :  capsule  turbinate.  —  Linn.  iv.  39  ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  28.  C.  algida,  Fischer  in  A.DC. 
Camp.  338,  t.  11,  f .  4.  —  Summit  of  high  northern  Rocky  Mountains  (Drummond) ;  N.  W. 
Coast  and  Islands.    (Kamtschatka.) 

C.  uniflora,  L.  Chiefly  glabrous,  1  to  4  inches  high :  leaves  small  (an  inch  or  less  long), 
entire  or  nearly  so,  thickish ;  the  lowest  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  uppermost  linear : 
flower  small  (4  to  6  lines  long),  rather  slender-peduncled  :  calyx-tube  often  pubescent,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  lobes,  which  are  from  fully  to  half  the  length  of  the  bluish  corolla :  capsule 
cylindraceous  or  clavate  (half  inch  long).  —  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  9;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1512.  —  Arctic 
regions  from  Labrador  to  Aleutian  Islands,  and  south  to  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains. 
(N.W.Eu.,  N.E.Asia.) 

■4—  -h-  Openings  of  the  capsule  at  or  near  its  base. 
++  Rather  coarse  and  large,  pubescent,  many-flowered  European  species,  escaped  from  cultivated 
ground  and  sparingly  naturalized  near  the  Northern  Atlantic  coast. 

C.  RAPUNCOLOiDES,  L.  Minutely  roughish-pubescent :  stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  simple  or  at 
length  branching  :  leaves  more  or  less  crenate  and  acuminate ;  the  lower  and  radical  ones 
cordate  and  long-petioled ;  upper  lanceolate  and  passing  into  bracts  of  the  loose  virgate 
mostly  one-sided  true  raceme  :  corolla  oblong-campanulate  deeply  5-lobed  (an  inch  long), 
blue  :  capsule  globular,  nodding  on  a  short  pedicel.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1327.  —  Roadsides  and 
fields,  Canada  to  Penn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

C.  glomerAta,  L.  Pubescent,  a  foot  high:  leaves  serrulate;  the  lowest  and  radical  cor- 
date-oblong and  slender-petioled ;  the  others  closely  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong : 
flowers  sessile  in  a  few  terminal  and  upper  axillary  clusters,  exceeding  the  leafy  bracts : 
corolla  (an  inch  long)  oblong-campanulate :  capsule  erect,  opening  near  the  base.  —  Fl. 
Dan.  t.  1328.  —  Roadsides,  E.  Massachusetts :  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

++  ++   Slender  or  low  species,  with  filiform  rootstocks,  mostly  glabrous,  one-several-flowered  (in- 
florescence centrifugal):  peduncles  or  pedicels  slender, 
=  When  several  racemosely  disposed  on  the  simple  smooth  stem:  capsule  nodding:  radical  leaves 
roundish  or  ovate  and  often  cordate,  at  least  on  sterile  shoots.     (HARE-nELi.s.) 

C.  Scheuchzeri,  Vill.  Stem  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  1-4-flowered,  more  commonly  1- 
flowered:  cauline  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  sessile,  not  rarely  denticulate; 
lowest  cauline  spatulate :  flower-bud  nodding :  campanulate  corolla  half  to  three-fourths 
inch  long,  little  or  moderately  exceeding  the  slender  linear-subulate  calyx-lobes.  —  Prosp.  22 
(1779),  &  Dauph.  ii.  503,  t.  10;  Koch,  Syn.  538.  C.  Unifolla,  Willd. ;  A.DC.  1.  c,  &c.,  in 
part,  not  Lam.  (1785).  C.  diibia,  A.DC.  Camp.  286.  C.  Langsdorffiana,  Gray  in  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  xxxiv.  254.  —  Alpine  and  subalpine  or  subarctic,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador,  and 
Alaska  ;  Rocky  Mountains  d6wn  to  Colorado,  Pairij,  E.  Hall.  The  latter  specimens  strictly 
1-flowered,  with  the  base  or  lower  part  of  the  leaves  hirsute-ciliate,  and  calyx-lobes  spar- 
ingly denticulate.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

Var.  heterodoxa.  Stems  more  diffuse  and  leafy  :  cauline  leaves  from  lanceolate  to 
ovate-lanceolate  (2  or  3  to  even  5  lines  wide),  often  sharply  denticulate,  nearly  all  tapering 
into  margined  petioles ;  the  radical  round-cordate  or  ovate  (sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter) : 
corolla  two-thirds  to  a  full  inch  long :  slender  calyx-lobes  more  spreading  or  even  reflexed, 
especially  in  fruit.  —  Vest  in  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  v.  98 ;  Bong.  Sitk.  144.  C.  Langsdorffiana, 
Fischer.  C.  UnifoUa,  var.  Lang&dorffiana,  A.DC.  Camp.  279,  in  part.  C.  Unifolla,  var.  hetero- 
doxa, Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  ii.  888.  C'.  pratensis,  A.DC.  1.  c.  287  ?  excl.  var.  —  Newfoundland, 
Pi/laie  ;  Alaska  and  islands  to  the  Shumagins. 
C.  rotundifolia,  L.  Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  a  foot  or  two  long,  or  sometimes  dwarfer, 
1-9-flowered ;  orbicular  or  cordate  slender-petioled  leaves  only  on  radical  shoots ;  cauline 


Campanula.  CAMPANULACE^.  13 

leaves  linear :  flower-buds  erect  on  the  slender  pedicel :  campanulate  corolla  from  half  to 
even  an  inch  long:  calyx-lobes  setaceous-subulate.  — Fl.  Dan.  t.  855  &  1086.— C./>e/;o/«<fl, 
A.DC.  I.  c,  is  apparently  this  rather  than  the  foregoing.  —  Rocky  banks  througli  the  sub- 
arctic regions,  and  common  northward,  ranging  south  to  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  New 
Mexico,  and  the  northern  borders  of  California.  Calyx-lobes  from  a  third  to  half  the 
length  of  the  bright  blue  corolla,  and  erect  or  spreading ;  or  sometimes  nearly  equalling  it, 
almost  filiform,  and  widely  spreading  after  the  flower  opens.  (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 
=  =  Peduncles  when  several  cymose  or  paniculate,  erect  in  blossom  and  fruit:  angles  of  the 
weak  stem  and  midrib  or  margins  of  leaves  conunonly  retrorsely  scabrous:  flowers  small, 

C.  aparinoides,  Pursh.  Stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  almost  filiform,  equally  leafy  to  the 
top ;  its  sharp  angles  rough  with  almost  prickly  short  retrose  bristles  :  so  also  the  midrib 
beneath  and  the  margins  of  the  lanceolate  or  linear  sessile  leaves :  flower-buds  drooping : 
corolla  open-campanulate,  deeply  5-cleft  (the  lobes  2  lines  long  or  less) :  calyx-lobes  tri- 
angular, short,  about  equalling  the  tube  of  the  pale  blue  or  whitish  corolla.  —  Fl.  i.  159. 
C.  erinoides,  Muhl.,  Nutt.,  &c.,  not  L.  —  Wet  grassy  grounds,  Canada  to  Georgia,  and  from 
the  Saskatchewan  to  the  mountains  in  Colorado.  Leaves  varying  from  linear,  and  20 
lines  long  by  one  wide,  to  lanceolate-oblong,  less  than  an  inch  long  and  3  lines  wide. 

C.  Ploridana,  Watson,  in  herb.  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout:  stems  filiform, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched,  a  span  high ;  leaves '  from  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  re- 
motely serrulate,  almost  sessile,  about  half  an  inch  long:  flowers  few,  terminating  the 
stem  or  branches :  corolla  5-parted,  blue,  somewhat  rotate ;  the  divisions  ovate-lanceolate, 
equalled  by  the  slender  lanceolate-linear  smooth  and  spreading  calyx-lobes.  —  E.  and  S. 
Florida :  Pease  River,  Dr.  Feay ;  and  Indian  River,  &c.,  Dr.  E.  Palmer.  Calyx  lobes  2  to 
at  length  4  lines  long. 

C.  linnaeif olia,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  at  summit : 
leaves  from  roundish  to  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  crenately  serrate,  nearly  sessile,  half  inch  or 
less  long ;  the  margins  and  the  sharp  angles  of  the  stem  retrorsely  hispid-ciliate :  flowers 
solitary  terminating  the  branches  :  corolla  pale  blue,  campanulate,  5-cleft  (barely  half  inch 
long),  its  tube  somewhat  exceeding  the  broadly  lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  which  are  retrorsely 
ciliolate  like  the  leaves :  capsule  globular.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  366,  '&  Bot.  Calif,  i.  448. 
Wahlenhergia  CaUfornica,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  158  ?  —  Swamps,  Mendocino  Co., 
California,  Bolnnder,  &c. 

*  *  Style  filiform  and  straight,  exceeding  the  nari-ow campanulate  corolla:  capsule  hemispherical 
or  short-tuvbinate,  the  openings  near  the  middle  or  base:  leaves  sharply  or  laciniately  serrate: 
root  perennial :  indorescence  centrifugal, 

-1—  Racemiform.    Pacific  species. 

C.  Scouleri,  Hook.  Glabrous  or  a  little  pubescent,  stems  slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  so 
long,  at  length  spreading,  often  branching :  leaves  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  mostly  taper- 
ing at  base  into  a  margined  petiole  :  flowers  more  or  less  panicled,  on  long  filiform  pedicels  : 
corolla  oblong  in  the  bud,  rather  longer  than  the  slender  calj'x-lobes,  somewhat  deeply 
5-cleft  (4  lines  long);  its  lobes  ovate-oblong.  — A.DC.  Camp.  312;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  28,  t.  125. 
—  Open  coniferous  woods,  Puget  Sound  to  the  mountains  in  N.  California. 

C  prenanthoides,  Durand.  Glabrous  or  roughish-puberulent :  stems  more  erect,  a 
foot  or  two  high :  leaves  more  numerous  and  shorter  (half  to  an  inch  or  so  long),  more 
copiously  and  sharply  serrate,  from  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate ;  the  cauline  mainly  sessile : 
flowers  racemose,  scattered  or  clustered,  generally  numerous,  short-pedicelled :  corolla 
slender-cylindrical  in  the  bud,  twice  the  length  of  the  slender  calyx-lobes  (5  or  6  lines 
long),  almost  5-parted ;  its  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate  and  2  to  4  times  the  length  of  the 
tube. — Jour.  Acad.  Philad.,  n.  ser.  ii.  93;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  448. 
C.  Jiliflora,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  5.  C.  Roezli,  Regel,  Aniiuad.  PI.  Hort.  Petrop. 
1872,  6.  —  Coniferous  woods  and  open  grounds,  California,  along  the  coast  from  Monterey 
to  Mendocino  Co.,  and  through  the  northern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Capsule  thin- 
walled,  and  with  broad  and  retuse  base. 

-J—  -1—  Effusely  paniculate.    Alleghanj'  species. 

C.  divaricata,  Michx.  Glabrous  :  stems  paniculately  branched,  1  to  3  feet  high,  slender : 
leaves  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  strongly  or  laciniately  serrate  in 
the  middle,  slightly  petioled  (2  or  3  inches  long) :  panicle  very  open  and  compound  :  filiform 
pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers :  corolla  pale  blue,  campanulate,  barely  3  lines  long ;  its 


14  CAAIPANULACE^. 

lobes  and  the  subulate  calyx-teeth  considerably  shorter  than  its  tube. —  C.  yJexttosa,  Michx. 

Fl.  i.  109,  appears  to  be  only  a  low  form  of  this  from  the  liigher  mountains.  —  Rocks  and 

banks,  along  the  AUeghanies  from  A'^irginia  and  E.  Kentucky  to  Georgia. 

*  #  *  Long  filiform  style  declined  and  upwardly  curved,  much  exceeding  the  rotate  corolla :  cap- 
sule dblong-clavate," sessile,  erect;  the  openings  close  to  the  summit:  inflorescence  truly  spicate 
(centripetal):  root  annual  or  at  most  biennial. 

C.  Ainericana,  L.  Sparsely  hairy  or  almost  glabrous :  stem  mostly  simple,  a  yard  or 
two  high  :  leaves  thin  and  large,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  cordate,  petiolcd ; 
upper  passing  into  bracts  of  the  elongated  and  loosely  many-flowered  virgate  spike  :  corolla 
white  or  blue,  almost  5-parted;  its  lobes  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  half  an  inch  long, 
exceeding  the  divergent  subulate-setaceous  calyx-lobes :  capsules  half  an  inch  long.  — 
C  ohliqua,  Jacq.  Schoenb.  t.  336.  C.  acuminata,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  108.  C.  dedinata,  Moench. 
C.  IlUnoensis,  Fresenius,  a  branched  state  with  paniculate  leafy  spikes,  which  is  not  uncom- 
mon. —  Shaded  low  ground,  W.  New  York  to  Iowa,  soutli  to  Georgia  and  Arkansas. 
C.   PLANiFLORA,   Lam.    [C.   nitida,  Ait.),  long  ago  described  from  cultivated  specimens, 

vaguely  attributed  to  North  America,  is  wholly  unknown  in  the  wild  state;  apparently  allied 

to  C.  persiccefoUa,  L.,  and  not  N.  American. 

5.  HETEROCCDON,  Nutt.     (EzsQa,  different,  and  xcodojv,  a  bell,  from 
the  two  kinds  of  catnpauulate  flowers.) — A  single  species,  near  Campanula,  to 
which  Bentham  joins  it.  —  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  255. 
H.  rariflormn,  Nutt.     A  delicate  little  annual,  sparsely  hirsute :  stems  filiform,  diffusely 
spreading,  leafy,  branching:  leaves  orbicular  with  cordate  partly  clasping  base  (a  fourth 
to  half  inch  long),  coarsely  many-toothed :  flowers  solitary,  terminal  and  lateral,  also  axil- 
lary ;  the  later  ones  only  with  well-developed  pale  blue  corolla,  which  barely  exceeds  the 
ovate  and  sparingly  toothed  foliaceous  calyx-lobes ;  these  one  to  three  lines  long.  —  Shady 
and  grassy  places,  A^ancouver's  Island  to  California  and  Nevada,  along  the  coast  ranges 
and  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Order  LXXVII.    ERICACE^. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  some  perennial  herbs,  with  simple  and  undivided  leaves  des- 
titute of  stipules  and  commonly  alternate,  symmetrical  (4-5-merous)  and  perfect 
flowers,  either  regular  or  occasionally  irregular,  stamens  free  or  nearly  free  from 
the  corolla  and  as  many  or  more  commonly  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes  or  petals, 
the  anthers  2-celled  and  in  most  opening  by  pores  (in  many  awned  or  otherwise 
appendaged),  the  pollen  composed  of  4  united  grains  (exce|)t  in  the  fourth  suborder 
and  a  part  of  the  third),  and  the  style  single.  Calyx  imbricated  or  sometimes 
valvate  in  the  bud,  free  and  the  corolla  and  stamens  hypogynous,  except  in  the 
first  suborder.  Corolla  not  rarely  5-  (or  4-)  petalous,  in  the  bud  imbricated  or  in 
some  convolute.  Anthers  introrse,  or  in  the  PyroUnece  primarily  and  normally 
extrorse,  but  in  anthesis  introrsely  inverted!  Ovary  4-10-celled  (or  the  cells 
rarely  3  or  2  and  fewer  than  the  petals),  with  placentae  in  the  axis  (a  tribe  of 
MonotroipecE  excepted)  ;  the  ovules  numerous,  generally  very  numerous,  sometimes 
solitary,  anatropous.  Stigma  not  rarely  girt  with  a  ring,  entire  or  merely  lobed  ; 
only  in  Clethra  is  the  apex  of  the  style  3-cleft.  Fruit  capsular,  baccate,  or  dru- 
paceous. Embryo  small  or  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  the  cotyledons  small  and 
short  or  undeveloped.  [EricacecE,  Vaceiniacece,  Pyrolacece,  &  MonotropecB  of 
authors,  all  merging  into  one  large  family.) 

Suborder  I.  VACCINIE.^.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  (or  to  the 
greater  part  of  it),  which  in  fruit  is  baccate,  either  a  true  berry  or  drupaceous, 
crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth.     Corolla  always  gamopetalous,  and  with  the  disk 


ERICACEAE.  15 

epigynous.  Anthers  erect,  introrse;  the  cells  partly  separate  or  prolonged  at 
apex  into  a  tip  or  a  tubular  appendage,  where  they  open  by  a  pore  or  chink. 
Pollen-grams  compound,  of  four  united  grains.  Stigma  not  indusiate.  Seeds 
with  a  close  and  firm  coat.  —  Shrubby  or  sufFrutescent,  with  scaly  buds  :  leaves  all 
alternate. 

*   Ovary  wholly  inferior:  herbage  not  aromatic. 
^'  s^^Ife^n^tlt^^"^-    °'''^  ^^"'^^'^'  ^^■"^"^^^'     ^™*    baccate-drupaceous,  with    10 

^'  Zt(^!S}S^^\    ^^^"^  ^  ""f^^-'  °^^^  false-partitions  from  the  back  of  these  ceUs 
8-10  celled  :  ovules  numerous.    Fruit  a  berry;  its  cells  several-many-seeded 

*  *  Ovary  at  first  one  third  to  one  half  superior:  herbage  aromatic  as  in  Gaultkeria. 
"•  I?tf  £gft^lam^n?8T  tllrf  a^nS,  tS^Tar^^^^^^^^^     Corolla  short-campanu- 

Suborder  II.  ERICINE^.  Calyz  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  gamo- 
petalous,  rarely  polypetalous  or  nearly  so,  hypogynous.  Disk  generally  annular 
or  8-10-lobed.  Anthers  upright,  introrse.  Pollen-grains  compound.  Shrubs  or 
small  trees. 

Tribe  I.  ARBUTE^.  Fruit  fleshy,  either  baccate  or  drupaceous.  Corolla  urceo- 
late  or  globular  5-toothed  or  rarely  4-toothed,  deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
as  the  corolla  lobes,  included.     Buds  scaly.     Leaves  alternate. 

^'  it^^JIJy^l  Anthers  compressed,  bearing  a  pair  of  reflexed  awns  on  the  back,  each 
cell  openmg  at  the  apex  anteriorly  by  a  termmal  pore.  Ovary  5-  (rarely  4-)  celled  rinen 
ing  mto  a  granular-coated  and  many-seeded  berry;  with  firm  endocarp  '     ^ 

5.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.  Ovary  4-10-celled,  with  solitary  ovules  in  the  cells  in  fruit 
formmg  a  drupe  with  as  many  seed-like  nutlets  or  a  solid  stone. 

Tribe  II.  ANDROMEDE.E.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  chiefly  5-celled  and  many-seeded 
capsule  ;  the  valves  usually  bearing  the  partitions,  which  separate  from  the  per- 
sistent placentiferous  axis  or  columella.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  deciduous.  Stamens 
twice  the  number  of  the  corolla-lobes  (mostly  10),  more  or  less  included.  Leaves 
mainly  alternate. 

*   Anther-cells  opening  through  their  whole  length,  not  appendaged :  stigma  5-lobed  •  the 
lobes  adnate  to  a  surrounding  ring  or  cup.  ' 

6.  EPIG^A.  Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  and  strongly  imbricated  dry  and  scarious  sepals. 
Corolla  salver-form  5-lobed.  Stamens  10,  mostly  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla:  fila- 
ments filiform :  anthers  hnear-oblong,  blunt. 

^  *   *  Anthers  opening  only  at  the  top :  stigma  usually  entire. 

-I-  Calyx  becoming  fleshy  and  baccate  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  small  capsule. 

7.  GAULTHERIA.  Calyx  5-cleft ;  its  lobes  imbricated.  Corolla  ovate-urceolate  to  cam- 
panulate.  btamens  10 :  filaments  dilated  towards  the  base  :  capsule  deeply  umbilicate  • 
placenta  ascenduig. 

-1-  -J-  Calyx  unchanged  and  dry  under  the  capsule. 
•H-   The  lobes  or  sepals  valvate  or  open  in  the  bud,  never  overlapping. 

8.  ANDROMEDA.  Corolla  from  globular-urceolate  to  cylindraceous,  5-toothed  or  5-lobed. 
Ovary  and  capsule  5-celled,  umbilicate :  placenta  borne  on  the  summit  or  middle  of  the 
columella ;  the  seeds  pendulous  or  spreading  in  all  directions. 

++  ++   Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  more  or  less  imbricated,  at  least  in  the  early  bud. 
=  Corolla  cylindraceous  or  conical-urceolate,  5-toothed:  anthers  fixed  toward  their  base: 
leaves  plane,  usually  large  and  broad :  capsule  not  thickened  at  the  dorsal  sutures. 

9.  OXYDENDRUM.  Calyx  short,  early  open,  naked  at  base.  Corolla  minutely  canes- 
cent.  Anthers  linear,  unappendaged,  narrower  than  the  broadly  subulate  filaments ;  the 
cells  opening  by  a  long  chink.  Capsule  ovoid-pyramidal :  placenta  on  the  short  columella 
at  the  base  of  the  cells.  Seeds  all  ascending  or  erect,  scobiform,  with  loose  reticulated 
coat  extended  at  each  end  much  beyond  the  linear  nucleus.  Bracts  and  bractlets  minute 
and  deciduous. 


16  ERICACE^. 

10.  LEUCOTHOE.  Calyx  slightly  or  in  one  section  much  imbricated.  Filaments  sub- 
ulate :  anthers  oblong,  obtuse,  blunt ;  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore  or  chink,  either 
pointless,  or  2-mucronate,  or  sometimes  1-2-awnecl  from  the  apex :  filaments  subulate. 
Capsule  depressed-globose,  5-lobed ;  valves  mostly  thin,  entire ;  placentae  borne  on  the 
summit  or  upper  part  of  the  columella.  Seeds  pendulous  or  in  all  directions ;  the  coat 
various  but  usually  loose. 

11.  CASSANDRA.  Calyx  of  rigid  and  much  imbricated  ovate  sepals,  subtended  by  a 
pair  of  similar  bractlets.  Filaments  subulate  (glabrous):  anthers  awnless ;  the  cells 
tapering  into  a  tubular  beak,  which  opens  by  a  pore  at  the  apex.  Capsule  depressed- 
globose  :  pericarp  in  deliiscence  separating  into  two  layers  ;  the  chartaceous  epicarp  locu- 
licidally  5-valved ;  cndocarp  cartilaginous,  at  length  10-valved ;  sutures  not  thickened ; 
placentae  on  the  summit  of  the  short  columella.  Seeds  imbricated  in  2  rows,  compressed 
and  obtusely  angled ;  the  smooth  and  shining  coat  much  thickened  on  the  side  next  the 
placenta. 

=  =  Corolla  open-campanulate,  4-5-lobed  or  parted :  anthers  short,  fixed  nearly  by  their 
apex :  f ruticulose  and  heath-like,  with  small  thick  or  acerose  mostly  imbricated  leaves. 

12.  CASSIOPE.  Calyx  ebracteolate,  of  ovate  imbricated  sepals.  Anther-cells  each  open- 
ing by  a  large  terminal  pore,  and  tipped  by  a  slender  recurved  awn.  Capsule  globose  or 
ovoid,  4-5-valved ;  the  valves  2-clef t.     Seed-coat  thin  and  close. 

Tribe  III.  ERICE^E.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  or  sometimes  septicidal  4-5-celled  capsule. 
Corolla  gamopetalous,  marcescent-persistent;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens twice  the  number  of  the  corolla-lobes  (8,  rarely  10).  Heath-like  leaves  com- 
monly opposite  or  verticillate. 

13.  CALLUNA.  Corolla  campanulate,  4-parted,  shorter  and  less  conspicuous  than  the 
4  concave  colored  sepals,  both  scarious  and  persistent.  Anthers  with  a  pair  of  auriculate 
appendages  on  the  back;  the  cells  opening  by  a  long  chink.  Ovary  8-angled:  ovules 
numerous,  pendulous  :  style  filiform.     Capsule  globose-4-angular,  septicidally  4-valved. 

Tribe  IV.  RHODODENDREiE.  Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule  ;  the  valves  (except  in 
Leiopkyllum,  &c.)  in  dehiscence  separating  from  the  persistent  placentiferous  colu- 
mella. Corolla  deciduous,  its  lobes  or  petals  chiefly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Anthers 
destitute  of  awns  or  appendages.  Stigma  not  rarely  surrounded  by  a  ring  or 
border.  {Rliodorece  Don,  name  changed  by  Maximowicz,  because  Rhodora  falls 
into  Rhododendron.) 

*  Anthers  opening  by  a  pore  or  chink  at  the  apex  of  each  cell. 
■h-  Corolla  gamopetalous :  scaly  leaf-buds  none :  flowers  from  the  axils  of  coriaceo-foli- 
aceous  persistent  (seldom  scale-like  or  scarious)  bracts,  or  rarely  from  those  of  ordinary 
leaves  :  filaments  and  style  filiform  :  capsule  globular,  4-5-valved  from  above. 

14.  BRYANTHUS.  Corolla  from  campanulate  to  ovoid,  4-6-lobed ;  the  lobes  simply 
imbricated  in  the  bud.    Stamens  8  to  10,  straight.    Leaves  heath-like,  alternate  but  crowded. 

15.  KALMIA.  Corolla  crateriform  or  saucer-shaped,  with  a  short  narrow  tube,  5-lobed, 
10-saccate  below  the  limb.  Stamens  10;  the  short  anthers  lodged  in  the  sacs  of  the 
corolla  in  the  bud,  so  that  the  filaments  are  strongly  recurved  when  this  expands.  Cap- 
sule tardily  septicidal.     Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,  flat. 

•>r-  -i-  Corolla  gamopetalous :  buds,  at  least  flower-buds,  scaly-strobilaceous ;  the  thin  or 
scarious  scales  caducous  or  deciduous :  capsule  4-5-valved  (or  sometimes  more)  from 
apex  to  base  :  seeds  usually  (but  not  always)  scobiform,  having  the  loose  coat  produced 
or  appendaged  at  both  ends  :  calyx  often  much  reduced  or  obsolete. 

16.  MENZIESIA.  Flowers  usually  4-merous.  Corolla  from  globular-urceolate  to  cylin- 
draceous,  4-toothed  or  lobed.  Calyx  bristly-ciliate.  Stamens  included,  mostly  8 :  filaments 
subulate  :  anthers  mostly  linear-sagittate ;  the  cells  opening  by  an  oblique  pore  or  short 
chink.     Style  included  :  stigma  truncate.     Capsule  short. 

17.  RHODODENDRON.  Flowers  almost  always  5-merous.  Corolla  various  (but  not  con- 
tracted at  the  orifice),  lobed  or  cleft,  or  even  parted,  often  somewhat  irregular.  Stamens 
sometimes  as  few  as  the  corolla-lobes,  more  commonly  of  twice  the  number,  usually  de- 
clined :  filaments  filiform  or  slender-subulate :  anthers  short ;  the  cells  opening  by  a  ter- 
minal orbicular  pore.     Style  filiform  :  stigma  capitate  or  somewhat  lobed. 

^—  -1—  -)—  Corolla  polypetalous  or  very  nearly  so :  filaments  filiform :  seeds  scobiform  or 
linear :  placenta  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  persistent  columella. 

18.  LEDUM.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  parted,  small.  Petals  oval  or  obovate,  widely  spreading. 
Stamens  5  to  10.  Capsule  oval  or  oblong,  5-celled,  5-valved  from  the  base  upward ;  the 
columella  slender.    Flowers  umbellate  or  corymbose  from  separate  strobilaceous  buds. 


ER1CACE.E.  17 

19.  BEJARIA.  Calyx  4-5-lobe(l.  Petals  obovate  or  spatulate,  somewhat  erect.  Stamens 
12  or  14.  Capsule  depressed-globose,  6-7-lobed,  6-7-valved  from  above;  the  columella 
short.     Flowers  (in  ours)  racemose:  no  strobilaceous  buds. 

*  *  Antliers  opening  longitudinally  from  the  apex  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base  of  the 
cells :  corolla  of  distinct  petals,  or  in  Loiseleuria  5-clef  t :  no  thin-scaly  strobilaceous 
buds:  leaves  entire:  capsule  3-5-  (rarely  2-)  valved  from  above. 

H—  Low  and  small-leaved  evergreens  :  coriaceous  persistent  leaves  mostly  opposite  :  flowers 
small,  corymbose .  or  fascicled :  pedicels  subtended  by  coriaceous  foliaccous  persistent 
scales  or  bracts :  calyx  5-parted :  style  and  slender  filaments  not  declined  :  anthers 
globose-didymous :  seeds  oval,  with  a  thin  close  coat. 

20.  LEIOPHYLLUM.  Petals  5,  obovate-oblong,  spreading.  Stamens  10 :  filaments  and 
style  filiform,  exserted.  Placentae  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  columella,  but  carried 
awa}'  with  the  2  or  3  valves  in  dehiscence. 

21.  LOISELEURIA.  Corolla  broadly  canipanulate,  deeply  5-clef t.  Stamens  5:  filaments 
and  style  stout-filiform  and  included.  Capsule  2-3-valved,  and  valves  at  length  2-cleft ; 
tlie  placentas  left  on  the  columella. 

•t—  -t—  Erect  shrubs,  with  deciduous  alternate  leaves :  flowers  larger,  from  leaf}'  shoots  of 
the  season  :  anthers  oblong :  filaments  flat  and  subulate  or  linear :  style  long,  more  or 
less  decUned  and  incurved,  thickened  at  the  apex  and  annulate  around  the  discoid 
stigma  :  placentae  persistent  on  the  short  columella :  seeds  with  a  loose  cellular  or 
fungous  coat. 

22.  ELLIOTTIA.  Petals  (3  to  5)  mostly  4,  long  and  narrow.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice 
as  many  :  filaments  short.     Flowers  in  conspicuous  terminal  racemes  or  panicles. 

23.  CLADOTHAMNUS.  Petals  5,  oblong,  spreading,  equalled  by  the  somewhat  foUa- 
ceous  sepals.  Stamens  10 :  filaments  dilated  below.  Capsule  5-6-celled,  depressed-glo- 
bose.    Flowers  solitary,  terminating  short  leafy  branches  or  sometimes  axillary. 

Suborder  III.  PYROLINE^.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  poly- 
petalous,  hypogynous,  deciduous.  Anthers  erect  and  extrorse  in  the  bud,  with 
apex  often  pointed,  emarginate  or  2-horned  at  base,  where  each  cell  opens  by  a 
pore,  in  anthesis  mostly  introrsely  resui)inate  on  the  filament,  so  that  the  really 
basal  pores  become  apical  and  the  point  or  apex  basal.  Disk  obsolete  or  obscure. 
Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule.  Seeds  with  a  loose  cellular  coat.  Sepals  and  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  the  former  persistent.     (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  61.) 

Tribk  I.  CLETHRE^.  Shrubs  or  trees.  Pollen-grains  simple.  Ovary  and  cap- 
sule of  the  5-merous  flower  3-ceIled.  Stigmas  3,  distinct,  over  the  placentae.  Em- 
bryo cylindraceous,  as  in  Ericlnece. 

24.  CLETHRA,  Petals  5,  obovate  or  obcordate.  Stamens  10:  anthers  sagittate  and 
pointed,  after  inversion  obsaggitate,  the  diverging  lobes  opening  by  a  chink  or  large  pore. 
Style  filiform,  persistent,  conmionly  3-cleft  at  the  apex :  stigmas  thickish  and  truncate. 
Capsule  globose  or  .3-lobed,  3-valved,  and  the  valves  at  lengtli  2-cleft ;  the  many-seeded 
porrect  placentae  remaining  attached  to  the  upper  part  of  the  columella. 

Tribe  II.  PYKOLE^.  Herbs  or  nearly  so,  from  perennial  slender  rootstocks, 
glabrous,  with  evergreen  foliage,  one  species  leafless.  Pollen-grains  compound. 
Cells  of  the  ovary  and  capsule  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals  (5,  or  rarely  4) : 
valves  of  the  capsule  remaining  attached  to  the  columella.  Seed-coat  very  loose 
and  cellular,  enclosing  a  small  nucleus.     Embryo  very  minute. 

*  Stems  leafy :  flowers  corymbose  or  sometimes  solitary  :  stigma  orbicular-peltate,  barely 
5-crenate,  conceaUng  the  very  short  obconical  style,  which  is  immersed  in  the  umbili- 
cate  summit  of  the  ovary^  and  capsule :  the  latter  dehiscent  from  above  downwards : 
valves  not  woolly  on  the  edges. 

25.  CHIMAPHILA.  Petals  5,  widely  spreading,  regular,  orbicular,  concave.  Stamens 
10:  filaments  short,  dilated  and  mostly  hairy  in  tiie  middle. 

*  *  Scape  naked  or  leafy  only  at  base :  style  mostly  elongated.     ^ 

26.  MONESES.  Flowers  solitary,  sometimes  4-merous,  regular.  Petals  widely  spreading, 
orbicular.  Stamens  10,  or  sometimes  8 :  filaments  subulate,  naked.  Style  straight :  stigma 
large,  peltate,  and  with  5  or  sometimes  4  narrow  (at  first  erect,  at  length  radiating)  lobes. 
Valves  of  the  capsule  not  woolly  on  the  edges. 

2 


18  ERICACE^. 

27.  PYROLA.  Flowers  in  a  raceme,  5-merous.  Petals  concave  or  incurved  and  more  or 
less  converging.  Stamens  10,  often  declined  :  filaments  subulate,  naked.  Style  often  de- 
clined or  turned  downward :  stigma  5-lobed  or  toothed  and  annulate.  Capsule  depressed- 
globose  and  5-lobed,  umbilicate  at  apex  and  base,  dehiscent  from  the  base  upward ;  the 
edges  of  the  valves  cobwebby  when  opening. 

SuBORDKR  IV.     MONOTROPE^.     Calyx  free  from   the  ovary.     Pollen- 
<Trains  simple.     Capsule  loculicidal.  —  Herbaceous  root-parasites  or  saprophytes, 
scaly,  destitute  of  all  greeu  herbage,  one  closely  related  to  Pyrolece,  oue  to  Eri- 
cinea,  the  others  more  peculiar.     (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  370.) 
TuinE  I.     EUMONOTROPE^.     Ovary  5-celled,  or  sometimes  4-celled  ;  the  pla- 

centjB  projecting  from  the  thick  central  columella. 

*  Anthers  extrorse,  in  flower  becoming  introrsely  pendulous  :  corolla  none. 

28.  ALLOTROPA.  Calyx  of  5  roundish  sepals,  marcescent  under  the  capsule.  Stamens 
io :  anthers  didymous,  on  long  and  slender  filaments :  cells  opening  by  a  cliink  from  tlie 
apparent  apex  to  the  middle.  Disk  none.  Style  short:  stigma  large,  peltate-capitate. 
Capsule  globose.     Seeds  scobiform,  linear. 

#  *  Anthers  introrse  or  introrsely  pendulous  from  the  first :  corolla  gamopetalous,  and 
with  the  calyx  persistent  or  marcescent, 

-K-  Globular-ovate,  with  5  short  recurved  lobes  or  teeth :  anthers  2-awned. 

29.  PTEROSPORA.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  globular-urceolate ;  the  lobes  con- 
volute or  mostly  so  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10,  included  :  filaments  subulate-filiform  :  anthers 
ovate-didymous,  introrse,  erect,  or  in  bud  horizontal-inflexed,  fixed  near  the  base,  there 
dorsally  2-awned;  the  slender  awns  deflexed ;  the  cells  opening  lengtlnvise.  Disk  none. 
Style  short :  stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  depressed-globular,  5-lobed.  Seeds  broadly  winged 
from  the  apex. 

.,_  .}_  Corolla  campanulate,  with  barely  spreading  lobes,  rather  fleshy :  anthers  nmticous  : 
seed-coat  reticulated,  but  conformed  to  tlie  nucleus :  sepals  5,  oblong,  erect,  nearly  equal- 
ling the  corolla,  persistent :  filaments  slender. 

30.  SARCODES.  Stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  cylindraceous-campanulate  corolla  :  anthers 
iinear-oblong,  erect,  inserted  above  tlie  base;  the  two  cells  strictly  combined  throughout, 
the  wliole  apex  opening  by  a  large  introrsely  oblique  terminal  pore.  Disk  none.  Ovary 
low-conical  and  5-lobed:  style  colunmar,  rather  long:  stigma  capitate  and  somewhat 
6-lobed.  Capsule  depressed-5-lobed.  Seeds  oval  and  with  a  small  conical  protuberance 
.at  the  apex. 

31.  SCHWEINITZIA.  Stamens  10,  hardly  shorter  than  the  oblong-campanulate  corolla, 
this  5-gibbous  at  base :  anthers  short,  somewhat  didymous,  introrsely  pendulous,  being 
attached  dorsally  near  the  apex ;  the  saccate  cells  opening  by  the  wliole  apex  as  a  large 
pore.  Disk  10-crenate.  Ovary  globose-ovate:  style  short  and  thick:  stigma  large, 
5-sided,  umbilicate. 

*  *  *  Anthers  innate  or  transverse  on  the  apex  of  the  filament,  opening  across  the  top  ; 
tlie  cells  more  or  less  confluent :  corolla  4-5-petalous  and  with  tiie  sepals  or  bractlets 
tardily  deciduous. 

32.  MONOTROPA.  Sepals  of  2  to  5  lanceolate  bract-like  scales.  Corolla  of  4  to  6  erect 
and  oblong  or  spatulate  scale-like  fleshy  petals,  wliich  are  gibbous  or  saccate  at  base. 
Stamens  twice  the  number  of  the  petals:  filaments  filiform-subulate:  anthers  somewhat 
renifonn  ;  the  valves  moderately  or  very  dissimilar.  Disk  8-12-toothed ;  tlie  teeth  deflexed. 
Style  columnar,  tubular:  stigma  fumielform,  with  obscurely  crenate  margin.  Capsule 
ovoid ;  the  columella  very  thick  and  fleshy.  Seeds  innumerable,  very  small,  scobiform ; 
nucleus  minute  in  the  loose-cellular  elongated  coat. 

Thibe  ir.  PLEURICOSPORE^.  Ovary  one-celled  or  spuriou.sly  4-5-celled;  the 
4  or  5  placentfe  parietal  and  2-lamellate.  Disk  none  or  obscure:  anthers  linear  or 
oblong,  erect,  introrse,  fixed  by  the  base  to  the  long  and  slender  filaments,  opening 
longitudinally. 

33.  PLEURICOSPORA.  Calyx  complete,  of  4  or  5  oblong-lanceolate  scale-like  sepals, 
their  margins  fimbriate-laciniate.  Corolla  of  4  or  6  oblong  and  fimbriate-laccrate  plane 
petals,  resembling  but  rather  shorter  tlian  the  sepals.  Stamens  8  or  10,  glabrous :  fila- 
ments ligulate-filiform :  anthers  linear,  apiculate ;  the  cells  opening  from  base  to  apex 
into  two  equal  valves.  Ovary  ovate,  strictly  one-celled  :  style  columnar :  stigma  depressed- 
capitate  or  somewhat  funnelform.  Capsule  fleshy  i.  Seeds  obovate,  with  a  smooth  or 
polished  close  coat. 


Gayhmacia.  ERICACEAE.  I9 

34.  NEWBERRYA.  Calyx  incomplete,  of  2  bract-like  entire  sepals.  Corolla  tubular- 
urceolate,  4-5-lobed  marceseent  Stamens  8  or  10  :  filaments  filiform,  long-hairy  above  the 
miclclle:  anthers  oblong ;  tlie  cells  opening  from  apex  to  base  into  two  unequal  valves 
Ovary  ovate,  contracted  at  apex  mto  a  long  style,  tipped  with  a  depressed-capitate  ami 
b.icate  and  pervious  st.gnu :  p  acent^  4.  with  broad  divergent  lamella,  which  meet  at 
adjacent  edges,  ovuliferous  on  both  sides,  giving  the  appearance  of  four  exterior  cells 
surroundmg  a  central  larger  one.  °  ^x  ^^>-  caichui  i,eiuj 

1.  O-AYLUSSACIA,  HBK.  Huckleberry.  (In  honor  of  a  distin- 
guished  French  chemist,  Gay-Lussac.)  —Shrubs  (of  Eastern  N.  and  S.  America)  ; 
with  either  evergreen  or  deciduous  leaves,  commonly  glandular  or  resinous-atomi- 
ferous,  flowers  in  lateral  racemes  from  separate  scaly  buds,  bracteate  and  often 
bracteolate  pedicels,  reddish  or  greenish  or  white'  corolla,  and  edible  fruit. 
Flowering  in  spring;  fruit  ripe  in  summer,  blue  or  black.  — Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y. 
i.  448  ;  Gray,  Chloris  (Mem.  Am.  Acad,  iii.),  51,  &  Man.  Bot.  Decackcena,  Torr. 
&  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlii.  43  (1841).  Decamerium,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  260  (1843). 

§  1.  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  somewhat  serrate,  destitute  of  resinous  atoms. 
G.  brach^cera,  Gray.  Very  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  young  parts  barely  puberulent, 
a  foot  high  or  less :  branches  angled :  leaves  oval  (half  to  full  inch  long) :  racemes  ia  the' 
axils,  short,  almost  sessile,  of  few  crowded  flowers :  bracts  and  bractlets  scaly,  caducous : 
corolla  cylindraceous-campanulate,  white  or  flesh-color,  2  lines  long:  anthers  slightly 
pointed,  shorter  than  the  ciliate  filament.  —  Man.  ed.  1,  259.  Vacdnium  brachycerum,  Michx. 
Fl.  i.  2.34.  V.  buxi folium,  Salisb.  Parad.  t.  4  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  28 ;  Bot.  Cab.  t.  648.  —  Wooded 
hills,  Alleghanies,  from  Perry  Co.,  Penn.  (Baird),  to  Virginia.  Sussex  Co.,  Delaware,  A. 
Commons.    Leaves  like  those  of  Dwarf  Box. 

§  2.  Leaves  deciduous,  entire,  more  or  less  sprinkled  with  minute  resinous  or 
waxy  atoms  :  racemes  from  axils  of  the  former  year. 

#  Leaves  thickish  and  almost  coriaceous,  preen  both  sides,  the  upper  face  shining:  bracts  foil- 
aceoiis  and  persistent:  anthers  with  filiform  tubular  appendages  longer  than  the  cells  and 
almost  equalling  the  corolla.  "  o 

G.  dumosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high  from  a  creeping  base,  somewhat  hairy 
and  glandular :  leaves  obovate-oblong  or  lanceolate-spatulate,  veiny,  conspicuously  mu- 
cronate :  racemes  loose :  bracts  oval,  as  long  as  the  slender  2-bractcolate  pedicels :  ovary 
either  glandular-pubescent  or  hairy :  corolla  campanulate,  white  or  rose-red :  fruit  black, 
mostly  pubescent,  watery  and  rather  insipid.  —  Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  G.  hiriella,  Torr..  Fl.  N.  Y.' 
i.  448.  Vuccinium  dumosum,  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  112;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1106;  Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr. 
vii.  566.  V.  frondoxnm,  Michx.  1.  c,  not  L.  Decamerium  dumosuin,  Nutt.  1,  c.  —  Sandy 
swamps,  Newfoundland,  and  along  the  coast  to  Florida  and  Louisiana ;  southward  espe- 
cially  passing  freely  into 

Var.  hirtella,  Gray,  1.  c.  Branchlets  and  especially  racemes  and  ovary,  and  some- 
times the  leaves,  glandular-hirsute  or  hispid.  —  G.  hirtella,  Klotzsch  in  Linn.  xiv.  48.  Vac- 
cinium  hirtel/um,  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  2,  ii.  357 ;  Dunal,  1.  c  — Chiefly  Southern  States. 

*   *    Leaves  thinner,  dull  or  paler:  bracts  much  smaller,  deciduous. 
•*-  Branches  slender  and  widely  spreading;  flowers  in  very  loose  racemes,  on  long  filiform  pedi^ 
eels:  corolla  between  globular  and  campanulate,  greenish-purplish,  2  lines  or  less  in  length. 

G.  frondosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous,  or  puberulent  when  young,  from  3  to  6  feet 
high,  with  light  gray  branches :  leaves  oblong  or  oval-obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  pale, 
whitish  and  very  veiny  beneath:  bracts  tardily  deciduous:  anthers  with  rather  long 
tubular  tips:  fruit  dark  blue  and  glaucous,  sweet  and  edible  (Blue  Tangle  or  Blue 
Huckleberry).—  Vaccinium  frondosum,  L. ;  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  140.  V.  vemtstum.  Ait.  Kew. 
ed.  1,  ii.  11.  V.  (jiaucum,  Michx.  I.  c.  V.  decamerocar/mn,  Dunal,  1.  c.  excl.  syn.  Wang. 
Decamerium  frondosum,  Nutt.  1.  c  — Low  and  shaded  grounds,  coast  of  New  Hampshire  and 
mountains  of  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  and  Florida. 

Var.  tomentosa,  a  form  with  foliage  and  shoots  tomentose-pubescent.  —  Vaccinium 
tomentosum,  Pursh,  ined.  —  Georgia,  Enslin.    E.  Florida,  Dr.  E.  Palmer. 


20  ERICACEAE.  Vaccinhivi. 

G  urslna  Torr  &  Gray.  Somewhat  pubescent,  2  to  4  feet  high  f  leaves  gre6n  and 
n.embranaceous,  lanceolate-obovate  or  oblong,  acuminate  (2  to  4  inches  long),  loosely 
veiny  •  bracts  rather  scaly,  caducous:  anthers  with  very  short  tips:  frmt  reddish,  turnmg 
black  insipid  (Bear  HucKLEBERRY).-Gray,  Chloris,  49,  t.  10;  Chapm.  Fl.  258.  Vac- 
ciniiun  ursiniun,  M.  A.  Curtis  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  xUv.  82.  — Moist  woods,  confined  to  the 
mountains  of  tlie  southern  part  of  North  Carolina  and  adjacent  parts  of  South  Carolma, 
Curtis,  Buckley,  &c. 

^  ^-   Branches  erect :  flowers  short-pedicelled  in  short  sessile  racemes:  corolla  ovate-conical  and 
5-angulai-,  becoming  campanulate   or  cylindraceous,    reddish,   as  are    the   scale-like   caducous 
ovate  bracts. 
G  resinosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.     A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  rigid,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubes- 
cent, when  young  very  clammy  :  leaves  yellowish-green,  from  oval  to  lanceolate-oblong, 
commonly  obtuse,  mucronulate,  of  rather  firm  texture  and  paler  beneath  when  mature  : 
racemes  secund,  drooping,  5-8-flowered  :  corolla  2  or  3  lines  long :  anthers  with  tubular 
tips:  fruit  black,  rarely  varying  to  white,  without  bloom,  pleasant  (the  common  Huckle- 
berry or  Black  Huckleberry  of  the  market).—  Vaccinium  resinosum.  Ait.  Kew.  1.  c. ; 
Michx.  Fl.  i.  232  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1288.     V.  parviflorum,  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  12-5.     Andromeda 
haccata,  Wang.  Amer.  Ill,  t.  30,  fig.  69.     Decamerium  resinosum,  Nutt.  1.  c— Rocky  wood- 
lands and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Saskatchewan  and  south  to  Upper  Georgia.     The 
only  species  in  the  northern  Mississippi  States,  where  it  is  rare. 

2.  VACClNIUM,  L.  Blueberry,  Bilberry,  or  sometimes  Huckle- 
berry, and  Cranberry.  (Classical  Latin  name.)  —  Shrubs  or  suffruticose  plants 
(chiefly  of  the  northern  hemisphere),  with  either  deciduous  or  evergreen  leaves  ; 
the  flowers  white  or  reddish,  either  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in  racemes  or  fascicles, 
mostly  nodding.  Corolla  small,  of  thinnish  texture,  and  various  in  form.  Sta- 
mens 8  or  more,  commonly  10:  filaments  usually  hairy  or  ciliate :  anthers  awned 
on  the  back  or  awnless,  opening  by  a  terminal  hole  or  slit  of  the  tubular  apex  of 
each  cell.  Flowers  in  spring:  berries  ripe  in  summer  or  autumn,  sweetish  or 
sometimes  acid,  mostly  edible.  —  Vaccinium  &  Oxycoccus,  Pers. ;  Benth.  &  Hook, 
Gen.  ii.  573,  575.     The  following  are  excluded,  viz. :  — 

V.  MUCRONATUM,  L.,  whicli  was  founded,  not  on  "  one  of  the  Mespilus  or  Pi/rus  tribe,"  as 
Smith  opined,  but  on  a  fruiting  specimen  of  Nemopanihes  Canadensis. 

V.  ALBUM,  L.,  founded  on  a  specimen  of  Lonicera  ciliata,  from  Ivalm,  who  sent  it  as  a  Vac- 
cinium with  white  berries. 

V.  LiGUSTRiNUM,  L.,  foundcd  on  a  specimen  of  Andromeda  pamculata,  also  from  Kalm. 

V  GLABRUM,  Wats.  Dendr.  Brit.  t.  125,  d.,  probably  Gaylussacia  resinosa. 

V  OBTUSUM  Pursh,  from  Oregon,  collected  by  Menzies,  probably  Gaullheria  Myrsmites. 
V.  HUMiFU§uM.  Graham  in  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour.  1831,  8,  probably  also  Gaultheria  MyrsinUes. 

§  1.  Batodendron,  Gray.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  5-lobed :  anthers 
tipped  with  long  and  slender  tubes,  and  2-awned  on  the  back :  ovary  and  (hardly 
edible  or  mawkish)  berry  spuriously  10-celled  (ripening  in  autumn)  :  leaves  decidu- 
ous, but  of  rather  firm  texture :  flowers  axillary  and  solitary  or  m  leafy-bracted 
racemes,  slender-pedicelled :  bractlets  minute  or  none.  —  Chloris,  1.  c.  52. 

*  Flower  articulated  with  its  pedicel :  anthers  included :  berry  black,  many-seeded.  [Batodemlron, 
Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  ser.  2,  viii.261.) 
V  arboreum,  Marshall.  (Farkle-  or  Sparkle-berry.)  Shrub  6  to  25  feet  high, 
witli  spreading  branches,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  thinnish-coriaceous,  very 
smooth  and  shining  above,  reticulate-veiny,  obscurely  glandular-denticulate  or  entire  from 
obovate  or  round-oval  to  oblong:  flowers  profuse,  axillary  along  the  branches  and  lealy- 
racemose:  corolla  white,  moderately  5-lobed:  awns  of  anthers  more  than  half  the  length 
of  the  tubular  tips  :  berry  globose,  small,  with  a  dry  rather  astringent  pulp.  —  Arbust.  lo7  ; 
Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  1. 1885.     V.  diffusum,  Ait. ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1607.     V.  mucronatum,  W  alt.,  not  L. 


Vaccinium.  ERICACEAE.  21 

Batodendron  arhoreum,  Nutt.  1.  c,  &  Sylv.  iii.  43.  —  Sandy  soil,  Florida  and   Texas  to  N. 
Carolina  and  S.  Illinois.     There  is  an  unusually  narrow-leaved  form  in  Texas. 
*   *    Flower  not  articulated  with  the  pedicel :  anthers  much  exserted:  berry  greenish  or  yellowish, 
ripening  few  and  proportionately  large  seeds.     (Pici-ococcus,  Nutt.  1.  c.) 

V.  Stamineum.,  L.  (Deeebeery.)  Shrub  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  divergent  branches, 
minutely  pubescent,  or  at  length  glabrous :  leaves  pale  and  dull  or  glaucous,  especially 
beneath,  from  oval  to  lanceolate-oblong :  ovary  glabrous :  flowers  nearly  all  axillary : 
corolla  dull  purplish  or  yellowish-green,  deeply  5-cleft :  awns  of  the  anthers  very  much 
shorter  than  the  elongated  tubes  :  berry  large,  pear-shaped  or  globular,  mawkish.  —  Andr. 
Bot.  Rep.  t.  263.  V.  elevatum,  Solander;  Dunal,  in  DC.  1.  c.  567  (excl.  var.)  V.  cdhum, 
Pursh,  Fl.  i.  28,  not  L.  Picrococcus  stamineus,  elevatus,  &  Floridanus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  —  Dry  woods, 
Maine  to  Michigan  and  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana :  rare  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 
(  V.  Kunthianum,  lilotzsch,  the  V.  stamineum,  HBK.  t.  353,  has  much  shorter  anther-tubes,  and 
a  hairy  ovary.) 

§  2.  Cyanococcus,  Gray.  (Blueberry.)  Corolla  from  cylindraceous  to 
campanulate-oblong  or  ovoid,  5-toothed :  filaments  hairy :  anthers  included,  awh- 
less :  ovary  and  berry  completely  or  incompletely  10-celled  by  a  spurious  par- 
tition or  projection  from  the  back  of  each  carpel:  berry  blue  or  black  with  a 
bloom,  juicy,  sweet  and  edible,  many-seeded :  flowers  (white  or  rose-color)  in 
fascicles  or  very  short  racemes,  developed  with  or  a  little  before  the  leaves  from 
large  and  separate  scaly  buds,  short-pedicelled :  scaly  bractlets  as  well  as  bracts 
mostly  caducous  or  deciduous.     (Atlantic  North-American  with  one  exception.) 

*  Evergreen  leaves  coriaceous  :  bracts  of  firmer  texture,  reddish,  and  tardily  deciduous. 
V.  nitidum,  Andr.  Diffusely  much  branched  and  very  leafy,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
thick-coriaceous,  sliining,  at  least  above,  slightly  veined,  from  obovate  to  oblanceolate- 
oblong,  a  fourth  to  half  inch  long,  obscurely  denticulate  and  glandular :  calyx-teeth  and 
almost  persistent  bracts  roundish  and  very  obtuse :,  corolla  rose-red  or  turning  white,  rather 
short  and  broad  (2  lines  long) :  berry  "  somewhat  pear-shaped,  black."  —  Bot.  Rep.  t.  480 ; 
Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  Fl.  259.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia.  Near  to  or 
passing  into  the  next. 
V.  Myrsinites,  Lam.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  much  branched :  branchlets,  &c.,  when 
young  puberulent ;  leaves  from  obovate  and  obtuse  to  oblong-lanceolate  and  acute  or  spat- 
ulate,  often  cuspidate,  from  a  third  to  a  full  inch  long,  sometimes  denticulate,  moderately 
coriaceous,  mostly  shining  above,  dull  or  paler  and  sometimes  glaucous  underneath,  more 
veiny :  bracts  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  less  persistent ;  calyx-teeth  acute  or  acutish : 
corolla  at  length  cylindraceous,  2  or  3  lines  long,  soon  white :  "  berry  globose,  blue."  — 
Diet.  i.  73;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  233;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  290  (with  vars.  /anceofatum  and  ohlusum)  ;  Dunal, 
1.  c. ;  Chapm.  1.  c.  V.  nitidum,  var.  decumbens,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1650  ?  —  Sandy  pine 
barrens,  Florida  to  Louisiana  and  N.  Carolina. 

Var.  glaucum.     A  low  form,  with  small  leaves  dull  or  glaucous  above  and  very 
glaucous  beneatli,"at  least  when  young.  —  New  Orleans  ?   (Drummond)  to  Alabama,  &c. 

#   *    Leaves  thinner,  deciduous  :  scalj'  bracts  more  deciduous. 
^—  Corolla  when  developed  cylindrical  or  cylindraceous.     Southern  species,  the  leaves  far  south- 
ward sometimes  persisting  until  flowering" the  next  spring. 
V.  formosuin,  Andr.     Two  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  (an  inch  or 
two  long),  smooth  and  bright  green  above,  either  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath,  of  firmer 
texture  than  in  the  others  of  the  section  :  flower-clusters  loose :  calyx  and  tardily  decidu- 
ous bracts  red  or  reddish:  corolla  rose-red,  4  or  5  lines  long.  — Bot.  Rep.  t.  97.  —  Georgia 
or  Florida,  "  Wm.  Young,"  James  Reed:  specimens  by  the  latter  with  flower-clusters  in  tlie 
axils  of  persistent  leaves.      Related  to  large-leaved  forms  of  the  preceding,  and  may 
probably  pass  into  the  next. 
V.  virgatum,  Ait.     Low,  or  a  yard  or  so  high,  more  or  less  pubescent :  leaves  from 
ovate-oblong  to  cuneate-lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  acute  or  pointed  and 
minutely  serrulate,  thinnish,  lucid  at  least  above,  commonly  an  incli  or  so  in  length  :  flower- 
clusters  sometimes  virgate  on  naked  branches  :  bracts  more  deciduous  :  corolla  rose-color, 


22  ERICACEAE.  Vaccinium. 

3  or  4  lines  long:  berry  black,  sometimes  with  a  bloom.  —  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  1,  ii.  12;  Andr. 
Bot.  Rep.  t.  181 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3522.  V.  ligustrinum,  Pursh,  not  L.  V.fuscatum,  Ker. 
Bpt.  Reg.  t.  302  (not  Ait.),  a  form  with  deep  rose-colored  flowers,  and  red  pedicels  and 
bracts,  approaching  V.  foTmosum.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  S.  Carolina  and  Louisiana. 

Var.  tenellum,,  a  low  form,  mostly  small-leaved,  with  nearly  white  flowers  in  shorter 
or  closer  clusters  :  corolla  barely  3  lines  long  and  less  cylindrical.  —  V.  tenellum.  Ait.  Kew. 
1.  c. ;  Chapm.  Fl.  260.  V.  galezans,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  232.  V.  gali/ormis,  Smith  in  Rees.  Cycl.— 
Virginia  to  Arkansas  and  southward. 

Var.  parvif olium,  a  peculiar  form,  with  leaves  half  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  entire 
or  nearly  so,  mostly  oblong  and  obtuse  ;  stems  tender,  3  to  8  feet  high  :  flowers  also  small. 
— V.  myHilloides,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  500,  not  Michx.,  nor  Hook.  V.  Elliottii,  Chapm.  1.  c.  —  S.  Caro- 
lina to  Arkansas  and  Louisiana.     An  ambiguous  form. 

^_  H—  Corolla  shorter  and  broader,  from  ovate-urceolate  to  at  most  oblong-campanulate,  white  or 

obscurely  rose-colored. 
++  Ovarv  and  berry  glabrous,  as  in  the  genus  generally :  scarious  bracts  and  bractlets  early  de- 
ciduous.    (Edible  JBlueberries  or  Blue  HucKLEBEHRiES.) 

V.  Pennsylvanicum,  Lam.  Dwarf,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  with  green  and 
warty  stems,  mostly  glabrous,  and  branches :   leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong,  green 

■  and  somewhat  shining  both  sides,  glabrous,  or  not  rarely  hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  dis- 
tinctly serrulate  with  bristle-pointed  teeth :  flowers  very  short-pedicelled :  corolla  cam- 
panulate  with  orifice  slightly  contracted,  barely  2^  lines  long :  berries  ripening  early,  large 
and  sweet,  bluish-black  and  glaucous.  —  Diet.  i.  72 ;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  223 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  3434;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  261.  V.  myrtilloides,  Michx.  1.  c.  V.  tenellum,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  288, 
not  Ait.  V.  ramuhsum  &  V.  humile,  Willd.  Enum.  Suppl.  20  ?  V.  multijiorum,  Wats.  Dendr. 
Brit.  t.  125  ?  —  Dry  hills  and  woods,  from  Newfoundland  to  Saskatchewan  and  southward 
to  New  Jersey  and  Illinois  ;  commoner  northward.  Tlie  lowest  and  earliest-fruited  qf  the 
blueberries. 

Var.  angustif olium,  Gray,  1.  c.  ( V.  angustifolium,  Ait.  1.  c),  a  more  dwarf  form,  a 
span  or  less  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves.  —  V.  salicinum,  Aschers.  in  Flora,  1860,  319,  not 
Cham.  — Labrador  and  Hudson's  Bay,  Newfoimdland,  and  alpine  region  of  the  White 
Mountains  of  New  Hampshire. 

V.  Canadense,  Kalm.  A  foot  or  two  high,  with  branchlets  and  both  sides  of  the 
elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate  entire  leaves  downy  witli  soft  spreading  pubescence  :  flowers 
few  in  the  clusters  :  corolla  shorter  (2  lines  long),  greenish-white,  and  more  open-cam- 
panulate :  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding.  —  Richards,  in  Frankl.  ed.  2,  12 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  -32, 
&  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3446.  V.  album,  Lam.  1.  c,  not  L.  —  Swamps  or  low  woods,  Hudson's  Bay  to 
Bear  Lake  and  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  N.  New  England,  mountains  of 
Penn.  and  Illinois.     Named  by  Kalm  in  herb.  Leche,  now  in  herb.  Banks. 

V.  vacillans,  Solander.  A  foot  or  a  yard  liigh,  glabrous  :  branchlets  yellowish-green  : 
leaves  obovate,  oval,  or  broadly  oblong,  entire  or  nearly  so,  pale  or  dull,  commonly  glau- 
cous, at  least  beneath  :  flowers  in  rather  loose  clusters :  corolla  oblong-campanulate  or 
with  obscurely  narrowed  orifice,  2  or  3  lines  long,  about  tlie  length  of  the  pedicel :  calyx- 
lobes  proportionally  large  and  roundish  :  berries  bluish-black  with  a  bloom,  ripening  later 
than  the  common  low  blueberries.  —  Gray,  Man.  1.  c. ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  i.  445.  V.  vinjatum, 
Bigelow,  not  Ait.  V.  Pennsi/lranicum,  Torr.  Fl.  N.  U.  S.  i.  416,  excl.  char.,  not  Lam.  — 
Dry  or  sandy  M-oodlands  and  rocky  places.  New  England  to  N.  Carolina  and  Missouri. 
Flowers  generally  on  the  leafless  summits  of  the  twigs,  more  greenish  or  yellowish  than 

,  tliose  of  the  next,  and  apt  to  be  tinged  with  red.  The  commoner  species  of  the  Northern 
and  Middle  States  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

V.  corymbosum,  L.  Tall,  5  to  10  feet  high  :  branchlets  yellowish-green  turning  brown- 
ish :  leaves  from  ovate  or  oblong  to  elliptical-lanceolate:  flowers  more  commonly  race- 
mosely  than  corymbosely  disposed  on  the  naked  twigs :  corolla  from  turgid  ovate-  to 
cylindraceous-campanulate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  commonly  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  3  or  4 
times  the  length  of  the  lax  calyx-lobes :  berries  blue-black  with  a  copious  bloom  (except 
in  one  var.),  ripening  later  than  the  preceding.  —  Smith  in  Rees  Cycl.  no.  13;  Gray,  Man. 
I.e.  V.  disomorphum,  Michx.  1.  c.  —  Swamps  and  low  woods,  from  Newfoundland  and 
Canada  through  the  Atlantic  U.  S.  to  Louisiana,  but  rare  in  the  Mississippi  region.  The 
typical  form  of  this,  the  common  Tall  Blueberry  or  Blue  Huckleberry,  is  minutely 


Vacci7iium.  ERICACEJE.  23 

more  or  less  pubescent  when  young,  sometimes  perfectly  glabrous  (var.  glabrum,  Gray, 
Man.),  and  commonly  soon  becoming  so;  the  leaves  with  naked  entire  margins.  Tliere 
are  numerous  gradations  between  the  following  forms  :  — 

Var.  amoenum,  Gray,  a  form  with  ciliate-serrulate  or  bristly-ciliate  leaves,  rather 
bright  green  both  sides:  pubescence  slight  or  sparse.  — Man.  ed.  5,  292.  V.  amoenum,  Ait. 
1.  t;.  ;  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  138 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  400.  V.  corymhosum,  var.  fuscatum,  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  34-33?  V.  Mariamm,  grandiflorum  &  elongatum,  Wats.  Dendr.  Brit.  1  —Mainly  in 
the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

Var.  pallidum,  Gray,  1.  c,  a  pale  and  very  glaucous  or  glaucescent  form,  with  or 
without  some  pubescence,  generally  low ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  —  V.  pal- 
lidum, Ait.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  262.  V.  albifloi-um.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3428.  V.  Con- 
stabUei,  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlii.  42 ;  Chapm.  1.  c.  —  Common  through  the  Alleghauies 
southward,  mostly  on  the  tops  of  the  liigher  mountains,  and  2  to  4  feet  high. 

Var.  fuscatum,  a  tall  form,  with  the  mature  and  entire  leaves  fuscous-pubescent 
beneath:  flowers  virgately  somewhat  spicate  on  the  naked  flowering  twigs. —  V. fuscatum, 
Ait.  1.  c.  —  Alabama  and  Florida  to  Arkansas  and  Louisiana. 

Var.  atrococcum,  Gray,  1.  c,  the  most  distinct  form,  with  the  permanently  and  at 
length  rusty  pubescent  leaves  of  the  foregoing,  but  with  a  more  diffuse  habit,  rather 
smaller  flowers,  and  berries  purplisli-black,  without  any  bloom.—  V. fuscatum.  Gray,  Man. 
ed.  1,  262.     V.  disocarpum,  Bigelow,  Bost.  ed.  2,  151.  —  Common  from  N.  England  to  Peun. 

++  ++  Ovary  and  berry  glandular-hirsute  :  bracts  less  scarious  and  more  persistent. 
V.  hirsutum,  Buckley.  A  foot  or  two  high :  branchlets,  entire  ovate  leaves,  and  even 
the  ovoid-campanulate  corolla  pubescent  with  soft  and  short  persistent  spreading  hairs : 
style  hairy:  hirsute  berries  bluish-black.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlv.  176;  Chapm.  1.  c.  —  Moun- 
tains of  Cherokee  Co.,  N.  Carolina,  Buckley.  Rare  and  little  known:  the  local  name  is 
Bear  Huckleberry. 

§  3..  EuvAcciNiuM,  Gray.  (Bilberry.)  Corolla  from  ovate  to  globular  and 
more  or  less  urceolate,  4-o-toothed,  rose-color  or  nearly  white  :  filaments  glabrous  : 
anthers  2-awned  on  the  back,  included :  ovary  and  berry  4— o-celled,  with  no  false 
partitions :  leaves  deciduous :  flowers  on  drooping  pedicels,  solitary  or  two  to 
four  together,  developing  with  or  soon  after  the  leaves. 

*  Flowers  2  to  4  in  a  fascicle,  or  sometimes  solitary,  from  a  distinct  scaly  bud,  in  the  manner  of 
Ci/rniococciw,  more  commonly  4-n)ei-ous  and  8-androus:  leaves  quite  entire,  and  usually  almost 
sessile:  limb  of  the  calyx  deeply  4-5-parted  :  berries  blackish-blue  with  a  bloom. 

V.  uliginosum,  L.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  two  high,  much  branched,  glabrous  or  minutely 
puberulent :  leaves  thickish,  mostl}'  pale  or  glaucescent,  obovate,  oval,  or  oblong-cuneate, 
obtuse  or  retuse,  reticulate-veiny,  especially  beneath,  half  inch  or  more  long :  corolla  ovate- 
or  globular-urceolate :  berry  proportionally  large,  sweetish.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  581 ;  Reichenb. 
Ic.  Germ.  xvii.  t.  1168.  V.  puhescens,  Hornem.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1516.  V.  gaultherwldes,  Bigel. — 
Arctic  America  to  the  alpine  region  of  the  mountains  of  New  England,  New  York,  and 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  westward  to  Oregon  and  Alaska.  (Eu.,  Asia.)  In  our  northern 
regions  low,  in  Oregon  sometimes  even  4  feet  high. 

Var.  mucronatum,  Herder.  Depressed-cespitose :  leaves  small,  bright  green 
both  sides,  conspicuously  reticulated,  usually  roundish,  abruptly  mucrouate  or  cuspidate. 
—  Alaska  and  Aleutian  Islands  to  Behring  Straits. 

V.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  A  foot  or  more  liigh,  glabrous :  leaves  thinner,  glaucescent, 
obscurely  veiny,  from  oval  to  obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish  (half  to 
three-fourths  inch  long) :  flower  mostly  solitary  from  the  scaly  bud:  corolla  oblong-ovate 
(1  or  2  hnes  long) :  berry  small,  barely  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  451.  —  Sierra 
Nevada  of  California  at  5-7000  feet,  from  Mariposa  to  Mt.  Shasta,  and  Uinta  Mts.,  Utali. 

V.  salicinum,  Cham.  Depressed-cespitose:  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate  and  acuminate 
(4  to  8  lines  long),  tapering  into  a  kind  of  petiole,  bright  green,  coarsely  reticulated  beneatli, 
entire :  flowers  solitary :  "  corolla  cylindraceous-urceolate,  3  lines  long."  —  Spreng.  Syst. 
Cur.  Post.  147,  &  Linn.  i.  525  (not  Aschers.  in  Flora,  1860,  369).  —  Unalaschka,  in  moss, 
Chamisso.  Perhaps  this  is  only  a  remarkably  narrow-leaved  form  of  V.  uliginosum,  var. 
mucronatum. 


24  ERICACE^.  Vacci7iium. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  in  the  earliest  axils,  usually  6-nierous  and  10-androus :  calyx  less  or  very 
slightly  lobed. 

•i—  Dwarf  and  cespitose  :  branches  not  angled. 

V.  CSBSpitosum,  Michx.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3  to  6  inches  high :  leaves  from  obo- 
vate  to  cuneate-obloug,  obtuse  or  rarely  acutish,  thickly  serrulate,  bright  green  both  sides, 
reticulate-veiny  (one  to  three-quarters  inch  long):  corolla  ovate  or  ovoid-oblong:  bgrry 
proportionally  large,  blue  with  a  bloom,  sweet.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  33,  t.  126 ;  &  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
3429.  —  Hudson's  Bay  and  Labrador,  alpine  summits  of  White  Mountains  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains  to  Alaska. 

Var.  arbuscula.  Erect  and  a  foot  high,  much  branched:  leaves  obovate,  thicker, 
little  exceeding  half  an  inch  in  length:  flowers  and  berries  rather  smaller. —  Sierra 
Nevada,  California,  in  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Austin.  In  Oregon  passes  into  the  ordinary  form 
and  into  the  following. 

Var.  cuneifolium,  Nutt.  A  span  to  near  a  foot  high,  bushy  :  leaves  spatulate- 
cuneate  and  with  rounded  apex,  passing  in  one  form  (var.  anguslifolium,  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  393)  to  spatulate-lanceolate  and  acute ;  the  earliest  not  rarely  entire.  —  Mem. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  262.  —  Mountams  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to  California,  British 
Columbia,  and  east  to  Lake  Superior. 

•i—  -i—  Low :  branches  sharply  angled  and  green :  leaves  small. 

V.  Myrtillus,  L.  (Whortlebekrv,  Bilberkv.)  a  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous:  leaves 
ovate  or  oval,  thin,  shining,  serrate,  conspicuously  reticulated-veiny,  and  with  a  prominent 
narrow  midrib  (in  ours  half  to  two-thirds  inch  long) :  limb  of  calyx  almost  entire:  corolla 
globular-ovate:  berries  black,  nodding.  —  Schk.  Handb.  t.  107;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  1.  c. 
t.  1169;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  33.  V.  myrlilloides,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  209,  not  of  others.— 
Rocky  Mountains,  extending  as  far  south  as  Colorado  and  N.  E.  Utah,  and  north-west  to 
Alaska.    (Eu.,  Asia.) 

Var.  microphj^llum,  Hook.  1-  c. ;  a  remarkable  diminutive  form,  3  to  6  inches 
liigh:  leaves  2  to  4  lines  long:  corolla  proportionally  small,  a  line  long:  berries  at  first 
"light  red."  — Higher  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  Colorado  and  Utah,  and  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  California,  down  to  7000  feet. 

H—  ^—  +-  Mostly  taller  or  tall,  with  spreading  branches. 

V.  myrtilloides,  Hook.  (Gray).  Glabrous  or  glabrate,  1  to  5  feet  high:  branchlets 
slightly  angled :  leaves  ovate  or  oval  and  oblong,  sharply  serrulate,  membranaceous,  green 
both  sides,  but  not  shining,  loosely  reticulate-veiny,  an  inch  or  two  long,  the  larger  or  later 
mostly  acute  or  acuminate:  limb  of  calyx  entire:  corolla  depressed-globular  or  semi- 
globose-urceolate  (nearly  2  lines  long  and  broad,  yellowish  or  greenish-white  with  a  purple 
tmge):  pedicel  erect  in  fruit:  berry  purplish-black,  rather  acid.  —  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  291. 
V.  luyrtiUoides,  partly.  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  32,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3477  (excl.  syn.  Ait.,  &c.  and  var. 
riqidum),  not  Michx.!  (which  is  V.  Peiinsijlvanicum,  var.  anyuslifuHum).  V.  memhranaceum, 
Dougl.  ined. ;  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  377,  the  larger-leaved  coast  form  (  V.  myrtiUoides,  var. 
memhranaceum,  Hook.  1.  c.).  — Damp  woods.  Lake  Superior  to  the  coast  of  Oregon  and. 
British  Columbia.  —  There  is  nothing  to  prevent  the  retention  of  this  specific  name, 
going  back  only  to  Hooker,  and  excluding  the  original  of  Michaux. 

V.  ovalifolium,  Smith.  Glabrous  and  glaucescent,  4  to  12  feet  high,  straggling: 
branchlets  more  or  less  angled  :  leaves  oval,  mostly  obtuse  or  rounded  at  both  ends,  merely 
nmcronulate,  entire  or  with  a  few  irregular  serratures,  pale  or  glaucous,  at  least  beneath 
(one  or  two  inches  long):  corolla  globose-ovoid:  pedicel  nodding  in  fruit:  berries  blue 
with  a  bloom.  — Rees  Cycl.  1.  o. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  33,  t.  127;  Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  V.  Cluimissonls, 
Bong.  Sitk  525.  —  Woods,  Lake  Superior  (on  the  south  shore,  Bobbins),  and  Oregon  to 
Unalaschka.     (Japan.) 

V.  parvif olium,  Smith,  1.  c.  Glabrous,  glaucescent,  6  to  12  feet  high  and  straggling : 
branches  and  branchlets  slender,  sharply  and  conspicuously  angled,  green,  articulated : 
leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  both  ends,  pale  and  dull,  especially  beneath, 
entire,  one  to  three-quarters  inch  long :  calyx  5-lobed :  corolla  globular :  pedicel  nodding 
in  fruit:  berries  light  red,  rather  dry,  hardly  edible.  —  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  128.  — Shady  and  low 
woods,  northern  part  of  California,  near  the  coast,  to  Alaska  and  Aleutian  Islands. 
§  4.  Vitis-Id^'a,  Koch.     Corolla,  ovary,  &c.,  as  in   the   preceding   section  : 

filaments  hairy  :  anthers  awuless  (at  least  in  ours)  :  leaves  coriaceous  and  jjer- 


Vaccinium.  ERICACEJE.  25 

sistent :  flowers  in  short  racemes  or  clusters  from  separate  buds :  bracteate  and 
2-bracteolate. 

*  Flowers  5-mei-ous,  lO-androus. 

V.  OVatum.  Pursh.  Erect  evergreen  shrub,  3  to  5  feet  high,  rigid  :  branchlets  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  thick  and  firm,  very  numerous,  from  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
mmutely  and  acutely  serrate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  bright  green  both  sides,  an  inch  or  so' 
long;  the  vems  obscure  or  hidden:  flowers  in  short  and  close  axillary  clusters  :  bracts  and 
bractlets  deciduous  :  corolla  campanulate,  2  lines  long,  rose-color  or  flesh-color,  barely 
tlirice  the  length  of  the  triangular  acute  reddish  calyx-lobes :  berries  reddish  turning 
black  small,  sweetish.  -  Fl.  i.  290 ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1354.  V.  lanceolatum,  Dunal  in  DC 
1.  c.  o70,  a  narrow-leaved  form.  Metagonia  (Pyxothammis)  ovata,  Nutt.  1.  c  — Vancouver's 
Island  to  Montevey,  &c.,  California,  on  hills  near  the  coast. 

V.  crassif Olium,  Andr.  Procumbent,  the  trailing  slender  stems  2  or  3  feet  long 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  small,  a  quarter  to  half  inch  long,  from  oval  to  narrowly 
oblong,  sparsely  mucronate-serrulate  or  entire,  shining:  flowers  few  and  almost  sessile  in 
small  axillary  clusters  :  bracts  scaly-coriaceous,  persistent :  corolla  globose-campanulate 
nearly  white  :  anther-cells  barely  pointed  at  apex  :  berries  black.  —  Bot.  Rep.  t  105  •  Bot 
Mag.  t  1 152  ;  Chapra.  Fl.  259.  V.  carnosum,  Pers.  Syn.  i.  479.  V.  myrtifoUum,  Michx!  Fl.  i. 
T?  ;•  ^^fT"""  "'^'■^'>^*«'  Nutt.  1.  c.  -  Sandy  bogs,  N.  Carolina  to  Georgia,  near  the  coast. 
Habit  of  Cranberry. 

*   *   Flowers  4-merous,  8-androus. 


V.  Vitis-Id*a,  L.  (Cowberry,  Mountain  Cranberry.)  Almost  glabrous,  tufted,  3 
inches  to  a  span  or  more  high  from  creeping  stems :  leaves  crowded,  obovate  or  oval 
emarginate  (a  quarter  to  over  half  inch  long),  shining  above,  paler  and  bristly  dark-dotted 
beneath ;  the  margins  revolute,  entire  or  obscurely  serrulate :  flowers  crowded  in  a  short 
and  termmal  secund  and  nodding  raceme:  bracts  reddish,  nearly  persistent:  corolla  white 
or  rose-color,  open-campanulate,  rather  deeply  4-lobed :  berries  dark  red,  acid  and  bitterish, 
edible  when  cooked  (a  fair  substitute  for  cranberries).  — Fl.  Dan.  t.  40;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab! 
t.  616.  V.  jmnctahun.  Lam.  —  Round  the  Arctic  circle,  south  to  the  coast  and  mountains  of 
N.  New-England,  and  Lake  Winipeg;  on  the  western  coast  south  to  Britisli  Columbia. 
(Greenland  to  Japan.) 

§  5.  OxTcoccus.  (Oxycoccus,  Pers.)  Corolla  deeply  4-cleft  or  4-parted;  the 
lobes  linear  or  lanceolate-oblong  and  reflexed  :  anthers  exserted,  awnless,  with 
very  long  terminal  tubes :  ovary  and  berry  4-celled,  destitute  of  false  partitions : 
flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  nodding  on  long  filiform  pedicels,  appearing  in  early 
summer  ;  fruit  maturing  in  autumn. 

*  Erect  shrubs,  with  deciduous  membranaceous  leaves  and  berries  of  ^Mmccinmm,  but  corolla  of 
irxx^Oxy coccus:  flowers  solitary  ni  the  axils :  pedicel  bractless  but  minutely  2-bracteolate  at  base: 
corolla  conical-rostrate  in  the  bud,  deeply  4-cleft :  filaments  villous.  (  V.  Japonicum  of  Miquel  is 
a  very  nearly  related  Japanese  species. )  —  Vaccinium  §  Oxycoccoides,  Benth.  '&  Hook.  ' 

V.  erythrocarpon,  Michx.  Divergently  branching  shrub,  1  to  4  feet  high,  slightly 
pubescent :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  finely  serrate  with  bristle- 
tipped  teeth,  thin,  bright  green  both  sides,  veiny,  acute  or  merely  obtuse  at  base  (H  to 
3  inches  long) :  pedicel  about  half  the  length  of  the  leaf:  corolla  flesh-color  (about  half 
inch  long) :  berry  light  red,  turning  nearly  black  at  full  maturity,  watery,  slightly  acid.  — 
Fl.  i.  227.  Oxycoccus  erectus,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  264.  0.  erythrocarpus,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  447.  —  Damp 
woods  in  the  higher  Alleghanies,  Virginia  to  Georgia.  • 

*  *    (CRANnERRY.)    Trailing  and  creeping  lignescent  plants,  with  filiform  stems,  and  small  per- 

sistent leaves  with  entire  revolute  margins  and  the  lower  face  whitened:  filiform  pedicels  1  to  4 
from  a  terminal  scaly  bud,  erect,  and  bearing  a  flesh-colored  or  pale  rose-colored  flower  nod- 
ding from  Its  apex  :  corolla  conical-cylindraceous  in  the  bud,  deeply  4-parted:  filaments  puberu- 
lent:  berry  red  and  acid.  —  Oxycoccus  (Pers.),  Benth.  &  Hook. 

V.  Oxycoccus,  L.  (Small  Cranberry.)  Stems  very  slender,  creeping:  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  2  to  4  lines  long ;  the  margins  much  revolute :  pedicels  1  to  4  in  a  fascicle  from  a 
terminal  and  not  proliferous  thin-scaly  bud :  filaments  commonly  fully  half  the  length  of 
the  anthers  :  berry  globose,  a  quarter  to  a  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  often  spotted  when 


26  ERICACE^.  Vaccinium. 

young. — Fl.  Dan.  t.  80.  Oxycoccus  palustris,  Pers.  I.e.  0.  vulgaris,  Pursh,  1.  c.  SchoUera 
Oxyroccus,  Roth.  —  Sphagnous  swamps,  around  the  subarctic  zone,  from  Newfoundland 
and  Labrador  south  to  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  to  the  Saskatchewan  district,  and  to 
Alaska.  (Greenland  to  Japan.) 
V.  macrocarpon,  Ait.  (Large  Amer.  Cranberry.)  Stems  stouter,  1  to  4  feet  long, 
and  with  more  ascending  branches  :  leaves  oblong  or  narrowly  oval,  obtuse,  a  third  to  half 
inch  long ;  the  margins  less  revolute  ;  veins  evident :  pedicels  several  and  somewhat  race- 
mose, the  firmer  scaly  bracts  separating  as  the  bud  develops  above  into  a  proliferous  leafy 
shoot :  filaments  one  third  the  length  of  the  anthers :  berry  ovoid  or  oblong,  half  to  three- 
fourths  inch  long  (variable  in  shape  and  size,  much  larger  than  in  the  preceding).  —  Ait. 
Kew.  ed.  1,  ii.  13,  t.  7  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2806  ;  Emerson,  Mass.  Rep.  ed.  2,  t.  30.  V.  Oxycoccits, 
var.  oblong  if  alius,  Michx.  1.  c.  Oxycoccus  macrocaqms,  Pursh,  1.  c. ;  Bart.  Fl.  i.  t.  17. — Bogs, 
&c.,  Newfoundland  to  N.  Carolina,  through  Northern  States  and  Canada  to  Saskatchewan. 
Said  by  Hooker  to  abound  at  the  mouth  of  Columbia  River  ?     (Japan  1) 

3.  CHI6GENES,  Salisb.  Creeping  Snowberry.  (From  ;fjcor,  snow, 
and  yf'vog,  offspring,  in  allusion  to  the  snow-white  berries.)  —  Flowers  very  small 
and  inconspicuous,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  small  Thyme-like  leaves,  ou  short 
nodding  peduncles ;  a  pair  of  large  ovate  persistent  bractlets  under  the  calyx. 
Tube  of  the  latter  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary,  or  rather  more ;  the 
limb  4-parted.  Corolla  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  4-cleft,  greenish-white.  Sta- 
mens 8,  included,  inserted  on  an  8-toothed  disk :  filaments  very  short  and  broad : 
cells  of  the  anther  ovate-oblong,  separate,  neither  awned  on  the  back  nor  pro- 
duced into  tubes,  but  each  minutely  2-pointed  at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  large 
chink  down  to  the  middle  or  lower.  Style  columnar.  Berry  globular,  crowned 
by  the  4  short  calyx  teeth,  largely  inferior,  the  calyx-tube  being  now  almost 
wholly  adnate.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  obliquely  obovate,  with  a  close  and  firm 
coriaceous  minutely  reticulated  coat.  —  Genus  naturally  related  rather  to  Gaultheria 
and  Pernettya  than  to  Vaccinium^  except  in  the  adnation  of  the  calyx. 

C.  hispidtlla,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  slender  trailing  or  creeping  evergreen,  with  the  habit 
of  Cranberry,  the  aroma  and  taste  of  Wintergreen  or  Sweet  Birch :  filiform  brandies 
strigose-hispid :  leaves  ovate,  with  rounded  or  obtuse  base  and  revolute  margins,  thick- 
coriaceous,  2  to  4  lines  long,  short-petioled,  glabrous,  except  tlie  scattered  rusty  bristles  of 
the  margins  and  lower  surface:  bractlets  foliaceous  and  al/nost  equalling  the  flower: 
white  berry  also  minutely  bristly,  slighlly  spicy  but  otherwise  insipid,  ripe  late  in  summer. 
—Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  i.  450,  t.  68 ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  262.  C.  serpyUifolla,  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort. 
Soc.  Lond.  ii.  94.  Vaccinium  Idspidulum,  L.  (excl.  syn.) ;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  228,  t.  23.  Arbutus 
JUiformis,  Lam.  Diet.  i.  228.  A.  t/iynii/olia.  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  1,  ii.  72.  Oxycoccus  hispiclulus,  Pers. ; 
Nutt.  Gen.  i.  251.  Gaultheria  serpyUifolla,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  283,  t.  13  (bad).  G.  hlsphlula,  Muhl. 
Cat. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  36.  Glycyphi/lla  hlspldula,  Raf.  in  Am.  Month.  Mag.  1819.  Plialerocarpus 
serpy/Jlfohus,  G.  Don,  Syst.  iii.  841 ;  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c.  577 ;  Klotzsch  in  Linn.  xxiv.  67  (char, 
bad).  —  Spliagnous  swamps  and  damp  woods,  Newfoundland  to  tlie  nortliern  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  in  tlie  Atlantic  States  south  to  the  cooler  parts  of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania, 
thence  along  the  Alleghanies  to  North  Carolina. 
C.  Japonica,  a  second  species  (C.  hlspldula,  Miquel),  the  representative   in  Japan,  has 

obovate  or  oval  leaves,  all  acute  or  tapering  at  base. 

4.  Arbutus,  Toum.  (Classical  Latin  name.)  —  Low  trees  or  shrubs  (of 
S.  Europe  and  W.  America  from  Oregon  to  Mexico)  ;  with  evergreen  and  cori- 
aceous alternate  petiolate  leaves,  and  white  or  flesh-colored  small  flowers  in  a 
terminal  cluster  of  racemes  or  panicles.  Bracts  and  bractlets  scaly.  Calyx  small, 
5-parted.  Corolla  from  globular  to  ovate.  Ovary  on  a  hypogynous  disk  :  ovules 
crowded  on  a  fleshy  placenta  projecting  from  the  inner  angle  of  each  cell.  Style 
rather  long  :  stigma  obtuse.     Berry  more  or  less  eatable. 


Arciostaphylos.  ERICACEAE.  27 

A.  LAURiFOLiA,  L.  f.  Suppl.  238,  may  be  Pnmus  Caroliniana,  but  is  indeterminable. 
A.  LANCEOLATA,  Lam.  Diet.  i.  227,  is  possibly  the  same,  but  has  no  valid  foundation,  having 
been  described  solely  from  a  .sterile  branch  of  some  cultivated  shrub  of  uncertain  origin. 
A.  AcADiENSis,  L.,  founded  on  a  phrase  cited  from  Tournefort,  which  cannot  be  found,  is 
wholly  obscure. 

A.  Menziesii,  Pursh.  (Madrona.)  Tree  80  to  100  feet  high,  with  trunk  a  foot  or  two 
in  diameter  in  northern  habitats,  a  shrub  in  its  southern  :  bark  close  and  smooth  by  exfoli- 
ation, turning  brownish-red :  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  entire  or  serrulate,  paler  beneath,  3  to 
6  inches  long:  spicate  racemes  minutely  pubescent:  corolla  globular,  white:  berries  dry, 
somewhat  drupaceous,  hardly  eatable,  orange-color.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  36 ;  Nutt.  Sylv.  iii.  42, 
t.  95 ;  Newberry  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  23,  fig. ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  452.*  A.  procera,  Dougl. 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1753.  A.  laurifolia,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxx.  t.  67  (small-leaved  Mexican  form), 
not  L.  f.  A.  Texana,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad.  Pliilad.  Dec.  1861  ;  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
U.  S.  17,  the  small-leaved  form  of  Texas  and  Mexico,  possibly  distinct,  but  apparently  a 
mere  form  of  the  Pacific  species.  —  Puget  Sound  and  southward  tlirough  the  coast-region 
of  California  to  Arizona?  and  W.  Texas.     (Mex.) 

5.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adans.  Bearberry,  Manzanita.  (Com- 
posed  of  aQXTog,  a  bear,  and  oxacfvlri,  grape  or  berry.)  — Shrubs  or  small  trees  ; 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  mostly  white  or  rose-colored  flowers,  chiefly  in 
racemes,  spikes,  or  panicles,  both  bracteate  and  bracteolate.  Flowers  nearly  as  in 
the  preceding  genus,  but  less  rarely  4-merous,  and  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells, 
which  become  bony  nutlets  or  combine  into  a  few-several -celled  stone  ;  the  drupes 
somewhat  bitter  or  astringent,  or  in  Californian  species  subacid  and  more  or 
less  edible.  Leaves  in  the  erect  species  almost  always  more  or  less  vertical  by  a 
twisting  of  the  petiole,  Fl.  spring.  — Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  116  ;  Benth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  ii.  581. 

§  1.  Arctous.  Flowers  preceding  the  thin  and  deciduous  leaves:  fruit  juicy. 
A.  alpina,  Spreng.  Depressed  or  prostrate  and  tufted,  rising  little  above  the  ground, 
glabrate :  leaves  obovate  with  a  tapering  base,  conspicuously  rugose-reticulated,  ciliate 
when  young  :  flowers  few  in  a  fascicle  from  a  terminal  lax-scaly  bud :  drupe  rather  large, 
black,  containing  4  or  5  stones.  —  Syst.  ii.  287  ;  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  584.  Arbutus  alpina,  L. ; 
Fl.  Dan.  t.  73 ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2030.  —  Arctic  America,  south  to  Newfoundland  and  alpine 
summits  in  New  England  ;  also  northern  Rocky  Mountains  and  Aleutian  Islands.  (Arctic- 
alpine  round  the  Old  World.) 

§  2.  UvA-URSi.     Leaves  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  in  erect  species  inclined  to  be 

vertical,  and  the  bark  mahogany-color :  drupe  smooth,  mealy  ;  its  nutlets  separate 

or  separable,   or  irregularly  coalescent :  bracts  persistent  and  usually  becoming 

rigid.  —  Xerohotrys,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  267.     Daphnido- 

staphylis,  Klotzsch  in  Linn.  xxiv.  80. 

*  Depressed-trailing  or  creeping,  green,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,  no  bristlv  hairs:  flowers 
rather  few  in  simple  small  clusters,  2  lines  long:  ovary  aiid  reddish  fruit  glabrous:  nutlets  1- 
nerved  on  the  back. 

A.  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.  (Bearberry.)  Leaves  oblong-spatulate,  retuse,  an  inch  or  less 
long,  tapering  into  a  petiole:  fruit  insipid. —yi.  officinalis,  Wimmer,  Koch.  Arbutus  Uva- 
ursi,  L.  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  6 ;  Bigel.  Med.  Bot.  t.  6.  Daphnidostaphylis  Fendleriana,  Klotzsch  in 
Linn.  xxiv.  81.  —  Rocky  or  sandy  ground,  Penn.  to  New  Mexico,  N.  California,  and  north 
to  the  arctic  circle.     (Arctic-montane  Eu.  &  Asia.) 

A.  Nevadensis.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval  to  lanceolate-spatulate,  cuspidate-mucronate, 
thicker,  abruptly  petioled :  berries  subacid.  —  A.  pungens,  var.  (small  Manzanita),  Gray, 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  453.  —  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  common  at  8-10,000  feet.  Rising  only  a 
few  inches,  or  at  most  a  foot  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  from  rigid  procumbent  main 
stems:  apparently  there  are  no  transitions  into  A. pungens,  which  is  sometimes  found  at 
the  same  altitudes. 


28  ERICACE^.  Arciostaphylos. 

*  *   Erect  low  shrubs,  with  mostly  clustered  short  racemes  or  spikes:  flowers  only  a  line  or  two 
long:  leaves  half  inch  or  at  most  an  inch  long. 

A.  pumila,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  less  high,  tomentulose :  leaves  pale,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse 
or  retuse,  sometimes  obscurely  mucronulate,  entire,  short-petioled :  fruit  unknown.  — 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  266;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  I.e.  Daphnidoslaphylis  pumila, 
Klotzsch,  1.  c.  —  Monterey,  California,  Nuttall,  Rich.  Not  yet  met  with  by  recent  col- 
lectors. 

A.  Hookeri,  Don,  A  foot  or  two  high,  diffuse,  puberulent  or  glabrate  :  leaves  green, 
ovate  or  oval,  cuspidately  mucronate  or  acuminate,  sometimes  spinulose-denticulate,  slen- 
der-petioled  :  fruit  glabrous,  2  lines  in  diameter,  reddish.  —  Syst.  iii.  836.  •  Arbutus  pungens, 
Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech,  144.  Andromeda  ?  venulosa,  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  607.  Xerohotrys 
venulosus  &  Arctostaphi/los  acuta?  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  I.e.  A.  pungens, -p&rtly, 
Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  453,  into  which  it  may  pass.  But  the  smaller  forms  seem  quite  distinct, 
and  the  drupes  are  very  small.  —  Monterey,  &c.,  CaUfornia. 

A.  nummularia,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  glabrous,  excepting  scattered  setose 
bristles  on  the  branches  and  short  petioles,  very  leafy :  leaves  mostly  broadly  oval  with 
both  ends  rounded  or  the  base  slightly  cordate,  usually  entire,  bright  green  :  fruit  unknown. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  366,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Mendocino  plains,  California,  Bolander. 

*  *    *   Erect  shrubs  or  low  trees,  with  short  clustered  racemes:  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long  and  drupes 
4  or  5  lines  in  diameter,  yellowish  turning  reddish:  leaves  1  to  3  inches  long. 

A.  Andersonii,  Gray.  Long  and  spreading  bristles  copious  on  the  branchlets,  &c.  (along 
with  fine  pubescence)  :  leaves  thin,  bright  green,  glabrous,  lanceolate-oblong  to  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, with  a  sagittate  "or  cordate  base,  sessile  or  very  short-petioled,  conspicuously 
spinulose-serrulate  or  rarely  entire :  drupes  depressed,  densely  clothed  with  exceedingly 
viscid-tipped  bristles.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  83,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Santa  Cruz,  California, 
under  Redwoods,  Anderson. 

A.  tomentosa,  Dougl.  Tomentose  or  pubescent  when  young,  and  the  branchlets,  &c., 
usually  bristly:  leaves  pale,  coriaceous,  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  sparingly 
spinulose-serrulate,  petioled  ;  the  base  acutish,  rounded  or  subcordate  :  ovary  hirsute  :  drupes 
minutely  puberulent  or  becoming  glabrous.  (Runs  into  endless  forms,  of  which  one  has 
narrow-oblong  and  rather  small  leaves,  acutish  at  base,  apparently  connecting  with  the 
next  species.)  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t,1791  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3220.  A.  cordi/olia,  Lindl.  1.  o. 
Arbutus  tomentosa,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  282 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  36,  t.  130.  Andromeda  ?  bracteosa,  DC. 
Prodr.  vii.  607.  Xerobotrys  tomentosus,  cordifolius,  &  argutus,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
n.  ser.  viii.  268.  —  Dry  hills,  from  Paget  Sound  to  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  and  Arizona. 
The  berries  are  used  in  California  in  infusion  for  a  subacid  drink.  Nutlets  8  to  10, 
either  all  separate  or  some  united  in  pairs. 

A.  pungens,  HBK.  Glabrous  or  minutely  tomentose-pubescent,  3  to  20  feet  high  :  leaves 
thick  and  rigid,  green  or  glaucescent,  oblong-lanceolate  to  round-ovate,  commonly  mucro- 
nate-cuspidate,  entire,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  slender-petioled  :  pedicels  glabrous : 
drupes  smooth  and  glabrous :  nutlets  thick-walled,  carinate  or  thickened  on  the  back, 
sometimes  firmly  coalescent.  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  278,  t.  259;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2937; 
Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxx.  t.  217;  Torr.  in  Emory  Rep.  t.  7  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  453,  in  part. 
Daphnidostaphylis  pungens,  Klotzsch,  1.  c.  —  Arizona  and  S.  Utah  to  California.     (Mex.) 

Var.  platyphylla,   the  commoner  Manzanita  in  California,  especially  northward, 
reaching  Oregon,  Nevada,  and  Utah  :  leaves  pale  or  glaucescent,  oblong  to  orbicular,  1  to  2 
inches  long,  commonly  muticous. — Arctostaphylos  glauca,  Watson,  Bot.  King,  210,  &c.,  not 
Lindl.     A.  pungens,  Gray,  1.  c,  partly. 
§  3.  Xylococcus.     Leaves  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  entire  :  drupe  not  warty, 

ovoid-globose,  with  a  thin  pulp  and  a  thick  completely  solid  woody  or  bony  1-6- 

celled  putamen.  —  Xylococcus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  vii.  258. 

A.  glauca,  Lindl.  Erect,  8  to  24  feet  high,  wholly  glabrous  except  the  glandular-pubes- 
cent slender  pedicels  :  leaves,  &.C.,  as  of  A.  pungens,  var.  platyphylla,  or  paler  :  drupes  half  an 
inch  or  more  in  diameter,  minutely  glandular,  sometimes  viscid,  with  a  thin  flesh  around 
the  solid  mucronate-apiculate  stone :  seeds  and  cells  4  to  6,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  very 
small  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  putamen.  — Bot.  Reg.,  under  1791 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif. 
i.  454  —  California,  commoner  from  Monterey  southward.  Except  by  the  larger  and  solid 
drupe  hardly  distinguishable  from  the  common  glaucous  variety  of  A.  pungens. 


:ericace^:  29 

A.  bicolor,  Gray.  Shrub  .3  or  4  feet  high:  leaves  petioled,  not  vertical,  oblong-oval 
thin-coriaceous,  pinnately-veined,  l.or  2  inches  long,  white-tomentose  beneath,  as  are  the' 
ovate  obtuse  bracts  and  much  imbricated  sepals:  pedicels  very  short:  corolla  rose-color 

lu\aa  r?  .  p^^./^'"""*^  f '^^*'™  •■  '^'•"P^  ^  "'•  4  ^^''  '"  di^^^ter.  -  Proc.  Am.  Acad! 
v^i.  366,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  Xylococcus  bicolor,  Nutt.  1.  c.  -  San  Diego  Co.,  Cahfornia,  Nuttall, 
Cooper,  Cleveland,  &c.    Fl.  February.  ,-i^uuuu, 

A.  Clevelandi.  More  pubescent :  leaves  sessile,  narrower,  acuminate,  margins  more 
revolute:  inflorescence  leafy:  bracts  and  sepals  acute:  corolla  4  lines  long,  equalled  bv 

■  the  pedicels  :  fruit  unknown.  (When  the  friut  becomes  known.it  may  refer  this  recently 
discovered  species  to  the  following  section.) -Potrero,  San  Diego  Co.,  California  Cleve- 
land,   il.  Sept.  ' 

§  4.  CoMAROSTiPHYLis.     Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen :  drupe  with  granulate 

or  warty  surface  and  a  solid  few-celled  putamen.  —  Comarosfaphylis,  Zucc. 

A.  polif olia,  HBK.     Shrub  5  to  8  feet  liigh,  glabrous :  leaves  linear-lanceolate    pale 

beneath  :  flowers  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme  or  panicle :  calyx-lobes  triangular  and  acute  • 

corolla  reddish,  ovoid  :  drupe  dark  purple,  small.  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  277,  t.  258;  Ton-.' 

Mex.  Bomid.  108.  —  California,  on  the  southern  boundary,  and  Mexico. 

6.  EPIGJ&A,  L.  Mayflower.  (Fornaed  of  'm,  upon,  yij,  the  earth,  from 
the  mode  of  growth.)  —  Prostrate  or  somewhat  creeping;  the  short  slender  stems 
barely  shrubby,  rusty-bristly,  leafy  only  toward  the  summit  of  the  flowering 
slioots  ;  the  leaves  petioled,  alternate,  thin-coriaceous,  veiny,  pale  green,  persistenr, 
round-oval  or  elliptical,  mostly  cordate,  entire.  Flowers  in  earliest  spring,  almost 
sessile  in  a  short  and  close  terminal  cluster,  bracteate  and  2-bracteolate ;  the 
somewhat  scale-like  persistent  bracts  equalling  the  calyx.  Sepals  ovate-lanceolate 
and  acuminate,  nearly  scarious  and  often  purplish.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  oval, 
either  quiucuncially  imbricated  in  the  bud  or  imbricate-convolute.  Capsule 
depressed-globose  and  somewhat  5-angled,  bristly,  thin-walled.  Seeds  numerous 
on  the  much-projecting  placentae,  round-oval,  with  a  close  and  thin  reticulated 
coat.  The  flowers  are  heterom'orphous  and  inclined  to  be  dioecious  or  dioecio-dimor- 
phous.  Those  with  fully  polliniferous  anthers  seldom  set  fruit:  their  stigmas  short, 
erect,  slightly  projecting  beyond  the  margin  of  the  5-toothed  ring  (to  tlie  teeth  of 
which  they  severally  are  adnate)  ;  the  style  sometimes  longer  than  the  stamens 
and  projecting,  sometimes  shorter  and  included.  Fully  fertile  flowers  on  other 
plants ;  their  style  (as  in  the  former  sort  sometimes  long  and  exserted,  sometimes 
shorter  and  included)  with  stigmas  elongated  and  much  surpassing  the  ring,  short- 
linear,  glutinous,  radiately  divergent;  their  stamens  either  slightly  polliniferous, 
or  reduced  to  abortive  filaments,  or  even  wanting.  —  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  293,  & 
Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  3,  xii.  74. 

E.  repens,  L.  (Mayflower,  Trailing  Arbutus,  Ground  Laurkl.)  Flowers  mostly 
numerous  or  several  in  the  cluster,  spicy-fragrant :  corolla  rose-color  to  almost  white, 
bearded  inside ;  its  tube  more  or  less  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  L^m.  111.  t.  367 ;  Andr.  Bot.' 
Rep.  t.  102;  Bot.  Reg.  3,  t.  201;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  384.  — Gravelly  or  sandy  wood- 

.  lands  in  the  shade  of  evergreens,  Newfoundland  westward  to  Saskatchewan,  and  south  to 
Kentucky  and  Florida.  (The  other  and  very  nearly  related  species  is  E.  Asiatica,  Maxim., 
of  Japan.) 

7.  GAULTHl^RIA,  Kalm,  L.  Aromatic  Wii^tergreen.  (Dedicated  by 
Kalm  to  "  Dr.  Gaulthier  "  of  Quebec,  whose  name,  as  appears  from  the  records, 
was  written  Gaultier.  The  genus  therefore  should  not  be  written  Gualtheria, 
(Scop.,&c.),  nor  Gualteria,  Gautiera,  &c.,  as  by  others.    If  changed  at  all,  the  right 


30  ERICACE^.  GauWieiia. 

orthograpTiy  would  be  GauUiera.)  —  Shrubs  or  almost  herbaceous  plants  (Asiatic 
and  American)  ;  with  broad  evergreen  leaves,  shining  above,  and  usually  spicy- 
aromatic  in  flavor,  axillary  white  or  rose-colored  nodding  flowers  in  early  summer, 
succeeded  by  red  or  blackish  "  berries,"  consisting  of  the  at  length  baccate  calyx 
enclosing  the  capsule.  Cells  of  the  anthers  opening  by  a  terminal  pore,  and 
commonly  tipped  with  two  points  or  awns.  Stigma  truncate  or  obtuse,  entire. 
Disk  10-toothed  or  of  10  scales.  Ovary  and  capsule  depressed,  iimbilicate,  com- 
monly 5-lobed :  placentae  ascending,  although  often  borne  toward  the  summit  of 
the  short  columella.  Seeds  very  many,  with  a  close  shining  coat.  Pedicels  or 
calyx  bracteolate. 

*  Corolla  short  campanulate,  5-lobed:  filaments  glabrous:  apex  of  the  anthers  obscurely  4-pointed. 
G.  Myrsinites,  Hook.  Cespitose-procumbent  or  depressed,  a  few  inches  high :  leaves 
orbicular  or  ovate,  denticulate  with  minute  bristle-tipped  teeth  (half  inch  to  inch  and  a 
half  long) :  pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils,  very  short,  3-5-bracteolate :  fruit  scarlet,  with 
pine-apple  flavor.  —  Fl.  ii.  35,  t.  129.  Vaccin iuiii  humifusmn,  Gra-ham  in  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour. 
1831,  8.  —  Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  northward  and  in  Utah,  and  northern  borders 
of  California,  to  Brit.  Columbia.  One  form  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with  small  round  leaves ; 
another  with  rusty  hirsute  hairs  on  the  stem  and  calyx,  and  larger  ovate  leaves. 
*  *  Corolla  ovate  or  urceolate,  5-toothed:  filaments  hairy  :  anthers  4-awned  at  the  summit. 
G.  procumbens,  L.  (AVintergreen,  Checkerberry,  Boxberry.)  Nearly  glabrous 
and  as  if  herbaceous :  slender  but  ligneous  stems  extensively  creeping,  generally  under- 
ground, sending  up  flowering  shoots  a  span  high :  leaves  crowded  towards  the  top,  obovate 
and  oval,  mucronate,  more  or  less  serrulate  with  bristly -tipped  teeth :  pedicels  mostly  soli- 
tary in  the  axils,  2-bracteolate  close  under  the  calyx  :  fruit  red,  this  and  the  foliage 
aromatic-tasted,  with  flavor  as  of  Sweet  Birch,  but  warmer.  —  Lam.  111.  t.  367  ;  Andr.  Bot. 
Rep.  t.  316 ;  Bigelow,  Med.  Bot,  ii.  27,  1. 12 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1966.  Gautiera  procumbens,  Torr. 
Fl.  N.  Y.  i.  433.  —  Low  woods  under  evergreens,  Newfoundland  to  L.  Superior  and  sub- 
.  arctic  Amer.,  and  through  the  Atlantic  States  southward  to  upper  Georgia. 
G.  Shallon,  Pursh.  (Salal.)  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  rather  stout  spreading 
stems:  branches,  pedicels,  and  even  the  corollas  glandular-hairy  or  pubescent:  leaves 
ovate  or  obscurely  cordate,  acuminate,  strongly  serrulate  (2  to  4  inches  long)  :  racemes 
from  large  both  terminal  and  axillary  chartaceous-scaly  buds,  elongated,  many-flowered, 
secund  :  scaly  bracts  persistent :  pedicels  2-bracteolate  below  the  middle :  corolla  large  for 
the  genus  (3  or  4  lines  long),  viscid :  fruit  purple  becoming  black,  eaten  by  Indians  under 
the  name  of  "shallon"  (Lewis  &  Clark)  or  salal.  — Fl  i.  284,  t.  12;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  2843,  &  Fl.  ii.  35;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1411. —  Shady  woods,  Brit.  Columbia  along  and 
near  the  coast  to  the  mountains  behind  Santa  Barbara,  California. 

8.  ANDR6MEDA,  L.  (Fancifully  named  in  allusion  to  the  fable  of  An- 
dromeda. See  the  poetical  account  by  Linnteus,  under  the  original  species,  in 
Fl.  Lapp.  126.)  —  Shrubs;  with  evergreen  or  deciduous  and  broad  or  rather  nar- 
row mostly  petioled  leaves,  and  umbellate-fascicled  or  paniculate  racemose  flowers, 
in  spring  or  early  summer;  all  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Calyx  naked  at 
base,  usually  very  early  open  in  the  bud,  5-parted  or  of  nearly  separate  sepals, 
the  edges  of  which  do  not  overlap  even  at  the  base.  Corolla  white  or  rose-color. 
—  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  253,  &  ed.  5,  295.  Andromeda,  Zenobia  (Don),  Pieris 
(Don),  &  Lyonia  (Nutt),  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  587. 

§1.  EuANDROMEDA.  Corolla  globose-urceolate  :  calyx  small,  deeply  5-parted, 
early  open  :  filaments  bearded  and  not  appendaged :  anthers  short;  each  cell 
surmounted  by  a  slender  ascending  awn  :  placentaa  attached  next  the  summit  of 
the  columella:  seeds  turned  in  all  directions,  oval,  with  a  smooth  and  shining 
crustaceous  coat.  —  Andromeda,  Don,  DC,  Benth.  &  Hook. 


Andromeda.  ERICACEAE.  3^ 

\nA^?^l?:.h,  ^'''"^  r/°f  °'  '^  high,  glabrous  and  glaucous:  the  firm-coriaceous 
and  evergreen  Kosemary-Iike  leaves  from  linear  to  lanceolate-oblong,  witli  stronKly  revo- 
lute  margins  white  beneath:  flowers  (early  spring)  in  a  small  termtal  umbel:  peSs 
from  the  axils  of  ovate  persistent  scaly  bracts,  naked.  -  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  1,  f.  3  •  Fl  Dan  t  54 
A.  rosmann,foha,  Pursh  Fl.  i.  291.  A.  glaucophyUa,  Link,  Enum  i.  394.- Wet  bogs  &c 
tlZ.^^  f'T  ^"?  ^^""^^^^"'^'  ^»d  on  the  Pacific  side  from  Norfolk  Sound  t^  the 

§  2.  Zenobia.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  obtusely  5-lobed :  calyx  barely  5- 
parted  thickish,  with  the  thin  margins  valvate  in  the  early  bud  :  filaments  naked, 
abruptly  dilated  at  base :  anthers  lanceolate ;  each  cell  surmounted  by  a  pair  of 
slender  ascending  awns  :  capsule  depressed-globose,  obtusely  5-lobed,  and  some- 
what cannate  at  the  dorsal  sutures :  placentae  on  the  middle  of  the  very  short 
columella :  seeds  oval,  angled,  with  a  rather  soft  minutely  reticulated  coat  — 
Zenobia,  Don,  &c. 

A.  speciosa  Michx.  Shrub  2  to  4  feet  high,  glabrous,  often  glaucous:  leaves  cori- 
aceous but  deciduous,  oval  or  oblong  (an  inch  or  two  long),  commonly  crenulate  or 
sparsely  serrulate,  reticulate-veiny :  flowers  in  umbel-like  fascicles  from  axillary  buds 
mostly  racemose  on  naked  brandies  of  the  preceding  year:  pedicels  naked,  drooping- 
calyx-lobes  triangular,  short:  corolla  white  (a  third  of  an  inch  high  and  wide)  Varies 
Irom  briglit  green  to  chalky-white  with  a  dense  glaucous  bloom.  — Fl.  i.  256-  Pursh  Fl  i 
294 ;  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  55L  A.  nitida,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  970.  A.  cassine/oha  nud'a,  Vent.'cel's  ' 
1.  60.  Zenohta  speciosa,  Don,  1.  c.  The  following  relate  to  the  var.  puloerulenta,  Michx.  i  e' 
the  white  glaucous  form  :  Andromeda  pulvendenta,  Bartr.  Trav.  476,  with  plate ;  Sims  Bot" 
Mag.  t.  667.  A.  cassinefolia  pulverulenta,  Vent.  Malm.  t.  79.  A.  dealbata,  Lindl.  Bot  'lleg 
t.  1010,  a  state  with  corolla  5-parted.  —  Low  pine-barrens,  Florida  to  N.  Carolina. 

§3.  PoRTUNA.  Corolla  ovate-urceolate,  5-toothed:  calyx  deeply  5-parted; 
the  lobes  firm-coriaceous  and  thick-edged,  ovate-lanceolate,  strictly  valvate  in  the  • 
bud :  filaments  not  appendaged  :  anthers  oblong ;  the  cells  each  with  a  slender 
deflexed  awn  on  the  back  at  the  junction  with  the  filament:  capsule  globose,  not 
thickened  at  the  sutures  :  placent-e  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  columella  :  seeds 
mostly  scobiform:  fiowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes,  formed  during  the 
preceding  summer,  remaining  naked  until  early  the  following  spring,  when  the 
(white)  blossoms  unfold :  pedicels  minutely  bracteate  and  2-3-bracteolate  :  leaves 
coriaceous,  evergreen.  —  Portuna,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Pieris  §  Portuna  &  §  PMUyreoides, 
Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c.  (Here  also  belong  A.  Cubensis,  Griseb.,  A.  Japoiiica,  Thunb., 
and  A.formosa,  Wall.) 

A.  floribunda,  Pursh.  Shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  very  leafy :  young  branchlets,  &c., 
stngose  with  rusty  or  dark  hairs :  leaves  tliinnish-coriaceous,  lanceolate-oblong  acute  or 
acuminate,  minutely  serrulate  and  bristly-ciliate,  rounded  at  base,  somewhat  glandular- 
dotted  beneath  (2  inclies  long) :  racemes  crowded  in  a  terminal  sliort  panicle,  densely 
flowered :  corolla  (3  lines  long)  strongly  5-angled  and  at  base  5-saccate,  twice  the  lengtii  of 
the  calyx:  seeds  linear-oblong  with  a  very  loose  cellular  coat,  large,  all  pendulous  from 
tlie  summit  of  the  cell.-Fl.  i.  293;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1566;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  807.  A.  {Leucolhoe} 
viontana,  Buckley  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  xlv.  172.  Leucothoe.  flonhunda,  Don,  1.  c.  Zenobia 
flonhunda,  DC.  1.  c.  PoHuna  floribunda,  Nutt.  1.  c— Moist  shaded  hills,  in  the  AUeglia- 
nies,  Virginia  to  Georgia. 

A.  phillyreif  olia,  Hook.  Shrub  a  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  glabrous :  branches  slender, 
alternately  leafy  and  scaly-bracteate :  leaves  firm-coriaceous,  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong' 
obtuse,  more  or  less  serrulate  or  few-toothed  near  the  apex  (an  inch  or  two  long) :  racemes' 
solitary  and  axillary,  loosely  4-12-flowered :  bracts  deciduous :  corolla  ovoid,  not  angled, 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  seeds  small  and  short,  borne  on  all  sides  of  the  placentce,' 
which  occupy  the  middle  of  the  cells  of  the  depressed-globular  umbilicate  capsule;  the 


32  ERICACE^.  Andromeda. 

minutely  reticulated  coat  conformed  to  the  nucleus.  —  Ic.  PI.  1. 122 ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxx. 
t.  .30;  Chapm.  Fl.  262.  Pieris  phillyreifolia,  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  699.  — Wet  pine  barrens,  W. 
Florida,  especially  Apalacliicola. 

§  4.  Pieris.  Corolla  from  ovate-urceolate  to  cylindraceou.s,  5-toothed :  calyx 
of  5  uearly  distinct  and  early  open  sometimes  herbaceous  sepals :  filaments  nar- 
row, usually  pubescent  or  ciliate,  2-setose  or  2-tootlied  at  or  below  the  apex  (these 
teeth  or  awn-like  appendages  spreading  or  recurved,  rarely  obsolete)  :  anthers 
oblong,  awnless:  dorsal  sutures  of  the  5-angular  capsule  with  more  or  less  of 
a  thickened  ridge  (sometimes  separating  in  dehiscence)  :  placentas  usually  borne 
about  the  middle  of  the  columella  and  of  the  cells :  seeds  scobiform  or  oblong 
and  with  a  loose  thin  coat.  —  Pieris  §  1  &  §  4,  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c.  —  Original 
Pieris,  Don,  is  Asiatic,  with  racemes  chiefly  terminating  leafy  branches  ;  and  the 
seeds  pendulous.  The  two  American,  of  subsection  Maria  {Pieris  §  Maria,  Benth. 
&  Hook.),  bear  the  flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or  fascicles,  the  pedicels  scarious- 
bracteate  and  bracteolate  at  base ;  and  the  placentae  as  low  as  the  middle  of  the 
columella ;  the  seeds  therefore  iu  all  directions.  All  combine  into  one  subgenus 
in  structure  of  flower,  capsule,  and  bisetose  filaments. 

*  Leaves  thick-coriaceous  and  evergreen ;   sepals  thickish  and  rigid,   purplish :    flowers  honey- 
scented,  in  early  spring. 

A.  nitida,  Bartr.  (Fetter-bush.)  Very  glabrous,  2  to  6  feet  liigh,  and  with  acutely 
triangular  branches:  leaves  Myrtle-like,  rigid,  bright  green,  very  shining  above,  punc- 
ticulate  beneath,  ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate,  entire,  the  minutely  revolute  edge 
bordered  by  an  intramarginal  nerve :  flower-clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  persistent  leaves  of 
the  preceding  year  :  corolla  ovoid-cylindraceous  with  contracted  orifice  (3  or  4  lines  long, 
from  white  to  rose-red)  :  filaments  nearly  glabrous,  bearing  the  setiform  small  appendages 
close  to  the  summit :  style  abruptly  fusiform-thickened  above  the  middle :  capsule  ovoid- 
globose,  little  exceeding  the  calyx. —  Bartrara,  Cat.  &  in  Marsh.  Arbust.  (1785)  8;  Walt. 
Car.  137  ;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  252.  A.  hicida,  Lam.  Diet.  i.  157  (1783),  not  Jacq.  A.  conacea,  Ait. 
Kew.  ed.  1  (1789),  ii.  70;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1045.  A.  Mariana,  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  iii.  t.  465, 
not  L.  A.  marginata,  Duham.  Arb.  ed.  nov.  i.  188,  t.  40.  A.  myrtifolia,  Salisb.  A.  ohovata, 
Raf.,  a  form  with  smaller  and  rhombic-obovate  obtuse  leaves.  Lyonia  marginata,  Don. 
Leucothoe  coriacea,  DC,  excl.  syn.  A.  rhomboidalis  ?  L.  marginata,  Spach.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
N.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.     (Cuba :  A.  lacustris,  C.  Wright.) 

*  *   Leaves  almost  membranaceous,  deciduous:  flowers  (late  spring  or  summer)  consequently  on 

leafless  branches  of  the  previous  year,  in  the  manner  oi  Zenvbia:  sepals  thinner,  larger,  and 
nearly  foliaceous,  deciduous  with  the  leaves!  {Leucothoe  §  Maiia,  DC.) 
A.  Mariana,  L.  (Stagger-bush.)  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  2  to  4  feet  high: 
leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse  or  acute  at  both  ends,  entire,  loosely  veiny  (1  to  3  inches 
long) :  fascicles  of  nodding  flowers  racemose  on  naked  shoots :  corolla  cylindraceous-cam- 
panulate  with  slightly  narrowed  orifice,  white  or  pale  rose-color  (almost  half  inch  long) : 
filaments  hairy  outside;  their  very  small  setose  appendages  below  the  summit,  occasionally 
obsolete  or  wantuig :  capsule  ovate-pyramidal,  truncate  at  the  contracted  apex;  the  pla- 
centas low  down.  — Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1579;  Duham.  1.  c.  t.  37;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  296. 
A.  pulchella,  Salisb.  Lyonia  Mariana,  Don,  1.  c.  Leucothoe  Mariana,  DC.  1.  c.  —  Low  grounds, 
Rhode  Island  to  Florida  along  the  low  country ;  also  Arkansas  and  Tennessee.  Foliage 
said  to  be  poisonous  to  lambs  and  calves. 

§  5.  Lyonia.  Corolla  from  globular  to  urceolate,  pubescent  or  glandular  : 
calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft ;  the  valvate  lobes  early  open,  short :  filaments  flat, 
pubescent ;  these  and  the  short  anthers  both  destitute  of  appendages  or  awns  : 
capsule  as  in  the  preceding  section,  i.  e.  with  ribs  at  the  dorsal  sutures  which  are 
more  or  less  separable  in  dehiscence :  placentae  on  the  apex  of  the  columella 
and  at  the  top  of  the  cells :  seeds  all  pendulous,  narrow,  scobiform,  having  a  loose 


LeucotTioe.  ERICACE^.  33 

and  thin  cellular-reticulated  testa :  flowers  (small  and  white)  racemose  or  fascicled  : 

bracts  minute  and  deciduous.  —  Lyonia,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  266  ;  Benth.  &  Hook  Gen. 

ii.  587. 

*    Lepidote-scurfy,  not  pubescent :  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  persistent  coriaceous  leaves. 

A.  ferruginea,  Walt.  Low  shrub,  or  taller  and  arborescent :  leaves  rigid,  cuneate-obo- 
vate,  rhombic-obovate,  or  cuneate-oblong,  entire,  with  revolute  margins  (1  or  2  inches  long), 
smooth  and  shining  above,  or  obscurely  lepidote  when  young,  grayish  or  ferrugineous- 
lepidote  beneath,  much  exceeding  the  fiower-clusters :  capsule  oval-pentagonal,  barely 
2  lines  long.  — Car.  138;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  252 ;  Vent.  Malm.  t.  80.  A.  ferruginea  &  A.  rigida, 
Pursh,  Fl.  i.  295;  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  430.  Lyonia  ferruginea  &  L.  rigida,  Nutt.  1.  c  — Michaux's' 
two  forms  are  pretty  well  marked,  viz.  var.  arborescens,  witli  narrower  less  reticulated 
leaves,  usually  crowded ;  and  var.  fruticosa,  with  sparser  leaves  conspicuously  reticulated, 
mostly  cuneate-obovate  or  rhomboidal.  To  this  belongs  A.  rhomboidcdis,  "  Veill."  in  Duham.' 
Arb.  ed.  nov.  i.  192,  therefore  Leucothoe  rhomboidalis,  Don,  1.  c.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens 
S.  Carolina  to  Florida.     (W.  Ind.  &  Mex.  ?)  ' 

*  *   Somewhat  pubescent,  but  not  scurfy :  leaves  deciduous  :  flowers  racemose-panicled. 

A.  ligustrina,  Muhl.  Shrub  3  to  10  feet  high,  much  branched :  pubescence  minute : 
leaves  from  obovate  or  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong  (1  or  2  inches  long),  thinnish, 
obscurely  serrulate  or  entire :  racemes  few-leaved  at  base,  or  mainly  from  separate  buds 
(in  summer),  crowded  in  naked  or  leafy  panicles :  pedicels  either  scattered  or  fascicled : 
corolla  globose,  barely  2  lines  long :  capsule  globular  :  seeds  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end.  — 
Ell.  Sk.  i.  490;  Torr.  Fl.  421;  Gray,  Man.  I.  c.  A.  paniculala,  Ait.;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  254, 
partly,  not  L.  (except  as  to  syn.  Pluk.).  A.  racemosa,  Lam.,  not  L.  Vaccinium  ligustrinum,  L. 
Spec.  1.  351.  Lyonia  paniculala,  Nutt.  1.  c.  L.  Jigusfrina,  DC.  1.  c.  L.  paniculala,  caprecffolia, 
salicifolia,  &  multifJora,  Wats.  Dendr.  t.  37,  127,  128.  — Wet  grounds,  Canada  to  Florida  and 
Arkansas. 

Var.  pubescens.     A  form  cinereous  with  dense  and  soft  fine  pubescence. A.  fron- 

dosa,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  295  (anthers  not  awned  in  specimen  of  herb.  Enslin) ;  Ell.  1.  c'  A. 
paniculala,  va.v. foliosifora,  Michx.  I  c,  in  part.  Lyonia  frondosu, 'Nutt.  I.  c.  —  Virginia?  to 
Georgia. 

9.  OXYDl^NDRUM,  DC.  Sorrel-tree,  Sour-wood.  (Composed  of 
ol^vg,  sour,  and  dt'vdQOV,  tree,  from  the  acid  foliage.  Oxydendron,  Benth.  &  Hook., 
but  DeCandolIe's  form  follows  the  analogy  of  Epidendrum.)  — A  single  species, 
witk  Peach-like  foliage  :  fl.  summer. 

O.  arboreum,  DC.  Tree  15  to  40  feet  high:  leaves  membranaceous  and  deciduous, 
oblong  or  lanceolate  (4  to  6  inches  long),  acuminate,  serrulate,  glabrous,  or  at  first  glaucous,' 
veiny,  slender-petioled :  inflorescence  a  panicle  of  many-flowered  racemes  terminating  the 
leafy  shoots  of  the  season,  appearing  in  early  summer:  flowers  tardily  opening:  corolla 
from  cylindraceous-  to  ovate-conical  (3  hues  long),  white,  minutely  pubescent. -Prodr. 
vii.  601.  Andromeda  arhorea,  L.  (Catesb.  Car.  t.  71) ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  905;  Michx. 
f.  Sylv.  iii.  t.  7;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1,  t.  .30.  Lyonia  arborea,  Don,  1.  c.  —  Rich  woods, 
Penn.,  Ohio,  and  along  the  Alleghany  region  to  Florida. 

10.  LEUC6TH0E,  Don.  (Mythological;  the  name  of  one  of  the  fifty 
daughters  of  Nereus.)  North  and  Sotith  American  and  Japanese  shrubs,  of 
various  habit ;  with  entire  or  serrulate  leaves,  and  racemose  chiefly  white  flowers. 
—  Don  in  Edinb.  Jour.  xvii.  159  ;  Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  Leucothoe  &  Agnrista  (at 
least  mainly),  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  584,  586.  {Agarista  of  Don  is  evidently 
founded  on  the  Mauritius  and  Bourbon  species,  the  section  Agaurm,  DC.,  geinis 
Agauria,  Benth.  &  Hook.,  to  which  are  added  S.  American  species,  all  or  chiefly 
belonging  to  Leucothoe.) 

§  1.  EuLEUCOTHOE.  Calyx  not  bracteolate,  5-parted ;  the  divisions  usually 
only  early  or  slightly  overlapping,  herbaceous  or  membranaceous  :  anthers  awn- 

3 


o^  ERICACE.^.  Leucothoc. 

less:  leaves' coriaceous  and  evergreen:  bractlets  at  or  near  the  base  of  the  pedi- 
cels ;  these  articulated  with  the  flower. 

*    (Nearest  Gaulthena.)    Racemes  dense  and  spike-like,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  persistent  leaves  of 
the  former  season,  developing  in  spring,  at  first  resembling  catkms;  the  ovate  concave  scaly 
oersistent  bracts  being  imbricated,  little  shorter  than  the  pedicels  :  filaments  minutely  scabrous, 
nearlv  straight:  anther-cells  obscurely  or  manifestly  bimucronate :  stigma  large,  depressed-capi- 
tate and  5-rayed.     Glabrous  shrubs  with  green  erect  and  recurving  branches,  and  serrulate  leaves 
bright  green  and  shining  above  and  loosely  pinnately  veined. 
L.  axillaris,  Don.     Stems  2  to  4  feet  high;   often  minutely  pubescent  when  young: 
leaves  from  oval  to  oblong-lanceolate  (2  to  4  inches  long),  mostly  with  an  abrupt  acumi- 
nation,  serrulate  mainly  toward  the  apex  with  cartilaginous  or  somewhat  spinulose  teeth  : 
petiole's  very  short:  sepals  broadly  ovate  and  obviously  imbricated.  — Gray,  Man.  1.  c. ; 
Chapm.  Fl.  261  ;  also  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  601,  excl.  var.  &  habitat.     Andromeda  axillaris,  Lam. 
Diet.  i.  157;  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  1,  ii.  69;  Duham.  Arb.  ed.  nov.  i.  t.  39. —Low  grounds,  Vir- 
ginia to  Florida  and  Alabama  toward  the  coast ;  not  in  the  mountains. 
L   Catesbeei,  Gray.     Shoots  longer  (3  to  6  feet)  and  more  recurving,  glabrous  :  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate  and  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender  acumination,  serrulate 
throughout  with  appressed  strongly  ciliate-spiniilose  teeth  (4  to  7  inches  long),  conspicu- 
ously petioled :  sepals  ovate-oblong,  not  overlapping  in  the  flower :  capsule  chartaceous, 
depressed,  strongly  lobed  :  seeds  oval,  flat,   witli  a  loose  cellular-reticulated  coat  much 
larger  than  the  nucleus.  —  Man.  ed.  2,  252,  &  ed.  5,  294.     Andromeda  Caleskei,  Walt.  Car. 
1.37  •  Willd.  Spec.  ii.  613  (excl.  syn.  Catesb.) ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1055 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t. 
1.320      A    Walteri,  Willd.  Enum.  453.     A.  lanceolata,  Desf.  ?     A.  axillaris,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  253, 
chiefly.     A.  axillaris,  var.  lonyifolia,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  293  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2357,  hardly  Lam. 
A.  spimdosa,  Pursh,  1.  c,  excl.  habitat.     Leucoihoe  spinulosa,  Don,  1.  c. ;  DC.  1.  c,  excl.  syn. 
Duham,  &c.'— Moist  banks  of  streams,  Virginia  to  Georgia,  along  and  near  the  mountains. 
(Pursh  characterized  the  two  species,  but  transposed  the  habitats.)     Flowers  later  than  the 
other,  and  with  the  unpleasant  odor  of  chestnut-blossoms. 

*   *   Racemes  loose  and  few-flowered  in  the  axils  of  the  persistent  reticulated  leaves:  bracts  and 
bractlets  minute:  pedicels  slender:  tilaments  pubescent,  sigmoid-curved  toward  the  apex  (in  the 
manner  of  Brazilian  species) :  anthers  nearly  pointless  :  stigma  small. 
L    acuminata.  Don.     (Pipe-wood.)     Shrub  3  to  12  feet  high,  with  spreading  hollow 
branches,  glabrous,  or  puberulent  when  young:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  acu- 
minate with  callous  entire  or  obscurely  serrulate  margin,  rounded  at  base,  short-petioled  ; 
the  midrib  only  prominent;   the  veins   and  veinlets  all  minute  and   finely   reticulated: 
racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves :  calyx  very  short  and  small  at  base  of  the  cylindraceous 
(4  or  5  lines  long)  corolla :  capsule  coriaceous :    seeds   oblong,  pendulous.  —  Andromeda 
aaaninala,  Ait.  1.  c. ;  Smith,  Exot.  Bot.  t.  89.     A.  lucida,  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar  i    t.  79      A.  popuh- 
folia,  Lam.  Diet.  i.  159.     A.  reticulata,  Walt.  Car.   137.     A.  launna,  Michx.  Fl.   i.  2o3.  — 
Sandy  swamps,  coast  of  S.  Carolina  to  E.  Florida. 

***    Racemes  clustered  in  a  terminal  naked  panicle:  bracts  and  bractlets  small  and  scarious  or 
whitish?  pedicels  short:  filaments  glabrous,  slender,  straight :  anther-c^ells  2-mucronate:  stigma 
rather  small,  5-rayed. 
L   Davisise  Torr      Shrub  3  to  5  feet  high,  very  leafy,  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  oblong, 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  obscurely  serrulate,  bright  green  (1  to  3  inches  long) :  racemes  nearly 
sessile  slender,  many-flowered :  flowers  recurved-pendulous  (3  lines  long)  :  divisions  of  the 
deeply  parted  whitish  calyx  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  not  overlapping  in  the  flower :  seeds 
pendulous,  oblong,  flat,  scobiform,  the  thin  reticulated  coat  being  much  larger  than  tlie 
oval  nucleus,  and  its  margin  densely  fimbriate  with  clavate-oblong  hair-like  cells.  —  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  400,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  455;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6247.  -  California,  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  Plumas  and  Nevada  Counties,  Lohb,  Miss  N.  J.  Davis,  &c. 
§  2.  EuBOTRYS.      Calyx  bibracteolate ;  the   persistent  bractlets   and   distinct 
sepals   firm-chartaceous,  ovate  or   ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  much   imbricated, 
(whitish  or  reddish)  :  corolla  cylindraceous :  filaments  glabrous,  straight :  anther- 
cells  1-2-awned  from  the  apex  :  stigma  merely  truncate  :  placentJB  short  and  por- 
rect :  leaves  membranaceous  and  deciduous  :  flowers  \n  secund  spike-like  racemes, 
which  mostly  terminate,  the  branchlets,  formed  early  in  summer,  remaining  naked 


Cassiope.  ERICACEAE.  35 

and  undeveloped  until  late  in  the  ensuing  spring,  when  the  flower-buds  complete 
their  growth  and  the  blossoms  expand :  bracts  foliaceous-subulate,  deciduous  at 
flowering  :  the  short  pedicels  articulated  with  the  rhachis.  —  Gray,  Man.  1.  c. 
Euhotrys,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  269.  (Between  Ealeucothoe 
and  the  genus  Cassandra.  The  two  Japanese  species  agree  with  this  subgenus 
only  in  foliage.) 

L.  racemosa,  Gray.  Shrub  4  to  10  feet  high:  branches  erect:  leaves  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate,  somewhat  pubescent  when  young  and  on  the  midrib  beneath : 
racemes  or  spikes  mostly  solitary,  erect  or  ascending :  sepals  lanceolate-ovate,  very  acute : 
anther-cells  each  2-awned :  capsule  coriaceous,  not  lobed :  seeds  angled  and  wingless,  the 
shining  smooth  coat  conformed  to  the  nucleus.  —  Man.  ed.  2.  252,  ed.  5,  294.  Andromeda 
racemosa  &  A.  paniculata  (chiefly),  L.  Spec.  394.  A.  spicata,  Wats.  Dendr.  t.  36.  Lyonia 
racemosa  &  Leucothoe  spicata,  Don,  1.  c.  Zenobia  racemosa,  DC.  1.  c.  Cassandra  racemosa, 
Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix.  478.  Euhotrys  racemosa,  Nutt.  I.e.  —  Varies  with  awns  of  anthers 
very  short.  —  Moist  thickets  (Canada,  Pursh,  but  most  doubtful),  Massachusetts  near  the 
coast  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

L.  recurva,  Gray,  1.  c.  Lower  than  the  foregoing,  and  with  divaricate  branches :  leaves 
more  acuminate :  racemes  spreading  or  recurved :  sepals  ovate :  anther-cells  1-awned : 
capsule  chartaceous,  strongly  depressed  and  6-lobed :  seeds  flat,  with  a  broadly  winged 
loose  cellular  coat.  —  Andromeda  {Zenobia)  recurva,  Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlv.  172. — 
Dry  hills  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  Virginia  to  Alabama. 

11.  CASSANDRA,  Don.  Leather-Leaf.  (Mythological:  Cassandra 
was  the  daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.)  — A  single  good  species. 

C.  calycillata,  Don.  A  low  and  much  branched  shrub,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  re- 
curving branches :  leaves  coriaceous  and  persistent,  very  short-petioled,  oblong,  obtuse, 
obsoletely  serrulate,  dull  green  and  lepidote-scurfy,  an  inch  or  so  in  length :  flowers  on 
short  recurved  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  these  becoming  gradually  smaller 
and  bract-like :  calyx  and  bractlets  rusty-lepidote  :  flowers  formed  in  summer  and  expand- 
ing early  the  next  spring :  corolla  cylindraceous-oblong,  5-Iobed,  white,  2  or  3  lines  long : 
capsules  small.  —  Andromeda  calyculata,  L. ;  Pall.  Fl.  Ross.  t.  71  ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1286; 
Lodd.  Cab.  t.  530  &  862.  Chamaidaphne  calyculata,  Moench.  Lyonia  calyculata,  Reichenb. — 
Bogs,  through  the  cooler  parts  of  the  Northern  Atlantic  States,  and  in  the  Alleghanies  to 
Georgia;  N.  Illinois  to  Newfoundland;  Kotzebue's  Sound.     (N.  Eu.  &  N.  Asia.) 

Var.  angustifolia  is  a  remarkable  form,  unknown  in  an  indigenous  condition:  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  and  the  somewhat  revolute  margins  undulate  or  crisped  :  bractlets  acute  : 
sepals  more  pointed.  —  Andromeda  calyculata,  va,r.  ancjustifolia,  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  1,  ii.  70.  A.  an- 
gustifolia, Pursh,  Fl.  i.  291.  A.  crispa,  Desf.  Cat.;  Guimp.,  Otto,  &  Hayne,  Holz.  t.  51.— 
"  North  America  and  Siberia,"  Hort.  Kew.  "  Carolina  to  Georgia,"  Pursk ;  but  that  is  a 
random  guess. 

12.  CASSfOPE,  Don.  {Cassiope  v^a.?,  the  mother  oi  Andromeda.) — Arc- 
tic-alpine f rutlculose  evergreens,  resembling  Heaths  or  Lycopodiiim  ;  with  small 
or  minute  and  imbricated  or  crowded  entire  and  yeinless  leaves,  often  opposite  or 
whorled,  and  solitary  flowers  nodding  on  the  apex  of  an  erect  naked  peduncle. 
Sepals  ovate,  thickened  at  base.  Corolla  white  or  rose-color.  Style  thickened  at 
base  or  conical.  Placentae  many-seeded,  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  short 
columella:  seeds  with  a  thin  close  coat.  —  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  610. 

*  Leaves  loose  or  spreading,  narrow,  flattish :  peduncle  terminal :  corolla  deeply  cleft:  stjde  conical. 
C.  Stelleriana,  DC.  Diffusely  spreading,  with  the  habit  of  Empeti-um :  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  widely  spreading,  obscurely  serrulate  (less  than  3  lines  long) :  peduncle  very 
short :  corolla  4-5-parted.  —  Andromeda  Stelleriana,  Pall.  Fl.  Ross.  58,  t.  74 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii. 
37,  t.  131.  Erica  Stelleriana,  Willd.  Menziesia  empetriformis,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  265,  not  Smith. 
Bryanthus  Stelleri,  Don,  Syst.  iii.  833.  —  N.  W.  Coast,  Sitka  to  Behring  Straits. 


36  ERICACE^.  Cassiope. 

C.  hypnoides,  Don.  Cespitose,  2  to  4  inches  high,  with  the  habit  of  a  moss  or  small 
Lycopodium:  leaves  somewhat  erect,  loosely  imbricated,  linear-acerose,  a  line  long:  pe- 
duncle slender:  corolla  deeply  5-cleft.  — Edinb.  Phil.  Jour.  xvii.  157.  Andromeda  hypnoides, 
L.  Spec.  393,  &  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  1 ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  10;  PaU.  1.  c.  t.  73;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2936.— 
Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  N.  New  England  and  New  York,  Labrador,  &c.  (Green- 
land, Lapland,  Arct.  Siberia.) 

*  #  Leaves  appressed-erect,  closely  imbricated  in  four  ranks,  thick,  boat-shaped  or  triangular,  ovate 
or  oblong  in  outline:  peduncles  lateral:  corolla  5-Iobed:  style  slender,  but  slightly  thickened 
downward. 

C.  lycopodioides,  Don.  Very  low  or  creeping  stems  filiform  :  leaves  barely  a  line  long, 
roundish  on  the  back,  not  ciliate  :  peduncles  filif orrii.  —  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  ii.  912.  Andro- 
meda lycopodioides,  Pall.  1.  c.  t.  72;  Hook.  1.  c— Aleutian  Islands  to  Oregon.  Cusick. 

C.  Mertensiana,  Don.  Stouter,  with  rigid  ascending  stems  and  fastigiate  branches,  a 
foot  or  less  in  height,  resembling  the  next :  leaves  li  or  2  lines  long,  glabrous,  carinate 
and  not  furrowed  on  the  back :  pedicels  rather  short.  — DC.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  456. 
Andromeda  Mertensiana,  Bong.  Sitk.  152,  t.  5.  A.  cupressina,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  38.  —  Sitka,  &,c., 
northern  Rocky  Mountains,  and  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Cali- 
fornia, as  far  south  as  Mount  Dana. 

C.  tetragona,  Don.  Stems  ascending,  a  span  or  two  high,  with  fastigiate  branches : 
leaves  H  to  2  lines  long,  thick,  and  with  a  deep  furrow  on  the  back,  often  pubescent  when 
young :  parts  of  the  flower  sometimes  in  fours.  —  Andromeda  tetragona,  L. ;  Fl.  Dan.  1. 1030 ; 
Pall.  1.  c.  t.  73,  f.  4;  Hook.  I.e.  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3181.  —  Northern  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
Cascade  Mountains  in  Oregon,  to  the  arctic  regions.     (Greenland  round  to  Kamtschatka.) 

13.  CALLtJNA,  Salisb.  Heather,  Ling.  (From  xccUwo),  to  brush  or 
sweep,  brooms  being  made  of  it.)  —  Grayish-evergreen  undershrub,  with  no  scaly 
buds,  minute  opposite  leaves  imbricated  in  four  ranks  on  the  branches,  and  very 
numerous  small  flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  subtended  by  two  or  three  pairs  of 
bractlets,  the  inner  scarious.  —  Single  species. 

C.  vulgaris,  Salisb.  A  foot  or  less  high,  in  broad  tufts,  more  or  less  whitish-tomentose 
or  glabrate  :  branches  4-sided  by  the  imbricated  leaves  :  these  minute,  3-sided,  grooved  on 
the  back:  flowers  appearing  in  summer,  crowded  on  the  branchlets,  as  if  spicate  or 
racemose,  commonly  secund,  rose-colored  or  sometimes  white.  —  Linn.  Trans,  vi.  317; 
Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  xvii.  t.  1162  ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  297.  C.  Atlantica,  Seem.  Jour.  Bot.  iv. 
305,  t.  53.  Erica  vulgaris,  L. ;  Lam.  III.  t.  287  ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  1013.  —  Low  grounds,  Massa- 
chusetts, at  Tewksbury  [T.  Dawson)  and  W.  Andover  [James  Mitchell);  Cape  Elizabeth, 
Maine  (Pickard) ;  and  less  rare  in  Nova  Scotia,  Cape  Breton,  Newfoundland,  &c.  (Iceland, 
the  Azores,  N.  Eu.  to  W.  Asia.) 
Erica  cinerea,  a  European  Heath,  has  been  found  growing  on  rocks  on  Nantucket,  Mass., 

but  doubtless  a  waif. 

14.  BRYANTHUS,  Steller,  Gmelin.  {Bqvov,  moss,  and  dvdog,  flower, 
because  growing  among  mosses.)  —  Heath-like  fruticulose  evergreens  (all  arctic- 
alpine)  ;  with  alternate  much  crowded  linear-obtuse  leaves  (half  an  inch  or  less 
in  length),  articulated  with  the  stem,  grooved  beneath  or  margins  revolute-thick- 
ened.  Flowers  umbellate  or  racemose-crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  branches : 
the  pedicels  glandular  and  bibracteolate  at  base.  Sepals  4  or  5,  sometimes  6, 
imbricated,  persistent.  Anthers  oblong,  opening  at  top  by  oblique  chinks.  Seeds 
oval  or  oblong;  the  coat  close  and  rather  firm.  Flowers  in  summer,  from  purple 
to  ochroleucous.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  377,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  456.  Bry- 
anthus  &  Phyllodoce,  Maxim.  Rhod.  As.  Or.  4,  5  ;  Benth.  «&  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  595. 

B.  Gmelini,  Don,  the  typical  species,  and  the  only  one  not  yet  found  in  America,  may  be 
^  expected  on  the  American,  as  it  belongs  to  tlie  opposite,  side  of  Behring  Straits.     It  has  the 
cluster  of  few  flowers  raised  on  a  naked  peduncle,  and  an  open  4-parted  corolla. 


Kalmia.  ERICACEAE.  37 

§  1.  Parabryanthus.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  5-cleft  or  5-lobed  :  calyx 
glabrous  :  flowers  racemose-clustered :  pedicels  subtended  by  foliaceous  and  rigid 
bracts:  leaves  almost  smooth,  with  strongly  revolute  thickened  margins. —  Gray, 
Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  Bryanthus,  in  part,  Hook.  &  Benth.  Gen.  1.  c.  Phyllodoce,  in  part, 
Maxim.  1.  c. 

B.  Br^weri,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  rigid:  leaves  3  to  7  lines  long:  pedicels 
numerous,  at  first  shorter  than  the  flowers :  corolla  rose-purple,  almost  saucer-shaped, 
5-cleft  ivlly  to  the  middle,  large  for  the  genus,  the  spreading  lobes  2  hnes  long :  stamens 
(7  to  10)  and  style  soon  much  exserted.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  377.  —  Sierra  Nevada  at 
about  10,000  feet.     Flowers  comparatively  large  and  showy. 

B.  empetrif  ormis,  Gray,  1-  c.  A  span  or  so  high :  leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding, or  rough  at  the  margin :  pedicels  fewer  and  more  umbellate :  corolla  rose-color, 
much  smaller  (between  2  and  3  Unes  long),  campanulate,  barely  5-lobed;  the  lobes  much 
shorter  than  the  tube  :  stamens  included :  style  either  included  or  exserted.  —  Blenziesia 
empetrif  or  mis,  Smith  in  Linn.  Trans,  x.  280 ;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  264  ;  Graham  in  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour. 
&  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3176 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  40.  M.  Grahami,  Hook.  1.  c.  Phyllodoce  empetrif  or  mis, 
Don,  Syst.  iii.  783.  —  Rocky  Mountains  from  lat.  50°  to  42°,  and  Mount  Shasta,  California 
to  Vancouver's  Island. 

Var.  intermedius  (Menziesia  intermedia,  Hook.  1.  c),  apparently  a  form  with  corolla 
approaching  cylindraceous  and  sepals  rather  acute.  —  Northern  Rocky  Mountains,  Z)?-u?n- 
mond,  Lyall. 

§  2.  Phyllodoce.  Corolla  ovate,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  5-toothed :  calyx 
glandular-pubescent :  stamens  and  style  included :  pedicels  umbellate  ;  the  bract- 
lets  scarious  and  bracts  thinnish :  leaves  more  scabrous-ciliolate  or  roughish.  — 
Phyllodoce,  Salisb.  Parad.  Lond.  36;  DC.  I.e.,  in  part;  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c. 

*  Flowers  purple,  rarely  rose-color,  2  to  6  in  the  umbel,  or  sometimes  solitary. 
B.  taxifolius,  Gray,  1-  c.  Barely  a  span  high:  leaves  with  acute  scabrous-ciliolate 
edges:  pedicels  minutely  glandular:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate:  corolla  from 
urceolate-oblong  to  ovoid,  glabrous,  as  are  the  filaments.  —  Andromeda  taxifolia,  Pall.  Fl. 
Ross.  ii.  54,  t.  72 ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  57.  A.  ccerulea,  L.  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  1,  f.  5,  but  corolla  not  blue. 
Menziesia  ccerulea,  Swartz  in  Linn.  Trans,  x.  377,  t.  30.  Phyllodoce  taxifolia,  Salisb.  1.  c. ;  DC. 
1.  c. Alpine  mountain  summits  of  New  Hampshire  and  Maine;  also  Labrador.  (Green- 
land, N.  Eu.  to  Japan  and  Kamtschatka.) 

*  *  Flowers  from  white  or  whitish  to  sulphur-color. 
B.  Aleiiticus,  Gray,  l-  c.  A  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  of  the  preceding:  pedicels  (7  to 
15)  and  base  of  the  acutish  sepals  very  glandular:  corolla  almost  globose,  glabrous, 
whitish:  filaments  glabroMS..  —  Menziesia  Aleutica,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  202 ;  Cham,  in  Linn, 
i.  515 ;  Hook.  1.  c. ;  not  Bong.  Phyllodoce  Pallasiana,  Don,  &  DC.  1.  c.  (as  to  pi.  Cham., 
Andromeda  ccerulea,  var.  viridifora.  Pall.  herb.  ? )  ;  Maxim.  Rhod.  As.  Or.  6.  —  Unalaschka 
and  Alaska.  (Kamtschatka  to  Japan.) 
B.  glanduliflorus,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high :  leaves  similar  or  thicker-edged : 
'pedicels  (3  to  8)  and  acuminate  sepals  glandular-hirsute :  corolla  turgid-ovate,  glandular, 
sulphur-color:  filaments  puberulent.  —  ilfenctesk  glandaliflora.  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  40,  t.  132.  M. 
Aleutica,  Bong.  Sitk.  154,  t.  3  (poor),  not  of  Spreng.  —  Rocky  Mountains,  lat.  49°  to  56°, 
and  west  to  Sitka. 

15.  KALMIA,  L.  American  Laurel.  {Peter  Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linn^us, 
who  travelled  in  Canada  and  N.  States,  and  became  professor  at  Abo.)  —  N. 
American  shrubs  and  one  W.  Indian  ;  with  evergreen  entire  leaves,  and  umbellate 
clustered  or  rarely  scattered  showy  flowers,  either  rose-colored,  purple,  or  white : 
no  scaly  leaf-buds  nor  thin  scaly-bracted  flower  buds ;  the  bracts  ovate  to  subulate, 
coriaceous  or  firm  and  persistent.  Calyx  5-parted  or  of  5  sepals,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.     Limb  of  the  corolla  in  the  bud  strongly  10-cariuate  from  the  pouches 


38  ERICACE^.  Kalmia. 

upward,  the  salient  keels  running  to  the  apex  of  the  lobes  and  to  the  sinuses,  the 
limb  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Anthers  free  and  on  erect  filaments  in  the  early 
bud,  in  the  full-grown  bud  received  in  the  pouches  of  the  corolla,  and  the  fila- 
ments bent  over  as  the  corolla  enlarges,  and  still  more  when  it  expands,  straight- 
ening elastically  and  incurving  when  disengaged,  thereby  throwing  out  the  pollen  : 
anther-cells  opening  by  a  large  pore,  sometimes  extending  into  a  chink.  Stigma 
depressed.  Capsule  globular,  5-celled :  placentae  pendulous  or  porrect  from  the 
upper  part  of  a  small  columella.     Seeds  with  a  thin  and  mostly  close  coat. 

§  1.  Flowers  in  simple  or  clustered  umbels,  fascicles,  or  corymbs :  calyx  per- 

•sistent  under  the  capsule  :  leaves  and  branches  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

*=   Inflorescence  compound :  branchlets  terete :  capsule  depressed,  tardily  septicidal :  seeds  oblontr. 

K.  latifolia,  L.  (Laurel,  Calico-bush,  &c.)  Widely  brandling  shrub  3  to  10,  or  in 
S.  Alleghanies  even  30  feet  high,  with  very  hard  wood :  leaves  alternate  or  occasionally 
somewhat  in  pairs  or  tlu-ees,  oblong  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish  at  both  ends, 
petioled,  bright  green :  inflorescence  very  viscid-pubescent :  flowers  produced  m  early  sum- 
mer ;  the  corymbose  fascicles  numerous  and  crowded  in  compound  terminal  corymbs : 
corolla  rose-color  to  white,  viscid,  three-fourths  inch  in  diameter :  capsules  viscid-glandular ; 
the  almost  closed  valves  or  pieces  generally  carrying  with  them  the  placentae.  —  Sims, 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  175  ;  Schk.  Handb.  t.  116 ;  Michx.  f.  Sylv.  ii.  t.  68 ;  Bigel.  Med.  Bot.  i.  133, 
t.  13.  (Catesb.  Car.  ii.  t.  98;  Trew,  Ehret.  t.  38.)  — Rocky  hills  or  northward  in  damp 
grounds,  commonly  where  wooded,  Canada,  Maine  to  Ohio  and  Tennessee,  and  chiefly 
along  the  mountains  to  W.  Florida. 

K.  angustifolia,  L.  (Sheep  Laurel,  Lambkill,  Wickt.)  Shrub  2  or  3  feet  high, 
simple :  leaves  mostly  in  pairs  or  threes,  oblong,  obtuse,  petioled,  an  inch  or  two  long,  light 
green  above,  dull  or  pale  beneath :  inflorescence  lateral  from  the  early  growth  of  the  ter- 
minal shoot,  puberulent,  slightly  glandular :  flowers  in  early  summer,  not  half  as  large  as 
in  the  foregoing,  purple  or  crimson :  capsules  not  glandular,  on  recurved  pedicels.  —  Sims, 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  331.  (Catesb.  Car.  iii.  t.  17;  Trew,  Ehret.  t.  18.) —Hillsides,  Newfoundland 
and  Hudson's  Bay  to  the  upper  part  of  Georgia. 

K.  CUneata,  Michx.  Low  shrub,  somewhat  pubescent:  leaves  oblong  with  cuneate 
base,  almost  sessile  and  chiefly  alternate,  mucronate  (an  inch  long) :  inflorescence  lateral, 
few-flowered,  nearly  glabrous :  sepals  ovate,  obtuse :  corolla  white  or  whitish,  one-third 
inch  in  diameter.- Fl.  i.  257;  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  268;  Loud.  Arb.  fig.  1143.  — Swamps,  eastern 
part  of  N.  &  S.  Carolina  (not  in  the  mountains,  as  said  Pursh)  :  little  known. 
*  *  Inflorescence  a  simple  terminal  umbel  or  corymb :  branchlets  2-edged  :  capsule  ovoid-^lobose, 
freely  dehiscent  from  the  summit;  the  valves  2-cleft  at  apex ;  placeutse  left  on  the  summit  of  the 
columella :  seeds  linear,  with  a  loose  cellular  coat. 

K.  glauca,  Ait.  Shrub  a  foot  or  two  high,  wholly  glabrous,  mostly  glaucous :  leaves  all 
opposite  or  rarely  in  threes,  almost  sessile,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  or  appearing  narrower 
by  the  usual  strong  revolution  of  the  edges,  glaucous-white  beneath  (an  inch  or  less  long) : 
flowers  in  sprmg,  lilac-purple,  half  to  two-thirds  inch  in  diameter:  bracts  large:  sepals 
ovate,  scarious-coriaceous,  much  imbricated.  —  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  1,  ii.  64,  t.  8 ;  Sims,  Bot. 
Mag.  1. 177  ;  Lodd.  Cab.  1. 1508.  K.  poUfoUa,  Wang.  Act.  Nat.  Ber.  v.  t.  5.  Var.  rosmarmi- 
folia,  Pursh,  is  merely  a  state  with  very  revolute  leaves  :  var.  microphyila,  Hook.  Fl.  a  small 
alpine  form,  a  span  high,  with  leaves  barely  half  inch  long.  —  Bogs,  Newfoundland  and 
Hudson's  Bay  to  Pennsylvania,  and  on  the  western  coast  at  Sitka,  &c.,  extending  down 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado,  and  down  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Mt.  Dana,  California, 
in  the  depauperate  alpine  form  or  variety. 

§  2.  Flowers  mostly  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves ; 
these  small  and,  with  the  branches  and  foliaceous  sepals,  hirsute :  capsule  shorter 
than  the  calyx :  placentae  remaining  upon  the  columella :  seeds  oval  or  roundish, 
and  with  a  close  and  firmer  coat.  (The  Cuban  K.  ericoides,  with  rigid  Heath-like 
leaves,  has  inflorescence  approaching  the  first  section,  and  sepals  apparently  per- 
sistent.) 


Rhododendron.  ERICACEAE.  39 

K.  hirsiita,  "Walt.  About  a  foot  high,  branching  freely :  leaves  nearly  sessile,  plane, 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  a  quarter  to  half  inch  long :  flowers  scattered  and  axillary,  produced 
through  the  summer,  on  pedicels  longer  than  the  leaves :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  and  leaf- 
like, as  long  as  the  rose-purple  corolla  (this  barely  half  inch  in  diameter),  at  length  decidu- 
ous, leaving  the  old  capsules  bare.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  138.    K.  ciliala,  Bartram,  Trav.  —  Low 

.    pine  barrens,  S.  E.  Virginia  to  Florida. 

16.  MENZI]^SIA,  Smith.  (Archibald  Menzies,  assistant  surgeon  in  Van- 
couver's voyage,  1791-95,  brought  the  original  species  from  the  N.  W.  coast.)  — 
Deciduous-leaved  shrubs,  of  N.  Am.  and  Japan ;  with  the  foliage  of  the  Azaleas, 
but  vfith  small  and  mostly  dull-colored  4-merous  flowers  (the  corolla  barely  lobed, 
in  ours  a  quarter  inch  long,  lurid-purplish),  developed  at  the  same  time  as  the 
leaves,  from  separate  strobilaceous  buds,  which  terminate  the  branches  of  the 
preceding  year ;  the  pedicels  nodding  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit.  Leaves  alternate, 
membranaceous,  glandular-mucronate.  Capsule  short:  placentas  attached  to  the 
whole  length  of  the  columella.  Flowers  in  early  summer.  —  Smith,  Ic.  PL  59  ; 
Salisb.  Parad.  Lond.  44 ;  Maxim.  Rhod.  As.  Or.  7. 

*   Seeds  with  tail  or  appendage  at  each  end  as  long  as  the  nucleus:  capsule  smooth  and  naked  or 
nearly  so,  inclined  to  obovate :  filaments  more  or  less  ciliate  below. 

M.  glabella.  Strigose-chaffy  scales  wanting,  or  very  few  on  young  petioles  and  midrib 
beneath :  leaves  obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  barely  mucronate-tipped,  glaucescent  and  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  beneath  (an  incli  or  two  long),  sprinkled  with  some  small  appressed  hairs 
above,  the  obscurely  serrulate  margins  minutely  ciliolate:  pedicels  naked  or  somewhat 
glandular:  corolla  ovoid-campanulate.  — -.1/.  globularis,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  41 ;  Maxini.  Rliod.  As. 
Or.  1.  c,  not  Salisb.  M.  fei-ruginea,  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  393.—  Rocky  Mountains, 
lat.  49°-56°  (Drummond,  Bourgeau),  thence  to  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon,  Li/all, 
Tolmie,  E.  Hall. 

*   #    Seeds  merely  apiculate  or  very  short-tailed  :  capsule  ovate :  filaments  glabrous. 

M.  globularis,  Salisb.  Straggling  or  loosely  branched  shrub  2  to  5  feet  high  (like  the 
others),  more  or  less  chaffy  :  leaves  obovate-oblong,  usually  obtuse,  prominently  glandular- 
mucronate,  strigose-hirsute  especially  above,  glaucescent  beneath :  pedicels  glandular : 
corolla  globular-ovate  becoming  ovate-campanulate :  capsule  beset  with  short  gland-tipped 
bristles.  —  Pursh,  1.  c.  M.  Smithii,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  235.  M.  ferruginea,  var.  (globularis),  Sims, 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  1571  ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2  &  3.  M.  pilosa,  Juss.  in  Ann.  Mus.  i.  56.  Azalea  pilosa, 
Michx.  in  Lam.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  i.  410.  —  Woods,  through  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Georgia.  Most  like  the  preceding,  but  the  seeds  very  different ;  the  small 
calyx  commonly  more  distinctly  44obed.    Leaves  an  inch  or  two  long. 

M.  ferruginea,  Smith.  Strigose-chaff  not  rare  on  young  parts :  leaves  oblong  or  lan- 
■ceolate-obovate,  acute  or  acutish  at  both  ends,  prominently  glandular-mucronate,  more 
ciliate  with  glandular  bristles,  rusty  strigose-hirsute  above,  merely  paler  beneath  (somewhat 
blackening  in  drying)  :  pedicels  bristly-glandular :  corolla  oblong-ovate  and  becoming 
cylindraceous.  —  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  264 ;  Hook.  1.  c. ;  Maxim.  1.  c.  —  Woods,  coast  of  Oregon 
to  Alaska  and  Aleutian  Islands.     (Kamtschatka  ■») 

17.  RHODODENDRON,  L.  Rose  Bay,  Azalea,  &c.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name,  meaning  rose-tree.)  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  of  diverse  habit 
and  character,  with  chiefly  alternate  entire  leaves :  the  principal  divisions  have 
been  received  as  genera,  but  they  all  run  together.  Only  five  are  N.  American 
out  of  the  eight  subgenera  of  Maximowicz,  Rhod.  As.  Or.  13.  (Rhododendron  & 
Azalea,  L.)  —  The  first  two  subgenera  are  very  anomalous. 

•  §1.  TherorHodion,  Maxim.  Flowers  one  or  two  terminating  leafy  shoots 
of  the  season ;  the  thin  bud-scales  of  the  shoot  deciduous  only  with  the  annual 
leaves:  corolla- rotate,  divided  to  the  base  on  the  lower  side  :  stamens  10. 


40  ERICACE^.  Rhododendron. 

R.  Kamtschaticum,  Pall.  A  span  high :  leaves  thin  and  chartaceo-membranaceous, 
sessile,  obovate,  or  the  upper  oval,  very  obtuse,  nervose-veined  and  reticulated,  bristly 
ciliate,  shining :  sepals  large  and  f  oliaceous,  deciduous  :  corolla  rose-purple,  deeply  6-clef  t, 
nearly  an  inch  long:  capsule  thin.  —  Fl.  Ross.  i.  48,  t.  33;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  43.  RJiodothamnus 
Kamtschaticus,  Lindl.  in  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  i.  t.  22.  —  Alaska  and  Aleutian  Islands  to  North 
Japan,  &c. 

§  2.  AzALEASTRUM,  Planchon,  Maxim.  Inflorescence  lateral ;  the  flowers 
from  the  same  bud  as  the  leafy  shoot  or  from  separate  1-3-flowered  lateral  buds 
below  :  scales  caducous :  leaves  deciduous :  corolla  rotate  or  approaching  cam- 
pan  ulate  :  stamens  5  to  10. 

R.  albiflorum,  .Hook.  Shrub  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  slender  branches,  pubescent  with 
slender  strigose  or  silky  and  some  short  glandular  hairs  when  young,  nearly  glabrous 
in  age :  leaves  membranaceous,  oblong,  pale  green :  flowers  from  separate  small  buds  of 
the  axils  of  the  previous  year,  nodding  on  short  pedicels  :  sepals  niembranaceo-foliaceous, 
oval  or  oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  white  5-cleft  corolla,  as  long  as  the  ovoid  capsule  : 
stamens  10,  included :  filaments  bearded  at  the  base:  stigma  peltate-5-lobed.  —  Fl.  ii.  43, 
&  Bot.  Mag.  t.  133.  —  Woods  of  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains  and  Oregon  to  British 
Columbia.    Corolla  less  than  an  inch  long. 

§  3,  AzXlea,  Planchon,  Maxim.  Inflorescence  terminal ;  with  the  umbellate 
flowers  from  a  separate  strobilaceous  bud,  terminating  the  growth  of  the  previous 
year,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  lateral  and  smaller  leaf-buds,  developing  in 
spring  or  early  summer ;  the  thin-scaly  bud-scales  and  bracts  caducous  or  early 
deciduous  :  leaves  deciduous,  glandular-mucronate  :  calyx  small,  sometimes  minute  : 
corolla  chiefly  funnelform,  glandular-viscid  outside  :  stamens  and  style  more  or 
less  exserted  and  declined  (5  to  10).  —  Azalea,  L.  chiefly,  DC.  &c.  (with  Rhodora, 
Duhamel). 

*  Strobilaceous  flower-buds  of  numerous  much  imbricated  scales  :  corolla  with  conspicuous  funnel- 
form  tube,  sliglitly  irregular  limb,  and  acute  oblong  lobes:  stamens  (chiefly  5)  and  style  long- 
exserted.     Tkue  "Azaleas. 

+-  Pacific  States  species :  flowers  more  or  less  later  than  the  leaves. 
R.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  Shrub  2  to  6  feet  higii :  branches  not  bristly  :  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  nearly  glabrous  at  maturity,  but  ciliate,  thickish,  bright  green  and  shining  above 
(1  to  3  inches  long):  lobes  of  the  5-parted  calyx  oblong  or  oval:  corolla  wiiite  or  barely 
with  a  rosy  tinge  and  a  pale  yellow  band  on  the  upper  lobe,  often  2^  inches  long  :  capsule 
oblong,  three-fourths  inch  long.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  458.  R.  calendidaceum,  Hook.  &  Am.  Beech. 
362.  Azalea  occidentahs,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  116.  —  California,  western  foot- 
hills of  the  Sierra  Nevada  through  the  length  of  the  State,  and  in  the  coast  ranges,  along 
streams.     Fragrance  of  blossoms  sweet,  but  slightly  unpleasant. 

^_  4_-  Atlantic  States  species  (commonlv  called  Swamp  Honeysuckles),  all  from  3  to  10  feet 
high  and  the  leaves  from  obovate  to  oblong-oblauceolate.  —  Species  oi  Rhododendron,  Torr.  Fl. 
N.  &M.  States  (1824),  424. 

-H-   Flowers  appearing  later  than  the  glabrous  leaves,  deliciously  fragrant. 

R.  arborescens,  Torr. ""  No  strigose  or  cliaffy  bristles  :  leaves  (fragrant  in  drying) 
merely  ciliolate,  slightly  coriaceous  when  mature,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  glau- 
cescent  beneatli :  corolla  rose-color,  fully  2  inches  long ;  the  tube  and  tiie  conspicuous 
narrow-oblong  calyx-lobes  sparsely  glandular-bristly.  —  Fl.  N.  &  M.  States,  425.  Azalea 
arborescens,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  152;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  268.  A.  frugrans,!^^^  Ann.  Nat.  12. — 
AUegliany  Mountains,  Pennsylvania  to  North  Carolina.  Foliage  exhales  the  odor  of  An- 
(lioxanl/ium  in  drying. 

R.  viscostim,  Torr.  Branchlets  and  midrib  of  the  leaves  beneath  more  or  less  chaffy- 
bristly  :  leaves  more  ciliate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  dull  or  hardly  sinning  above,  pale  be- 
neatli :  calyx  very  small :  corolla  white,  or  witii  a  rosy  tinge,  sometimes  varying  to  reddish, 
the  outside  very  glandular-viscid.  —  Fl.  N.  &  M.  States,  1.  c,  &  Fl.  N.  Y.  i.  439,  t.  66. 
Azalea  mcosa,  L.    (Catesb.  Car.  i.  t.  67) ;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  150;  Emerson,  Mass.  Rep.  ed.  2, 


Rhododendron.  ERICACE^.  ^\ 

t.  24.—  Swamps,  Canada  and  Maine  to  Florida  and  Arkansas.    Runs  into  manifold  vari- 
eties ;  the  following  being  those  most  marked  :  — 

Var.  glaucum.  Leaves  glaucous-whitened  beneath,  dull  and  sometimes  glaucous 
above  &\&o.— Azalea  viscosa,  var.  glauca,  Michx.  1.  c.  A.  glauca,  Lara.  111.  1. 110.  R  glau- 
cum, Don,  1.  c.  Form  more  strigose-hispid  is  A.  hisplda,  Pursh,  1.  c.  (R.  hispidum,  Torr.  1.  c.) 
A.  scabra,  Loddiges,  &c.  — New  England  to  Virginia. 

Var.  nitidum.     Leaves  oblanceolate,  brighter  green  both  sides :  stems  a  foot  to  a 
yard  high.  — iJ.  nitidum,  Torr.  1.  c.    Azalea  nltida,  Pursh,  1.  c;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  414  _ 
Mountains,  New  York  to  Virginia. 
•H-  ++   Flowers  earlier  and  less  fragrant,  preceding  or  accompanying  the  leaves  ;  these  soft-nubes- 

cent  beneath  and  more  nierabranaceous,  1  to  3  inches  long;  the  midrib  and  the  branchlets  either 

slightly  or  not  at  all  chaffy-strigose  or  hispid:  calyx  usually  very  small. 

R.  nudiflorum,  Torr.  1.  c.  Corolla  from  light  rose-color  or  flesh-color  to  rose-purple  • 
the  viscid  tube  as  long  as  or  rather  longer  than  the  limh.  —  Azalea  nudijlora,  L.  Spec' 
ed.  2,  214;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  1. 180;  Emerson,  1.  c.  t.  24.  A.  lutea,  L.  Spec.  ed.  1.  A.  peri', 
dymenoides  &  A.  canescens,  Michx.  1.  c.  A.  hicolor,  Pursh,  1.  c.  Rhododendron  canescens,  bicolm; 
&c.,  Don,  1.  c.  —  Swamps,  low  grounds,  or  shaded  hillsides,  Canada  to  Florida  and  Texas! 
Varying  much  in  color,  &c.,  at  the  south  sometimes  passing  into  yellow.  Many  hybrid 
forms  are  in  cultivation. 

R.  calendulaceum,  Torr.  1.  c.  Corolla  from  orange-yellow  to  flame-red ;  the  tube 
mostly  hirsute-glandular,  shorter  than  the  ample  limb:  mature  leaves  more  tomentose 
beneath.  —  ^^a/ea  cafe?!c/«/acea,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  151;  Pursh,  l.'c. ;  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1721,  2143.— 
Woods  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia,  extending  southward 
into  the  middle  country. 

*  *   ^'™]',''^ceous  flower-buds  of  fewer  and  early  caducous  scales :  corolla  irregular,  with  a  short 

or  hardly  any  tube,  anteriorly  divided  to  the  base;  the  limb  equalling  the  10  stamens  and  style. 
—  Jikodora,  Duhamel,  in  Linn.  Gen. 

R.  Rhodora,  Don.  A  foot  or  two  high,  the  young  parts  sparingly  strigose-hairy : 
flowers  somewhat  preceding  the  leaves,  short-pedicelled :  calyx  very  small :  corolla  less 
than  an  inch  long,  purplish-rose-color,  bilabiately  parted  or  divided;  the  posterior  lip 
3-Iobed ;  the  anterior  of  two  oblong-linear  and  recurving  nearly  or  quite  distinct  petals : 
leaves  oblong,  pale,  glaucescent,  more  or  less  pubescent.  —  Syst.  iii.  848 ;  Maxun.  1.  c. 
Rhodora  Canadensis,  L. ;  L'Her.  Stirp.  i.  161,  t.  68 ;  Lam.  111.  t.  364 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  474 ; 
Duham.  Arb.  ed.  nov.  iii.  53 ;  Emerson,  1.  c.  t.  25.  Rhodora  congesta,  Mcench.  Rhodo- 
dendron pulchellum,  Salisb.  —  Cool  bogs,  New  England  to  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and 
northward  to  Newfoundland  :  fl.  May.  Mature  leaves  1  to  2}  inches  long,  glandular- 
mucronulate.  Flowers  rarely  white,  sometimes  variably  or  variously  cleft  or  divided,  or 
the  lower  petals  more  united  to  the  upper  lip. 

§  4.  EuRHODODENDRON.  Inflorescence  terminal ;  the  umbellate  or  somewhat 
corymbose  flowers  from  a  separate  strobilaceous  bud  (of  mostly  numerous  and 
well-imbricated- caducous  scales),  terminating  the  growth  of  the  previous  year; 
the  leaf -buds  lateral  and  below :  leaves  coriaceous  and  persistent :  calyx  various, 
usually  small  or  minute:  corolla  mostly  S-lobed  and  little  irregular:  stamens 
(commonly  10)  and  style  rarely  exserted,  somewhat  declined,  or  sometimes  equally 
spreading :  flowers  mostly  large  and  showy,  in  early  summer.  —  Eurhododendron 
&  Osmothamnus  (DC),  Maxim.  1.  c. 

*  Not  lepidote,  glabrous  or  soon  becoming  so;  the  pubescence  of  young  parts  (if  any)  scurfy- 
tomentose  and  deciduous:  leaves  ample  and  thick-coriaceous:  stems  and  branches  "stout  and 
erect:  flowers  many  in  the  cluster,  mostly  developing  earlier  than  the  leaf-buds:  seeds  scobiforni 
or  scarious-appendaged  at  one  or  both  ends; 

-1—  Pacific  species:  pedicels  wholly  glabrous :  calyx  lobes  very  short  and  rounded. 
R.  Calif ornicum,  Hook.  Shrub  3  to  8  feet  high,  glabrous :  leaves  broadly  oblong, 
3  to  6  inches  long,  obtuse  with  a  mucronate  or  short-acuminate  point,  acute  or  acutish 
base :  corolla  rose-purple,  broadly  campanulate  (over  an  inch  long) ;  the  broad  lobes  un 
dulate :  ovary  rusty-hirsute.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4863 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  458.  —  Woods 
California  from  Mendocino  Co.  extending  into  Oregon  {E,  Hall).  Corolla  much  resem^ 
bling  that  of  R.  Catawbiense. 


42  ERICACE^.  Rhododendron. 

R.  macrophyllum,  Don.  Shrub  10  to  15  feet  high :  leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends, 
5  to  8  inches  in  length,  thinnish  :  corolla  white,  less  than  an  inch  long;  its  lobes  oblong: 
ovary  bristly  hhsute.  —  Syst.  iii.  843 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  382.  R.  maximum,  Hook. 
Fl.  ii.  43,  excl.  syn.  &c.  —  Woods,  Puget  Sound  to  Washington  Territory.  A  little  known 
species. 

•)—  -)—  Atlantic  States  species :  pedicels  glandular  or  pubescent. 

R.  maximuni,  L.  (Great  Laurel  or  Rose  Bay.)  Shrub  or  small  tree  6  to  35  feet 
high :  leaves  elongated-  or  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  or  sliort-pointed,  narrowed  toward  tiie 
mostly  acute  base,  4  to  10  inches  long,  commonly  whitish  beneath  :  pedicels  viscid :  calyx- 
lobes  oval,  equalling  the  glandular  ovary  :  corolla  pale  rose-color  or  nearly  white,  greenish 
in  the  throat  on  upper  side  and  with  some  yellowish  or  reddish  spots,  campanulate,  an  inch 
long,  rather  deeply  5-cleft  into  oval  lobes :  capsule  short.  —  Catesb.  Car.  iii.  t.  17  ;  Lam. 
111.  t.  364  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  951 ;  Michx.  f.  Sylv.  i.  t.  67 ;  Bigel.  Med.  Bot.  iii.  t.  51.  R.  pur- 
pureum  &  R.  Purshii,  Don,  1.  c.  (varying  in  color  of  flower,  &c.). — Damp  woods,  rare  in 
Nova  Scotia,  New  England  and  bordering  part  of  Canada,  common  through  the  Alle- 
ghanies  on  steep  banks  of  streams,  &c..  New  York  to  Georgia.  Flowering  toward  mid- 
summer, simultaneously  with  the  growth  of  the  leafy  shoots. 

R.  Catawbiense,  Michx.  Shrub  3  to  6  (rarely  20)  feet  high  :  leaves  oval  or  broadly 
oblong,  mostly  obtuse  or  rounded  at  both  ends,  3  to  5  inches  long :  pedicels  rusty -pubescent 
when  young,  glabrous  in  age  :  calyx  and  its  lobes  very  short :  ovary  oblong,  rusty -pubes- 
cent :  corolla  lilac-purple,  broadly  campanulate,  an  inch  and  a  half  high,  with  broad 
roundish  lobes:  capsule  narrowly  oblong. — Fl.  i.  258;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1671.  Higher  moun- 
tains, Virginia  to  Georgia :  fl.  at  beginning  of  summer.  Largely  hybridized  with  other 
species,  and  varied  in  cultivation. 

*  *  Lepidote-dotted  or  scurfy  with  scattered  peltate  scales :  stems  mostly  spreading  or  diffuse : 
flowers  fewer  or  few  in  the  umbel:  seeds  (iu  ours  and  in  most  species)  with  a  close  coat,  barely 
apiculate  at  either  end! 

-i—  Southern  species :  stems  3  to  6  feet  high,  with  slender  and  often  recurving  branches :  even  the 
outside  of  the  short-funnelform  corolla  sprinkled  with  the  resinous  globules  or  dots:  stamens 
10 :  flower-buds  ovate  or  oblong  and  well  imbricated. 

R.  punctatum,  Andr.  Diffuse,  the  slender  branches  recurved  or  spreading:  leaves 
lighter  green  and  thinner-coriaceous,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  acute  or  somewhat  acu- 
minate at  both  ends,  2  to  5  inches  long :  flowers  developed  later  than  or  with  the  leaves  of 
the  season  (in  early  summer),  copious  :  corolla  rose-color,  an  inch  long,  short-funnelform 
with  an  ample  widely  expanded  limb  and  rounded-obovate  slightly  undulate  lobes,  ex- 
ceeding the  stamens  and  style  :  capsule  resinous-dotted  :  seeds  oval.  —  Bot.  Rep.  t.  30 ; 
Vent.  Cels.  t.  15;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  37.  R.  minus,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  258.  —  Eastern  portion  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  from  N.  Carolina  to  Georgia,  and  extending  to  the  eastern  frontier 
of  the  latter  State  on  the  Savannah  River  at  Augusta,  Corolla  often  darker-spotted  and 
greenish  in  the  throat. 

R.  Chapmanii.  More  erect  and  rigid :  leaves  firm-coriaceous,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse, 
seldom  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  duller,  more  crowded,  short-petioled  :  flowers  developed 
earlier  than  the  leafy  shoots  of  the  season  :  corolla  rose-color,  spotted  within,  more  nar- 
rowly funnelform  ;  the  tube  longer  thantthe  limb;  lobes  somewhat  ovate,  shorter  than  the 
stamens  and  style  :  seeds  narrowly  oblong.  — R.  punctatum,  var.,  Chapm.  Fl.  266.  —  Sandy 
pine  barrens,  W.  Florida,  Chapman. 

-J—  -1—  Arctic-alpine  species,  small  and  depressed:  corolla  rotate-campanulate,  deeplj'  5-cleft,  not 
lepidote  or  resinous-dotted :  stamens  5  to  10 :  flower-buds  globular  and  less  imbricated. 

R.  Lapponicum,  Wahl.  Divergently  branched  from  the  base,  prostrate  or  a  span 
or  two  high  :  leaves  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long,  firm-coriaceous,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  : 
umbels  3^6-flowered :  corolla  purple,  with  darker  spots  within,  half  inch  long :  stamens 
5  to  8,  rarely  10.—  Fl.  Suec.  249;  DC.  Prodr.  vu.  724;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3106.  Azalea 
Lapponica,  L. ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  906.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  mountains  of  N.  New  York  and 
New  England,  Labrador  to  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains  and  arctic  coast,  west  to  Norton 
Sound  and  Unalaschka  (Eschscholtz).  (Greenland  to  Arct.  Asia.)  R.  parvifolium,  Adams 
{Azalea  Lapponica,  Pall.),  or  at  least  the  N.  W.  American  form  referred  to  it  by  Maximo- 
wicz,  seems  hardly  different;  and  all  the  American  and  Greenland  specimens  have  the 
filaments  bearded  or  pubescent  at  base. 


Leioplyllum.  ERICACEAE.  43 

18.  Ll&DUM,  L.  Labrador  Tea.  (Jtjdov,  ancient  name  of  the  Cistus.) 
—  Low  shrubs,  with  alternate  persistent  leaves  entire  and  more  or  less  resinous 
dotted,  slightly  fragrant  when  bruised.  Flowers  white,  developed  in  early  sum- 
mer from  separate  and  mostly  terminal  buds,  their  scales  and  bracts  well  imbri- 
cated, thin  and  caducous.  Stamens  and  the  (persistent)  style  fully  as  long  as  the 
petals.  Stigma  obscurely  annulate.  Pedicels  slender,  recurved  in  fruit.  —  We  have 
all  the  species.  ' 

*  Leaves  densel}'  tomentose  beneath,  the  wool  soon  ferrugineous,  and  the  margins  strongly  revo- 
lute :  inflorescence  all  terminal. 

Li.  pallistre,  L.    A  span  (in  the  arctic  form)  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  linear  (half  to  inch  and 

a  half  long):  stamens  10:  capsule  short  oval.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1031;   Lodd.  Cab.  t.  560. — 

Bogs,  Newfoundland,  Labrador,  and  through  the  arctic  regions  to  Alaska  and  Aleutian 

Islands.     (N.  Eu.  &  Asia.) 

Var.  dilatatum,  "Wahl.  :  approaching  the  next,  having  broader  leaves  and  some- 

V    times  long-oval  capsules.  —  N.  W.  Coast,  Sitka,  &c. 

L.  latifolium,  Ait.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  erect:  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong  (an 
inch  or  two  long),  commonly  half  inch  wide,  very  obtuse  :  stamens  5  to  7  :  capsule  oblong, 
acutish.  — Lam.  111.  t.  363 ;  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  t.  464.  L.  Grcenlandicum,  Retz.  Scand.  L.  palustre, 
var.  latifolium,  Michx.,  &c.  L.  Canadense,  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  1049.  —  Newfoundland  and  Lab- 
rador (Greenland),  through  the  wooded  regions  to  Puget  Sound,  and  south  in  the  Atlantic 
States  to  Wisconsin  and  Pennsylvania. 
*   *   Leaves  glabrous  both  sides :  inflorescence  sometimes  also  lateral.  —  Ledodendron,  Nutt. 

L.  glandulosum,  Nutt.  Shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  stout :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  or  ap- 
proaching lanceolate  (one  or  two  inches  long),  pale  or  whitish  and  minutely  resinous- 
atomiferous  beneath  :  inflorescence  often  compound  and  crowded :  calyx  5-parted  :  capsules 
oval,  retuse.  —  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  270;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  459.  —  Woods 
and  swamps,  coast  of  California  from  Mendocino  Co.  northward,  and  through  the  Sierra 
Nevada ;  thence  north  and  east  to  Br.  Columbia  and  northern  Rocky  Mountains. 

19.  BE  J  Am  A,  Mutis.  (Written  Be/aria  by  the  younger  Linnaeus,  &c., 
biit  originally  '■^Bejaria,  Mutis,  ex  Zea,  Annal."  iii.  151.  Zea  was  a  pupil- of 
Mutis,  and  he  declares  that  the  name  was  given  in  honor  of  Bejar,  professor  of 
Botany  at  Cadiz,  and  an  intimate  friend  of  Mutis.)  —  All  but  the  following  species 
tropical  American. 

B.  racemosa,  Vent.  Shrub  3  or  4  feet  high,  evergreen  :  branches  sparsely  hispid  :  leaves 
alternate,  sessile,  oblong,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  pale  :  flowers  in  pedunculate  and  sometimes 
paniculate  naked  racemes  terminating  leafy  branches  :  bracts  and  bractlets  subulate,  de- 
ciduous :  calyx  obtusely  7-Iobed :  petals  spatulate,  white  tinged  witli  red,  an  inch  long.  — 
Hort.  Cels,  t.  51  ;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  533.  Be/aria  panicidata,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  280,  t.  26.  Pine  barrens, 
Florida  and  Georgia  near  the  coast :  fl.  summer. 

20.  LEIOPHYLLUM,  Pers.  Sand  Myrtle.  (Jshg,  smooth,  (fvXlov, 
leaf,  from  the  smooth  and  shining  foliage.)  —  A  single  species,  varying  consider- 
ably :  flowering  late  in  spring ;  the  coriaceous  scales  or  bracts  resembling  reduced 
leaves. 

L.  buxifolium,  Ell.  Shrub  resembling  Dwarf  '^ox  in  miniature,  a  span  or  two  high, 
very  glabrous,  much  branched,  thickly  leafy  :  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  oblong  or  oval, 
veinless,  a  fourth  to  half  inch  long,  slightly  petioled  :  flowers  profuse,  in  terminal  umbelli- 
form  corymbs :  corolla  white  or  rose-color  (3  or  4  lines  broad)  :  anthers  brown  or  purple. 
—  L.  buxifolium  &  L.  serpyllifolium,  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  730.  L.  thymifolium,  Don,  Syst.  iii.  851. 
Ledum  buxifolium,  Berg,  in  Act.  Ups.  1777,  t.  3,  f.  1  ;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  260 ;  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  52. 
L.  .thymifolium,  Lam.  III.  t.  363.  Dendrium  buxifolium,  Desv.  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  36.  Ammyrsine 
buxifolia,  Pursh  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  531.  Fischera  buxifolia,  Swartz  in  Act.  Mosc.  v.  16.— 
Saiidy  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  and  the  mountains  of  Carolina.    The  state 


44  ERICACE^.  Loiseleuria. 

(L.  serpyllifolium,T)C)  with  "capsules  sparsely  puberulent"  or  often  granulate-rougliish 
is  chiefly  southern,  and  on  the  mountains  passes  into 

Var.  prostratum.  Depressed-tufted,  with  the  habit  of  Loiseleuria:  leaves  mostly 
oval  and  deeper  green  :  capsules  from  smooth  and  nearly  even  to  sparsely  muricate  with 
soft  projecting  points  or  processes.  —  (Gray,  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  xlii.  36.)  L.  prostratum, 
Loud.  Arb.  1155 ;  DC.  1.  c.  —  Summit  of  Roan  Mountain,  and  of  other  high  mountains  of 
Carolina. 

21.  LOISELEtJRIA,  Desv.  (Zozse/ewr-Z^e^on^rc^awjos,  a  French  botanist.) 
—  A  single,  arctic-alpine  species,  which  was  included  by  Linnaeus  in  Azalea,  but 
is  most  unlike. 

L.  procumbens,  Desv.  Fruticulose  and  cespitose,  depressed,  glabrous,  evergreen : 
leaves  nearly  all  opposite,  rather  crowded  on  the  branches,  distinctly  petioled,  oval  or 
oblong,  thick-coriaceous,  veinless,  2  to  4  lines  long,  with  thick  midrib  beneath  and  revolute 
margins :  umbel  2-5-flowered  from  a  terminal  coriaceo-foliaceous  bud ;  the  scales  or  bracts 
persistent :  pedicels  short :  corolla  rose-color  or  white  (2  lines  high),  barely  twice  the  length 
of  the  purplish  sepals.  —  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  35;  DC.  1.  c.  Azalea  procumbens,  L.  Spec.  &  Fl. 
Lapp.  t.  6,  f.  2  ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  9;  Pall.  Fl.  Ross.  t.  70,  f.  2  ;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  164  (excl.  pi.  Grand- 
father Mt.,  which  is  Leiophyllum)  ;  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  762.  Ckamaeledon  procumbens.  Link,  Enum. 
i.  211.  —  Alpine  region  of  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire  ;  also  Labrador,  Arctic  America 
to  high  N.  W.  coast  and  islands.     (Greenland,  Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

22.  ELLIOTTIA,  Muhl.  (Dedicated  to  Stephen  Elliott,  author  of  Sketch 
of  the  Botany  of  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia.)  —  Identified  with  a  Japanese  genus, 
Tripetaleia,  Sieb.  &  Zucc,  forming  a  rather  polymorphous  but  marked  genus  of 
three  species  and  as  many  sections,  as  arranged  in  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  598. 

E.  racemosa,  Muhl.  Shrub  4  to  10  feet  high,  glabrous,  with  slender  branches :  leaves 
short-petioled,  oblong,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends,  about  2  inches  long,  mucronate  with  a  gland, 
thinnish,  pale  beneath,  lightly  veiny  :  raceme  or  racemose  panicle  loosely  many-flowered,  a 
span  to  a  foot  long:  bracts  and  bractlets  minute,  scarious,  very  caducous:  calyx  very 
short,  4-lobed :  corolla  white,  half  inch  long ;  the  petals  4,  spatulate-linear,  valvate  or 
nearly  so  at  base  and  imbricated  at  summit  in  the  bud,  in  blossom  recurved-spreading : 
stamens  8 :  anthers  somewhat  sagittate,  erect ;  the  cells  callous-mucronate  :  style  little 
declined,  incurved  at  apex:  ovary  not  stipitate.  (Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  fives  ?)  — 
Muhl.  in  Ell.  Sk.  i.  448 ;  Ciiapm.  Fl.  273 ;  Baill.  Adans.  i.  205.  —  Wet  sandy  woods,  on  or 
near  the  Savannah  River,  at  Waynesboro'  (Elliott),  and  near  Augusta  ( IFray,  and  recently 
Berchnans)  in  Georgia ;  and  on  the  S.  Carolina  side  of  the  river  near  Hamburg,  on  David 
L.  Adams'  place  ( Olney,  1853) :  rare  and  local :  fl.  early  summer.    Fruit  still  unknown. 

23.  CLADOTHAMNUS,  Bong.  (Khidog,  branch,  and  da^rog,  bush.)  — 
Bong.  Veg.  Sitk.  37,  t.  1 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  598.  Tolmiea,  Hook.  Fl.  ii. 
44.  —  A  single  species. 

C.  psrroleeflorus,  Bong.  Tall  shrub  with  many  virgate  branches,  glabrous,  leafy : 
leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  glandular-mucronulate,  almost  sessile,  thin,  an  inch  or  so  long, 
pale :  flower  nodding  on  a  short  pedicel  :  petals  reddish,  hardly  half  inch  long.  —  DC. 
Prodr.  vii.  722.  Tolmiea  occidentalis,  Hook.  1.  c.  —  Low  woods,  Washington  Territory  to 
Alaska. 

24.  CL£;THIIA,  Gronov.  White  Alder.  (/CA?;(9pa,  ancient  Greek  name 
of  the  Alder,  which  the  original  species  somewhat  resembles  in  foliage.)  —  wShrubs 
or  small  trees ;  with  alternate  leaves,  in  ours  serrate  and  deciduous,  and  white 
flowers  in  simple  or  panicled  chiefly  terminal  racemes  ;  these  usually  canescent 
with  a  stellate  pubescence.  Bracts  subulate,  deciduous  :  bractlets  none  or  ca- 
ducous.    Leaf-buds  of  few  scales  or  naked.     Capsule  in  ours  nearly  enclosed  in 


CUmaphila.  ERICACE^.  45 

the  calyx.  Petals  imbricated  (or  sometimes  nearly  convolute)  in  the  bud.  Fila- 
ments usually  subulate :  anthers  fixed  near  the  middle,  in  the  bud  extrorse,  after 
expansion  becoming  introrse.  Stigmas  over  the  cells  according  to  Baillon,  Adans. 
i.  201.     Fl.  summer. 

C.  alnifolia,  L.  (Sweet  Pepperbush.)  Shrub  3  to  10  feet  high  :  leaves  cuneate-obovate 
or  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  entire  toward  the  base,  prominently  straight-veined,  short-petioled : 
racemes  erect,  mostly  panicled :  filaments  glabrous :  flowers  spicy -fragrant.  —  Lam.  111. 
t,369;  Schk.  Handb.  t.  118;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  260.  (AlnifoUa  Americana,  &,c.,V\uk.  Aim.  t.  115, 
f.  1 ;  Catesb.  Car.  1,  t.  66.)  C.  dentata,  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  1,  ii.  73,  with  strongly  serrate  leaves. 
C.  paniculata,  Ait.  1.  c,  with  less  toothed  cuneate-lanceolate  leaves  green  and  glabrous  both 
sides.  C.  scabra,  Pers.  Syn.  i.  482,  with  leaves  somewhat  scabrous  above  and  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath,  as  is  common.  —  Wet  woods  and  swamps,  Maine  to  Florida,  at  the 
north  only  along  the  coast. 

Var.  tomentosa,  Michx.,  1.  c.  More  or  less  hoary :  leaves  tomentosecanescent 
beneath.—  C.  tomentosa,  Lam.  Diet.  ii.  46  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3743.  C.  incana,  Pers.  1.  c. 
C.  pubescens,  Willd.  Enum.  455.  —  S.  Atlantic  States,  passing  into  the  other  forms. 
C.  acuminata,  Michx.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree :  leaves  ample  (3  to  7  inches  long), 
oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  closely  and  sharply  serrate  almost  to  the  base,  witli  somewhat 
curved  veins  and  rather  long  petioles,  almost  glabrous  :  racemes  mostly  solitary,  nodding : 
caducous  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers :  filaments  hirsute,  usually  also  the  base  of  the 
petals  within  the  capsule  hirsute.  —  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  71 ;  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  1427. 
C.  montana,  Bartram  ;  Duliam.  Arb.  ed.  nov.  v.  130.  —  Woods  of  the  Alleghanies,  Virginia 
to  Georgia. 

25.  CHIMAPHILA,  Pursh.  Pipsissevta,  &c.  (Composed  of  ;f8rj«a,  winter, 
and  (ydsco,  to  love,  being  a  sort  of  "  Wintergreen.")  —  Low,  with  running  lignes- 
cent  stolons,  thick  and  shining  toothed  leaves  either  scattered  or  often  imperfectly 
opposite  or  verticillate  on  the  short  ascending  stems,  narrowish :  a  few  flesh- 
colored  or  white  fragrant  waxy-looking  flowers  on  a  terminal  naked  peduncle, 
produced  in  early  summer.  Petioles  short.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cells  of  the  anther 
oblong,  with  a  short  narrow  neck  under  the  orifice,  imperfectly  2-locellate,  -at 
least  when  young.  Stigma  very  broad,  obscurely  o-radiate.  Bracts  scaly.  —  We 
have  all  the  species,  except  one  in  Japan,  near  C.  Menziesii. 

C.  umbellata,  Nutt.  (Pipsissewa,  Prince's  Pine.)  A  span  or  two  high,  very  leafy 
in  irregular  clusters  or  whorls,  often  branched:  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  with  tapering 
base,  sharply  serrate,  not  spotted,  shining:  peduncle  4-7 -flowered :  bracts  narrow,  de- 
ciduous: filaments  hairy  on  the  margins  only. —Bart.  Mat.  Med.  i.  t.  1 ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  49. 
C.  corijmbosa,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  300.  Pip-ola  umhellala,  L.  ;  Lam.  111.  t.  367  ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1336  ; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  897;  Bigel.  Med.  Bot.  t.'21.  P.  corymbosa,  Bertol.  Misc.  iii.  12,  t.  3.  — Dry  and 
especially  coniferous  woods,  Canada  to  Georgia,  west  to  the  Pacific  from  Br.  Columbia  to 
California.  (Mex.,  Eu.,  Japan.) 
C.  Menziesii,  Sprang.  A  span  high,  sparingly  branched  from  the  base :  leaves  from 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  small  (6  to  18  lines  long),  sharply  serrulate, 
the  upper  surface  often  mottled  with  wliite:  peduncle  1-3-flowered :  bracts  ovate  or 
roundish :  filaments  slender,  with  a  round  dilated  portion  in  the  middle  villous :  flowers 
smaller,  about  half  inch  in  diameter.  —  Syst.  ii.  317;  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  138;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  459.  PijroJa  Menziesii,  R.  Br. ;  Don  in  Wern.  Trans,  v.  245.  —  Coniferous  woods,  British 
Columbia  to  California. 
C.  maculata,  Pursh,  1-  c.  (Spotted  Wintergreen.)  A  span  or  more  in  height,  more 
simple  :  leave's  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base  (an  inch  or  two  long),  sparsely 
and  very  sharply  serrate  ;  the  upper  surface  variegated  with  white  :  peduncle  2-5-flowered  : 
bracts  linear-subulate  :  filaments  villous  in  the  middle  :  flower  comparatively  large,  three- 
fourths  inch  in  diameter.  —  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i.  40,  t.  11  ;  Radius,  Diss.  Pyr.  t.  5,  f.  2; 
Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  1,  t.  70.  Pyrola  maculata,  L. ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  897.  — Dry  woods,  Canada  to 
Georgia  and  Mississippi- 


46  ERICACE^.  Moneses. 

26.  MONESES,  Salisb.  (Formed  of  ^ovog,  single,  and  ijaig,  delight,  from 
the  solitary  handsome  flower.)  —  Cells  of  the  anther  oblong,  abruptly  constricted 
under  the  orifice  into  a  conspicuous  short-tubular  neck,  in  the  bud  completely 
bilocellate,  so  that  the  anther  appears  equally  4-lobed.  Capsule  not  depressed, 
opening  from  above  downward.  —  A  single  species. 

M.  uniflora,  Gray.  Herb  with  1-flowered  scape  2  to  4  inches  high,  a  cluster  of  roundish 
and  serrulate  thin  leaves  at  base,  on  a  short  stem  or  the  ascending  summit  of  a  filiform 
rootstock :  corolla  white  or  tinged  rose-color,  about  two  thirds  inch  in  diameter  (in  early 
summer).  — Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  273 ;  Alefeld  in  Linn,  xxviii.  72.  M.  grandiflora,  Salisb.,  Don, 
1.  c.  Pyrola  uniflora,  L. ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  8  ;  Engl.  Bot.  1. 146 ;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  xvii.  t".  1156. 
M.  reticulata,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  271.  — Deep  moist  woods,  Labrador 
to  Oregon,  south  to  Pennsylvania,  &c.,  and  along  the  mountains  to  Colorado,  Utah,  &c., 
north  to  the  arctic  regions.     (Eu.  to  N.  E.  Asia.) 

27.  PYROLA,  Tourn.  Wintergreen,  Shin-leaf.  (Name  said  to  be  a 
diminittive  of  Pyrus,  Pear-tree.)  —  Acaulescent  herbaceous  evergreens  ;  with  a 
cluster  of  round  or  roundish  leaves,  and  some  scarious  scales  on  the  ascending 
summit  of  slender  subterranean  rootstocks  (one  species  leafless)  :  scape  more  or 
less  scaly-bracted,  bearing  a  raceme  of  white,  greenish,  or  purplish  nodding 
flowers,  in  summer.  (Almost  all  N.  American).  —  Pyrola  {Actinocyclus,  Klotzsch), 
Amelia,  &  Thelaia,  Alefeld  in  Linn,  xxviii.  8. 

§  1.  Amelia,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Style  straight  and  short :  stigma  peltate,  large, 
obscurely  5-lobed :  stamens  equally  connivent  around  the  pistil :  anthers  not  nar- 
rowed below  the  openings :  hypogynous  disk  none :  petals  orbicular,  naked  at 
the  base,  globose-connivent.  —  Amelia,  Alefeld,  1.  c.  (P.  media,  of  the  Old  World, 
connects  with  §  Thelaia.) 

P.  minor,  L.  Leaves  orbicular,  thinnish,  obscurely  serrulate  or  crenulate,  an  inch  or  less 
long :  scape  a  span  high,  7-15-flowered  :  pedicels  short,  rather  Crowded  :  style  much  shorter 
than  the  ovary,  included  in  the  globose  white  or  flesh-colored  corolla.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  55; 
Radius,  Diss.  Pyrol.  15,  1. 1 ;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  xvii.  1. 1155.  P.  rosea,  Smith,  Engl.  Bot. 
t.  2543 ;  Radius,  1.  c.  t.  2.  Amelia  minor,  Alefeld,  1.  c.  —  Cold  woods,  Labrador,  White  Moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire,  Lake  Superior,  Rocky  Mountains  from  New  Mexico,  Oregon, 
and  northward  to  the  arctic  regions.     (Greenland  to  Kamtschatka.) 

§  2.  EuPYROLA.  Style  straight  and  long :  stigma  peltate-5-lobed,  large ;  the 
lobes  at  length  radiately  much  projecting  beyond  the  ring  or  border :  stamens  and 
oblong  petals  equally  connivent  around  the  pistil :  a  pair  of  tubercles  on  the  base 
of  each  petal :  anthers  as  in  the  preceding  :  hypogynous  disk  10-lobed.  —  Pyrola, 
Alefeld.     Actinocyclus,  Klotzsch. 

P.  secuuda,  L.  Inclined  to  be  caulescent  from  a  branching  base :  leaves  thin,  ovate, 
serrulate  or  crenate,  an  inch  or  two  long :  scape  a  span  long :  flowers  numerous  in  a  secund 
spike-like  raceme  :  pedicels  at  first  merely  spreading,  in  fruit  recurved :  petals  greenisii- 
white,  campanulate-connivent.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  402  ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  517.  —  Rich  woods.  North- 
em  Atlantic  States  to  Labrador,  and  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  California,  thence  far 
northward.     (Mex.,  N.  Eu.  to  Japan.) 

Var,  pumila,  a  smaller  form,  with  rounded  leaves  half  inch  or  little  more  in  diameter, 
and  3-8-flowered  scape.  —  J.  A.  Paine,  Cat.  PI.  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  6,  302.— 
Peat  bogs  of  elevated  regions  in  Central  New  York;  also  Labrador,  Alaska,  &c.  (Green- 
land.) 

§  3.  ThelXia,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Style  strongly  declined  or  decurved  and 
toward  the  apex  more  or  less  curved  upward,  longer  (or  becoming  longer)  than 
the  concave  somewhat  campanulate-connivent  or  partly  spreading  petals :  stigma 


Pyrola.  ERICACE^.  ^*J 

much  narrower  than  the  truncate  and  usually  excavated  apex  of  the  style,  which 
forms  a  ring  or  collar ;  its  5  lobes  at  first  very  short  and  even  included,  in  age 
commonly  protruding,  connivent  or  more  or  less  concreted:  stamens  declined- 
ascending :  anthers  more  or  less  contracted  under  the  terminal  orifices,  so  as  usu- 
ally to  form  a  neck  or  short  prolongation,  the  other  extremity  with  either  a  promi- 
nent or  often  an  obsolete  mucro :  hypogynous  disk  none.  —  Thelaia,  Alefeld,  1.  c. 

*  Anomalous,  perhaps  monstrous :  petals  and  leaves  acute :  flowers  ascending. 
P.  OXypdtala,  C.  F.  Austin.     Leaves  ovate,  coriaceous,  an  inch  or  less  in  length  and 
shorter  than  the  petiole :  scape  7  or  8  inches  high,  naked,  7-9-flowered :  calyx-lobes  tri- 
angular-ovate, acute,  short:  petals  greenish,  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate  (nearly  3  lines 
long),  campanulate-connivent :   stamens   slightly  declined  :    anthers  remaining  extrorse, 
obscurely  produced  at  the   openings,  the   other  end  conspicuously  1-mucronate:   style 
slightly  curved;  lobes  of  the  stigma  not  projecting.  —  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  302.  —  Delaware 
Co.,  New  York,  on  a  wooded  hill  near  Deposit,  C.  F.  Austin,  1860.     Not  since  found. 
*  *   Leaves  orbicular,  oval,  or  oblong :  petals  from  orbicular  to  oblong,  very  obtuse. 
4-  Calj'x-lobes  very  short  and  obtuse  or  rounded,  appressed  to  the  greenish-white  corolla. 
P.  chlorantha,  Swartz.     Leaves  small  (half  to  an  inch  in  diameter),  orbicular  or  nearly 
so,  coriaceous,  not  shining,  shorter  than  the  petiole  :  scape  4  to  8  inches  high,  3-10-flowered : 
anther-cells  with  distinctly  beaked  tips.  —  Act.  Holm.  1810,  190,  t.  6 ;  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  273  • 
Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1542  ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  46,  t.  134.    P.  asanfolia,  Radius,  Diss.  23,  t.  4 ;  Torr! 
Fl.  N.  &  M.  St.  i.  433,  not  Michx.  —  Rather  dry  woods,  Labrador  to  Pennsylvania,  Rocky 
Mountains  in  Colorado,  California  ?  to  Br.  Columbia,  and  north  to   subarctic   regions. 
(Eu.,  N.  Asia  ? )     The  E.  Asian  species  allied  to  this  is  P.  renifolia,  Maxim. 

Var.  OCcidentalis.  Leaves  thinner  and  inclined  to  ovate.  —  P.  occidenialis,  R.  Br.  in 
herb.  Banks ;  Don  in  Wern.  Trans,  v.  232.  Thelaia  occidentalis,  Alefeld,  1.  c.  36,  t.  1,  f.  6 
(excl.  stamens,  which  apparently  belong  to  P.  secunda,  var.  minor  ?).  — Alaska  to  Kotzebue's 
Sound,  Nelson,  &c.  Rocky  Mountains,  Bourgeau. 
•i—  -t—  Calyx-lobes  ovate  and  acute,  short:  leaves  membranaceous,  longer  than  their  petioles. 
P.  elliptica,  Nutt.  Leaves  oval  or  broadly  oblong,  1|  to  2|  inches  long,  acute  or  merely 
roundish  at  base,  plicately  serrulate :  scape  a  span  or  more  high,  loosely  several-many- 
flowered  :  corolla  greenish  white  :  anther-tips  hardly  at  all  beaked.  —  Gen.  i.  273  ;  Radius, 
1.  c.  t.  5,  f .  1 ;  Hook.  1.  c.  47,  t.  135.  P.  rotundifolia,  Michx.  in  part.  Thelaia  elliptica,  Ale^ 
feld,  1.  c.  47,  1. 1,  f .  5.  —  Rich  woods,  Canada  to  Br.  Columbia,  and  through  the  N.  Atlantic 
States  to  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico.     (Japan.) 

•1—  -1—  -I—  Calj-x-lobes  from  ovate  and  acute  to  lanceolate :  leaves  coriaceous. 
P.  rotundifolia,  L.  Leaves  generally  orbicular  or  broadly  oval,  li  to  2  inches  long, 
obscurely  crenulate  or  entire,  shining  above,  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  petioles  : 
scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  several-many-flowered,  scaly -bracteate :  bracts  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  lax  or  with  spreading  tips, 
usually  half  or  one  third  the  length  of  the  white  or  sometimes  flesh-colored  petals  :  anthers 
with  oblong  cells  contracted  into  a  very  short  neck  under  the  orifice ;  the  mucro  at  base 
either  short  and  distinct  or  obsolete.  —  Lam.  111.  t.  367,  f .  1 ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  213 ;  Schk.  Handb. 
t.  119;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  259,  ed.  5,  301.  Thelaia  rotundifolia,  asarifolia,  bracteosa,  inter- 
media, &  grandiflora,  Alefeld.  1.  c.  —  Sandy  or  dry  woods,  from  upper  Georgia,  New  Mexico, 
and  California  to  the  arctic  regions.  (Eu.  to  Kamtschatka.)  With  the  following  varieties 
or  forms,  all  but  the  last  of  which  pass  into  each  other  freely. 

Var.  incarndta,  DC.  A  rather  small  form  :  flowers  from  flesh-color  to  rose-purple  : 
calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate.  —  Coldwoods  and  bogs,  Northern  New  England  to  the 
Aleutian  Islands. 

Var.  asarifolia,  Hook.  Leaves  round-reniform,  orbicular-subcordate,  or  inclined  to 
oblate-orbicular :  scape  slender :  calyx-lobes  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  one  third  to 
one  fourth  the  length  of  the  flesh-colored  or  rose-colored  or  rarely  white  petals.  —  Fl.  ii. 
46.  P.  asarifolia,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  251,  in  part ;  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  773  (excl.  syn.  Blgel.,  Torr., 
Nutt.,  &  Muhl.)  ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  272.  —  Not  uiicommon  northward  and  westward  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 


48  ERICACE^.  Pyrola. 

Var.  tdiginosa,  Gray.  Calyx-lobes  shorter,  usually  broadly  ovate,  sometimes  ob- 
tuse :  leaves  from  subcordate  to  obovate,  generally  dull :   flowers  rose-colored  or  purple. 

—  Man.  ed.  2, 259.  P.  uliginosa,  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  i.  452,  t.  69.  P.  ohovata,  Bertol.  Misc.  iii.  11,  t.  2. 

—  Cold  bogs,  northward  nearly  across  the  continent :  distinguished  from  the  preceding  with 
reddish  flowers  only  by  shorter  and  broader  calyx,  and  leaves  seldom  with  a  sinus  at  base. 

Var.  bracteata,  Gray.  Like  the  preceding  forms,  but  larger:  leaves  commonly 
2  or  3  inches  long  and  thinnish,  sometimes  variegated  with  whitisli  bands ;  scape  often  a 
foot  or  more  high  ;  the  scaly  bracts  large  and  conspicuous  :  anthers  (as  in  all  these  forms, 
but  especially  in  this)  distinctly  mucronate  at  base :  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  commonly  half  the  length  of  the  rose-colored  or  purplish  petals.  — 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  460.  P.  bracteata,  Hook.  1.  c.  P.  elata  &,  bracteata,  Nutt.  1.  c.  270.  —  Conifer- 
ous woods  of  California  to  Br.  Columbia ;  the  prevailing  or  exclusive  form. 

Var.  pumila,  Hook.  I.  c.  A  remarkable  low  variety  :  leaves  firm-coriaceous,  an 
inch  or  much  less  in  diameter :  scape  3  or  4  inches  high,  6-10-flowered  :  flowers  propor- 
tionally large,  white:  calyx-lobes  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong.  —  P.  Qraenlandica, 
Horneni.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1817.  P.  grandiflora,  Radius,  I.e.  27,  t.  3;  Alefeld,  I.e.  t.  2,  f.  12. 
P.  rotundifoHa,  var.  grandiflora,  DC.  1.  c.  —  Labrador  to  Mackenzie  River  along  the  arctic 
coast.     (Greenland.) 

P.  picta,  Smith.  Leaves  firm-coriaceous,  dull,  commonly  veined  or  blotched  with  white 
above,  pale  or  sometimes  purplish  beneath  (1  to  2\  inches  long),  from  broadly  ovate  to 
spatulate  or  narrowly  oblong,  all  longer  than  the  petiole ;  the  margins  quite  entire,  or 
rarely  remotely  denticulate:  rootstocks  rigid  and  often  branched  or  clustered:  scapes  a 
span  or  more  high,  7-15-flowered :  bracts  few  and  short :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  not  half  the 
length  of  the  greenish-white  petals :  cells  of  the  anther  with  a  distinct  neck  or  beak  below 
the  orifice.  —  Rees  Cycl. ;  Don,  1.  c. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  47  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  460.  P.  dentaia, 
Smith,  1.  c. ;  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  136 ;  a  common  form  with  narrow  and  erect  leaves,  remotely  but 
seldom  strongly  denticulate.  Thelaia  spathulata,  Alefeld,  1.  c.  —  Nootka  Sound  to  California, 
and  east  to  Wyoming  and  S.  Utah.  In  the  drier  regions  often  very  small-leaved. 
*   *   #   Leafless,  from  deep  scal3--toothed  branching  rootstocks,  doubtless  parasitic. 

"P.  aph^lla,  Smith.  Scapes  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  subulate-bracteate,  reddish  or  lurid  : 
raceme  several-many -flowered :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  very  much  shorter  than  the  ob- 
ovate white  petals :  anthers  tubular-beaked  under  the  orifice  of  the  cells :  deflexed  style 
almost  straight.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  48,  t.  137;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  '^Ql.  — Thelaia  aphylla,  Ale- 
feld, 1.  c.  —  Coniferous  woods,  California  to  Puget  Sound.  According  to  Nuttall,  there  are 
sometimes,  "  on  infertile  shoots,  a  few  small,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  greenish  leaves."  These 
not  since  seen ;  but  there  is  such  a  form  of  the  preceding  species. 

28.  ALLOTROPA,  Torr.  &  Gray.  {AXlorgOTtoc,  in  another  manner,  the 
flowers  not  turned  to  one  side  as  in  Monotropa.)  —  A  single  species,  connecting 
the  Pyrolece  with  the  MonotropecB. 

A.  virgata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Herb  reddish  or  whitish,  rather  fleshy,  a  span  or  two  high  : 
simple  erect  stem  thicker  at  base,  there  densely  and  above  more  sparsely  scaly  :  lower  scales 
ovate  ;  upper  lanceolate,  passing  into  linear  bracts  of  the  virgate  many-flowered  spike : 
flowers  2-bracteolate.  —  Gray  in  Pacif .  R.  Rep.  vi.  81,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  368,  &  Bot.  Calif. 
i.  461;  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  385.  —  Under  oaks,  &c..  Cascade  Mountains,  Washington 
Terr.,  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

29.  PTER6SP0RA,  Nutt.  Pine-drops.  (From  nxBQov,  wing,  and 
CTioQii,  seed,  alluding  to  the  remarkable  wing  of  the  seed.)  —  Capsule  becoming 
nearly  naked  in  age ;  the  thin  valves  persistent  after  dehiscence,  being  fixed  by 
the  partitions  to  the  columella,  in  the  manner  of  Pyrola,  &c.  Seeds  innumerable 
(as  in  the  tribe),  on  the  pendulous  placentfE  ;  the  nucleus  ovoid,  with  a  nearly 
close  thin  coat,  apiculate  at  both  ends,  the  upper  apiculation  bearing  a  broad  and 
hyaline  rounded  or  reniform  and  reticulated  wing,  which  is  many  times  larger 
than  the  body  of  the  seed.  —  A  single  species. 


Monotropa.  ERICACEAE.  49 

P.  andromedea,  Nutt.  A  chestnut-colored  or  purplish  lierb,  glandular  and  clammy- 
pubescent:  simple  stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  bearing  small  and  scattered  lanceolate  scales: 
raceme  long  and  many-flowered  :  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  soon  recurved :  corolla  white 
a  quarter  mch  long,  somewhat  viscid.  — Gen.  i.  38(3;  Lindl.  Coll.  t.  5.— Under  pines  and 
oaks,  N.  W.  New  England,  Canada,  and  Pennsylvania  to  Br.  Columbia  and  California: 
fl.  summer. 

30.  SARCODES,  Torr.  Snow-Plant.'  (2'«oxoE,fi;;s^  flesh-like  or  fleshy, 
from  the  appearance  of  this  singular  plant.)  —  Torr.  PI.  Frem.  in  Smithson.  Con- 
trib.  iii.  17,  t.  10.  —  A  single  species. 

S.  sanguinea,  Torr.  Stout  fleshy  herb,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  of  flesh-red  color, 
somewhat  glandular-pubescent,  thickly  clothed  and  when  young  imbricated  with  tlie  firm 
fleshy  scales  :  lower  scales  ovate  ;  upper  narrower,  more  scattered,  and  above  pas&ing  into 
linear  bracts  of  the  thick  spike  or  raceme  which  subtend  and  mostly  exceed  the  reddish 
flowers:  pedicels  erect,  the  upper  ones  very  short :  corolla  glabrous,  half  inch  long.  — PI. 
Frem.  1.  c. ;  Chatin,  Anat.  t.  55;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  607;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  4fi2.— 
California,  in  coniferous  woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  4-9,000  feet,  shooting  up  and  flower- 
ing soon  after  the  snow  melts  away. 

31.  SCHWEINlTZIA,  Ell.  Sweet  Pine-sap.  (Named  in  honor  of  the 
late  Louis  David  von  Schioeinitz.)  —  Flowers  exhaling  the  odor  of  violets,  produced 
in  spring.  Anthers  in  the  young  flower-bud  turned  at  right  angles  to  the  fila- 
ment, so  that  apex  and  base  are  directed  right  and  left;  in  anthesis  becoming 
vertical.  —  A  single  species. 

S.  odorata,  Ell.  Plant  light  brown,  in  tufts,  2  to  4  inches  high,  glabrous,  beset  with 
thinnish  ovate  or  oblong  scales,  and  similar  bracts,  spicately  several-flowered :  spike  nod- 
ding in  flower,  erect  in  fruit:  corolla  flesh-color,  a  quarter  inch  long.— Ell.  in  Nutt.  Gen. 
addend.  &  Sk.  i.  478;  Gray,  Chloris,  15,  t.  2.  5.  Caroliniana,  Don,  Syst.  iii.  867.  Mono- 
tropsis  odorata,  Schweinitz  in  Ell.  I.e.— Moist  woods,  Maryland  (near  Baltimore)  to 
North  Carolina  in  and  near  the  mountains,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  herbs  or  on  decaying 
vegetable  matter. 

32.  MON6TROPA,  L.  Indian  Pipe,  Pine-sap.  (M6vog,  one,  and  tQOTiog, 
turn,  the  summit  of  the  stem  in  flower  turned  to  one  side  or  drooping.)  —  White, 
tawny,  or  reddish  scaly  and  fleshy  herbs,  a  span  or  two  high ;  the  clustered  stems 
rising  (in  summer)  from  a  thick  and  matted  mass  of  fibrous  rootlets,  one-several- 
flowered  ;  the  summit  of  the  stem  straightening  in  fruit.  —  Comprises  two  very 
distinct  subgenera,  in  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  607  restored  as  genera. 

§  1.  EuMONOTROPA.  (LvDiAN  PiPE.).  Plant  inodorous,  1-flowered  :  scales 
passing  into  an  imperfect  or  irregular  calyx  of  2  to  4  loose  sepals  or  perhaps 
bracts ;  the  lower  ones  rather  distant  from  the  flower  :  anthers  opening  at  first  by 
2  transverse  chinks,  at  length  2-valved ;  the  valves  almost  equal  and  equally 
spreading  :  style  short  and  thick  :  edge  of  the  stigma  naked. 

M.  uniflora,  L.  Smooth  plant  a  span  or  so  high,  waxy-white  (blackish  in  drying),  rarely 
flesli-color:  nodding  flower  two-thirds  inch  long;  petals  5,  rarely  6. —Lam.  111.  t.  352; 
Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  86,  f.  1 ;  Hook.  Exot.  Fl.  t.  85;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  t.  71 ;  Chatin,  Anat! 
t.  50.  M.  uniflora  &  M.  Morisoniana,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  266.  M.  Morisoni,  Pers.  (Moris.  Hist, 
iii.  502  (12),  t.  16,  f.  5;  Pluk.  Aim.  t.  20.9,  f.  2.)  — Damp  woods,  nearly  throughout  the 
U.  S.,  Brit.  Amex-,  &c.     (Mex.,  Japan  to  India.) 

§  2.  Hypopitys.  (Pine-sap.)  Plant  often  violet-scented,  commonly  pubes- 
cent, at  least  above,  racemosely  3-several-flowered  :  terminal  flower,  earliest  and 
usually  5-merous  and  the  lateral  3-4-merous :  sepals  less  bract-like,  as  many  as 

4 


50  LENNOACE^.  Monotropa. 

the  petals  :  the  latter  saccate  at  base  :  anthers  more  reniform  ;  the  cells  completely 
confluent  into  one,  which  opens  by  very  unequal  valves,  the  larger  broad  and 
spreading,  the  other  remaining  erect  and  contracted :  style  longer :  stigma  glan- 
dular or  hairy  ou  the  margin.  —  Hypopitys,  Dill.,  Scop.,  &;c. 

M.  Hsrpopitys,  L.  A  span  or  at  length  a  foot  high,  tawnj^  or  flesh-colored :  scales  and 
bracts  entire  or  slightly  erose :  flowers  less  than  half  inch  long ;  the  lateral  4-petalous  and 
8-androus.  —  Lam.  111.  t.  362 ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  282;  Schk.  Handb.  t.  316;  Reiclienb.  Ic.  Germ. 
•  t.  1152.  M.  lanuginosa,  Miclix. ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  i.  457,  t.  72.  Hypopitys  lulea.  Dill.  H.  miil- 
tijiora,  Scop.  H.  Europaa  &  H.  lanuginosa,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  271.  —  Under  amentaceous  and 
coniferous  trees,  Canada  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  west  to  Oregon  and  Br.  Columbia. 
(Mex.,  Japan  to  Eu.) 
M.  fimbriata,  Gray.  Near  a  foot  in  height :  obovate-cuneate  upper  scales  and  bracts 
and  spatulate  sepals  laciniately  or  erosely  fimbriate :  lateral  flowers  commonly  3-petalous 
and  G-androus.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  629,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  463.  —  Cascade  Mountains  in 
Oregon,  E.  Hall.     (Mistaken  for  Pleuricospora  Jimbriolata  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  394.) 

33.  PLEUIIIC6SP0RA,  Gray.  (nXevQinog,  at  the  side,  and  gtioqcc,  seed, 
alluding  to  the  parietal  placentation.)  —  A  single  known  species. 

P.  fimbriolata,  Gray.  Light  brown  or  whitish  plant,  with  the  aspect  of  ifonotropa  Hi/- 
popitijs,  but  stouter,  a  span  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  clothed  with  imbricated  scales  : 
lowest  scales  ovate,  firm,  entire ;  upper  passing  into  the  narrower  and  lanceolate  scarious- 
margined  and  lacerate-fringed  bracts  of  the  dense  and  erect  cylindraceous  spike :  corolla 
white  or  whitish,  not  exceeding  the  bracts,  barely  half  inch  long. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii. 
369,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  463  (not  of  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  394,  which  is  Monotropa  Jimhriata). — 
California,  in  the  Mariposa  grove  of  Sequoia  gigantea,  Bolander. 

34.  NEWBERRY  A,  Torr.  (Dedicated  to  the  discoverer,  Professor  J.  S. 
Newberry,  a  geologist  and  naturalist,  much  devoted  to  fossil  botany.)  —  Benth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  ii.  GOG.     A  single  species. 

N.  congesta,  Torr.  Plant  brownish,  glabrous,  a  span  high :  scales  crowded  or  loosely 
imbricated,  oval  or  oblong,  thinnish,  with  obscurely  erose  margins ;  the  upper  forming 
similar  bracts  of  the  somewhat  depressed  head  of  numerous  flowers :  corolla  hardly  half 
inch  long  ;  its  lobes  within  and  the  style  hairy.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  vii.  55  ;  Gray,  Bol.  Calif, 
i.  464.  Hemiiomes  congestum,  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  81,  t.  12  ;  char,  and  figure  incorrect  as 
to  the  anthers,  and  the  name  inapplicable.  —  Cascade  Mountains,  in  Des  Chutes  Valley, 
S.  Oregon,  Newberry.     Washington  Territory,  station  unknown,  George  Gibbs. 


Order  LXXVIII.   LENNOACEiE. 

Root-parasitic  leafless  herbs,  scaly  and  fleshy,  with  much  the  aspect  of  Mono- 
tropece,  but  with  stamens  inserted  in  or  near  the  throat  of  the  tubular  corolla, 
and  the  polymerous  ovary  peculiar,  the  cells  being  at  least  double  the  number 
of  the  other  parts  of  the  5-10-merous  regular  and  perfect  flower,  and  uniovulate ; 
the  fruit  drupaceo-polycoccous.  Sepals  5  to  10,  linear  or  filiform.  Corolla  hypo- 
gynons,  tubular  or  slightly  funnelform,  marcescent,  5-8-Iobed,  the  lobes  plicate- 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with 
them:  filaments  very  short:  anthers  2-celled,  introrse ;  the  cells  opening  longi- 
tudinally: pollen  simple,  3-sulcate.  Disk  none.  Ovary  depressed-globose,  12- 
28-celled  (doubtless  of  half  as  many  2-locellate  carpels,  surrounding  a  thick  axis)  : 
style  slender  :  stigma  crenulate  or  somewhat  lobed.  Ovule  horizontal,  anatropous 
or  somewhat  amphitropous  ;  the  orifice  superior.     Fruit  depressed-globular,  with 


Ammobroma.  DIAPENSIACEiE.  5X 

a  thin  fleshy  at  length  dry  epicarp  which  ruptures  transversely,  as  if  circumsclssile, 
liberating  the  ring  of  numerous  seed-like  nutlets  :  these  are  crustaceous,  lenticular, 
and  separable.  Seed  with  a  very  thin  proper  coat:  albumen  farinaceous  and 
oily :  embryo  (according  to  Solms)  minute,  globular  and  undivided,  i.  e.  as  in 
M>nofrope(Z.—Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  56  ;  Solms-Laubach,  Abhand.  Nat. 
Halle,  xi.  1-60  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  621. 

Lennoa  (Corallophyllim,  HBK.),the  remaining  genus  of  this  small  and  very  singular  natural 
o-  (ler,  is  Mexican,  with  coralloid  branclzing  stems,  and  the  stamens  in  two  sets  ;  the  cells  of 
the  anther  divergent. 

1.  PHOLISMA.  Flowers  sessile  and  densely  spicate.  Sepals  6,  rarely  6,  linear  naked 
shorter  than  the  corolla;  the  short  lobes  of  the  latter  mostly  6,  midulate-phcate  spread- 
l!?^-.  Stamens  6  or  sometimes  5,  in  a  single  row :  anthers  oblong,  the  cells  paraUel. 
Jbruit  lo-24-celled. 

2.  AMMOBROMA.  Flowers  short-pedicelled,  thickly  covering  the  expanded  and  hol- 
lowed receptacle.  Sepals  mostly  10,  filiform,  plumose-hairy,  pappus-like,  equalling  the 
corolla ;  the  mostly  6  lobes  of  wJiich  are  erect,  retuse,  hardly  plicate.  Stamens  6  to  10 
in  a  smgle  row.     Anthers,  pistils,  &c.,  as  in  PhoUsma. 

1.  PHOLISMA,  Nutt.  (From  qiolii;,  a  scale,  referring  to  the  scaly  stem.) 
—  Single  species. 

P.  arenarium,  Nutt.  Herb  brownish  or  reddish,  with  simple  stems,  in  clumps,  a  span 
or  more  high,  somewliat  glandular-puberulent,  stout,  beset  with  short  and  narrow  scattered 
scales :  spike  dense,  oblong  or  cylindraceous  (an  inch  or  two  long) :  flowers  purplish 
(4  lines  long),  rather  longer  than  the  Imear  bracts.  —  Hook.  Ic.  t.  626;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif . 
i.  464.  —  Sandy  soil,  Monterey  to  San  Diego,  California,  Nuttall,  &c.  Parasitic  on  the  roots 
of  Eriodicti/on  tomentosum,  according  to  D.  Cleveland,  also  apparently  upon  those  of  some 
Clematis.  Flowers  produced  in  spring.  Nutlets  half  a  line  long,  oval.  Albumen  of  the 
seed  oily.     Embryo  not  seen. 

2.  AMMOBROMA,  Torr.  (Formed  of  aixfiog,  sand,  and  ^nufia,  food.)  — 
Single  species. 

A.  Sonorse,  Torr.  Root  of  tortuous  fibres :  stems  simple,  2  to  4  feet  long  (but  mainly 
buried  in  sand),  three  fourths  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  fleshy,  gradually  tapering 
upward,  but  at  summit  dilated  into  an  obconical  dilated  receptacle  of  2  inches  in  diameter, 
f  unnelforra  inside  and  lined  with  the  flowers :  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  appressed,  or  on 
the  receptacle  reflexed :  corolla  purple,  4  lines  long :  ovary  about  20-celled.  —  Mem.  Am. 
Acad.  V.  327,  &  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  viii.  51,  1. 1 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Cahf .  i.  464  ;  Solms-Lau- 
baah,  1.  c.  t.  1.— Desert  sand-hills,  Adair  Bay,  near  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California, 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  Col.  A.  B.  Gray.  Arizona,  between  Pilot  Knob 
and  Cook's  Wells,  Schuckard.  The  plant  upon  the  roots  of  which  it  is  parasitic  is  un- 
known. The  roasted  stems  are  edible  and  even  luscious;  they  are  said  to  be  an  important 
article  of  food  of  the  Papigos  Indians. 


Ordee  LXXIX.    DIAPENSIACE^. 

Low  perennial  herbs  orsuffruticulbse  tufted  plants,  wholly  glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
with  alternate  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  regular  and  symmetrical  5-merous  flowers, 
except  the  pistil  which  is  3-merous  and  the  ovary  3-Celled,  stamens  adnate  to  the 
corolla  or  connate  with  each  other,  those  opposite  its  lobes  when  present  reduced 
to  sterile  appendages  (staminodia),  anthers  mostly  transversely  or  obliquely  de- 
hiscent, pollen  simple,  and  capsule  and  seeds  of  EricacecB.  F'lowers  perfect,  soli- 
tary or  racemose.  Calyx  and  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous.  or  with 
slight  adnation  to  base  of  ovary  ;  the  former  persistent,  the  latter   deciduous. 


52  DIAPENSIACE.^.  Pyxidnnlliera. 

Filaments  commonly  dilated.  Style  one :  stigma  3-lobed,  not  indusiate.  Ovules 
indefinite,  on  projecting  axile  placentae,  anatropous  or  nearly  amphitropous.  Cap- 
sule coriaceous,  loculicidally  3-valved,  with  or  without  a  persistent  columella. 
Embryo  small  and  terete  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  the  cotyledons  very  short.  —  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  246;  Maxim.  Mel.  Biol.  ix.  18;  Benth."  &  Hook.  Gen. 
ii.  618.  Dlapensiacece,  Lindl.,  as  to  our  Tribe  I.,  with  Galacinem,  Don,  as  to 
Galax. 
Tribe  I.   DTAPENSIE^.     Suffruticulose  depressed  evergreens,  crowded  with  small 

entire  and  nerveless  coriaceous  leaves.     Sterile  filaments  or  staminodia  none  :  fertile 

filaments  adnate  to  the  campauulate  corolla  up  to  the  sinuses:   anthers  2-celled. 

Capsule  with  persistent  columella  bearing  the  placentae.     Calyx  conspicuously  brac- 

teolate,  strongly  imbricated.     Flowers  solitary. 

1  PYXIDANTHERA.      Flowers  sessile  on  short  leafy  branchlets.     Sepals  thin-char- 
*  taceous.     Anther-cells  "transversely  2-valved,  the  lower  valve  cuspidate-pointed.     Seeds 

globular,  amphitropous,  with  a  close  pitted  coat. 

2  DIAPENSIA.    Flower  (or  at  least  fruit)  on  a  scape-Hke  peduncle.     Sepals  broad  and 
'  coriaceous.     Aiither-cells  muticous,   divergent,   obliquely   2-valved.     Seeds    oval  or    by 

pressure  cubical,  anatropous,  with  a  nearly  close  and  reticulated  coat. 

Tribe  II.  GALACINE^.  Acaulescent,  with  creeping  rootstoclcs  sending  up  long- 
petioled  round-cordate  or  oblong  evergreen  leaves,  and  a  scape  bearing  racemose  or 
clustered  or  rarely  solitary  flowers.  Staminodia  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
(Besides  the  following  genera  are  Schizocodon  of  Japan,  near  to  Shortia,  and  Ber- 
neuxia  of  Thibet,  between  the  latter  and  Diapensia.) 

3  SHORTIA  Calyx  strongly  imbricated  and  scaly-bracteolate  ;  the  sepals  many-striate. 
■  Corolla  open'campanulate,  5-iobed  ;  the  lobes  undulate-crenate.    Stamens  distinct :  anthers 

2-celled;  the  cells  obliquely  dehiscent:  staminodia  small  and  scale-like,  adnate  to  base  of 
corolla,  incurved  over  the  ovary.  Style  filiform :  stigma  obscurely  3-lobed  Capsule 
globular:  partitions  borne  on  the  valves  and  separating  from  the  persistent  columella, 
which  bears  the  placentae.     Seeds  globular  or  ovoid  with  a  close  granulate  coat. 

4  GALAX  Calyx  rather  strongly  imbricated,  minutely  2-bracteolate,  5-parted  ;  the  oblong 
divisions  nerveless.  Corolla  of  5  entire  oblong  petals,  distinct,  except  that  their  bases 
are  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  monadelphous  stamen-tube,  which  is  ovate-cyhndraeeous 
10-lobed  above;  the  lobes  alternate  with  the  petals  very  short  and  antheriferous ;  those 
onnosite  the  petals  (i.  e.  the  staminodia)  longer,  linear-spatulate  petaloid :  anthers  sub- 
Se  'hlckeSed,  rounded  and  granulate  on  the  back  ;  the  pollimferous  part  mtrorse  and 
small,  somewhat  beak-like,  one-celled,  transversely  2-valyed.  Style  very  short :  stigma 
obscurely  3-lobed.  Capsule  ovate;  the  placentiferous  columella  at  length  more  or  less 
3-parted.     Seeds  angular,  with  a  loose  coat  tapering  upward. 

1.  PYXIDANTHEBA,  Michx.  Flowering  Moss.  (77r^<V,  a  small  box. 
and  'drdlpa,  anther,  the  latter  opening  as  by  a  lid.)  —  Fl.  i.  152,  t.  17  ;  Gray,  Bot. 
Text  Book,  ed.  2,  436,  fig.  785-790;  Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  606,  fig.  410;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  4592.  —  Single  species. 

P  barbulata  Michx.  A  small  prostrate  and  creeping  evergreen,  leafy  throughout, 
loosely  branching :  leaves  lanceolate  or  somewhat  narrowed  below,  subulate-acuminate, 
when  young  pubescent  at  base,  much  crowded,  a  quarter  inch  long :  flowers  abundant  (in 
early  spring)  closely  sessile:  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  rose,  open-campanulate ;  its 
lobes  (2  lines'  long)  cuneate-obovate,  retuse  and  obscurely  erose :  filaments  hgulate. -- 
DiapeLia  cmeifolia,  Salisb.  Parad.  Lond.  105;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  148.  D.  barbulata,  Ell.  Sk. 
i.  229.  — Pine  barrens,  mostly  in  sand,  New  Jersey  and  N.  Carolina. 

2.  DIAP^INSIA,  L.  (Said  to  be  an  ancient  Greek  name  of  Sanicle,  some- 
what altered,  applied  in  a  wholly  meaningless  way  to  the  present  genus.)  —Arctic- 
alpine,  containing  a  Himalayan  species  (Hook.  f.  Kew.  Jour.  Bot.  ix.  t.  12),  and 
the  following. 


Galax.  PLUMBAGINACE^.  53 

D,  Lu.pp6nica,  L.  Plant  forming  very  dense  cushion-like  tufts,  glabrous :  leaves  im- 
bricated on  the  short  shoots,  cartilaginous,  spatulate  (3  to  5  lines  long),  witli  mostly  revo- 
lute  margins:  pedmicle  at  length  an  inch  or  two  long:  sepals  and  2  or  3  bractlets  oval, 
rigid :  corolla  white,  open  carapanulate ;  the  tube  (2  lines  long)  not  longer  than  the  calyx, 
neai'ly  equalled  by  the  rounded  lobes  :  filaments  linear.  —  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  1 ;  Wahl.  Fl.  Lapp, 
t.  9;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  47;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1108.  —  Labrador,  Alpine  summits  of  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  Mount  Mansfield,  Vermont,  and  N.  W.  arctic  coast.  (Greenland  eastward 
to  Japan.) 

3.  SH6RTIA,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Dedicated  to  the  late  Dr.  Charles  W.  Short, 
of  Kentucky.)  —  Gi'ay  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  xlii.  48,  ser.  2,  xlv.  402,  &  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  246 ;  Maxim.  Mel.  Biol.  ix.  19  ;  Bentli.  «fc  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  620.  — 
Two  species,  one  Japanese,  from  which  the  character  of  the  corolla,  stamens,  &c., 
were  drawn  by  Maximowicz. 

S.  galacifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rootstocks  slender  and  apparently  stoloniferous  :  leaves 
(2  inches  wide)  orbicular,  moderately  cordate  and  retuse,  repand-serrate  and  the  teeth 
mucronate :  peduncles  in  fruit  a  span  high,  not  surpassing  the  long  petioled  leaves,  scaly 
bracteate  towards  the  summit:  style  elongated,  persistent.  —  High  mountains  of  N.  Caro- 
lina, Michaux.     In  fruit  only. 

4.  GALAX,  L.,  Sims.  (If  from  ydla,  milk,  an  mimeaning  name.)  —  Linn. 
Gen.  ed.  5,  93,  excluding  all  the  character  and  the  .synonymy;  these  wholly,  of 
ViticeUa,  Mitchell,  which  is  Hydrophyllum  appendiculatum.  Anonymos  s.  Bel- 
vedere, Clayt.  Virg.  ed.  1,  25,  with  good  character,  which  is  wholly  omitted  by 
Gronovius  himself,  in  Fl.  Virg.  ed.  2,  because  quite  incongruous  with  the  generic 
character  of  Galax  by  Liungeus.  —  Single  species. 

G.  aph^Ua,  L.  Glabrous  herb,  with  reddish  creeping  and  matted  rootstocks,  sending  up 
leaves  and  scape :  leaves  round-cordate,  thickly  crenate-dentate,  veiny,  thin  but  persistent 
over  winter,  rather  shining,  1|  to  3  inches  broad,  long-petioled  :  scape  a  foot  or  two  high, 
slender  and  very  naked,  almost  bractless  :  raceme  virgate  and  spike-like  :  bractlets  minute, 
deciduous:  flowers  numerous,  small:  corolla  2  lines  long,  white.  —  Spec.  i.  200  (excl.  syn. 
Mitch.) ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  754  (where  the  true  char.  gen.  first  appears  with  the  name) ;  DC. 
Prodr.  vii.  776.  Erijthrorkiza  rohmdifolia,  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  36.  BJanfordia  cordata,  Andr.  Bot. 
Rep.  t.  343.  Soknandria  cordifolla,  P.  de  Beauv.  ex  Vent.  Malm.  t.  69.  —  Wooded  hillsides 
and  in  mountains,  Virginia  to  Georgia ;  fl.  early  summer. 


Order  LXXX.  PLUMBAGINACE^. 

Herbs,  occasionally  somewhat  woody,  agreeing  with  Primulacecs  in  having  the 
stamens  isomerous  with  the  petals  or  divisions  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them ; 
the  filaments  adnate  only  to  their  base  or  completely  hypogynous  ;  the  free  ovary 
one-celled,  with  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule  pendulous  on  a  slender  funiculus 
which  rises  from  the  base  of  the  cell ;  styles  5  and  distinct  or  united ;  the  single 
seed  with  a  large  and  straight  embryo  surrounded  by  (or  sometimes  destitute 
of)  a  sparing  mealy  albumen.  Chiefly  affecting  saline  soil.  Leaves  alternate, 
mostly  rosulate.  Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical,  5-merous,  perfect.  Calyx 
gamosepalous,  costate,  plaited  at  the  sinuses,  persistent.  Corolla  with  claws^  to 
the  nearly  distinct  petals,  or  these  united  into  a  tube,  convolute  or  rarely  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Anthers  2-celled,  opening  longitudinally.  Disk  none. 
Fruit  dry,  utricular  or  akene-like,  sometimes  dehiscent  by  a  lid  or  by  valves.  — 
Innocent,  with  astringent  roots  or  rootstocks. 


54  PLUMBAGINACE^.  Slallce. 

Tribe  I.  STATICEiE.  Calyx  with  open  limb  scai-ious,  colored,  strongly  plicate. 
Petals  (long-unguiculate)  and  filiform  styles  distinct  or  united  only  below. 

1 .  STATICE.    Flowers  cymose-spicate,  secund.     Styles  wholly  separate.     Leaves  flat. 

2.  ARMERIA.  Flowers  capitate-glomerate.  Styles  mostly  united  at  the  very  base,  stig- 
matose  down  the  inner  side.  Leaves  usually  slender,  with  no  distinction  of  blade  and 
petiole. 

Tribe  II.  PLUMBAGINE.3].  Calyx  with  erect  teeth  or  lobes,  and  merely  scarious 
sinuses.  Claws  of  the  petals  completely  united  into  a  tube.  Style  filiform,  5-cleft 
at  the  apex;  the  slender  lobes  stigmatic  within. 

3.  PLUMBAGO.  Calyx  tubular,  beset  with  glands.  Corolla  salver-forra  with  a  long  tube. 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla.    Leafy-stemmed. 

1.  STATICE,  Tourn.  Sea-Lavender,  Maksh-Rosemary.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name,  referring  to  the  use  as  an  astringent.)  —  Large  genus  in  the  Old 
World,  very  sparingly  represented  in  the  New,  in  N.  America  only  by  the  section 
Limonium,  in  which  the  styles  are  stigmatose  down  the  inside  ;  the  1-3-flowered 
spikelets  about  3-bracteate,  i.e.  1-bracteate  and  2-3-bracteolate ;  leaves  all  radical 
and  1 -ribbed.     Fl.  late  summer. 

S.  Limonitim,  L.  Root  thick  and  woody,  reddish:  leaves  thickish  and  rather  fleshy, 
oblong,  spatulate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  tapei'ing  into  a  long  or  rather  long  petiole,  obtuse 
or  retuse,  and  usually  mucronate-tipped :  scapes  a  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  paniculate : 
the  branches  spreading  or  rather  erect :  spikelets  either  crowded  or  soon  rather  scattered  : 
exterior  or  true  bract  ovate,  herbaceous  with  scarious  margin,  much  shorter  and  smaller 
than  the  obtuse  or  retuse  broadly  scarious  innermost  bractlet:  flowers  lavender-color: 
calyx  hirsute  on  the  angles  below ;  the  lobes  ovate-triangular  and  acute,  and  usually  a 
tooth  in  each  sinus» — In  various  forms  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  mainly  in  salt 
marshes  of  the  coast.     Ours  are 

Var.  Calif ornica.  Leaves  thinnish,  retuse  or  obtuse  and  muticous :  scape  2  feet  or 
more  high :  branches  of  the  ample  panicle  densely  floriferous  at  the  summit,  the  spikelets 
almost  imbricated  in  short  cymose  spikes :  innermost  bract  only  twice  the  length  of  the 
outermost.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  466.  S.  CaUfomica,  Boiss.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  463.  —  S.  W.  Texas 
(C.  Wright)  to  California.     Resembles  dense-flowered  European  S.  Limonium. 

Var.  Caroliniana,  Gray  (Man.  313).  Inflorescence  more  paniculate  than  corym- 
bose ;  the  1-3-flowered  spikelets  soon  separate  or  rather  distant  on  the  branching  slender 
spikes :  bracts  more  unequal :  calyx-lobes  usually  very  acute  or  acuminate.  —  5.  Caro- 
liniana, y\^&\t.  Car.  118;  Bigel.  Med.  Bot.  ii.  51,  t.  25;  Boiss.  I.e.  S.  Liinmmim,T:orv.Y\. 
1.  329,  &  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  17.  —  Labrador  to  Texas.  The  Southern  plant  thinner-leaved,  with 
ihucro  often  obsolete,  branches  of  the  spike  filiform,  and  scattered  spikelets  small, 
slender,  and  only  1-2-flowered :  the  northern  forms  with  more  fleshy  veinless  leaves,  the 
mucro  conspicuous,  flowers  and  2-3-flowered  spikelets  larger,  in  closer  less  spreading 
spikes;  the  smaller  state  nearly  approaching  the  European  var.  Bahusiensis  (S.  Bahusiensis, 
Fries). 
S.  Brasili^nsis,  Boiss.  Leaves  oblong,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  thinnish :  scape 
(a  foot  or  two  high)  and  spreading  branches  of  the  panicle  slender:  spikelets  1-3-flowercd, 
slender,  more  or  less  remote  in  the  spreading  spikes  :  bractlets  very  unequal :  flowers  white 
or  whitish:  calyx  perfectly  glabrous;  the  lobes  ovate  and  acutish. — DC.  1.  c.  —  Coast  of 
N.  Carolina  to  Florida.     (Mex.  ?     Brazil  to  Patagonia.) 

Var.  angustata.  Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so,  tipped  with  an  awn-like  mucro,  fleshy  : 
spikelets  sparse.  —  Pine  Key,  Florida,  in  a  salt  marsh,  Blodgett.  Leaves  2  or  3  inches  long 
besides  the  petiole,  2  or  3  lines  wide. 

2.  ARMi&RIA,  AVilld.  Thrift,  Sea  Pink.  (The  monkish  Latin  Flos 
Armerioe,  applied  to  a  Pink,  and  transferred  to  Thrift).  —  Low  and  stemless 
herbs,  of  the  Old  World,  with  one  variable  species  widely  dispersed  in  the  New 
and  familiar  in  cultivation ;  the  narrow  leaves  much  crowded  on  the  crown  or 


Plumbago.  PLUMBAGINACEiE.  55 

short  tufted  stems,  1-5-nerved,  persistent ;  scapes  simple  and  naked,  terminated 
by  a  compact  glomerule  of  rose-colored  or  white  short-pedicelied  flowers,  sur- 
rounded and  subtended  by  scai-ious  bractlets  and  bracts ;  the  lower  of  the  latter 
empty  and  forming  an  involucre,  the  two  lowest  extended  downward  at  base  into 
appendages  forming  a  reverse  sheath  to  the  apex  of  the  scape.  Calyx  more  dry 
and  scarious  than  in  Statice,  at  base  oblique  ori  decurrent  on  the  pedicel.  Dilated 
bases  of  the  filaments  adnate  to  the  slightly  united  bases  of  the  petals.  Styles 
hairy  below.     Fl.  early  summer. 

A.  vulgaris,  "Willd.  (Common  Thrift.)  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat  or  flattish,  more 
or  less  1-nerved :  scapes  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  bracts  very  obtuse :  calyx  at  base  simply 
decurrent  on  the  pedicel;  the  tube  10-nerved,  hairy  at  least  on  the  stronger  nerves  or 
angles  ;  the  lobes  blunt  or  cuspidate.  —  Statice  Armeria,  L.  Armeria  vulgaris,  viaritima  & 
alpina,  Willd.  Enum.  133.  A.  Lahradorica,  arctica  &  sanguinolenta,  Wallr.  Armer. ;  Boiss. 
in  DC.  A.  andina,  Poepp.,  &  var.  Californica,  Boiss.  1.  c.  —  Through  Arctic  America  to 
Labrador  on  the  Atlantic  and  to  California  on  the  Pacific  coast ;  in  various  forms,  the 
Calif ornian  tall  form  recurrmg  m  Chili  and  Patagonia.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

3.  PLUMB  AG-O,  Tourn.  Lead  wort.  (Latin  name,  from  the  lead-colored 
flowers  of  some  species.)  —  Herbs,  or  rather  woody  plants,  some  of  them  sarmen- 
tose,  and  cult,  in  conservatories  for  the  handsome  Phlox-like  blossoms,  leafy ; 
leaves  with  the  sessile  base  or  that  of  petiole  commonly  auriculate-clasping  ;  the 
flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.  Calyx  valvate  and  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Glands  of  the  calyx  stipitate.  —  Species  mainly  tropical. 
P.  soandens,   L.      Suffrutescent,  decumbent  or   climbing,    much  branched:    branches 

sulcate-striate':  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  not  auricled  at  base:  calyx  with  5  hooked  teeth: 

corolla  white.  —Boiss.  in~  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  692.     P.  Floridana,  Nutt.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  v.  290. 

—  S.  Florida  :  perhaps  introduced  from  W.  Ind.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

C-iDER   LXXXI.   PRIMULACE^. 

Herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  regular  and  symmetrical  perfect  flowers,  remarkable 
for  having  the  stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite 
them  (inserted  on  the  tube  or  base),  and  a  1 -celled  ovary  surmounted  by  an  un- 
divided style  and  stigma,  and  containing  few  or  numerous  (mostly  amphitropous) 
ovules,  sessile  on  a  free  central  placenta.  Calyx  and  corolla  hypogynous,  except 
in  Samolus,  in  which  they  cohere  below  with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  But  Glaux, 
with  a  partly  colored  calyx,  is  apetalous  and  the  stamens  perigynous  ;  Coris  (which 
belongs  to  the  Old  World)  has  irregular  calyx  and  corolla  ;  and  rudiments  of  a 
second  series  of  stamen's  (staminodia)  appear  in  Samolus  and  Steironema.  Sub- 
mersed leaves  pinnately  divided,  and  the  ovules  anatropous  in  Hottonia.  Flowers 
4-8-merous,  commonly  5-merous.  Calyx  usually  persistent,  and  the  lobes  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Anthers  introrse.  Fruit  capsular.  Seeds  with  copious 
fleshy  albumen  and  a  small  straight  embryo. 
Tribe  I.  HOTTONIE^E.    Ovary  wholly  free  :  ovules  fixed  by  the  base,  anatropous. 

Aquatic  :  immersed  leaves  pectinate. 
1    HOTTONIA.  •  Corolla  short-salverform ;  limb   5-parted,  the  lobes   imbricated  in  the 

"  bud.     Capsule  globular,  more  or  less  5-valved,  many-seeded.     Flowers  verticillate  and 


racemose. 


Tribe  II.    PRIMULE^.     (PrmuZece  &  Xr/smac/uecE,  Benth.  &  Hook.)    Ovary  wholly 
free  :  ovules  fixed  by  the  middle,  amphitropous  or  half-anatropous. 


56  PRIMULACE^. 

*  Scapigerous  or  tufted :  flowers  chiefly  5-merou8,  umbellate  or  solitary :  capsule  dehis- 

cent (at  least  at  the  apex)  by  valves:  lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  (or  sometimes 
partly  convolute)  in  the  bud. 

•i—  Stamens  exserted,  connivent  in  a  cone,  monadelplious. 

2.  DODECATHEON.  Corolla  5-parted  with  very  short  tube,  and  dilated  thickened 
throat;  the  long  and  narrow  divisions  (with  the  calyx-lobes  in  flower)  reflexed.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla :  filaments  short  and  flat,  monadelphous  (but  sepa- 
rable above  in  age) :  anthers  lanceolate  or  linear.  Style  fihform,  exserted  :  stigma  small. 
Placenta  columnar,  many-seeded. 

•i—  -h-  Stamens  included,  distinct,  with  short  filaments  and  short  and  blunt  anthers :  corolla 
salverform  or  f unnelform. 

3.  PRIMULA.  Corolla  with  tube  surpassing  or  at  least  equalling  the  calyx,  and  spreading 
mostly  obcordate  or  eraarginate  lobes.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  many-seeded.  Leaves  all 
radical. 

4.  DOUGL ASIA.  Corolla  with  tube  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx,  somewhat  inflated 
above ;  tlie  throat  more  or  less  contracted  and  5-formicate  beneath  the  sinuses ;  lobes 
entire.  Style  filiform.  Ovary  5-ovuled.  Capsule  tm-binate,  1-2-seeded.  Leaves  im- 
bricated or  crowded  on  tufted  stems. 

5.  ANDROSACE.  Corolla  short ;  its  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  the  throat  constricted. 
Style  mostly  short.     Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  or  few.     Flowers  small. 

*  *   Leafy-stemmed :  corolla  rotate  or  somewhat  so,  and  the  divisions  convolute  or  some- 

times involute  in  the  bud,  in  Glaux  none :  leaves  entire. 

-1—  Capsule  dehiscent  vertically  by  valves  or  irregularly,  mostly  globose. 

6.  TRIENTALIS.  Flowers  7-merous  (rarely  5-6- or  8-merous.  Corolla  completely  rotate, 
without  a  tube,  deeply  parted  ;  the  divisions  convolute  in  the  bud,  ovate  to  lanceolate  and 
pointed.  Filaments  long  and  filiform,  united  at  their  insertion  into  a  very  short  ring : 
anthers  linear,  recurving  when  old.  Style  filiform.  Leaves  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
simple  stem. 

7.  STEIRONEMA.  Flowers  5-merous.  Corolla  rotate,  with  no  proper  tube,  deeply  parted, 
and  the  sinuses  rounded ;  the  divisions  ovate,  cuspidate-pointed,  erose-denticulate  above,  each 
separately  involute  or  convolute  around  its  stamen  !  Filaments  distinct  or  nearly  so  on  the 
ring  at  the  base  of  the  corolla :  anthers  linear  and  arcuate  in  age,  nearly  as  in  Trientalis: 
sterile  filaments  (staminodia)  5,  interposed  between  the  fertilje  ones,  subulate.  Capsule 
10-20-seeded.  Flowers  nodding  on  the  slender  peduncles.  Leaves  opposite,  destitute  of 
dots.     Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud.  v  "- 

8.  LYSIMACHIA.  Flowers  5-merous  (or  casually  6-7-merous).  >  Corolla  rotate  (or  short 
funnelform  in  some  foreign  species)  ;  the  divisions  entire,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Filaments 
more  commonly  monadelphous  at  base :  anthers  oblong  or  oval.  No  statninodia  or  ves- 
tige of  sterile  stamens.  Capsule  few-several-seeded.  Herbage  commonly  glandular-dotted. 
Stems  leafy  throughout.     Calyx  lightly  imbricated  or  valvate  in  the  bud. 

9.  GLAUX.  Flowers  5-merous.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  with  5  petaloid  lobes,  which  are 
imbricated  in  the  bud  and  equal  the  campanulate  tube.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  calyx, 
alternate  with  its  lobes  :  filaments  slender :  anthers  cordate-ovate.  Style  filiform  :  stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  5-valved  at  apex,  few-seeded.  Leafy  throughout :  leaves  mainly  oppo- 
site :  nearly  sessile  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils. 

+_  ^_  Globose  capsule  circumscissile,  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid  :  seeds  numerous. 

10.  ANAGALLIS.  Corolla  completely  rotate,  5-parted;  tlie  rounded  lobes  convolute  in 
the  bud,  exceeding  the  5-parted  calyx.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  corolla :  filaments 
bearded  or  pubescent :  anthers  broadly  oblong.  . 

1 1.  CENTUNCULUS.  Corolla  with  a  globular  tube  and  a  4-5-lobed  limb,  shorter  than 
the  calyx  ;  lobes  acute.  Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  filaments  short  and  subulate, 
beardless  :  anthers  ovate  or  cordate. 

Tribe  III.  SAMOLE^.  Ovary  connate  at  base  with  the  base  of  the  calyx  :  ovules 
as  in  the  preceding  tribe. 

12.  SAMOLUS.  Flowers  5-merous.  Corolla  perigynous,  nearly  campanulate  ;  the  rounded 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Fertile  stamens  5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  with  short 
filaments  and  cordate  anthers.  Staminodia  or  sterile  filaments  5  in  the  sinuses  of  the 
corolla,  or  in  one  species  wanting.  Style  short  or  slender :  stigma  obtuse  or  capitate. 
Capsule  ovate  or  globular,  5-valved  at  the  apex,  many-seeded.  Caulescent,  alternate- 
leaved,  with  racemose  flowers. 


Dodecatheon.  PRIMULACE.E.  57 

1.  H0TT6NIA,  L.  Featherfoil.  (In  memory  of  Prof.  Peter  Hotton  of 
Leyden.)  —  Rooting,  often  floating,  glabrous,  branching,  with  air-bearing  fistulous 
stems  and  peduncles.  Sepals  linear.  Corolla  white.  Filaments  short.  Stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  membranaceous.  Flowers  dimorphous  in  the  manner  of 
Primula  in  the  European  species,  the  earlier  cleistogamous  in  the  following. 

H.  inJBlata,  Ell.  Leafy  stems  and  especially  the  internodes  of  the  emersed  flowering  ones 
or  peduncles  much  inflated  (the  latter  often  as  thick  as  fingers)  :  proper  leaves  dissected 
,  into  long  and  numerous  filiform  divisions ;  whorled  bracts  linear  or  spatulate,  entire,  a 
quarter  incli  long,  mostly  exceeding  the  pedicels :  corolla  only  a  line  or  two  long,  with 
short  lobes  as  well  as  tube,  not  equalling  the  calyx ;  the  throat  open :  style  short.  —  Sk. 
i.  231 ;  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  120.  H.  palustris,  Pursh,  &c.,  not  L.  —  Shallow  water,  Massachusetts 
to  Louisiana  :  fl.  summer. 

2.  DODECATHEON,  L.  Shooting  Star,  Amer.  Cowslip.  (Fan- 
ciful name,  from  Sco'fisxa  and  Oeoi.,  twelve  gods ;  the  specific  name  of  the  original 
and,  as  we  suppose,  the  only  species  commemorates  Dr.  Richard  Mead,  and  was 
given  as  generic  by  Catesby.)  —  Flowers,  few  or  numerous  in  an  umbel,  termi- 
nating a  naked  scape,  in  late  spring  or  summer,  handsome,  resembling  the  solitary 
flower  of  Cyclame7i:  corolla  from  pink-purple  to  white.  Calyx  erect  in  fruit, 
enclosing  the  lower  part  of  the  ovoid  or  fusiform  crustaceous  capsule. 

D.  Meadia,  L.  Perennial  herb,  with  fibrous  roots:  leaves  crowded  on  a  thickish  crown, 
generally  spatulate-oblong  or  oblanceolate  and  entire  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  repand, 
obtuse,  below  tapering  into  more  or  less  of  a  margined  petiole,  in  the  typical  or  Atlantic 
form  3  to  9  inches  long ;  while  the  scape  is  from  a  span  to  2  feet  higli ;  and  the  flowers 
from  few  to  many  in  the  umbel :  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear  or  subulate,  small :  pedicels 
slender  and  nodding  with  the  flowers,  erect  in  fruit.  (Flower  rarely  4-merous.)  —  ilfeacfta, 
Catesb.  Car.  iii.  t.  1 ;  Ehret,  PI.  Sel.  t.  12.  D.  Meadia  &  D.  integrifoUum,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  123. 
D.  integrifoUiun,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3622.  Dianthus  Car oUnianus,  Walt.  Car.  140. —The 
Atlantic  plant,  in  moist  and  sliaded  grounds,  Michigan  and  Penn.,  and  through  the  upper 
country  to  Georgia,  thence  to  Arkansas  and  Texas.  Westward  the  species  extends  to 
California  and  Behring  Straits,  under  very  various  forms  and  varieties,  which  may  be 
generally  classified  as  follows  (after  Bot.  Calif,  i.  467) ;  the  Pacific  forms  generally  having 
shorter  or  blunter  anthers  than  the  Atlantic  or  typical  D.  Meadia,  L. 

Var.  brevifoliiun.  Leaves  from  obovate  or  ovate  to  broadly  spatulate,  half  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  half  long,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  petiole ;  scape  3  to  12  inches  high,  few- 
many-flowered  :  capsule  seldom  exceeding  the  minutely  glandular  calyx.  —  D.  ellipticum, 
Nutt.  ex  Durand,  PI.  Pratt,  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser.  ii.  95.  D.  integri/olium,  Benth.  PI. 
Hartw.  322.  —  Common  in  W.  California.  Forms  nearly  answering  to  this,  or  larger-leaved, 
occur  in  Arkansas,  Kentucky,  and  Pennsylvania. 

Var.  lancifolium.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  elongated-spatulate,  3  to  10  inches  long, 
the  short  margined  petiole  included,  quite  entire,  mucronate :  pedicels  and  calyx  commonly 
minutely  glandular ;  lobes  of  the  latter  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  nearly  equalling 
the  short-ovoid  cajisule.  —  D.  Jaffrayi  of  the  English  gardens.  — Wet  mountain  meadows 
of  California,  especially  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Var.  alpiniini.  Like  diminutive  forms  of  the  preceding,  with  shorter  as  well  as 
smaller  leaves  (half  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long) :  scape  2  to  10  inches  long,  1-4- 
flowered  :  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous.  —  High  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  macrocarpum.  A  large  and  stout  form,  emulating  the  conmion  Atlantic 
plant:  leaves  thickish  (rarely  laciniate-toothed),  tapering  gradually  into  a  rather  short 
petiole  :  capsule  oblong  or  even  fusiform,  6  to  9  lines  long,  about  double  the  length  of  the 
narrow  calyx-lobes.  —  W.  California  to  Alaska. 

Var.  frigidum.  Leaves  from  obovate  to  oblong,  very  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  an  inch 
or  two  in  length,  with  short  or  long  and  slender  petiole :  scape  a  span  or  two  high,  few- 
several-flowered :  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube,  from  broadly  lanceolate  to 
almost  ovate,  shorter  than  the  oblong  capsule.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5871;   Wats.  Bot. 


58  PRIMULACE.E.  Primula. 

King,  214.  D.frigidum,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  in  Linn.  i.  217;  Seem.  Bot.  Herald,  38,  t.  9.— 
Behring  Straits  (both  sides  and  islands)  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  high  Sierras. 
■  Var.  latilobuun.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  or  oval,  repand  or.  undulate-toothed,  long- 
petioled  :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  1-several-flowered  :  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  triangular- 
ovate,  not  longer  than  the  tube,  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  capsule.  —  Var.  frigi- 
dum,  Watson,  I.e.,  in  part.  D.dentatum,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  1191  —Cascade  Mountains,  British 
Columbia  or  Washington  Terr,  to  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah. 

3.  PRiMULA,  L.  Primrose.  (Late  Latin,  from  primula  verts,  the  first 
in  spring,  i.  e.  to  blossom.)  —  Plowers  in  some  species,  but  not  in  others,  dimor- 
phous, i.e.  in  different  individuals  either  with  elongated  style  and  low-inserted 
stamens,  or  with  short  included  style  and  stamens  inserted  high  in  the  throat, 
so  that  the  tips  of  the  anthers  show  in  the  orifice  of  the  corolla.  Few  N.  Amer- 
ican species  of  this  large  Old  World  genus,  and  none  of  the  True  Primrose  or 
Cowslip  set,  with  thin  rugose-veiny  leaves.  All  perennials,  chiefly  with  fibrous 
roots  from  a  short  crown :  ours  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

*  Flowers  small;  the  tube  of  the  salverform  corolla  not  over  2  or  3  lines  long  and  little  surpassing 
the  calyx  ;  lobes  obcordate ;  throat  with  more  or  less  of  a  callous  dug  or  processes.  Species 
passing  into  each  other,  probably  reducible  to  two. 

P.  farinosa,  L.  More  or  less  white  mealy  on  the  leaves,  calyx,  &c.,  at  least  when  young : 
leaves  from  cuneate-lanceolate  to  obovate-oblong  or  spatulate,  denticulate,  an  inch  or  less 
long,  tapering  into  a  short  margined  petiole  :  scape  3  to  9  inches  high  :  umbel  few-several- 
flowered,  close  :  pedicels  seldom  equalling  the  flower,  sometimes  very  short :  corolla  from 
flesh-color  to  lilac,  with  yellowish  eye ;  the  lobes  cuneate-obcordate,  rather  distant  at  base, 
2  or  3  lines  long.  Varies  with  mealiness  sparing  or  deciduous.  —  Fl.  Dan.  1. 125;  Curt. 
Lond.  ii.  21 ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  6.  P.  Scotica,  Hook,  in  Curt.  Lond.  iv.  1. 133 ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2608, 
form  with  almost  capitate  umbel. — Labrador,  Nova  Scotia  and  Maine,  Lake  Superior, 
Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  northward,  through  Arctic  America.  (Antarctic  Amer., 
Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

P.  Mistassinica,  Michx.  Green,  without  mealiness  or  with  mere  traces  of  it,  small 
and  slender :  leaves  half  inch  long,  with  or  without  a  short  petiole,  spatulate  or  obovate, 
repand  or  toothed  :  scape  2  to  5  inches  high,  1-8-flowered :  lobes  of  the  flesh-colored  corolla 
from  broadly  to  narrowly  obcordate,  1^  or  2  lines  long.  —  Fl.  i.  124;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  137; 
Lehm.  Prim.  63,  t.  7 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2973 ;  Gray,  Man.  314.  P.  stricta,  Hornem.  Fl. 
Dan.  1. 1385.  P.  Hornemanmana,  Lehm.  1.  c.  55.  P.  pusilla.  Hook,  in  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour.  vi. 
322,  t.  11,  Exot.  Fl.  t.  68,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3030;  Sweet,  Br.  Fl.  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  5.  — Wet 
banks  and  shores,  N.  New  England  and  New  York  to  Lake  Superior  and  N.  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  the  Arctic  Sea.     (Greenland,  N.  Eu.) 

P.  borealis,  Duby.  Between  the  preceding  and  the  next :  very  slender :  leaves  nearly 
of  the  latter,  but  only  3  to  5  lines  long :  scape  1-5-flowered :  lobes  of  the  purple  corolla 
obhmg,  barely  2  lines  long,  deeply  notched.  —  DC.  Prodr.  viii.  43 ;  Herder  in  Radde,  iv. 
114.  —  Alaska  and  Islands  to  Kotzebue's  Sound,  &c.  (Greenland,  being  apparently  P. 
Eqalikcensis,  Hornem.  Fl.  Dan.  1. 1511.) 

P.  Sibirica,  Jacq.  Green,  not  at  all  mealy :  leaves  round-ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  entire 
or  nearly  so,  a  quarter  to  a  full  inch  long,  slender-petioled :  scape  a  span  higii,  few- 
flowered  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  almost  spur-like  at  base :  lobes  of  the  lilac-colored 
corolla  broadly  and  usually  deeply  obcordate,  3  to  5  lines  long ;  the  throat  broadened.  — 
Misc.  i.  161 ;  Lehm.  Prim.  t.  5 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  121,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3167,  3445 ;  Trautv.  Iraag. 
Fl.  Ross.  t.  30,  mainly.  P.  integrifolia,  Gunner,  ex  Oed.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  188,  not  L.  —  P.  Fin- 
markica,  Jacq.  1.  c. ;  Fries,  Sum.  Scand.  198.— Arctic  Amer.  (Richardson)  to  the  high  N.W. 
coast  and  islands.     (Greenland  to  Kamtschatka.) 

*  *    Flowers  larger:  tube  of  the  corolla  from  3  to  6  lines  long,  the  throat  open  and  unappendaged. 
-)—  Leaves  entire  or  merely  denticulate,  clustered  on  the  short  erect  subterranean  crown. 

P.  angUStifolia,  Torr.  Small:  scape  1 -flowered,  one  or  two  inches  higli,  equalling  the 
lanceolate-spatulate  obtuse  entire  short-petioled  leaves :  involucre  of  one  or  two  minute 
bracts  :  lobes  of  the  Ulac-purple  corolla  obovate,  emarginate  (3  or  4  lines  long) ;  the  tube 


Douglasia.  PRIMULACEiE.  59 

hardly  exceeding  the  narrow  teeth  of  the  oblong  calyx.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  34,  t.  3,  &  ii. 
235.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  James,  &c. 

P.  Parryi,  Gray.  Large,  sometimes  obscurely  puberulent:  leaves  rather  succulent, 
spatulate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  4  to  12  inches  long,  often  denticulate :  scape  a  span  to  a 
foot  high,  5-12-flowered ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  subulate,  much  shorter  than  most  of  the 
pedicels:  calyx  ovoid-campanulate,  glandular,  commonly  reddish;  the  lanceolate-subulate 
lobes  as  long  as  the  tube,  rather  longer  than  the  ovoid  capsule :  corolla  crimson-purple 
with  yellow  eye ;  the  round-obovate  lobes  (about  5  lines  long)  emarginate  or  obcordate  ; 
the  tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  scr.  2,  xxxiv.  257 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King, 
213;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6185.  —  Margins  of  alpine  brooks,  through  the  higher  Rocky 
Mountains  of  Colorado  {Parry,  &c.),  to  those  of  Nevada  and  Arizona.  The  most  showy 
species. 

P  nivalis,  Pall.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  funs  into  much  smaller  forms :  leaves 
from  one  to  6  inches  long,  thickish,  either  entire  or  closely  denticulate :  umbel  2-10- 
flowered :  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate-subulate :  pedicels  usually  short :  calyx-lobes 
oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  oblong  capsule :  corolla  lilac-purple ;  the 
lobes  oblong  or  oval,  entire  (3  or  4  lines  long) ;  the  tube  fuunelforra  and  surpassing  the 
calyx.  —  "  It.  appx.  t.  G,  f .  2,"  ex  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iii.  10 ;  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  in  Linn, 
i.  215;  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  129.  —  Unalaschka  to  Behriiig  Straits  and  St.  Paul's 
Island  ;  chiefly  the  small  form,  var.  pumila,  Ledeb.  1.  c.     (N.  Asia.) 

•1—  -f—  Leaves  more  or  less  cuneate.  coarsely  toothed  around  the  apex  or  sometimes  laciniate,  of  firm 
and  thickish  texture:  bracts  of  the  involucre  subulate:  pedicels  and  deeply  cleft  calyx  obscurely 
glandular. 

P.  CUneifolia,  Ledeb.  Leaves  all  rosulate-clustered  on  the  thick  short  crown,  obovatc- 
cuneate,  coarsely  laciniate-toothed  (3  to  12  lines  long),  mostly  narrowed  at  base  into  a  long 
and  slender  petiole  :  scape  2  to  4  inches  high,  1-several-flowered  :  corolla  purple ;  the  lobes 
deeply  2-cleft  (3  to  5  or  even  6  lines  long),  as  long  as  the  funnelform  tube. -^  Mem.  Acad. 
Petersb.  (1814)  v.  522,  &  Fl.  Ross.  I.e.  P.  saxlfragoefoUa,  Lehm.  Prim.  89,  t.  9;  Cham.  & 
Schlecht.  I.e.  —  Aleutian  Islands  to  Behring  Straits.     (N.  E.  Asia.) 

P.  sufirutescens,  Gray.  Leaves  thickly  crowded  on  ligneous-fleshy  and  tufted  creep- 
ing stems  or  rootstocks  (of  a  span  or  so  in  length),  thick,  cuneate-spatulate,  5-7-toothed  at 
summit,  long-attenuate  below  into  a  margined  petiole :  scape  2  to  4  inches  long,  several- 
flowered  :  corolla  red-purple ;  the  lobes  (three  lines  long)  obovate  and  emarginate  or  slightly 
obcordate,  about  equalling  the  tube.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  370^  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  468. — 
Crevices  of  rocks,  alpine  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

4.  DOUGL  Asia,  Llndl.  (Named  for  David  Douglas,  of  Scotland,  an  inde- 
fatigable explorer  of  N.  W.  Amer.  Botany.)  — Depressed  and  tufted  little  herbs; 
the  stems  branching  or  proliferous,  suffrutescent,  or  at  least  persistent ;  the  leaves 
small,  linear,  imbricated  or  rosulate  on  the  branches,  or  some  of  them  scattered 
and  alternate.  Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat  umbellate,  small.  —  Lindl.  in 
Brande  Jour.  Sci.  1827  (not  1828  as  generally  cited),  383,  &  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1886; 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  371;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  632.  Aretia,  Gaud., 
Koch,  &c.,  not  L.  Gregoria,  Duby,  Bot.  Gall.  1828,  583,  &  DC.  Prodr.  viii.  45, 
as  to  No.  1,  namely  the  D.  Vitaliana,  of  Europe,  which  has  yellow  flowers:  iu 
ours  they  are  rose-purple. 

*  Flowers  umbellate-clustered  from  the  uppermost  ro.sulate  tuft  of  leaves:  tube  of  the  corolla 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

D.  nivalis,  Lindl.  Canescent  with  fine  close  pubescence,  3  or  4  inches  high,  repeatedly 
3-4-chotomous  :  leaves  nearly  all  in  proliferous  rosulate  tufts,  not  ciliate,  ratlier  obtuse, 
3  to  6  lines  long:  lobes  of  the  corolla  oval,  shorter  than  the  tube,  2  lines  long.  — Bot.  Reg. 
t.  1886.  Androsace  linearis,  Graham  in  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour.  July,  1829.  —  Rocky  Mountains, 
in  lat.  52°,  &c.,  at  12,000  feet,  Douglas. 

D.  drctica,  Hook.  Glabrous  :  leaves  ciliate  with  short  and  simple  hairs.  —  Fl.  ii.  120.  D. 
nivalis,  var.  glabra,  Duby,  in  DC.  1.  c.  47.  —  Arctic  seashore  between  the  Mackenzie  and  the 
Coppermine,  Richardson. 


60  PRIMULACE.^.  Douglasia. 

*  *   Flowers  solitary  terminating  the  leafy  slioots  :  tube  of  the  corolla  barely  equalling  the  calyx : 
leaves  more  or  lessimbricated  in  the  manner  of  D.  Vitaliaha. 

D.  montana,  Gray.  Pulvinate-cespitose,  an  inch  or  two  high,  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves 
subulate,  minutely  somewhat  ciliate,  2  lines  long,  somewhat  interruptedly  imbricate-clus- 
tered  :  pedicel  not  longer  than  the  flower,  1-2-bracteolate  near  the  calyx :  corolla-lobes 
cuueate-obovate,  2  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  371.  —  Rocky  Mountains  around 
Helena  City,  Montana,  M.  A.  Brown.     Owl  Creek  Mts.,  Wyoming,  J.  D.  Putnam. 

5.  ANDROSACE,  Tourn.  (Ancient  Greek  name  of  some  sea-plant  or 
zoophyte,  curiously  transferred  to  these  little  plants  of  the  mountains.)  —  Small 
annuals  or  perennials,  of  various  habit,  numerous  in  species  in  the  Old  World, 
few  in  the  colder  regions  of  the  New :  fl.  summer. 

*  Perennials,  proliferously  branched  at  base  and  cespitose :  leaves  rosulate-imbricated  at  the  base 
of  the  many-flowered  scapes :  capsule  usually  few-seeded  :  umbel  several-flowered. 

A.  Chamaejasme,  Host.  Leaves  in  more  or  less  open  rosulate  tufts,  from  lanceolate 
to  oblong-spatulate  or  ovate,  carinate-1-nerved  (.3  to  6  lines  long),  at  least  their  margins 
with  the  scape  (1  to  3  inches  high)  and  somewhat  capitate  umbel  villous  with  many-jointed 
hairs  :  corolla  white  with  yellowish  eye  (3  or  4  lines  in  diameter).  —  Koch,  Syn.  ed.  2,671 ; 
Hook.  Fl.  ii.  119.  A.  carinata,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  30,  t.  1;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard. 
ser.  2,  1. 106.  A.  villosa,  var.  lati/oUa,  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt. ;  Herder,  Bot.  Radde,  iii.  118.  Indeed 
it  may  pass  into  A.  villosa,  L.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado 
northward  to  the  arctic  coast,  Behring  Straits  and  islands.     (N.  E.  Asia  to  Eu.) 

*  *   Annuals,  acaulescent,  with  slender  root,  an  open  rosulate  circle  of  leaves,  and  naked  scapes, 
bearing  an  involucrate  few-many-flowered  umbel:  capsule  many-seeded  :  corolla  white,  small. 

■i—  Calyx-tube  obpyraniidal  in  fruit,  whitish  with  conspicuous  green  teeth,  which  uiostlj'  surpass 

the  capsule. 

A.  occidentalis,  Pursh.     Minutely  pubescent,  not  over  3  inches  high :  radical  leaves 

•  and  those  of  the  conspicuous  involucre  oblong-ovate  or  spatulate,  entire,  sessile :  scapes 
diffuse':  bracts  of  tbe  involucre  ovate  or  oblong:  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular-lanceolate: 
oblong  or  deltoid,  as  long  as  the  tube,  still  longer  in  fruit,  foliaceous :  lobes  of  the  corolla 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Fl.  i.  137 ;  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  118.  —  Banks  of  the  Missouri 
from  the  mountains  down  to  St.  Louis,  and  extending  down  the  Mississippi,  and  into  Illi- 
nois :  also  Utah,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico. 

A.  septentrionalis,  L.  Almost  glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed at  base  (often  into  a  sort  of  winged  petiole),  from  irregularly  denticulate  to  laciniate- 
toothed :  scapes  erect,  usually  numerous,  2  to  10  inches  high  :  bracts  of  the  small  involucre 
subulate  :  umbel  several-many-flowered  :  pedicels  filiform,  mostly  long  :  lobes  of  the  calyx 
mostly  shorter  than  the  tube,  rather  shorter  than  the  obovate  lobes  of  the  corolla,  from 
triangular  to  subulate-lanceolate,  acute. —  Lam.  111.  t.  98,  f.  2;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  7  ;  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  2021.  A.  elongata,  Richards.,  not  L.  A.  linearis,  Graham  in  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour.  1829'?  — 
Rocky  Mountains,  both  high  alpine  (and  small),  and  at  much  lower  elevations.  New  Mexico 
and  Nevada  to  tlie  arctic  sea  coast :  also  N.  W.  coast.     (Kamtschatka  to  Eu. ) 

Var.  subulifera.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  slender-subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube,  surpass- 
ing the  corolla.  —  Rocky  Mountains  near  Boulder  City,  Colorado,  H.  G.  French.  San 
Bernardino,  California,  Pnrry  &  Lemmon. 

H—  -t— '  Calyx-tube  hemispherical  in  fruit ;  the  short  teeth  barely  greenish  and  rather  shorter  than 
the  globularcapsule. 

A.  filiformis,  Retz.  Glabrous:  leaves,  scapes  (1  to  4  inches  high),  and  pedicels  nearly 
as  in  the  preceding  or  more  capillary :  flowers  less  than  a  line  and  globose  capsule  only  a 
line  long:  calyx-teeth  broadly  triangular,  shorter  than  the  very  small  corolla. — Obs.  ii. 
10;  DC.  Prodr.  viii.  53;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  xvii.  t.  69  ;  Gray,  in  Proc.  Acad.  Pliilad.  1863, 
70.  —  Rocky  Mountains,  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Wyoming.     (N.  Asia.) 

6.  TRIENTALIS,  L.  Star-flower,  Chickweed-WinterCxUeen. 
(Latin,  for  the  third  of  a  foot  high.)  —  Low  and  glabrous  perennials ;  the  simple 
st,em,  from  filiform  rootstock  somewhat  tuberous-thickened  at  apex,  bearing  scat- 


Steironema.  PRIMULACEiE.  61 

tered  small  scales  or  small  leaves  below,  and  a  cluster  or  apparent  whorl  of  larger 
leaves  at  summit ;  these  veiny,  entire  or  obscurely  serrulate,  nearly  sessile. 
Peduncles  filiform  in  some  of  the  upper  axils,  one-flowered,  in  spring.  Sepals 
slender,  linear-lanceolate,  united  only  at  base.  Corolla  white  or  pinkish.  Capsule 
with  about  5  re  volute  valves.  Seeds  few,  rather  large,  covered  with  a  white  cel- 
lular-reticulated pellicle,  remaining  for  some  time  fast  on  the  placenta  in  a  globular 
mass.  —  The  following  are  all  the  known  species. 

T.  Americana,  Pursh.  Stem  very  naked  below,  unequally  5-9-lea\'ed  at  summit,  a 
span  high :  leaves  lanceolate,  acumiaate  at  both  ends  :  divisions  of  the  white  corolla  finely 
acuminate. — Bart.  FI.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  t.  47.  T.  Europcea,  Michx.  T.  Europcen,  \a,r.  Ameri- 
cana, Pers.,  &  var.  angustifoUa,  Torr.  Fl.  1.  383. — Damp  woods,  from  Labrador  to  the  Sas- 
katchewan and  the  mountains  of  Virginia. 
T.  Europeea,  L.  Stem  either  naked  or  with  a  few  scattered  leaves  below  the  cluster  of 
obovate  or  lanceolate-oblong  obtuse  or  abruptly  somewhat  pointed  leaves :  divisions  of  the 
white  or  pink  corolla  abruptly  acuminate  or  mucronate.  —  Alaska,  &c.  (Eu.  to  N.  E.  Asia.) 
Var.  arctica,  Ledeb.  Very  like  small  specimens  of  the  Old  World  plant,  2  to  4 
inches  high,  with  obtuse  or  retuse  leaves,  the  larger  barely  an  inch  long,  and  gradually 
decreasing  ones  down  tlie  upper  part  of  the  stem :  corolla  wliite.  —  T.  arctica:,  Fischer  in 
Hook.  Fl.  ii.  121.  T.  Europaa,C\\&m.  Si,  Sclilecht.  —  Mountains  of  Oregon  to  Aleutian 
Islands  and  Behring  Straits. 

Var.  latif olia,  Torr.  Stem  naked  below  in  the  manner  of  T.  Americana ;  the  whorl 
or  cluster  of  4  to  7  oblong-obovate  or  oval  mostly  acute  leaves  (1|  to  4  inches  long),  rarely 
proliferous:  corolla  from  white  to  rose-red. — Pacif.  R.  Exp.  iv.  118;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  469.     T.  latifolia,  Hook.  1.  c.  —  Woods,  W".  California  to  Vancouver's  Island. 

7.  STEIRONl&MA,  Raf.  (From  orehog,  sterile,  and  vrj^a,  thread,  refer- 
ring to  the  presence  of  staminodia  alternating  with  the  'fertile  stamens.)  — 
Leafy-stemmed  perennials,  glabrous  except  the  ciliate  petioles,  destitute  of  glands 
or  dots ;  the  leaves  all  opposite,  but  mostly  in  seeming  whorls  (in  the  manner  of 
Tnentalis)  on  the  flowering  branches  ;  the  slender  peduncles  as  in  Trientalis  ;  so 
also  the  corolla  except  that  it  is  yellow.  Filaments  and  bottom  of  the  corolla 
granulose-glandular.  Fl.  summer.  —  Raf.  in  Ann.  Gen.  Phys.  Bruxelles,  vii.  (1820) 
192;  Baudo  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  2,  xx.  346;  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii. 
62.  Lysimachia  §  Seleucia,  Bigel.  Bost.  ed.  2,  74.  Lysimachia  §  Steironema,  Gray, 
Man.  ed.  1,  283. 

*  Leaves  membranaceous,  pinnately  veined  even  when  linear,  at  least  the  lower  ones  petioled: 
corolla  sulphur-yellow. 

S.  ciliatuxa,  Raf.  Stem  erect,  2  to  4  feet  high,  mostly  simple :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong-ovate,  gradually  acuminate  (5  to  2  inches  long),  and  mostly  with  rounded  or 
subcordate  base,  minutely  ciliate ;  the  long  petioles  hirsutely  ciliate :  corolla  exceeding  the 
calyx,  about  three  quarters  inch  in  diameter.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  I.e.  Lysimachia 
ciliata,  L. ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2922,  &  ed.  Syme,  1. 1543 ;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  xvii.  1. 1086.  L.  quad- 
rifolia,  var.,  L.  Syst.  &  Mant. — Low  grounds  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to  Georgia,  and 
west  to  Br.  Columbia  and  New  Mexico.     (Sparingly  nat.  in  Eu.) 

S.  radicans,  Gray.  Stem  slender  and  branching,  soon  reclined,  the  weak  long  branches 
often  rooting  in  the  mud  :  leaves  smaller  than  in  the  foregoing,  especially  on  the  branches, 
not  at  all  cordate,  not  ciliate,  the  margined  petioles  slightly  so  :  calyx-lobes  broader  (ovate- 
lanceolate)  and  equalling  the  corolla,  which  is  only  a  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  — Liysj- 
machia  radicans.  Hook.  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  177.  — Swamps,  W.  Virginia  to  Arkansas  and 
Louisiana. 

S.  lanceolatum,  Gray.  Stems  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  simple  or  paniculately  branched, 
"somewhat  angled :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long,  tapering  into  a  short 
and  margined  ciliate  petiole  or  attenuated  base  ;  the  radical  and  sometimes  lowest  cauhne 
from  oblong  to  orbicular,  small:  corolla  about  two  thirds  inch  in  diameter;  its  divisions 


62  PRIMULACE^.  Steironema. 

conspicuously  erose  and  cuspidate-acuminate,  slightly  exceeding  the  lanceolate  calyx- 
lobes. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  S.  heterophijlla,  Mni.  I.e.  5.  ./?oriWa,  Baudo,  1.  c,  chiefly.  Ann- 
(jallis  lutea,  &c.,  Pluk.  Aim.  t.  333,  f.  1.  Lysimachia  lanceolata,  Walt.  Car.  92.  L.  hyhrida  & 
heterophyUa,  Michx.  Fi.  i.  126.  L.  ciliaia,  var.,  Chapm.  Fl.  280.  L.  decipiens,  Bertoloni, 
Amcrn.  —  Low  grounds  and  thickets,  western  parts  of  Canada  to  Florida,  and  Nebraska 
to  Louisiana.  Polymorphous  ;  the  extremes  in  the  following  varieties,  the  first  of  which 
verges  to  the  two  preceding  species. 

Var.  h^bridum.  Cauline  leaves  mostly  petioled,  from  oblong  to  broadly  linear.  — 
Lysimachia  lanceolata,  var.  hyhrida,  Graj',  1.  c.  L.  hyhrida,  Michx.  1.  c.  L.  heterophyUa,  Ell., 
Nutt.,  &c.  —  Commoner  northward  and  westward. 

Var.  angustifolium.  Stems  more  branched,  a  span  to  2  feet  high  :  cauline  leaves 
linear,  acute  at  both  ends,  more  sessile,  a  line  or  two  broad.  —  L.  angustifoUa,  Lam.  111. 
i.  440,  not  Michx.  L.  heterophyUa,  Michx.  1.  c.  L.  quadrijlora,  Ell.,  hardly  of  Bot.  Mag.  — 
The  more  marked  form  mainly  southward. 

*  *  Leaves  of  firmer  texture  and  nearly  veinless,  mainly  sessile :  corolla  deeper  3'ellow. 
S.  longifolium,  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous  :  stems  simple  or  very  sparingly  branched,  slender, 
quadrangular,  a  foot  or  more  high :  cauline  leaves  all  narrowly  linear  and  sessile,  mostly 
obtuse  (2  to  4  inches  long,  1|  to  2|  lines  wide),  lucid,  the  midrib  prominent  beneath,  the 
margins  narrowly  revolute :  corolla  three  fourths  inch  wide ;  the  divisions  somewhat  ob- 
'  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  S.  longifolia  1  &  S.  revoluta,  Raf .  1.  c.  Lysimachia  quadrijlora, 
Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  600,  inappropriate  name.  L.  longifolia,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  135  (at  least  chiefly) ; 
Duby  in  DC.  1.  c.  (excl.  habitat  Carol.) ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  273 ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  10.  L. 
revoluta,  Nutt.  Gen.  I.e.  L.  angustifoUa,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  not  Lam.  — Banks  of  streams, 
Lake  Winnipeg  to  Niagara,  and  Wisconsin  to  W.  Virginia ;  apparently  not  farther  south.. 

8.  LYSIMACHIA,  Tourn.  Loosestrife.  (Inhonoroi  King  Lysimachus, 
or  from  Xvoig,  release  from,  [Aa/j],  strife.)  —  A  genus  of  wide  distribution,  but 
very  few  species  in  America,  and  these  rather  polymorphous.  Ours  are  perennials  ; 
fl.  summer. 

§  1.  Lysimachia  proper.  Corolla  yellow,  strictly  rotate,  and  deeply  parted, 
with  hardly  any  tube,  and  no  teeth  between  the  lobes :  stamens  more  or  less  mon- 
adelphous  at  Ijase,  often  unequal  in  length:  leaves  opposite  or  verticillate,  or 
some  abnormally  alternate. 

#  Flowers  (middle-sized)  in  a  tenninal  and  naked  thyrsoid  panicle:  corolla  destitute  of  dots  and 
colored  streaks :  ovules  rather  numerous. 

L.  Fraseri,  Duby.  Almost  glabrous:  stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  sulcate-angled :  leaves  in 
whorls  of  3  or  4,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acutely  acuminate  (3  to  5  inches  long),  more 
or  less  reddish-dotted,  mostly  acute  at  base,  very  short-petioled  ;  tlie  upper  smaller  and 
commonly  only  opposite:  panicle  many -flowered,  minutely  glandular:  bracts  small  and 
subulate :  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  valvate  in  the  bud,  margined  by  a  nai-- 
row  reddish  line,  moderately  shorter  than  the  obovate  obtuse  divisions  of  the, corolla: 
glandular  filaments  somewhat  unequal,  united  into  a  cup  at  base:  anthers  narrowly 
oblong,  arcuate  in  age.  —  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  65.  L.  lanceolata,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  729,  ex  char.,  not 
Walt.  — S.  Carolina  (Catesby  in  herb.  Sherard,  and  Fraser  in  herb.  DC);  Columbus, 
Georgia,  Boykin ;  Lookout  Mountain,  Tennessee,  Dr.  Allen.  A  striking  and  rare  species, 
of  the  L.  vulgaris  section,  most  related  to  L.  Dahurica  of  N.  E.  Asia. 

*  *  Flowers  (small)  in  a  virgate  terminal  raceme  or  in  the  upper  axils  :  stem  erect:  leaves  punc- 
tate with  pellucid  and  at  length  dark-colored  dots:  corolla  dark-dotted  or  streaked;  the  divisions 
longer  than  the  narrow  lanceolate  sepals :  filaments  conspicuously  monadelphous  at  base  and 
glandular,  unequal:  anthers  barely  oblong:  capsule  1-5-seeded,  sometimes  10-i5-ovuled. — 
Tndynifi,  Raf.  I.  c.    L.  §  Cassandra,  Bigel.  1.  c. 

L.  quadrifolia,  L.  Stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  simple,  leafy  throughout,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  sometimes  of  3,  5,  or  6,  rarely  only  in  pairs  or  partly  scattered, 
oblong-lanceolate  or  the  lower  ovate,  more  or  less  acuminate  (1  to  3  inches  long),  equal, 
and  with  flowers  on  filiform  pedicels  from  most  of  the  upper  axils,  or  sometimes  the  upper 
reduced  to  f  oliaceous  bracts  and  the  flowers  loosely  racemose :  divisions  of  the  corolla 


Anagallis.  PRIMULACEiE.  63 

ovate-oblong  (2  lines  long) :  ovules  10  to  18.  — L.  Spec.  i.  147  (not  of  Syst.  Veg.,  where  it  is 
confounded  with  L.  ciliata,  L.)  ;  Lam.  111.  t.  101,  f.  2.  L.  lutea,  &c.,  Pluk.  Amalth.  t.  48, 
f.  3.  L.  punctata,  Walt.  L.  hirsuta,  Michx.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  New  Brunswick  and 
Canada  to  Wisconsin  and  Georgia. 

L.  asperulaef olia,  Poir.  A  foot  or  more  high,  mostly  glabrous :  leaves  in  whorls  of  3 
or  4,  or  some  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  broad  closely  sessile  base,  3-5-ribbed,  glau- 
cous beneath,  an  inch  or  so  in  length  ;  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts  of  a  small  leafy-bracted 
raceme  :  pedicels  not  longer  tlian  the  flowers :  divisions  of  the  corolla  lanceolate,  3  or  4 
lines  long.  — Diet.  Suppl.  iii.  477  (wrongly  said  to  come  from  Egypt) ;  Duby  in  DC.  I.e. 
L.  Herhemonti,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  232;  Chapm.  1.  c  — Pine  woods,  N.  Carolina  to  Georgia. 

L.  striata,  Ait.  A  foot  or  two  high,  glabrous,  soon  branched,  very  leafy  ;  the  axils 
bearing  fascicles  of  small  leaves  or  sometimes  torose  bulblets :  leaves  opposite  and  occa- 
sionally alternate,  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  nearly  veinless;  the  upper  mostly 
abruptly  reduced  to  linear  or  subulate  bracts  of  a  long  and  closely  many-flowered  virgate 
raceme :  pedicels  filiform,  longer  than  the  flowers  :  divisions  of  the  corolla  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  3  lines  long.  —  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  1,  i.  199.  L.  vulgaris,  Walt.  Car.  92.  L.  racemosa, 
Lam.;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  128.  L.  hulbifera,  Curt.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  104.  Viscum  terrestre,  L.  Spec! 
ii.  1023,  bulbiferous  and  flowerless.  —  Wet  ground,  Newfoundland  to  Saskatchewan  and 
Upper  Georgia. 

Var.  producta,  Gray,  with  a  long  and  loose  foliaceous-bracted  raceme,  gradually 
passing  into  ordinary  leaves  subtending  filiform  pedicels  :  flowers  rather  larger.  —  L.  race- 
mosa, Michx.  1.  c.  (.herb.),  in  part.  —New  York  and  Michigan. 

Var.  angustifolia,  Chapm.  Leaves  all  narrowly  lanceolate  and  linear,  a  line  or 
two  broad  :  raceme  rather  few  flowered.  —  L.  angustifolia,  Michx.  1.  c.  L.  Loomisii,  Torr.  in 
Croom,  Cat.  PI.  Newbern,  46.  —  Low  country,  N.  Carolina  to  Georgia. 

*   *   *    Flowers  (rather  large),  solitary  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves:  corolla  not  dark-dotted  nor 
streaked :  filaments  slightly  monadelphous  at  base. 

L.  nummulAria,  L.  (Moneywort.)  Glabrous:  stems  prostrate  and  creeping:  leaves 
orbicular,  short-petioled :  sepals  cordate-ovate,  valvate  and  reduplicate  in  the  bud,  nearly 
equalling  the  corolla.  Sparingly  naturalized,  escaped  from  gardens  into  moist  grounds 
in  N.  Atlantic  States.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  Naumburgia.  Corolla  with  hardly  any  tube  deeply  5-  (or  even  6-7-) 
parted  into  linear  divisions  (light  yellow  and  somewhat  purplish-dotted),  and  with 
a  small  tooth  interposed  in  each  sinus :  filaments  distinct,  slender,  equal  :  leaves 
opposite,  those  at  the  base  of  the  stem  reduced  to  scales.  —  Naumburgia,  Moench. 
Thyrsanthiis,  Schrank. 

L.  thyrsiflora,  L.  Glabrous  or  becoming  so  :  stem  a  foot  or  two  lugh  from  a  slender 
rootstock,  naked  below :  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  :  peduncles  only  from  2  or  3  pairs  of 
lower  axils,  much  shorter  than  the  leaf,  bearing  several  or  numerous  small  flowers  in  a 
dense  head  or  oblong  spike:  capsule  glandular-dotted,  few-seeded.  — Engl.  Bot.  t.  176; 
Fl.  Dan.  t.  517.  L.  capitata,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  135.  —  Wet  bogs,  Pennsylvania  to  Canada  and 
northward,  thence  west  to  Oregon  and  Alaska.     (Eu.  to  Japan.) 

9.  G-LiAUX,  Tourn.  Sea-Milkwort.  {From  yXav-xog,  sea-green.)  —  Single 
species.     Flowers  dimorphous  as  to  reciprocal  length  of  filaments  and  style. 

G.  IQaritima,  L.  A  somewhat  succulent  little  herb,  glabrous  and  glaucous  or  pale, 
perennial  b}'  slender  running  rootstocks  :  stems  a  span  or  less  higji,  erect  or  spreading, 
very  leafy  :  leaves  from  oval  to  oblong-linear,  a  quarter  to  half  inch  long,  entire,  sessile : 
calyx-lobes  oval,  purplish  or  white.  —  Salt  marshes  along  both  sea-coasts,  from  New  Eng- 
land and  from  California  northward ;  also  in  the  interior  west  of  the  Mississippi,  in  sub- 
saline  soil:  fl.  summer.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

10.  ANAG-ALLIS,  Tourn.  Pimpernf.l.  (Ancient  Greek  name,  prob- 
ably from  dva,  again,  and  aydllo),  to  delight  in.)  —  Low  herbs,  mainly  annuals 
and  of  the  Old  World,  one  indigenous  to  Chili,  one  widely  naturalized  round  the 


64  PRIMULACE.E.  Anagallis. 

world :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  the  entire  leaves,  middle- 
sized  or  small,  in  summer. 

A.  ARVENSis,  L.  Annual,  glabrous  :  stems  spreading :  leaves  ovate,  sessile  (half  to  a  full 
inch  long,  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels),  opposite,  in  threes,  or  sometimes  the  uppermost 
alternate:  calyx-lobes  narrow,  nearly  equalling  the  red,  purple,  or  blue  (rarely  white) 
corolla;  the  divisions  of  which  are  minutely  denticulate  or  glandular-ciliate.— Waste 
grounds,  especially  in  sandy  soil,  naturalized  both  on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coast.  (Eu., 
Asia,  Afr.)  ' 

11.  CENTtyNCULUS,  Dill.  Chaffweed.  (The  meaning  obscure.) — 
Very  small  glabrous  annuals,  with  mainly  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary  incon- 
spicuous flowers  in  their  axils,  in  summer. 

C.  minimus,  L.  Stems  ascending,  2  to  6  inches  long,  slender :  leaves  ovate,  obovate,  or 
in  ours  often  spatulate-oblong,  contracted  or  tapering  at  base  (2  or  3  lines  long),  all  but 
the  lowest  sessile:  flowers  nearly  or  quite  sessile  in  the  axils,  4-merous,  sometimes  5- 
merous:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  fully  equalling  the  capsule.  —  Fl.  Dan.  1. 177  ; 
Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  xvii.  1082  ;  Fl.  Bras.  Prim.  t.  23.  C.  lanceolatus,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  93.  —  Low 
grounds,  Illinois  to  Florida  and  Texas  (wanting  in  N.  E.  States),  and  west  to  Oregon. 
(Eu.,  S.  Amer.) 

12.  SAMOLiUS,  Tovmi.  Brookweed,  Water-Pimpehnkl.  (Celtic,  name, 
according  to  Piiny,  the  meaning  unexplained.)  —  Low  and  glabrous  herbs ;  with 
alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in  simple  or  panicled  racemes ; 
in  summer.  One  species  cosmopolite  ;  most  of  the  others  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere.    Ours  either  annual  or  perennial,  with  fibrous  roots. 

S.  Valerandi,  L.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  branching  from  the  base,  leafy  up  to  the 
raceme:  leaves  obovate,  thinnish ;  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  pedicels  ascending, 
bracteate,  1-bracteolate  near  the  middle :  calyx  adherent  to  the  middle  of  the  ovary  and 
capsule ;  the  lobes  ovate,  half  the  length  of  the  short-campanulate  corolla ;  this  only  a 
line  long,  the  sinuses  bearing  inflcxed  sterile  filaments.  —  Engl.  Bot.  t.  703.— Near  Philadel- 
phia, &c. ;  introduced  in  ballast.     (Eu.,  Afr.,  Asia.) 

Var.  Americanus,  Gray.  More  branched  with  age,  becoming  slender  and  diffuse, 
with  elongating  and  loose  paniculate  racemes  of  mostly  smaller  flowers  on  more  filiform 
and  spreading  pedicels  :  capsules  sometimes  one-half  smaller.  —  Man.  ed.  2,  274,  &c.  S.JIo- 
ribundiis,  HBK. ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  fee  — Wet  places,  especially  along  brooks,  N.  Canada 
to  Florida,  Texas,  Oregon,  and  California.     (Mex.,  S.  Amer.) 

S-  ebracteatus,  HBK.  Leafy  stems  short :  leaves  fleshy,  obovate,  spatulate,  or  oblong- 
oblanceolate,  the  lower  tapering  into  a  winged  petiole  and  decurrent:  racemes  long- 
peduncled  or  as  if  on  a  scape  (a  span  or  two  high)  :  pedicels  without  bract  or  bractlet : 
calyx  almost  5-parted,  adherent  only  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  capsule :  corolla  oblong- 
campanulate  (about  2  lines  long),  with  tube  longer  than  the  lobes  :  sterile  filaments  none. 
—  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  ii.  22.3,  t.  129;  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  u.  236;  Chapm.  Fl.  282.  S. 
longipes,  Hook,  ex  Shuttleworth  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1845,  222.  Samodia  ebracteata,  Baudo  in  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  ser.  2,  xx.  350.  —  Saline  and  brackish  soil,  Florida  to  Texas  and  Upper  Arkansas. 
(Mex.,  W.  Ind.) 

Order  LXXXIT.   MYRSINACEiE. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  the  floral  characters  of  PrimulacecB,  i.  e.  stamens  of  the 
number  of  the  petals  or  corolla-lobes  and  opposite  them,  undivided  style  and 
stigrna,  and  a  one-celled  ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta,  bearing  few  or 
numerous  peltate  amphitropous  ovules.  These  are  generally  immersed  in  the 
placenta,  and  only  one  usually  matures  into  a  seed.     This  is  globose,  with  a  thin 


Ardisia.  MYRSINACE^.  65 

coat,  and  a  copious  cartilaginous  albumen.  The  fruit  is  pea-shaped,  usually  dry- 
drupaceous,  never  capsular.  Leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate,  without  stipules, 
commonly  marked  with  some  immersed  dots  or  short  lines,  containing  at  first 
pellucid  but  at  length  dark  resinous  matter  ;  these  also  appearing  in  the  flower, 
especially  in  the  corolla.  (There  are  similar  dots  or  lines  in  Lysimachia,  of  the 
preceding  order.)  No  milky  juice.  Flowers  small  and  the  corolla  short,  rotate 
or  campanulate.  — A  tropical  order,  sparingly  reaching  the  southern  borders  of 
the  United  States. 

Tribe  I.  MYRSINE^.  Calyx  perfectly  free.  No  staminodia.  Ovules  usually  im- 
mersed in  the  fleshy  placenta,  only  one  maturing  into  a  seed  which  fiJls  the  cavity 
of  the  fruit. 

^  ■  .^YRSINE.  Flowers  mostly  polygamo-dioecious,  in  axillary  or  lateral  fascicles.  Corolla 
4-5-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Anthers  short  and  usually  blunt. 

2,  ARDISIA.  Flowers  in  panicles,  either  terminal  or  from  the  upper  axils.  Corolla  rotate, 
&-  (rarely  4-6-)  parted ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud,  or  sometimes  one  wholly  exterior. 
Anthers  lanceolate-sagittate,  pointed;  the  cells  dehiscent  from  the  apex  downward. 

Tribe  II.  THEOPHRASTE.E.  Calyx  perfectly  free.  Staminodia  or  sterile  sta- 
mens in  the  throat  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolia.  Ovules  numerous,  not  immersed 
in  the  placenta,  maturing  few  or  numerous  seeds. 

3.  JACQUINIA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  lobes  rounded  and  much  imbricated.  Corolla  short- 
saiverform  or  campanulate ;  lobes  rounded,  imbricated  in  the  bud  :  a  rounded  petaloid 
appendage  (representing  a  sterile  stamen  of  the  outer  series)  in  each  sinus.  Stamens  5 
inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  filaments  subulate :  anthers  oblong  or 
ovate,  extrorsely  dehiscent.  Fruit  ovoid  or  globose,  leathery,  pointed  with  the  base  of 
the  style.  Seeds  few,  imbedded  in  the  mucilage  of  the  placenta.  Embryo  with  ovate 
cotyledons  and  slender  radicle. 

1.  MYRSlNE,  L.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  Myrtle.)  —  Shrubs  or 
trees  ;  with  glabrous  coriaceous  leaves,  small  whitish  flowers,  and  small  dry  berry- 
like fruits. 

M.  Rapanea,  Roem.  «&  Schlilt.  Shrub  or  small  tree :  leaves  thickish  (2  inches  or 
more  long),  oblong-obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole: 
flowers  sessUe  or  nearly  so  in  numerous  small  sessile  clusters ;  the  cluster  in  age  raised 
on  a  short  scaly-imbricated  axis  or  spur:  flowers  5-merous :  drupe  2  lines  in  diameter, 
obscurely  pedicelled.  —  Syst.  iv.  509  (following  indication  of  11.  Br.  Prodr.) ;  A.DC.  Prodr. 
viii.  97  ;  Miq.  in  Fl.  Bras.  ix.  307,  t.  50-52.  M.floribundn,  Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  393.  M.  Flo- 
ndana,  A.DC.  I.  c. ;  Chapm.  Fl.  277.  Rapanea  Guyanensis,  Aubl.  Guian.  i.  121,  t.  46 ;  the 
large  and  tropical  form.  Samara  floribunda,  Willd.  Sp.  i.  665.  —  Florida  Kevs  Blodaett 
Hassler.     (W.  Ind.  to  S.  Brazil.)  ^    ' 

2.  ARDf SIA,  Swartz.  (From  aQdig,  the  point  of  a  thing,  referring  to  the 
pointed  anthers,  which  are  often  connivent  around  the  acute  style,  forming  a 
prominent  cusp  in  the  centre  of  the  flower.)— A  large  and  wide-spread  tropical 
genus,  with  white  or  rose-colored  corolla,  and  white,  red,  or  blue  berry-like  fruits. 
Our  only  species  differs  from  the  most  of  the  genus  in  having  the  corolla-lobes 
sinistrorsely  overlapping,  instead  of  the  contrary  direction,  or  occasionally  with 
one  lobe  wholly  outside  and  one  inside,  as  often  happens  in  this  gestivation. 

A.  Pickeringia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Shrub  5  to  9  feet  high,  glabrous :  leaves  from  ob- 
ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  glaucescent,  entire  (2  to  4  inches  long),  contracted  at  base  into 
a  petiole :  panicle  broad,  many-flowered :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oval,  soon  reflcxed,  com- 
monly dark-lined,  2  lines  long:  style  filiform:  fruit  as  large  as  peas. —A.DC.  I.e.  124; 
Chapm.  Fl.  277.  Cyrilla  paniculata,  Nutt.  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  v.  290.  Pickerinrjia  panicu- 
lata,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  1.  —  E.  Florida.     (Mex.  &  W.  Ind.) 

6 


66  MYRSINACEiE;.  Jacqulnia. 

3.  JACQUf NIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Nicolas  Joseph  Jacquin.)  —  Tropical 
American  trees  or  shrubs  ;  with  thick  coriaceous  entire  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow 
flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes,  corymbs  or  fascicles. 

J.  armillaris,  L.  Glabrous  :  leaves  cuneate-spatulate  or  obovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  rctuse, 
sometimes  mucronulate,  nearly  veinless,  the  margins  somewhat  revolute  :  flowers  racemose 
or  rather  corymbose,  white.  —  Jacq.  Amer.  53,  t.  39 ;  Miq.  in  Fl.  Bras.  ix.  t.  27.  —  E.  Florida 
and  Key  West  on  the  coast :  perhaps  introduced.     (W.  Ind.,  S.  Amer.) 

J.  pungens,  Gray.  Shrub  8  to  12  feet  high,  glabrous,  or  the  branchlets  puberulent : 
leaves  crowded,  very  rigid,  some  imperfectly  verticillate,  linear-lanceolate,  veinless, 
minutely  punctate  beneath,  with  revolute  margins,  and  tipped  with  a  long  pungent  cusp : 
flowers  few  or  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  short-pedicelled  :  corolhi  orange  :  fruit 
globose,  half  to  three  fourths  inch  in  diameter.  —  PI.  Thurb.  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  v.  325. 
—  Mountains  near  Ures  (Thurber),  and  elsewhere  in  Sonora,  N.  W.  Mexico  (Palmer); 
probably  reaching  the  borders  of  Arizona,  but  not  received  from  within  our  limits.  Related 
to  J.  ruscifolia. 

Order  LXXXIII.   SAPOTACE^. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  perfect  flowers,  agreeing  with  the  foregoing  order  in 
having  fertile  stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  (proj^er)  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  opposite  them,  and  inserted  on  its  tube,  in  the  short  corolla,  undivided  style 
and  stigma;  differing  in  the  few-several-celled  ovary  with  solitary  anatropous 
or  amphitropous  ovules,  and  a  comparatively  large  seed  with  a  crustaceous  or 
bony  testa  (containing  a  large  straight  embryo  with  or  without  albumen),  with 
broad  and  flat  or  sometimes  fleshy -thickened  cotyledons  ;  and  the  juice  in  most  is 
milky.  Flowers  regular  and  small,  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  free,  of  4  to  7 
distinct  sepals,  which  are  strongly  imbricated.  Corolla  hypogynous,  4-7-cleft, 
and  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  often  with  as  many  or  twice  .as  many  acces- 
sory internal  lobes  or  appendages  borne  on  the  throat.  Staminodia  (answering 
to  series  of  stamens)  commonly  present,  alternate  with  the  true  corolla-lobes  and 
sometimes  in  the  form  of  sterile  filaments,  or  squamiform,  or  petaloid.  Filaments 
of  fertile  stamens  subulate  or  filiform,  generally  short :  anthers  oftener  extrorse  ; 
the  cell  opening  longitudinally.  Fruit  baccate,  commonly  by  abortion  1 -celled 
and  1 -seeded;  when  several-seeded,  the  bony  seeds  are  laterally  flattened  and  dis- 
posed in  a  ring  around  a  thickened  axis.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  and  entire, 
pinnately  veined,  mostly  coriaceous  :  stipules  small  and  caducous  or  none.  Pubes- 
cence when  present  silky  or  tomentose,  composed  of  malpighiaceous  or  stellate 
hairs.  —  Tropical  or  subtropical,  except  our  species  of  Bumelia.  Fleshy  fruit 
of  some  edible.  Juice  of  certain  trees  of  the  order  yields  gutta-percha.  Seed 
albuminous  in  all  ours  excepting  Bumelia. 

*  Calyx  simple,  i.  e.  of  mostly  5  sepals  in  a  single  series,  but  strongly  imbricated. 
-1—  No  internal  appendages  to  the  corolla  and  no  staminodia. 

1.  CHRYSOPHYLLUM.     Corolla  bearing  5  stamens,  otherwise  naked  within.    Ovary 
5-10-celled.     Seeds  1  to  10,  attached  by  an  elongated  hilum. 

H-  -t-  Staminodia  one  in  each  sinus  of  the  corolla,  but  no  other  internal  appendages  or 
divisions. 

2.  SIDEROXYLON.     Staminodia  more  or  less  unlike  and  smaller  than  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla.     Ovary  2-5-celled.     Berry  drupe-like,  usually  1-seeded. 

-1—  -1—  -1—  Both  staminodia  and  appendages  or  accessory  lobes  of  the  corolla  present  and 
petaloid  ;  the  latter  one  to  each  side  of  the  proper  corolla-lobes  (or  these  3-parted), 
therefore  geminate  in  the  sinuses  outside  of  the  staminodia :  flowers  white :   anthers 


Bumelia.  SAPOTACE^E.  67 

extrorse,  versatile :  fruit  cherry-like,  with  thin  pulp,  containing  a  mostly  solitary  erect 
seed  (from  a  5-ovuled  ovary)  ;  the  scar  small  and  basilar  or  nearly  so. 

3.  DIPHOLIS.  Petaloid  staminodia  mostly  erosely  or  fimbriately  toothed.  Seed  with 
copious  albumen;  the  embryo  in  its  axis  with  flat  cotyledons. 

4.  BUMELIA.  Petaloid  staminodia  entire  or  denticulate.  Seed  destitute  of  albumen  ; 
the  cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  commonly  consolidated. 

#  *  Calyx  double,  of  6  or  8  sepals  in  two  series :  the  outer  almost  valvate  and  enclosing 
the  inner  and  thinner. 

5.  MIMUSOPS.  Corolla  of  6  or  more  exterior  proper  lobes,  and  twice  as  many  similar 
appendages,  a  pair  in  each  sinus  outside  of  a  thin  scale-like  or  petaloid  staminodium. 
Anthers  sagittate,  extrorse.     Ovary  6-8-ceIled.    Fruit  baccate,  maturing  one  or  few  seeds. 

1.  CHRYSOPHYLLUM,  L.  Star-apple.  (Formed  of  pfpf^Oi,',  gold, 
and  (pvXlov,  leaf,  from  the  golden  sheen  of  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves.)  —  Hand- 
some trees  of  tropical  regions  ;  with  the  leaves  in  the  commoner  species  green 
and  glabrous  above,  and  beneath  resplendent  with  a  golden  or  copper-colored 
silky  pubescence,  traversed  by  fine  and  close  parallel  transverse  veins :  flowers 
small  in  axillary  fascicles:  fruit  fleshy  and  commonly  edible. 

C.  Cainito,  L.,  the  common  Star-apple  of  the  W.  Indies,  if  spontaneous  in  Florida,  is 
doubtless  an  introduced  tree.  It  has  an  8-10-crenate  stigma  and  an  8-10-celled  large  and 
globose  edible  fruit,  as  large  as  an  apple  ;  the  foliage  undistinguishable  from  the  following. 

C.  oliviforme,  Lam.  Small  tree:  leaves  oval;  the  lower  face  (also  young  shoots, 
pedicels,  and  calyx)  silky-tomentose  and  shining  with  the  copper-colored  or  golden  pubes- 
cence :  corolla  white ;  its  tube'  seldom  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  stigma  5-crenate  :  fruit  ovoid- 
oblong,  1-seeded,  blackish  when  ripe,  insipid.  —  Diet.  i.  552;  Descourt.  Fl.  Ant.  ii.  t.  71  ; 
Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  398.  C.  monopyrenum,  Swartz ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3303 ;  Mict.  in  Fl. 
Bras.  vii.  94.  —  S.  Florida  and  Key  West,  Blodgett,  Chapman.     ( W.  Ind.) 

2.  SIDEROXYLON,  L.  (Composed  of  aidt]Qog,  iron,  and  ^vXov,  wood, 
from  the  hardness  of  the  latter.)  —  A  wide-spread  tropical  genus,  of  which  a 
single  W.  Indian  species  has  reached  Florida. 

S.  mastichodendron,  Jacq.  (Mastic-tree.)  Bather  large  tree,  glabrous:  leaves 
thinnish,  oval,  with  undulate  margins,  rounded  or  bluntish  at  apex,  acutish  at  base,  shining 
above  (2  to  4  inches  long),  on  slender  (inch  long)  petioles  :  flowers  crowded  in  lateral  or 
axillary  fascicles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles  :  calyx  barely  puberulent,  half  the  length 
of  the  5-parted  yellow  corolla  :  staminodia  lanceolate,  with  a  subulate  tip,  nearly  entire : 
ovary  glabrous,  5-celled  :  fruit  plum-like,  1-seeded,  "yellow."  —  Coll.  ii.  t.  17,  f.  5  (Catesb. 
Car.  ii.  t.  75)  ;  Gaertn.  f.  Carp.  Suppl.  125,  t.  202 ;  A.DC.  Prodr.  viii.  181.  S.  pallidum, 
Spreng. ;  A.DC.  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  Fl.  274.  Bumelia  pallida,  Swartz.  B.fcetidissima,  Nutt.  Sylv. 
ill.  39,  t.  94.  —  Key  West  (Blodgett)  and  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida.     (W.  Ind.) 

3.  DIPHOLIS,  a.  DC.  (Formed  of  dig,  double,  and  q)oXig,  scale,  from  the 
pair  of  appendages  in  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla.)  —  Three  W.  Indian  species, 
with  the  aspect  and  seeds  of  Sideroxylon,  one  of  them  extending  to  Southern 
Florida. 

D.  salicifolia,  A.  DC.  Tree  60  feet  high :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  gla- 
iDrous,  tapering  into  a  petiole:  flowers  in  axillary  fascicles :  short  pedicels  and  calyx  rusty 
silky-pubescent :  staminsdia  oval,  erose-toothed,  as  long  as  the  linear  or  subulate  exterior 
appendages :  anthers  oblong :  fruit  the  size  of  a  pea.  —Prodr.  1.  c.  188,  &  Deless.  Ic.  v.  40 
(corolla-lobes  and  appendages  too  much  fringe-toothed) ;  Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  401  ;  Miq.  in 
Fl.  Bras.  vii.  t.  18.  Achras  salicifolia,  L.  Bumelia  salicifolia,  Swartz.  — Keys  of  S.  Florida, 
Blodgett.    (W.  Ind.) 

4.  BUMlfiLIA,  Swartz.  (Ancient  Greek  name  of  a  kind  of  Ash,  unmean- 
ingly transferred  to  this  genus.)  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees  (of  Atlantic  U.  S.  and 


68  SAPOTACE^.  Bumelia. 

tropical  America)  ;  with  very  hard  wood,  small  white  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils 

of  the  leaves,  in  summer,  and  a  black  cherry -like   fruit.      Axils  often    spiny : 

therefore  in  S.   States  popularly  called  Buckthorn.     Leaves  in   ours  mostly 

deciduous,  and  staminodia  nearly  as  large  as  the  proper  corolla-lobes. 

#  Pedicels,  calyx,  and  lower  face  of  the  leaves  clothed  with  silky  or  somewhat  tomentose  pubes- 
cence; the  upper  face  of  the  leaves  finely  venulose-reticulated':  pedicels  longer  than  the  short 
petioles :  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long,  oval. 

B.  tenax,  "Willd.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  12  to  30  feet  high,  with  divergent  branches : 
pubescence  silky  and  close-pressed,  yellowish  or  at  first  whitish,  shining:  leaves  from 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate  to  cuneate-obovate,  obtuse  (1^  to  2\  inches  long)  :  fascicles  very 
many-flowered:  staminodia  ovate.  —  Willd.  Spec.  i.  1085;  Nutt.  Sylv.  iii.  39,  t.  92. 
B.  chrysophylloides,  Pursh,  Fl.  1.  155.  B.  reclinata,  Chapm.  Fl.  275?  Sideroxylon  tenax, 
L.  Mant.  48.  S.  sericeum,  Walt.  Car.  100.  S.  chrysophylloides,  Michx.  Fl.  1.  123.  Chryso- 
phyllum    Carolinense,  Jacq.   Obs.  iii.  t.  54. — Sandy  soil,  coast  of  N.  Carolina  to  Georgia. 

B.  lanuginosa,  Pers.  Shrub  or  tree,  sometimes  even  40  feet  high,  less  spiny  ;  the 
pubescence  looser,  more  tomentos^,  and  not  shining :  leaves  from  oblong-obovate  to 
cuneate-obovate :  fascicles  6-18-flowered :  staminodia  obscurely  denticulate :  otherwise  in 
the  most  eastern  forms  very  like  the  foregoing ;  in  the  western  with  paler  or  sparser  down 
to  the  leaves,  or  this  partially  deciduous  in  age  so  as  to  approach  the  next.  —  Syn.  i.  237  ; 
Pursh,  1.  c.  B.  tomentosa,  lanuginosa,  &  ohlongifolia  (Nutt.  Gen.),  A.DC.  1.  c.  B.  oblongifolia 
&  B.ferruginea,  Nutt.  Sylv.  1.  c.  33.  B.  Texana,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad.  Pliilad.  1862.  Sider- 
oxylon tenax?  Walt.  1.  c.  5.  lanuginosum,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  122.  —  Woods,  Georgia  and  Florida 
to  Texas,  S.  W.  Illinois,  and  Missouri ;  the  western  form  being  B.  ohlongifolia,  Nuttall. 

Var.  macrocarpa.  Low  and  depressed :  leaves  less  than  an  inch  long,  glabrate 
with  age  :  "  fruit  edible,  as  large  as  a  small  date."  —  B.  macrocarpa,  Nutt.  Sylv.  1.  c.  —  Sand 
.hills  of  the  Altamaha,  Georgia,  Nuttall.     To  be  rediscovered. 

*   *   Pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous,  and  leaves  nearlj'  or  quite  so  throughout. 
++   Leaves  finely  venulose-reticulated,  rather  thin. 

B.  lycioides,  Gaertn.  Shrub  or  low  tree :  leaves  from  oblanceolate  to  obovate-oblong 
and  on  vigorous  shoots  ovate-lanceolate  (1^  to  6  inches  long),  reticulated;  the  primary 
veins  numerous,  prominent,  and  obliquely  transverse ;  the  lower  face  not  rarely  whitish- 
pubescent  when  young :  fascicles  very  many-flowered,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles  : 
staminodia  ovate,  obscurely  denticulate:  fruit  short-ovoid,  3  to  5  lines  long.  —  Gaertn.  f. 
Carp.  Suppl.  3.  127,  t.  120 ;  Loud.  Arb.  1. 1016 ;  Nutt.  Sylv.  1.  c.  t.  91.  Sideroxylon  lycioides, 
L.  (excl.  hab.) ;  Michx.  1.  c.  S.  decandrum,  L.  Mant.  48  ?.  S.  lave,  Walt.  1.  c.  —  Thickets,  in 
low  grounds,  coast  of  Virginia  and  Illinois  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Staminodia  (as  large  as 
proper  lobes  of  the  corolla)  sornetimes  with  a  pair  of  minute  scales  at  their  base.  —  Smaller- 
leaved  forms  in  Florida  and  Louisiana  pass  into 

Var.  reclinata.  Spreading  or  depressed  shrub :  leaves  half  inch  to  an  inch  or  more 
in  length,  oblong  with  more  or  less  cuneate  base :  branches  very  spiny.  —  B.  reclinata, 
Vent.  Choix.  t.  22.  Sideroxylon  reclinatum,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  122. — St.  Mary's  River,  S.  E. 
Georgia  (Michaux),  and  E.  Florida,  Garber,  &c. 

-h-  -i—  Leaves  thicker,  coriaceous,  less  veiny;  veinlets  obscurely  if  at  all  reticulated. 

B.  cuneata,  Swartz.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  glabrous :  leaves  from  spatulate  or  linear- 
oblanceolate  to  broadly  obovate-cuneate,  very  obtuse  (half  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long), 
rather  fleshy;  the  veins  inconspicuous  and  strongly  ascending:  fascicles  few-many- 
flowered  :  lanceolate  appendages  to  the  corolla  and  the  ovate-lanceolate  staminodia  nearly 
equalling  the  proper  lobes,  acute,  denticulate  :  fruit  oblong-oval)  edible,  6  to  9  lines  long ; 
the  seed  oblong. — Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i.  496 ;  Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  401  (but  "berry  obovoid-glo- 
bose").  B.  myrsinifolia,  A.DC.  L  c.  192.  B.  parvifolia,  (A.DC.  I.e.?)  Chapm.  Fl.  275. 
B.  angustifolia,  Nutt.  Sylv.  iii.  38.  t.  93.  B.  reclinata,  Torr.  Mex.  Boimd.  109.  —  S.  Florida 
from  Key  West  to  Tampa  Bay;  lower  part  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas.     (W.  Ind.,  Mex.) 

5.  MIMUSOPS,  L.  (Formed  of  p/iw,  an  ape,  and  nxpig,  appearance,  but 
the  likeness  is  not  apparent.)  —  Trees  of  the  tropics;  with  coriaceous- leaves, 
having  slender  and  inconspicuous  transverse  veins  and  minutely  reticulated  vein- 


Diospyros.  EBENACE^.  69 

lets,  pedicels  in  axillary  fascicles,  corolla  immersed  or  nearly  so  in  the  double 

calyx,  and  a  plum-like  edible  fruit. 

M.  Sieberi,  A. DC.  Tree  30  feet  high:  leaves  elliptical-oblong  or  inclining  to  obovate, 
retuse,  glabrous  and  green  both  sides  (2  to  4  mches  long),  slender-petioled;  midrib  stout : 
fascicles  several-flowered :  corolla  whitish,  6-parted ;  its  slender  appendages  12 :  staminodia 
short,  triangular,  nearly  entire :  fruit  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  brownish  or  yellowish 
when  ripe,  pleasant.  —  Prodr.  viii.  204 ;  Chapm.  Fl.  275.  M.  dissecta,  Griseb.  1.  c,  as  to 
W.  Ind.  pi.  Achras  mammosa,  Sieber,  Coll.,  not  L.  A.  ZapotiUa,  var.  parviflora,  Nutt.  Sylv. 
ill.  28,  t.  90.  —  Key  West,  Plorida,  Bhdgett,  Palmer.  Said  to  be  common ;  probably  indi- 
genous. (W.  Ind.) 
Achras   Sapota,  L.,  the  Sappadilla  or  Naseberrt  of  the  West  Indies  and  Central 

America  (for  a  variety  of  which  Nuttall  mistook  the  above  tree),  appears  not  to  have 

reached  Florida. 

Order  LXXXIV.   EBENACE^. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  limpid  juice,  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  dioecious  or 
polygamous  (rarely  completely  hermaphrodite)  regular  flowers ;  the  staminate 
with  at  least  twice  or  thrice  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  lobes  to  the  short  gamo- 
petalous  hypogynous  corolla  (usually  convolute  in  the  bud),  and  inserted  on  its 
tube  or  base,  their  anthers  introrse ;  the  pistillate  flowers  mostly  with  some  im- 
perfect stamens;  the  several-celled  ovary  with  one  or  two  anatropous  ovules 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell ;  the  fruit  a  berry,  maturing  one  or  more 
large  and  bony-coated  seeds.  These  have  a  cartilaginous  albumen,  and  a  rather 
small  straight  embryo,  with  foliaceous  cotyledons  and  a  mostly  slender  radicle. 
Calyx  persistent,  often  foliaceous  and  accrescent.  Filaments  short.  Hypogynous 
disk  wanting.  Styles  as  many  or  h^ilf  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  2  to  8, 
distinct  or  partly  united  :  stigmas  sometimes  2-parted.  Stipules  none.  Flowers 
axillary,  articulated  with  the  pedicels.  Wood  very  hard ;  that  of  several  species 
of  Diospyros  furnishes  ebony.  —  Hiern,  Mon.  Eben.  in  Trans.  Cambr.  Phil.  Soc. ' 
xii,  part  i.  —  A  small  order,  of  warm  regions,  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  species 
belonging  to  the  following  genus. 

1.  DIOSPYROS,  L.  Date-Plum,  Persimmon.  (z/io?,  nvQ6<i,  Jove's 
grain.)  — Calyx  4-5-lobed,  enlarging  under  the  fruit.  Corolla  campanulate,  short- 
salverform  or  urceolate.  Ovary  4-1 2-celled  ;  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell.  Berry 
maturing  only  4  to  8  oblong  bony  flattened  seeds.  Flowers  essentially  dioecious'; 
but  the  fertile  flowers  (commonly  solitary  in  the  axils)  may  have  sterile  stamens 
more  or  less  polliniferous ;  the  sterile  flowers  much  smaller,  usually  racemose  or 
clustered,  and  with  more  numerous  stamens.  —  A  large  genus,  widely  dispersed, 
but  the  greater  portion  Asiatic  :  fruit  edible. 

D.  Virginiana,  L.  (Comimon  Persimmon.)  Tree  20  to  70  feet  high,  with  a  rough  bark  : 
leaves  thickish-membranaceous,  more  or  less  pubescent  when  young,  commonly  soon 
glabrate,  oval  (2  to  5  inches  long) :  sterile  flowers  in  tlirees :  calyx  4-parted  :  corolla 
4-lobed,  greenish-yellow,  thickish,  glabrous:  stamens  16,  in  pairs,  somewhat  pubescent; 
the  sterile  ones  of  the  fertile  flowers  8 :  styles  4,  2-lobed  at  apex :  ovary  8-celled,  nearly 
glabrous :  fruit  plum-like,  an  inch  in  diameter,  excessively  astringent  when  green,  yellow 
when  ripe,  and  when  frosted  sweet  and  luscious.  —  Gaertn.  f.  Carp.  Suppl.  t.  207  ;  Michx. 
f.  Sylv.  ii.  t.  93  (Catesb.  Car.  ii.  t.  76).  D.  concolor,  Moench.  D.  pubescens,  Pursli,  Fl. 
i.  265  (var.  microcarpa,  Raf.  Med.  FL).  —  Woods  and  fields,  Rhode  Island  ?  and  New  York 
near  the  coast,  also  from  Ohio  to  Iowa,  and  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana :  fl.  early 
summer :  fr.  Oct.     (Too  near  the  N.  Asiatic  D.  Lotus,  L.) 


70  EBENACE^.  Diospyros. 

D.  Texana,  Scheele.  (Mexican  Persimmon.)  Shrub  or  tree  10  to  29  feet  high,  widely 
much  branched,  with  smooth  bark  and  heavy  white  wood  :  leaves  cuneate-oblong  or  ob- 
ovate,  rounded  at  apex,  often  retuse  (an  inch  or  two  long),  almost  sessile,  tomentose,  as 
also  the  branchlets :  flowers  silky-tomentose  outside ;  sterile  few  in  a  fascicle  :  calyx  5-6- 
parted :  stamens  16  to  20  in  two  ranks,  glabrous ;  none  in  the  fertile  flowers :  ovary  and 
young  fruit  pubescent,  8-celled :  stigmas  4,  each  2-lobed :  fruit  globose,   black,  luscious 

■  (ripe  in  August),  with  3  to  8  triangular  seeds.  — Linnaea,  xxii.  145  ;  Torr.  Mex.  Bound.  109  ; 
Hiern,  Mon.  Eben.  1.  c.  239.  —  Woods  along  streams,  Southern  and  Western  Texas.  (Ad- 
jacent parts  of  Mex.) 

Oeder  LXXXV.   STYRACACE^. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  mostly  perfect  regular  flowers, 
having  at  least  twice  as  many  stamens  as  the  petals  or  lobes  to  the  corolla,  borne 
on  its  tube  or  base,  or  sometimes  inserted  with  it ;  the  filaments  monadelphous  or 
4-5-adelphous  at  base ;  style  and  stigma  one ;  calyx  more  or  less  adnate  to  the 
2-5-celled  ovary  ;  the  fruit  or  its  cells  one-seeded  ;  seed  anatropous,  with  a  mostly 
straight  embryo  in  copious  fleshy  albumen.  Calyx  either  imbricated  or  open  in 
bud.  Anthers  introrse  or  innate.  Disk  none.  Ovules  solitary,  in  pairs,  or  few 
in  each  cell,  most  of  them  aborting  in  the  fruit.  Style  filiform.  —  A  small  order, 
in  warm  regions ;  but  nearly  half  the  genera  are  represented  in  the  United  States. 
—  Gray,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  v.  334 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  667. 
Tribe  I.    SYMPLOCINEiE.      Stamens  in   several   series  :    anthers   short,   innate. 

Calyx-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Pubescence  simple.     Embryo  terete. 

1  SYMPLOCOS  Calyx  5-lobed ;  the  tube  adnate  to  the  2-5-celled  ovary.  Corolla 
■  5-parted,  or  nearly  5-petalous.     Stamens  very  numerous,  with  filiform  filaments,  usually  a 

cluster  adnate  to  the  base  of  each  petal.  Ovules  mostly  a  pan:  suspended  from  the  sum- 
mit of  each  cell.     Fruit  a  small  dry  drupe  or  nuMike,  mostly  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

Tribe  H.  STYRACE^.  Stamens  definite  in  a  single  series  :  anthers  linear  or 
oblong,  adnate,  introrse.  Pubescence  more  or  less  stellate  or  scurfy.  Calyx-lobes 
or  teeth  mostly  very  short  or  obsolete,  open  in  the  bud.    Cotyledons  flat  or  foliaceous. 

2  HALESIA  Calyx-tube  obconical  or  obpyramidal,  4-ribbed,  adnate  to  the  2-4-celled 
ovary  ;  the  short  truncate  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla  carapanulate  4-cleft,  or  sometimes 
nearly  4-petalous,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8  to  16 :  filaments  fiat-, 
tened,  more  or  less  monadelphous  in  a  ring  at  base  and  somewhat  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  corolla.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell,  the  upper  pair  ascending,  the  lower  pendulous.  Iruit 
dry-drupaceous  or  at  maturity  nut-like,  2-4-winged,  within  bony,  l;4-celled  pointed  with 
the  persistent  base  of  the  style.     Seeds  single  in  each  cell,  cylindrical,  with  a  thin  coat. 

■  3    STYRAX      Calyx-tube  campanulate ;  its  base  adnate  only  to  the  lower  part  of  the 

"  primarily  3-celled  ovary  ;  the  truncate  limb  of  very  small  or  obsolete  teeth.  Corolla  o- 
petalous  or  5-parted,  or  rarely  4-8-parted ;  the  lobes  or  petals  imbricate  or  nearly  con- 
volute or  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  double  the  number  of  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  or 
rarely  fewer  :  filaments  flat,  in  ours  borne  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  either  nionadelphous 
or  nearly  distinct :  anthers  linear.  Ovules  several  in  each  cell,  ascending.  Frujt  usually 
globular  becoming  one-celled  and  dry,  coriaceous  or  crustaceous,  sometimes  3-valved  from 
the  top.     Seed  mostly  solitary,  filling  the  cell,  erect,  with  a  bony  smooth  coat. 

1.  SYMPLOCOS,  Jacq.  Sweet-leaf.  (^'v/^ttXoxoc,-,  connected,  referring 
to  the  stamens,  which  in  some  are  highly  monadelphous.)  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees 
(American  and  Asiatic)  ;  with  pinnately  veined  leaves,  which  commonly  turn  yel- 
lowish in  drying  and  yield  a  yellow  dye  ;  the  flowers  axillary  and  yellow.  —  Jacq. 
Stirp.  Amer.  166;  L.  Gen.  677.  Ilopea,  Garden;  L.  Mant.  15. 
S.  tinctoria,  L'Her.     Shrub  4  to  18  feet  high :  leaves  rather  coriaceous,  oblong,  acute 

or  acuminate,  obscurely  more  or  less  serrate  (4  or  6  inches  long),  soon  glabrate  and  sliining 


Styrax.  STYRACACE^.  71 

above,  pale  and  pubescent  beneath,  tardily  deciduous,  or  far  south  more  persistent  •  flowers 
in  sessile  fascicles  from  the  axils  of  the  preceduig  year,  6  to  16  in  a  cluster,  scaly-bracteate 
the  scales  deciduous:  calyx-tube  turbinate:  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  barely  connected  at 
base  and  bearing  the  stamen-clusters :  ovary  3-celled :  fruit  nut-hke,  oblong  half  inch  or 
less  long.— Linn.  Trans,  i.  176;  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  1436.  Hopea  tinctoria,  L.  Mant.  105- 
Michx.  f .  Sylv.  iii.  9.  —  In  rich  soil,  Delaware  ( Commons)  to  Florida  and  Louisiana ;  fl.  spring! 
Flowers  fragrant.  Leaves  sweet  to  the  taste  and  in  autumn  greedily  devoured  by  cattle 
and  horses  (hence  called  Hoese-Sugae)  ;  also  used  for  yellow  dye. 

2.  HALESIA,  Ellis.      Snowdrop   or   Silver-bell   Tree.     (Commem- 
orates Stephen  Hales  of  England,  author  of  Vegetable  Statics,  &c.) Small  trees 

of  the  Atlantic  United  States  ;  with  partly  stellate  soft'  pubescence :  leaves 
rather  large,  ovate-obloug,  acuminate,  more  or  less  denticulate,  slender-petioled, 
deciduous;  flowers  showy,  drooping  on  slender  pedicels,  in  fascicles  (or  rarely 
very  short  racemes)  fi^om  the  axils  of  fallen  leaves  of  the  preceding  year,  pro- 
duced in  spring  at  leafing-time ;  corolla  white.  Thin  testa  of  the  seed  adherent 
to  the  pericarp  ;  the  delicate  inner  coat  adherent  to  the  albumen.  —  {Pterustyrax, 
Sieb.  &  Zucc,  of  Japan,  referred  to  this  genus  by  Bentham  and  Hooker,  although 
nearly  related,  is  better  kept  distinct,  on  account  of  the  terminal  paniculate  inflo- 
rescence, quinary  flowers,  and  thinner  small  fruit.)  Ellis  in  Phil.  Trans,  li.  t.  22  ; 
L.  Gen.  no.  596. 

H.  diptera,  L.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree:  leaves  ovate  or  inclined  to  obovate,  when  full- 
grown  thinnish  and  venulose-reticulated  (4  to  6  inches  long) :  corolla  three-fourths  uach 
long :  stamens  8  to  16,  mostly  8,  sometimes  free  :  ovary  rarely  4-celled :  fruit  oblong  (2 
inches  long),  2-winged;  its  strongly  angled  body  tapering  into  a  long  stipe  withm  the 
whig.  — Spec.  ed.  2,  636;  Cav.  Diss.  vi.  t.  187;  Lodd.  Cab.  1. 1172.  H.  reticulata,  Buckley 
in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  I860.  — Rich  woods,  Georgia  and  Florida  to  Louisiana.  Flowers 
larger  and  more  numerous  and  showy  than  in  the  next. 

H.  tetraptera,  L.  Small  tree  (or  in  the  mountains  even  a  large  tree) :  leaves  oval  or 
ovate-oblong  :  corolla  half  inch  long  :  stamens  10  to  16  :  ovary  4-celled :  fruit  ellipsoidal, 
equally  4-wing-angled,  over  an  inch  long.  — (Catesb.  Car.  i.  t.  64.)  Lam.  111.  t.204;  Cav. 
1.  c.  t.  186 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  910  ;  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  1173.  —  Woods  and  along  streams,  W.  Virgmia 
and  lUinois  to  Florida,  mostly  along  and  near  the  mountains. 

H.  parviflora,  Michx.  FoUage  of  H.  tetraptera,  but  smaller :  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long: 
fruit  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  narrowly  2-winged,  the  oblong-clavate  body  with  stipe 
included  m  the  acute  base  of  the  wing.— Fl.  ii.  40,  not  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.,  which  is  Styrax 
Americana.  —  Georgia  and  Florida. 

3.  STYRAX,  Tourn.  Storax.  (Greek  2ryj?«?,  ancient  name  of  the  tree 
which  yields  to  orvQai,  storax.)  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  the  pubescence  when 
present  scurfy  or  stellular.  Leaves  deciduous,  at  least  in  our  species  ;  the  flowers 
(in  spring)  racemose,  subcorymbose  or  somewhat  cymulose,  or  sometimes  solitary, 
from  the  axils  or  summit  of  the  branchlets.  Corolla  white,  in  ours  campanulate 
or  more  open,  of  petals  distinct  to  the  base  or  nearly  so,  soft  and  tomentulose  or 
puberulent,  at  least  outside.  Ovary  3-celled  at  base,  with  a  thick  placenta,  which 
divides  and  becomes  obsolete  at  the  summit.  A  widely  dispersed  genus,  chiefly  of 
warm  regions.  —  Gray,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c,  Proc.  vi.  326,  &  Man.  ed.  5,  309  ; 
Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c. 

*    Petals  nearly  valvate  in  the  bud,  a  third  to  barely  half  inch  long. 

S.  Americana,  Lam.     Shrub  4  to  8  feet  higb,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout :  leaves 

small  (1  to  3  inches  long),  bright  green,  commonly  entire,  oblong  or  oval,  mostly  acute  at 

both   ends,  often  acuminate :  flowers  single  or  in  very  few-flowered  racemes,  nodding :, 

peduncles  or  branchlets  minutely  glandular,  not  hoary :  5-toothed  calyx  and  sonietunes 


72  STYRACACE^.  Styrax. 

the  pedicel  glandular-dotted  :  petals  lanceolate-oblong,  nearly  glabrous.  —  Diet.  i.  82  ;  Gray, 
Man.  1.  c.  S.  lave,  Walt.  Car.  140.  S.glabrum,  Cav.  Diss.  vi.  500,  t.  188  ;  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  41. 
S.  IcBvigatum,  Ait.  Kew.  ii.  75 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  921.     Halesla  parviflora,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  952 1 

Along  streams,  Virginia  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Arkansas. 

4):   #   Petals  lightly  but  decidedly  imbricated  or  convolute  in  the  bud,  minutely  sof t-puberulent  out- 
side, barely  half  inch  long :  calyx  and  inflorescence  with  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves  more  or  less 
canescent. 
S   ptllverialenta,  Michx.     Low  shrub :  leaves  as  in  the  preceding,  but  more  or  less 
pubescent  or  scurfy  and  hoary  beneath,  rarely  2  inches  long  on  flowering  stems  :  flowers 
geminate  in  the  axils  on  short  branchlets  and  in  short  terminal  racemes,  fragrant :  pedicels 
not  longer  than  the  calyx:  petals  oblong-lanceolate.  — Fl.  ii.  41;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  505.  — Pine- 
barren  swamps,  S.  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
S    grandifolia,  Ait.     Slirub  from  4  to  12  feet  high  :  leaves  membranaceous,  oval  or  ob- 
ovate,  usually  denticulate,  green  and  glabrous  above,  canescently  pubescent  or  tomentose 
beneath,  the  larger  3  to  6  inches  long :  flowers  mainly  in  loose  naked  racemes  of  3  to  6 
inches  in  length,  or  some  in  leafy-bracted  clusters,  larger  than  in  the  preceding :  petals 
more  overlapping  in  bud,  oblong,  fully  half  inch  in  length.  —  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  1016  (poor) ; 
Michx.  Fl.  ii.41,  as  S.  grandijlorum.     S.  officinale,  Walt.,  not  L.  — Rich  woods,  S.  Virginia 
to  Florida. 

*  *  *  Petals  conspicuously  overlapping  in  the  bud,  obovate  or  broadly  oblong,  two  thirds  to  three 
fourths  inch  longf  short  peduncle  terminating  the  branches  or  short  lateral  branchlets,  corym- 
bosely  1-4-flowered:  bracts  minute:  style  long  and  filiform. 
S.  platanifolia,  Bn^elm.     Shrub  12  feet  high,  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves 
roundish,  with  subcordate  or  truncate  broad  base  and  slender  petiole,  undulate  or  angulate- 
toothed,'or  even  sinuate-lobed,  sometimes  abruptly  acummate,  reticulate-veiny  (2  to  4 
inches  in  diameter) :  even  the  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  — Torr.  in  Smiths. 
Contrib.  vi.  4,  note.  —  Wooded  bottoms,  Texas,  Lindheimer,  Wright,  &c. 
S.  Calif  ornica,  Torr.     Shrub  5  to  8  feet  high,  with  scurfy  stellular  pubescence,  at  first 
hoary,  sometimes  soon  green  and  glabrate :  leaves  oval,  entire  or  sparingly  undulate  (an 
inch  or  two  long),  short-petioled  :  pedicels  with  the  calyx  and  corolla  mmutely  canescent : 
style  becoming  an  inch  long.  —  Smiths.  Contrib.  1.  c.  &  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  118 ;  Gray,  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  470.  —  W.  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  Fremont,  &c.    Bony  seed  as  large 
as  a  small  cherry. 

Order   LXXXVI.   OLEACE^. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  almost  herbaceous,  with  colorless  bland  juice,  opposite 
(rarely  alternate)  leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  perfect  or  dioecious  and  regular 
flowers  (gamopetalous,  2-4-petalous,  apetalous,  or  even  achlamydeous)  ;  with 
stamens  2  to  4,  mostly  2  and  fewer  than  the  parts  of  the  corolla,  distinct ;  the  free 
ovary  2-celled  ;  style  one  or  none ;  anatropous  ovules  mostly  one  or  two  pairs  m 
each  cell ;  seeds  with  a  rather  large  straight  embryo  (its  cotyledons  flat  or  plano- 
convex) in  firm  fleshy  albumen,  or  sometimes  exalbuminous. 

FoRSTTHiA  viRiDissiMA  and  F.  suspENSA,  of  Japan  and  China,  cultivated  ornamental 
shrubs,  noted  for  their  very  early  yellow  blossoms,  are  peculiar  in  having  numerous  ovules. 

Syringa,  the  Lilac,  of  the  Old  World,  becomes  spontaneous  in  a  few  places. 

LiGUSTRUM  voLGARE,  the  Privet,  uscd  for  ornamental  hedges,  may  be  occasionally  found 
wild  in  the  vicinity  of  towns  m  the  Eastern  Atlantic  States,  but  is  not  a  really  naturahzed 

plant.  f  n  vf 

Olea  Europ^a,  the  Olive,  has  long  been  planted  in  the  southern  part  of  Calitorma. 

TiUBE  I.    FRAXINE^.     Fruit  entire,  diy,  indehiscent,  winged,  a  samai-a.      Seed 

suspended. 
.  1    FRAXINUS.     Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  sometimes  perfect.     Calyx  very  small 
■  4-clef t  or  irregularly  toothed,  or  entke,  or  wantmg.     Petals  none,  or  4  and  either  separate 


Fraxinus.  OLEACEiE.  73 

or  united  in  pairs  at  the  very  base.     Stamens  2,  sometimes  3  or  4.    Fruit  by  abortion 
mostly  1-ceIled  and  1-seeded,  rarely  2-seeded ;  the  wing  mainly  terminal.  ^^onion 

Tribe  II.  OLEINE^.  Fruit  fleshy  and  indehiscent,  a  di-upe  or  rarely  a  berry  not 
lobed.     Seed  suspended  or  pendulous.     Leaves  simple.  ' 

#  Flowers  apetalous,  dioecious  or  polygamous. 

2.  FORESTIERA.  Calyx  minute,  4-parted  or  toothed,  sometimes  wantmg  or  deciduous 
Corolla  none,  or  rarely  one  or  two  small  deciduous  petals.     Stamens  2  to  4°  anthers  ovate 

f,  ?T^^  ^""^7  °I^^^'  ^'^^  ^  "^^^'  ^°  ^^^^  ^^^11=  «tyle  slender:  stigma  somewhat 
iMobea.     Drupe  1-seeded. 

*  *  Flowers  complete,  sometimes  polygamous :  parts  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  4. 

3.  CHIONANTHUS  Calyx  4-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  of  4  long  and  linear  petals 
which  are  plane  m  the  bud  with  slightly  indupHcate  margins,  and  united  only  and  often 
slightly  at  the  base  Stamens  2,  rarely  3,  short.  Style  short.  Ovules  a  pair  m  each 
ceil.    Drupe  mostly  1-seeded.     Embryo  in  copious  fleshy  albumen :  cotyledons  flat. 

4.  HESPERELJEA.  Calyx  of  4  somewhat  colored  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud  decid- 
uous. Corolla  of  4  spatulate  unguiculate  petals,  imbricated  at  summit  in  the  bud  accres- 
cent, deciduous.  Stamens  4,  hypogynous  :  filaments  subulate  :  anthers  oblong,  mucronu- 
iate.     Style  stout :  stigma  thick,  2-lobed.     Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell. 

5.  OSMANTHUS.  Calyx  4-cleft,  short,  persistent.  Corolla  short,  4-cleft:  the  lobes 
broad  and  obtuse,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  (rarely  4),  on  the  short  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included:  anthers  ovate.  Style  short:  stigma  small,  entire.  Ovules  a  pair  in 
each  cell.     Drupe  globose  or  ovoid,  mostly  1-seeded. 

Tribe  III.  JASMINES.  Fruit  didymous  or  septicidally  2-partible.  Seeds  ascend- 
ing or  erect.     Parts  of  calyx  and  corolla  5  or  more. 

6.  MENODORA.  Calyx  5-15-cleft,  persistent;  the  lobes  mostly  linear.  Corolla  from 
rotate  to  salverf orm ;  Umb  6-6-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2 
rarely  3:  anthers  oblong  or  nearly  linear.  Ovary  emarginate :  style  slender:  stigma 
usually  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Ovules  4  (or  in  a  S.  Amer.  species  only  2)  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  a  didymous  or  2-parted  at  length  membranaceous  capsule,  circumscissile  at  or  near 
the  middle.  Seeds  usually  a  pair  in  each  cell,  large,  with  a  thickened  and  spongy  outer 
coat :  no  albumen.    Leaves  often  alternate  ! 

1.  FRAXINUS,  Tourn.  Ash.  (Classical  Latin  name.) —Trees;  with  rather 
light  tough  wood,  chiefly  opposite  and  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  small  flowers,  in 
panicles,  developed  in  spring.  Petals  when  present  narrow,  induplicate-valvate 
in  the  bud,  white :  anthers  yellow,  large  in  proportion.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Ovules 
a  pair  from  the  summit  of  each  cell,  only  one  usually  fertile ;  the  oblong  seed  fill- 
ing the  cell  of  the  samara  or  key-fruit.  Bark  of  shoots  ash-color.  Winter-buds 
of  few  and  usually  dark-colored  thickish  scales.  (Shape  of  the  wing  of  samara 
variable,  not  rarely  some  are  3-winged  and  3-celled.) 

Oknus  Americana,  Pers.  &c.,  is  probably  only  Fraxinus  Ornus,  L.,  and  wrongly  thought 
to  be  American.  A  host  of  nominal  species  of  Ash  which  were  named  by  Bosc,  character- 
ized mainly  by  the  foliage,  and  upon  which  his  herbarimn  throws  little  or  no  hght,  must 
pass  unnoticed. 

§  1.  6rnus,  Pers.  Flowers  2-4-petalous,  polygamous  (many  perfect),  in 
loose  panicles,  which  mostly  terminate  leaf-bearing  branches  or  spring  from  the 
axils  of  new  leaves. 

*  Petals  2 :  stj'le  manifest :  Califoraian. 
F.  dipetala.  Hook.  &  Am.  Small  tree,  glabrous  :  leaflets  5  to  9,  oval  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  serrate,  mostly  petiolulate,  an  inch  or  two  long :  panicles  usually  clustered  on  short 
lateral  spurs,  naked  or  subtended  by  one  or  two  leaves :  calyx  truncate  and  somewhat 
toothed:  petals  oblong-obovate,  equalling  the  linear  anthers :  fruit  from  linear-oblong' to 
spatulate-oblong  (usually  an  inch  long),  the  flat  body  several-nerved  on  each  side  and 
with  sharp  edges.— Bot.  Beech.  362,  t.  87;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  472.  Omits  dipetala,  Nutt. 
Sylv.  iii.  66,  t.  101.  Chionanthus  fraxinif alius,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  18.  —  "Western 
part  of  California. 


74  OLEACE^.  Fraxinus. 

Var.  brach^ptera,  a  form  with  short  obovate  fruit,  only  half  to  three-fourths  inch 
long,  and  the  terminal  part  of  the  wing  only  half  the  length  of  the  body.  —  Borax  Lake, 
CaUfornia,  Torrty. 

Var.  trifoliolata,  Torr.  Leaves  (only  the  uppermost  known)  1-3-foliolate :  leaflets 
small,  an  inch  or  less  long,  coriaceous,  obsoletely  serrate  :  fruit  rather  small. —Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  167.  —  Mountains  south  of  the  boundary  between  Upper  and  Lower  California, 
Parry. 

*  *  Petals  (always?)  4:  style  none  or  hardly  any:  North  Mexican  and  Texan  species,  with  small 
and  minutely  punctate  leaflets,  and  small  panicles  chiefly  terminating  short  1-2-leaved  lateral 
brauchlets:  flowers  of  the  second  species  unknown. 
P.  CUSpidata,  Torr.  Shrub  5  to  8  feet  high,  with  slender  branches,  glabrous  :  leaflets 
5  to  7,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  gradually  acuminate  mto  a  cuspidate  tip,  or 
some  of  them  ovate  or  oval  and  obtuse  or  even  emarginate,  acutely  and  sparsely  few- 
toothed  or  entire,  petiolulate  (half  to  a  full  inch  or  more  in  length)  :  petiole  slightly  mar- 
gined between  the  leaflets :  calyx  deeply  4-cleft  or  4-toothed :  corolla  4-parted,  half  inch 
long ;  the  lobes  long-linear,  several  times  exceeding  the  oblong  anthers  :  stigma  sessile : 
fruit  spatulate-oblong  or  obovate-oblong  (half  inch  long),  its  wing  rather  shorter  than  the 
flattened  nerveless  body.  —  Bot.  Mox.  Bound.  166.  —  South-western  Texas,  on  the  Rio 
Grande  from  the  great  canon  upwards,  Parry,  Wright,  &c.,  in  fruit.  New  Mexico,  Palmer, 
in  flower. 
F.  Greggii,  Gray.  Shrub  5  to  9  feet  high,  glabrous,  with  slender  mostly  terete  branches  : 
leaflets  3  to  7,  from  narrowly  spatulate  to  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  obtusely  few-toothed  or 
entire,  plane,  firm-coriaceous,  veinless  or  nearly  so  (a  half  to  nearly  an  inch  long),  sessile  : 
petiole  wing-margined  between  the  leaflets  :  fruit  0  to  8  lines  long,  oblong-linear,  the  retuse 
apex  tipped  with  a  very  short  distinct  style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  64.  F.  Schiedeana, 
var.  parvifolia,  Torr.  I.e.  — On  Umestone,  S.  W.  Texas,  Schott,  &c.  Adjacent  parts  of 
Mexico,  Gregg,  Bigelow,  Parry. 

§  2.  FraxinXster,  DC.  Flowers  apetalous,  in  mostly  denser  panicles  (espe- 
cially the  staminate),  which  are  developed  from  separate  buds  from  upper  axils  of 
the  preceding  year,  or  on  the  leafless  base  of  shoots^ of  the  season. 

*  Flowers  polygamous  :  leaves  mostly  simple! 
F  anomala  Torr.  Shrub  or  low  tree,  more  or  less  soft-pubescent  when  young :  leaves 
thin-coriaceous,  ovate,  rotund,  or  cordate,  rarely  obcordate,  entire  or  partly  serrate,  many- 
veuied  (an  inch  or  two  long),  sometimes  2-3-foUolate  with  similar  sessile  leaflets :  panicles 
short:  calyx  campanulate,  erose-toothed,  longer  than  the  ovary:  anthers  Unear-oblong : 
fruit  oblong  (7  to  10  Imes  long),  winged  from  the  base,  the  flattened  striate-nerved  body  as 
long  as  the  terminal  part  of  the  wing.  -  Watson,  Bot.  King,  283. -S.  Utah,  Newberry, 
Palmer,  Bishop,  &c. 
*   *   Flowers  dioecious  ;  the  pistillate  rarely  with  abortive  stamens  ;  the  staminate  reduced  to  2  or  4 

stamens  with  a  minute  or  obsolete  calyx  or  none  :  leaves  3-11- (mostly  5-9-)  foliolate. 
•i-  Leaflets  petiolulate:  anthers   linear-oblong,  mucronate   or  apiculate:    small  calyx  to   fertile 
flowers  present  and  persistent,  sometimes  deciduous  m  F.  quadrangulata. 

++  Fruit  winged  only  from  the  summit  or  upper  part  of  the  terete  or  nearly  terete  body, 
=  Which  is  marginless  ;  the  wing  wholly  terminal. 
P  pistacisef  olia,  Torr.  Small  tree,  either  velvety-pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaf- 
lets 5  to  9  short-petiolulate,  sometimes  subsessile,  small  (one  or  two  inches  long),  from 
lanceolate  to  oval,  entire  or  somewhat  serrate :  fruits  small  and  crowded,  spatulate  (either 
broadly  or  narrowly),  the  terete  body  (3  to  5  Unes  long)  somewhat  clavate,  about  equal- 
Ung  and  sometimes  exceeding  the  wing.-Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  128,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  166. 
—  S.  W.  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.)  _ 

Var  coriacea  A  rigid  form  of  arid  districts  :  leaflets  3  to  5,  firm-conaceous,  usually 
more  serrate.  -  F.  ueZuiina,  Torr.  in  Emory,  Rep.  1848,149,  a  velvety-tomentose  form. 
F.  coriacea,  Watson  in  Am.  Nat.  vii.  302,  excl.  pi.  coll.  Bigelow.  -  Arizona,  Emory,  Tl  heeler. 
P  Americana  L.  (White  Ash.)  Large  timber-tree  :  branchlets and  petioles  glabrous: 
leaflets  7  to  9,  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  entire  or  sparsely  serrate 
or  denticulate  (3  to  5  inches  long),  pale  or  whitish  and  often  pubescent  beneath:  fruit 
usually  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long ;  the  body  oblong  and  cylindraceous,  completely 


Fraxinus.  OLEACE^.  75 

terete,  barely  acute  at  base,  merely  l-nerved  at  what  would  be  the  margins,  half  or  thrice 
shorter  than  the  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  wmg.  —  Spec.  ed.  2,  1510,  excl.  syn.  Catesh  • 
Mulil.  in  N.  Schrift.  Berl.  iii.  (1801) ;  Michx.  f.  Sylr.  1. 118  (excl.  fruit,  which  is  apparently 
that  of  F.  viridis) ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  125,  t.  89  (on  plate  F.  acuminata)  ■  Emerson,  Rep. 
Trees,  ed.  2,  t.  12.  F.  acuminata,  Lam.  Diet.  ii.  542.  F.  Novce-Anglice  &  F.  Caroliniana? 
Wangenheim.  F.  alba,  Marsh.  Arbust.  51.  F.  juglandifolia,  Lam.  1.  c.  ?  &  Bosc  in  Mem. 
Inst.  1808,  209.  F.  epiptera,  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  256.  F.  Canadensis,  G^rtn.  Fruct.  i.  122,  t.  49. 
F.  discolor,  Muhl.  Cat.  111.  —  Rich  or  moist  woods,  Canada  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  Very 
valuable  timber-tree :  fruit  variable  in  size  and  shape  of  wmg,  but  that  of  the  terete  cylin- 
draceous  body  quite  constant.     Monoecious  flowers  have  been  met  with. 

Var.  microcarpa.  Fruit  (seemingly  full  grown  but  seedless)  remarkably  small, 
half  to  two  thirds  inch  long.— F.  albicans,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1862,  partly.  F 
Cwtissii,  Vasey,  Cat.  Trees  U.  S.  20.  — Eufaula,  Alabama  {Curtiss),  &c. 

Var.  Texensis.  Low  tree,  glabrous  tliroughout :  leaflets  mostly  5,  slender-petiolu- 
late,  from  ovate  to  broadly  oval,  1^  to  2  inches  long,  either  rounded  at  apex  or  slightly 
acuminate :  fruit  small,  two-thirds  to  barely  an  inch  long,  the  wing  hardly  double  the 
length  of  the  body.— F.  albicans,  Buckley,  1.  c,  in  part.  F.  pistacimfolia,  B.  Hall,  List.  PI. 
Tex.  M.  527.  F.  coriacea,  Watson,  I.e.,  as  to  pi.  Bigelow,  "Devil's  Run  Canon,"  Texas 
(not  "Arizona"),  a  form  with  remarkably  long-petiolulate  leaves  of  firmer  texture,  with- 
out flowers  or  fruit.  —  Texas,  on  rocky  hills,  from  Austin  to  Devil's  River,  near  the  Rio 
Grande.     Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 

=  =  Body  of  the  fruit  more  slender,  tapering  gradually  from  summit  to  base,  more  or  less  mar- 
gmed  upward  by  the  decurrent  wing. 

P.  pubescens,  Lam.  (Red  Ash.)  Tree  of  middle  or  large  size:  inner  face  of  the 
outer  bark  of  the  branches  red  or  cinnamon-color  when  fresh:  young  parts  velvety- 
pubescent,  commonly  permanently  so :  leaflets  as  of  the  preceding,  or  else  longer  and 
narrower,  the  lower  face  and  the  petioles  more  tomentose  :  fruit  commonly  1^  to  2  inches 
long  ;  its  body  more  than  half  (or  even  little  less  than)  the  length  of  the  linear  or  spatulate 
wing.  —  Dipt.  ii.  548  ;  Walt.  Car.  254;  Muhl.  in  N.  Schrift.  Berl.  1.  c.  ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5, 
402.  F.  Pennsijlvanica,  Marsh.  Arbust.  51.  F.  nigra,  DuRoi.  F.  tomentosa,  Michx.  f.  Sylv! 
t.  119.  F.  oUongocarpa,  Buckl^,  1.  c.  —Low  grounds,  Canada  to  Dakotah,  and  south  to 
Florida ;  rare  west  of  Ohio. 

F.  viridis,  Michx.  f.  (Green  Ash.)  SmaU  or  middle-sized  tree,  glabrous:  leaflets 
5  to  9,  bright  green  both  sides,  or  barely  pale  beneath,  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate, 
mostly  acuminate  and  sparsely  and  sharply  serrate  or  denticulate  (2  to  4  inches  long) : 
fruit  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  or  with  a  rather  more  decurrent  wing  (from  9  to  18  lines  long). 
—  Sylv.  t.  120,  excl.  fruit  (which  must  belong  to  F.  Americana) ;  Bosc,  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Man. 
ed.  2,  358.  F.  concohr,  Muhl.  Cat. ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  (on  plate,  F.  pubescens  in  letter-press) 
t.  90.  F:  juglandifolia,  Willd.  Spec.  iv.  1104.  F.  Caroliniana  (Willd.  ?),  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  9. 
F.  expansa,  Willd.  Baum.  150.  — Along  streams,  Canada  and  Dakotah  to  Florida,  Texas, 
and  Arizona  1  Pale-leaved  forms,  with  som^  pubescence  on  the  veins  of  the  leaflets  be- 
neath, pass  into  the  preceding. 

Var.  Berlaildieriana.     Leaflets  3  to  5,  with  a  more  cuneate  base  :  wing  of  the  fruit 
rather  wider  and  more  decurrent  on  the  body.— F.  Berlandieriana,  DC.  Prodr.  viii.  278. 
F.  trialata,  Buckley,  1.  c,  a  state  with  3-winged  samara.  —  Texas.     (Cuba?) 
++  -H-   Fruit  with  compressed  and  wing-margined  body. 

P.  platycarpa,  Michx.  (Watek  Ash.)  Tree  of  middle  size,  glabrous  or  pubescent: 
branchlets  terete :  leaflets  5  to  7,  ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  or  entire, 
conspicuously  petiolulate :  fruit  elliptical,  obovate,  or  spatulate  (one  or  two  inches  long), 
contracted  below  into  a  stalk-like  base,  each  face  with  an  impressed  midnerve,  not  rarely 
3-winged.  — Fl.  ii.  256;  Michx.  f.  Sylv.  t.  124;  Chapm.  Fl.  370.  F.  Carolinensis,  &c., 
Catesb.  Car.i.  t.  80.  F.  Caroliniana,  Lam.  I.  c.  ?  F.  excelsior?  Walt.  Car.  254.  F.  Ameri- 
cana, Marsh.  Arbust.  50.  F.  pallida,  Bosc,  1.  c.  F.  pauciflora,  Nutt.  Sylv.  iii.  61,  t.  100. 
F.  triptera,  Nutt.  1.  c,  with  3-winged  samara.  F.  Nuttallii  &  F.  nigrescens,  Buckley,  in  Proc. 
Philad.  Acad.  1860  &  1862.  —Deep  river-swamps,  Virginia  to  Louisiana.     (Cuba.) 

P.  quadrangXllata,  Michx.  (Blue  Ash.)  Large  timber-tree,  the  inner  bark  yielding  a 
blue  color  to  water,  glabrous  :  branchlets  square :  leaflets  7  to  9,  ovate-oblong  to  lancecilate, 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate  (3  or  4  inches  long),  short-petiolulate,  when  young  often  pubes- 


^Q  OLEACE^.  Fraxinus. 

cent  beneath :  fruit  linear-oblong  or  cuneate-oblong  (one  or  two  inches  long,  4  to  7  lines 
wide),  not  stipitate  and  oftener  not  narrowed  at  base,  Ughtly  sereral-nerTed  on  both  faces, 
somewhat  twisted  when  mature ;  the  minute  calyx  at  length  deciduous  or  obsolete,  — 
Fl.  ii.  225;  Michx.  f.  Sylv.  t.  123.  — Dry  rich  woods,  Michigan  to  Tennessee. 

^—  H—  Lateral  leaflets  sessile :  common  petiole  angled :  anthers  short-oblong. 
=  Calyx  small,  persistent. 

P.  Oregana,  Nutt.  Tree  of  middle  or  ample  size,  with  wood  like  that  of  White  Ash, 
the  foliage  and  shoots  villous-pubescent,  at  least  when  young :  leaflets  5  to  7,  lanceolate- 
oblong  to  oval,  entire  or  nearly  so  (2  to  4  inches  long),  veiny,  the  upper  surface  soon 
glabrous  :  fruit  with  nearly  clavate  and  slightly  compressed  body,  the  margined  edges  gradu- 
ally widened  upwards  mto  the  longer  oblanceolate  wing  (of  an  inch  or  less  in  length).  — 
Sylv.  iii.  59,  t.  99  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  472.  F.  pubescens,  var..  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  51.  F.  grandifolia, 
Benth.  Sulph.  33.  —  Along  streams,  Washington  Terr,  near  the  coast  to  Cahfornia. 
==  =  Calyx  wanting :  the  flowers  wholly  naked. 

F.  sambucifolia.  Lam.  (Black  Ash.)  Small  or  middle-sized  tree,  with  very  tough 
and  fissile  wood ;  glabrous,  except  bearded  hahs  along  the  midribs  beneath :  leaflets  7  to 
11,  green  and  of  similar  hue  both  sides,  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  roundish  base,  gradually 
acuminate,  finely  and  acutely  serrate  (3  to  5  inches  long),  the  pinnate  primary  veins  of 
numerous  paks  :  fruit  lanceolate-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  flat  throughout,  finely  nervose, 
the  acutely  margined  body  of  the  same  breadth  as  the  whig.  — Diet.  ii.  549;  Muhl.  1.  c. ; 
Michx.  f.  Sylv.  t.  122  ;  Emerson,  Rep.  Trees,  ed.  2,  ii.  381,  t.  13.  F.  nigra,  Marsh.  Arbust. 
51.  _  Swamps  and  wet  banks.  Nova  Scotia  to  Wisconsm,  the  mountains  of  Virginia  and 
Kentucky.  Bruised  foliage  exhales  the  odor  of  Elder.  Remarkable  for  the  total  absence 
of  calyx. 

2.  FORESTIlfiE/A,  Poir.  {M.  Forestier,  a  French  physician.)  —  Shrubs 
(North  American  and  W.  Indian)  ;  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  mconspicuous 
flowers,  in  early  sprmg,  from  imbricated-scaly  axillary  buds,  and  small  dark-colored 
drupes ;  the  putamen  thin.  Fascicles  or  panicles  yery  short,  few-flowered  ;  the 
staminate  sessile  and  in  a  sessile  globular  scaly  glomerule  :  the  bracts  or  bud-scales 
deciduous.  Branches  minutely  warty.  —  Tulasne  m  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  3,  xv.  265. 
Adelia,  Michx.     Borya,  Willd.     Bigelovia,  Smith.     Fiptolepis,  Benth. 

*  Leaves  membranaceous  and  deciduous,  not  porulose,  mostly  minutely  sen-ate :  flowers  from  axils 
of  the  preceding  year. 
F.  actiminata,  Poir.  Shrub  somewhat  spinescent,  5  to  10  feet  high,  glabrous  through- 
out :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  ovate-oblong,  conspicuously  acuminate,  slender-petioled, 
1^  to  4  inches  long :  fertile  flowers  several  in  a  panicle  :  calyx  obsolete  or  caducous  :  drupe 
(when  forming  fusiform  acuminate,  and  somewhat  arcuate)  elongated-oblong.  —  Diet. 
Suppl.  ii.  664 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv.  363,  excl.  var.  Adelia  acuminata,  Michx.  Fl.  ii. 
225,  t.  48.  Bonja  acuminata,  Willd.  Spec.  iv.  711.  Forestiera  Ugustrina,  Willd.  ex  char.  & 
hab. ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  358,  not  Poir.  —  Wet  and  shady  river-banks,  W.  Illinois  and  Mis- 
souri to  W.  Georgia  and  Texas.  The  habitat  of  this  and  of  F.  Ugustrina  must  have  been 
transposed  in  Michaux's  Flora. 
F.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.  Slu-ub  6  to  10  feet  high,  glabrous  -.  leaves  spatiilate-oblong, 
obtuse  or  obtusely  acuminate,  short-petioled,  obtusely  or  obsoletely  serrulate,  an  inch 
long  :  fertile  flowers  in  sessile  fascicles  :  calyx  mmute  and  rather  persistent:  drupe  obtuse, 
short-oblong  or  ovoid.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  63.  F.  acuminata,  var.  parvifolia.  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  iv.  364.  — New  Mexico,  and  adjacent  borders  of  Texas  and  Colorado,  Fe/irf/er, 
Wright,  Palmer,  Brandegee. 

Var.  Arizonica.  Young  shoots  and  foliage  soft-pubescent ;  only  earUest  leaves 
seen,  those  entire. —Near  Prescott,  Arizona,  Pa/mer. 
F.  Ugustrina,  Poir.  More  or  less  pubescent  with  short  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  obovate 
or  oblong  with  narrowed  base,  short-petioled,  appressed-serrulate,  rounded  at  apex,  usually 
a«  inch  long  :  fertile  flowers  in  simple  fascicles :  calyx  almost  obsolete  :  drupe  short-ovoid, 
sessile  :  putamen  smooth  and  even.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv.  364,  partly.     Adelia  ligus- 


Hesperelcea.  OLEACE^.  77 

trina,  Michx.  1.  c,  excl.  hab.    Borya  ligustrina,  Willd.  1.  c,  but  character  wrongly  altered,  as 
also  by  Poiret,  1.  c.  —  Tennessee  to  Florida,  &c.,  but  not  Illinois. 
F.  pubesoens,  Nutt.     Soft-pubescent:   fertile  flowers  and  oblong  drupes  pedicellate: 
putamen  striate:    otherwise  like   the   preceding.  —  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  177. 
F.  ligustrina,  var.  pubescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Florida,  Arkansas,  and  Texas. 
*   *   Leaves  coriaceous  (very  small),  not  porulose. 
F.  sphasrocarpa,  Torr.     Low  shrub ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  obscurely  crenu- 
late,  minutely  soft-pubescent,  half  inch  long,  short-petioled,  mainly  crowded  at  the  tip  of 
the  branchlets  :    drupe  globular,  very  short-pedicelled.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  168.  —  S.  W. 
Texas,  in  dry  ravines  of  the  Rio  Limpio,  Bigelow. 

*   *   *   Leaves  coriaceous,  porulose-punctate  beneath,  often  persistent  until  flowers  develop  in  their 
axils,  or  even  to  the  maturity  of  the  fruit, 

■i—  Their  margins  plane,  often  serrulate. 
F.  reticulata,  Torr.,  1.  c.  Glabrous  throughout :  leaves  ovate  or  almost  oblong,  with 
rounded  base  and  obtuse  or  acute  mucronulate  apex,  short-petioled,  firm-coriaceous,  lucid 
above,  conspicuously  venulose-reticulated,  an  inch  or  more  long :  fascicles  few-flowered 
and  very  short  in  the  axils  of  persistent  leaves:  drupe  short-ovoid. — Western  borders  of 
Texas,  Wright,  Bigelow,  Schott. 

H—  -1—  Margin  of  the  leaves  narrowlj-  revolute,  entire. 
F.  porulosa,  Poir.  Much  branched  shrub,  glabrous :  leaves  thin-coriaceous,  obovate- 
oblong  to  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  short  distinct  petiole,  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
apex  (one  or  two  inches  long),  the  scattered  and  spreading  veins  manifest :  drupes  short- 
oblong,  short-pedicelled.  —  Gray,  1.  c,  excl.  vars.  Myrica  segregata,  Jacq.  Obs.  ii.  273,  &  Ic. 
Ear.  t.  625.  Adelia  porulosa,  Michx.  1.  c.  Borya  porulosa,  Willd.  1.  c.  Forestiera  Jacquiniana, 
Didrichson,  Ind.  Sem.  Hamb.  1838,  &  Linn,  xxvii.  737.  —  S.  Florida  :  rare.  (W.  Lad.) 
F.  angustifolia,  Torr.  Densely  branched  and  rather  large  shrub,  glabrous:  leaves 
finn-coriaceous,  linear  or  spatulate-linear  (6  to  12  lines  long  and  1  to  3  wide),  sometimes 
linear-oblong  (short  and  4  lines  wide),  very  obtuse,  veinless  or  nearly  so  :  flowers  not  rarely 
hermaphrodite,  few  in  the  close  cluster:  drupe  ovate,  acute,  very  short-pedicelled.  —  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  168.  F.  porulosa,  var.  1  angustifolia.  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Texas,  from  Matagorda  Bay 
and  New  Braunfels  southward  to  Mexico. 

F.  PHiLLTREioiDES,  Torr.  1.  c.  {Piptolepis  phillyreioides,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  29),  of  Mexico 
{Hartweg,  Gregg,  &c.),  appears  to  have  leaves  destitute  of  the  pore-like  punctuations,  smaller 
than  those  of  F.  porulosa,  but  similar  in  form  and  venation,  the  lower  face  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent, and  the  drupes  oblong. 

3.  CHIONANTHUS,  L.  Fringe-tree.  (From  ^imv,  snow,  and  ardog, 
blossom,  alluding  to  the  snow-white  and  light  clusters  of  flowers.)  —  Shrubs  or 
low  trees  (the  genuine  species  E.  North  American  and  Chinese) ;  with  simple 
and  entire  opposite  deciduous  leaves,  and  loose  compound  panicles  of  white 
flowers,  in  early 'summer,  from  the  uppermost  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  preceding 
year.  Petals  sometimes  nearly  separate  or  separable,  oftener  united  (but  irregu- 
larly) to  about  twice  the  length  of  the  small  calyx,  in  cultivation  occasionally 
5  or  6.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  231 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  677. 

C.  Virginica,  L.  Somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  3  to  6  inches  long,  short- 
petioled  :  panicles  drooping,  with  very  slender  branches  and  pedicels  and  usually  some 
foliaceous  bracts  :  petals  an  inch  long,  acute :  fruit  black  or  bluish,  with  thin  pulp,  glob- 
ular, half  inch  or  more  long.  — (Catesb.  Car.  t.  68.)  Lam.  111.  t.  9;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab. 
t.  1264.  —  Along  streams,  S.  Pennsylvania  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

4.  HESPEREL^A,  Gray.     (EaTtiga,  evening  or  occidental,  tlaia,  the 

olive-tree.)  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  83.  —  Single  species. 

H.  Palmeri,  Gray.  Small  tree,  glabrous :  leaves  opposite,  entire,  coriaceous,  oblong, 
veiny :  flowers  sulphur-colored,  crowded  in  a  terminal  compound  panicle  :  pedicels  short, 


78  OLEACE^.  Osmanthus. 

articulated :  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals :  fruit  not  seen,  but  evidently  drupa- 
ceous.—  Guadalupe  Island,  off  Lower  California  (beyond  the  limits  of  this  Flora),  Dr.  E. 
Palmer. 

5.  OSMANTHUS,  Lour.  (From  oGnri,  odor,  and  avdog,  blossom,  the 
flowers  fragrant.)  —  Shrubs  and  small  trees  (of  E.  United  States,  Pacific  Islands, 
and  N.  E.  Asia)  ;  with  evergreen  chiefly  opposite  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in 
axillary  clusters.  Genus  founded  on  the  Chinese  0.  fragrans,  cultivated  as  a 
house-plant  for  its  deliciously  fragrant  small  blossoms ;  now  distinguished  from 
Oleahj  the  imbricated  instead  of  valvate  eestivation  of  the  corolla. —  Benth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  ii.  677. 

0.  Americanus,  Benth.  &  Hook.  (Devil-wood.)  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  gla- 
brous :  bark  wliitish :  leaves  firm-coriaceous,  lanceolate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  short 
petiole,  entire,  bright  green,  shining  above  (3  to  6  inches  long),  much  longer  than  the 
panicles  of  dull  white  (polygamous  or  even  dioecious)  flowers  :  drupe  small,  dark  purple. 
—  Ligustrum  laurifolio,  &c.,  Catesb.  Car.  i.  61,  t.  61.  Olea  Americana,  L.  Mant.  24;  Michx. 
n.  ii.  222;  Michx.  f.  Sylv.  iii.  t.  6.  —  N.  Carohna  to  Florida  near  the  coast:  fl.  spring. 

6.  MEN0D6RA,  Humb.  &  Bonpl.  (Ms'vog,  force,  and  8coqov,  gift.)  Low 
shrubby,  suffruticose,  or  nearly  herbaceous  plants  (American  and  one  S.  African)  ; 
with  simple  entire  or  pinnately  lobed  leaves,  many  of  them  alternate,  and  con- 
spicuous flowers  terminating  the  branches,  or  becoming  lateral,  or  sometimes  loosely 
corymbosely  cymose :  fl.  in  spring  or  summer:  corolla  in  ours  yellow.  —  PL 
^quin.  ii.  98,  t.  110  ;   Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xiv.  43  ;  Benth.  &  Hook. 

1.  0.      Bolivaria,  Cham.   &   Schlecht.  in   Linn.  i.  207.      Calyptrospermum,  Dietr. 
Spec.  i.  226. 

§  1.  BolivXria.     Corolla  with  short  or  very  short  tube;  its   lobes  blunt  or 

hardly  acute ;  the  throat  commonly  bearded  within :  filaments  filiform :  anthers 

pointless.      (§  Bolivaria  &  §  Menodora,  Gray,  1.  c.) 

*   Calyx-lobes  rather  short,  5  or  6,  rarely  some  intemiediate  ones :  leaves  entire. 

M.  spinescens,  Gray.  Thorny  shrub,  2  to  4  feet  high,  rigid,  divergently  branched, 
obscurely  puberulent :  leaves  alternate,  spatulate-linear  and  very  small,  commonly  reduced 
to  minute  scales  or  scars  on  the  main  branchlets  :  flowers  small,  almost  sessile,  terminating 
short  shoots :  calyx-lobes  a  little  shorter  than  the  hght  yellow  corolla,  the  oblong  lobes  of 
which  (a  line  and  a  half  long)  are  rather  shorter  than  the  funnelform  tube  :  capsule  of  2 
almost  separate  and  diverging  obovoid  divisions.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  388,  &'  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  471.  — Nevada  and  adjacent  borders  of  California,  Anderson,  Cooper. 

M.  SCoparia,  Engelm.  Shrubby  at  base,  the  slender  branches  herbaceous,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  ;  or  the  lower  oblong  or  obovate,  the  upper 
mainly  alternate :  flowers  sparsely  corymbose,  short-peduncled  :  calyx-lobes  at  first  little 
longer  than  the  tube  of  the  almost  rotate  corolla  (lobes  of  the  latter  ovate  and  3  or  4  lines 
long) :  divisions  of  the  capsule  globular.  —  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  S.  E.  California,  Arizona,  and 
adjacent  parts  of  Mexico.     Related  to  M.  integrifolia  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  to  the  next. 

*  *  Calyx-lobes  7  to  15,  slender,  linear  or  subulate :  corolla  nearly  rotate,  its  obovate  lobes  much 
longer  than  the  tube. 

M.  scabra,  Gray.  Herbaceous  from  a  woody  branching  base,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
Flax-like,  whole  herbage  or  at  least  the  lower  part  puberulent-scabrous :  leaves  mostly 
alternate,  linear  or  the  lower  oblong,  chiefly  entire,  4  to  10  lines  long :  flowers  rather 
numerous :  peduncles  remaining  erect :  lobes  of  the  bright  yellow  corolla  obovate,  3  or  4 
lines  long.  — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c. ;  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vii.  t.  7.  —  W.  Texas  to  N.  New 
Mexico  and  S.  Arizona. 

M.  heteroph^^lla,  Moricand.  Nearly  herbaceous,  diffusely  spreading,  a  span  high, 
almost  glabrous  but  roughish :  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  pinnately  3-7-cleft  or  parted ; 


Menodora.  APOCYNACE^.  79 

the  lobes  and  uppermost  leaves  linear :  flowers  sparse :  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  3  to  5 
lines  long,  light  yellow,  sometimes  purpUsh  outside  :  short  peduncles  recurved  in  fruit.  — 
DC.  Prodr.  viii.  316  ;  Gray,  I.e.  BoUvaria  Grisebachii,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxv.  254.  — Dry  or 
rich  soil,  Texas.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

§  2.  Menodoropsis,  Gray,  1.  c.     Corolla  salverform  with  a  long  tube,  glabrous 

within ;  the  oval  or  ovate  lobes  mucronate-acuminate  :  anthers  almost  sessile  in 

the   throat,   apiculate :    flowers  vespertine,   odorous,  bright  yellow  :    calyx  with 

about  10  setaceous  lobes,  exceeding  the  fruit :   habit  of  M.  scabra. 

M.  longiflora,  Gray.     Glabrous,  numerous  almost  simple  herbaceous   stems  a  foot  or 

more  high  from  a  woody  and  branching  base  :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate  (an  inch  or  less 

long),  smooth,  entire  (or  some  of  the  lowest  rarely  3-cleft),  the  upper  commonly  alternate: 

flowers  several  and  cymose  :  tube  of  corolla  1^  to  2  inches  long,  slightly  widening  to  the 

summit;   the  lobes  half  an  inch  long. —Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  45.  — S.  &  W.  Texas,  Lind- 

heimer,  Wright. 

M.  pubens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Pubescent  throughout  with  soft  and  spreading  hairs :  leaves 
rather  broader :  otherwise  nearly  resembling  tlie  preceding.  —  Valley  of  the  Pecos,  western 
part  of  Texas,  Wright. 

Oeder  LXXXVII.  APOCYNACE^. 

Herbaceous  or  woody  plants,  with  milky  and  mostly  acrid  juice,  simple  and 
entire  pinnately-veined  leaves,  either  alternate,  opposite,  or  verticillate,  no  stipules, 
and  perfect  regular  5-merous  flowers  ;  the  calyx  free  from  the  ovary  or  nearly  so, 
imbricated  in  the  bud  and  persistent ;  the  lobes  of  the  gamopetalous  corolla  con- 
volute and  often  twisted  in  the  bud  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and 
alternate  with  them ;  anthers  introrsely  dehiscent ;  pollen  of  ordinary  loose  but 
often  glutinous  grains ;  two  carpels  either  distinct  or  united  into  a  2-placentifer- 
ous  ovary ;  a  single  common  style,  surmounted  by  a  single  stigma ;  the  proper 
stigmatic  surface  a  ring  underneath  a  thickened  or  lengthened  sterile  terminal 
portion.  Ovules  few  or  numerous,  amphitropous  or  sometimes  anatropous.  Seeds 
with  or  without  a  coma.  Embryo  straight  and  rather  large,  in  sparing  albumen. 
Anthers  distinct,  but  connivent  around  the  stigma,  and  not  rarely  adhering  to  it 
(by  a  process  from  the  base  of  the  connective).  Inflorescence  various  :  peduncles 
either  terminal  or  axillary. 

Nerium  Oleander,  L.,  escaping  from  gardens  and  yards,  inclines  to  be  spontaneous  in 
Florida  and  Louisiana. 

Thevetia  neriifolia,  Juss.,  of  Tropical  America,  grows  on  Key  West,  doubtless  in- 
troduced. 

Tribe  I.  PLUMERIE^.  Anthers  free  (unconnected  with  the  stigma) ;  the  cells 
polliniferous  to  the  pointless  and  usually  rounded  base.  Ovaries  2,  connected  only 
by  the  common  (filiform)  style.  Corolla  sinistrorsely  convolute  in  the  bud,  in  our 
genera  unai:)pendaged  and  salverform,  with  tube  more  or  less  dilated  at  simimit. 
(Calyx  in  ours  small,  and  anthers  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate.) 
*  Anthers  blunt,  on  very  short  filaments,  inserted  and  included  in  the  throat  or  enlarged 
summit  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  which  is  villous  or  hispidulous  :  seeds  not  comose. 
-t—  Disk  none :  leaves  alternate. 

1.  VALLESIA,  Corolla  conspicuously  constricted  at  the  orifice.  Stigma  clavate  or 
cylindrical.  Carpels  drupaceous  in  fruit,  oblong  or  clavate  and  curved,  2-4-ovuled, 
1-seeded.     Seed  erect  :   radicle  inferior.     Shrubs. 

2.  AMSONIA.  Corolla  slightly  or  decidedly  constricted  at  the  villous  throat.  Stigma  girt 
underneath  by  a  reflexed  cup-like  membrane ;  the  apex  truncate-capitate  or  didymous. 
Carpels  many-ovuled,  becoming  slender  terete  and  often  torose  follicles,  erect,  several- 


80  APOCYNACE^. 

seeded.     Seeds  cylindraceous  or  oblong,  obliquely  truncate  at  both  ends,  in  a  single  row ; 
the  coat  corky.     Herbs. 
-I-  -t—  Disk  of  2  oblong  or  linear  glands  alternate  with  the  carpels :  leaves  opposite. 

3.  VINCA.  Corolla  callous-constricted  at  the  orifice;  the  lobes  broad.  Stigma  a  viscid 
ring  between  a  rotately  dilated  upper  and  a  lower  hairy  or  bearded  sterile  portion,  the 
upper  truncate  and  often  2-apiculate,  the  lower  subtended  by  a  reflexed  membranous  ring 
or  cup.  Carpels  few-many-ovuled,  in  fruit  narrow  terete  follicles.  Seeds  oblong,  trun- 
cate, with  rough-granulate  coat.     Radicle  superior. 

*  *   Anthers  acute,  inserted  at  or  below  the  middle  of  the  tube :  disk  none  :  seeds  comose. 

4.  HAPLOPHYTON.  Calyx  6-parted;  the  lobes  linear-subulate.  Corolla  salverforra 
with  open  throat;  its  tube  about  the  length  of  the  obovate  lobes.  Anthers  short-sagittate 
with  the  short  bases  rounded.  Style  rather  short :  stigma  cylindraceous,  2-lobed  at  apex, 
unappendaged.  Follicles  filiform,  striate,  several-seeded.  Seeds  linear-fusiform,  fixed  by 
the  middle,  sessile,  furnished  with  a  deciduous  coma  at  both  ends. 

Tribe  II.  ECHITIDE^.  Anthers  with  the  cells  produced  into  a  sterile  appendage 
at  base,  connivent  around  the  stigma  and  adherent  to  it  by  a  point  at  the  base  of 
the  poUiniferous  portion.  Ovaries  2,  united  only  by  the  common  style  or  stigma,  in 
fruit  follicles  containing  (at  least  in  ours)  comose  seeds.  Lobes  of  the  corolla 
almost  always  dextrorsely  convolute,  and  the  leaves  opposite'.  (Stamens  in  all 
ours  included.) 

*  Calyx-tube  by  means  of  a  thickish  disk  adnate  to  the  back  of  the  ovaries  below : 
corolla  appendaged  within  :  style  hardly  any. 

5  APOCYNUM.  Calyx  small,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed,  toward  the 
base  bearing  6  small  triangular-subulate  appendages  alternate  with  the  stamens  and 
inserted  rather  higher.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  very  short,  broad: 
anthers  sagittate,  acute.  Disk  fleshy  at  base,  the  free  summit  5-lobed.  Stigma  ovoid, 
obscurely  2-lobed.  Follicles  slender,  terete.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  long  coma  at  apex : 
albumen  little. 

*  *  Calyx  wholly  free :  style  filiform,  girt  below  by  a  ring  which  is  commonly  extended 
into  a  reflexed  entire  or  5-lobed  membranous  cup  or  appendage,  less  conspicuous  in 
no.  9  :  seeds  numerous  and  comose  at  the  apex. 

-1—  Stems  erect,  not  twining. 

6.  CYCLADENIA,  Calyx  6-parted,  naked  within;  the  lobes  slender.  Corolla  funnelform 
with  dilated  throat,  in  the  base  of  which  are  5  minute  callous  appendages,  one  behind 
each  stamen ;  lobes  ovate  or  obovate,  not  twisted  in  the  bud.  Stamens  borne  on  the  base 
of  the  dilated  portion  of  the  tube :  anthers  sagittate,  on  short  filaments,  the  tips  and  the 
basal  lobes  slender-cuspidate.  Disk  an  entire  shallow  cup  encircling  the  base  of  the 
ovaries.  Stigma  capitate-5-angled  and  truncate,  girt  by  a  conspicuous  5-lobed  reflexed 
membrane.  Follicles  lanceolate,  turgid,  smooth.  Seeds  ovate,  narrowed  at  the  apex  under 
the  copious  coma. 

7.  MACROSIPHONIA.  Calyx  5-parted,  multiglandular  at  base  within;  the  lobes 
slender.  Corolla  salverform,  with  a  long  tube  and  enlarged  cylindraceous  or  funnelform 
throat;  the  lobes  broad,  dextrorsely  convolute  but  sometimes  sinistrorsely  twisted  in  the 
bud,  often  crisped.  Stamens  borne  in  the  throat :  filaments  short :  anthers  oblong  or 
sagittate-lanceolate,  mostly  obtusely  tipped,  and  the  basal  appendages  obtuse.  Disk  of 
5  fleshy  and  distinct  or  partly  united  scales.  Stigma  thickened  and  firm,  5-costate,  with 
entire  or  2-eleft  small  apex,  the  base  appendaged  with  5  reflexed  lobes  or  a  5-cleft  mem- 
brane.    Follicles  long  and  slender,  terete.     Seeds  oblong. 

•»—  -1—  Stems  twining,  or  at  least  sarmentose  :  calyx  gland-bearing  at  base  M-ithin  :  corolla 
wholly  destitute  of  internal  scales  or  appendages ;  the  lobes  usually  more  or  less 
twisted  (to  the  left,  i.  e.  contrary  to  the  overlapping)  in  the  bud :  filaments  very  short  : 
disk  mostly  5-lobed  or  of  5  glands  :  follicles  long  and  slender. 

8.  ECHITES.  Flowers  comparatively  large.  Corolla  salverform,  funnelform,  or  with 
abruptly  dilated  campanulate  throat.  Appendage  of  the  stigma  conspicuous  and  reflexed, 
in  the  form  of  a  reversed  membranous  cup  or  of  5  strong  lobes.  Inflorescence  simple  or 
nearly  so. 

9.  TRACHELOSPERMXJM.  Flowers  comparatively  small.  Corolla  salverform  or 
somewhat  funnelform.  Tips  of  the  sagittate  and  gradually  acuminate  anthers  sometimes 
exserted ;  the  basal  lobes  acute.  Apex  of  style  more  or  less  thickened  or  obconical  under 
the  narrow  or  inconspicuous  ring  of  the  stigma.  Seeds  linear,  beakless.  Inflorescence 
open-cymose. 


Amsonia.  APOCYNACE^.  31 

1.  VALLl&SIA,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  (Francis  Vallesio,  a  Spanish  physician.)  — 
Glabrous  shrubs  ;  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  terminal  or  soon  lateral  cymes 

of  small  flowers.     Calyx  not  glanduliferous  within.  —  Prodr.  Fl.  Per.  28    t.  5. 

The  principal  species  is  — 

V.  glabra,  Cav.  Leaves  coriaceous  and  somewhat  fleshy,  shining,  almost  veinless 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  short-petioled,  about  2  inches  long  :  corolla  white  3  lines' 
long :  drupes  half  inch  long,  dry,  slender,  often  single.  -  Ic.  iii.  t.  297.  V.  dichotoma! Uuiz  & 
Pav.  (Fl.  Per.  ii.  26,  1. 151)  &  V.  chiococcoides  (HBK.) ;  A.  DC.  Prodr.  viii.  349  —  Key  West 
Florida.     (W.  Ind.  to  Lower  Calif,  and  Chili.) 

2.  AMS6NI A,  Walt.  (Dedicated  to  Charles  Amson.)  —  Perennial  herbs  (E. 
North  America  and  Japan)  ;  with  very  numerous  membranaceous  and  alternate 
leaves,  varying  from  ovate  to  linear,  and  rather  compact  small  cymes  of  bkie  or 
bluish  flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrsus :  fl,  spring  and  early  summer.  Inside  of  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  below  the  stamens  beset  with  reflexed  hairs.  Liber  of  tough 
fibres,  as  in  Apocynum,  &c. 

§  1 .  Stigma  with  depressed-capitate  or  truncate  entire  apex :  corolla  not  con- 
stricted under  the  limb  :  eastern  species. 

A.  Tabernsemontana,  Walt.  About  3  feet  high,  glabrate:  leaves  from  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  acuminate  (2  to  5  inches  long),  distinctly  petioled,  pale  beneath :  calyx  very 
small :  corolla  in  the  bud  slender-beaked  by  the  convolute  limb ;  its  lobes  lanceolate, 
becommg  linear  and  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  the  latter  at  first  mostly  villous  at  the  enlarging 
summit :  follicles  slender,  2  or  3  inches  long.  —  Car.  98 ;  A.DC.  Prodr.  viii.  385.  ( Tabemce- 
montana  Amsonia,  L.)  A.  latifolia,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  121 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  151.  A.  tristis,  Smith  in 
Pees  Cycl.  A.  salicifolia,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  184 ;  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1873 ;  A.DC.  1.  c,  with  var.  ciliolata. 
—Low  grounds,  N.  Carolina  and  Illinois  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
A.  angustifolia,  Michx.  Stems  (1  to  3  feet  high)  and  commonly  inflorescence  and 
leaves  (or  at  least  then-  margins)  when  young  villous  with  loose  hairs,  these  deciduous  : 
leaves  much  crowded,  linear-lanceolate  to  narrowly  linear  (an  inch  or  two  long,  half  line 
to  4  Imes  wide),  indistinctly  petioled,  the  margins  at  length  somewhat  revolute  :  calyx 
small  and  short :  corolla  glabrous  outside ;  its  f unnelform  tube  (3  or  4  lines  long)  little 
longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  or  at  length  linear-oblong  lobes :  follicles  slender  and  even, 
2  to  5  inches  long.  —  Fl.  i.  121 ;  Pursh,  1.  c.  Tahemcemontana  angustifolia,  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  l' 
i.  300  (1789).  Amsonia  ciliata,  Walt.  Car.  (1788),  98 ;  A.DC.  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  Fl.  360 ;  a  decep- 
tive specific  name,  and  barely  the  older.  —  Dry  soil,  N.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

Var.  Texana.     A  foot  or  two  high  from  creeping  woody  subterranean  shoots,  com- 
pletely glabrous :  leaves  of  firmer  texture,  lanceolate-oblong  to  linear.  —.  Texas,  in  rocky 
prairies  and  at  the  base  of  limestone  hills.  Pope,  Lindheimer,  E.  Hall,  &c. 
§  2.  Stigma  apiculate  with  two  distinct  obtuse  lobes  above  the  truncate  body  : 
tube  of  the  corolla  clavate,  being  constricted  (at  least  in  bud)  under  the  conspicu- 
ously shorter  limb:  calyx  deeply  5-parted  into  slender-subulate  lobes  (2  or  3 
lines  long) :  stems  lower,  more  branching,  and  bearing  smaller  or  simpler  cymes  : 
western  species. 

*  Follicles  torose,  inclined  to  break  into  thickish  articulations :  corolla  rather  short. 
A.  brevif olia,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high,  glabrous  :  leaves  thickish,  ovate,  varying 
above  to  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile  by  a  narrowed  base  (8  to  18  lines  long) :  lobes  of  the 
corolla  ovate  or  becoming  oblong,  2  or  3  lines  long,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  tube  ; 
the  throat  bearded  only  within  the  constricted  orifice :  mass  of  the  stigma  between  the 
ring  and  the  apical  lobes  longer  than  wide :  follicles  2  or  3  inches  long,  thickish,  irregu- 
larly moniliform,  chartaceous,  and  disposed  to  break  into  one-seeded  joints.  — Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xii.  64.  —  Southern  Utah  and  W.  Arizona,  to  the  border  of  California,  Mrs.  Thompson, 
Parry,  Palmer. 

A.  tomentosa,  Torr.     A  foot  or  more  high,  cinereous-tomentose  or  puberulent,  varying 
to  glabrous  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  narrowly  linear,  sessile :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong, 


82  APOCYNACE^.  Ainsonia. 

2  or  3  lines  long,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  tube  ;  orifice  bearded  :  mass  of  the  stigma 
between  tlie  ring  and  the  lobes  broader  than  high  :  follicles  as  in  the  preceding  1  — Frem. 
Rep.  ed.  2,  316,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  158.  —  Sandy  plains  and  ravines,  W.  border  of  Texas 
to  S.  Utah,  Fremont,  Wriglit,  Mrs.  Thompson,  &c. 

*   *   Follicles  slender  and  continuous :  tube  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  the  lobes. 

A.  Palmeri,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late or  linear,  sessile  (1^  to  3  inches  long)  :  clusters  simple  and  few-flowered:  lobes  of  the 
white  corolla  ovate,  1^  to  2  lines  long,  about  a  quarter  the  length  of  the  tube,  which  is 

•  reflexed-bearded  within  almost  to  the  base  :  mass  of  the  stigma  didymous,  puberulent,  di- 
vided almost  down  to  the  ring.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  —  Arizona,  Palmer. 

A.  longiflora,  Torr.  Minutely  scabrous  or  even  scabrous-pubescent,  or  above  glabrous  : 
leaves  linear,  sessile  (i  to  2  lines  wide,  1  to  2  inches  long)  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  narrowly 
oblong,  white,  a  quarter  the  length  of  the  greenish-purple  clavate  tube ;  this  over  an  inch 
long  and  glabrous  within  except  toward  the  summit :  body  of  the  stigma  trochleate,  much 
longer  than  wide,  surmounted  by  the  small  and  short  lobes.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  158.  — 
Rocky  ravines,  "W.  Te.xas  and  New  Mexico  on  the  Rio  Grande,  and  adjacent  Mexico. 

3.  VtNCA,  L.  Periwinkle.  (Ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 
Flowers  handsome,  usually  axillary.  Juice  hardly  milky.  —  Two  distinct  sub- 
genera:  §  1.  Pervinca  ;  herbaceous  and  procumbent  or  creeping  Old  World 
species,  blue-flowered,  anthers  with  wide  connective,  and  carpels  only  6-8-ovuled ; 
includes  V.  minor,  L.,  the  common  Periwinkle  of  the  gardens  and  the  related 
species.  §  2.  Lochnera,  A.DC.  ;  low  and  erect  shrubby  plants,  with  white  or 
rose-colored  corolla,  anthers  with  narrow  connective  and  carpels  several-seeded ; 
represented  by  the  following  species. 

V.  rosea,  L.  Low  erect  shrub,  puberulent :  leaves  oblong,  short-petioled :  flowers  almost 
sessile  :  'tube  of  corolla  an  inch  long,  the  narrowly  dilated  upper  portion  with  a  necta- 
riferous pit  (externally  salient)  behind  each  anther;  the  throat  with  a  hairy  ring  over  the 
tips  of  the  stamens  and  a  slighter  one  at  the  narrow  orifice ;  lobes  obovate,  shorter  than 
the  tube,  white  with  a  pink  eye,  sometimes  all  rose-color  or  white,  showy.  —  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  248.  —  Loc/mero.  vincoides,  Reichenb.  — S.  Florida :  possibly  native.  Widely  distributed 
as  a  weed  in  the  tropics ;  cult,  as  a  house-plant.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

4.  HAPL6PHYT0N,  A.DC.  (Composed  of  dnloog,  simple,  and  -qiviov, 
plant,  alluding  to  the  want  of  calycine  glands  and  disk.)  —  DeCandolle  was  not 
aware  of  the  double  coma,  and  Benth.  &  Hook,  (Gen.  ii.  722)  wrongly  assign  to 
it  adnate  anthers  with  empty  tails,  referring  it  to  the  EchitidecE.  Single  species. 
H.  cimicidum,  A.DC.     Herbaceous  or  nearly  so  from  a  suffrutescent  base,  slender,  a 

foot  or  two  high,  branching,  somewhat  cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  hispidulous-scabrous, 
opposite  and  alternate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  an  inch  or  two  long  : 
flowers  terminating  the  branches,  short-peduncled :  corolla  sulphur-color,  half  inch  or  more 
long;  the  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube.  — Prodr.  viii.  412;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  159.  —  S. 
Arizona,  in  crevices  of  rocks,  Wriglit,  Schott,  Thurber.     (Mex.,  Guatemala,  Cuba.) 

5.  AP6CYNUM,  Tourn.  Dogbane,  Indian  Hemp.  (Ancient  Greek 
name  for  Dogbane ;  and,  far  from,  y.vcor,  dog.)  —  Perennial  herbs  (of  northern 
temperate  zone),  pale  or  glaucescent;  the  liber  very  tough-fibrous;,  and  the  leaves 
opposite,  oval  or  oblong,  miicronate-tipped.  Flowers  (in  summer)  small,  in  ter- 
minal minutely  subulate-bracteate  cymes,  white  or  rose-color.  Follicles  2  to  7 
inches  long,  slender-pointed,  often  deflexed. 

A.  androseemifolium,  L.     A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  glabrous,  or  rarely  soft-tomentose, 
branched  above  :  branches  widely  spreading  :  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  distinctly  petioled  : 


Macrosiphonia.  APOCYNACE^.  33 

cymes  loose,  spreading,  naked  and  mostly  surpassing  the  leaves  :  corolla  flesh-color,  open- 
campanulate  (3  or  4  lines  long)  with  revolute  lobes ;  the  tube  exceeding  the  ovate  acute 
calyx-lobes.  -  Spec.  i.  213  ;  Lam.  111.  t.  176  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  280  ;  Bigel.  Med.  t.  36.  -  Borders 
K^]^  "^'  ^^"'^'^^  ^°  Georgia,  New  Mexico,  California,  and  Brit.  Columbia.  Var.  zncanum 
A.DC,  IS  tlie  downy-leaved  form,  not  uncommon  northward.  * 

.  Y^r,  pumUum,  a  very  low  and  pecuUar  round-leaved  form,  common  from  California 
to  Brit.  Columbia. 

A.  cannabinum,  L.  Erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  sometimes  soft-pubescent :  branches 
ascending,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  from  oval  to  oblong  and  even  lanceolate,  from  short- 
petioled  to  sessile,  with  a  rounded  or  obscurely  cordate  base :  cymes  erect,  densely  flowered  • 
corolla  greenish-white  or  slightly  flesh-color,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  with  almost 
erect  lobes,  and  tube  not  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes.  —  Spec.  1.  c. ;  Hook  Fl 
t.  139 ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  394.  A.  hjperidfolium,  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  1,  i.  304  ;  Hook.  'l.  c.  t.  140  • 
form  with  mostly  sessile  and  sometimes  subcordate  leaves.  A.  Sibiricum,  Jacq!  Vind  ill' 
t.  66.  A.  pubescens,  R.  Br.  in  Wern.  Soc.  i.  67  ;  the  downy  form.  —  Moist  grounds  and  banks 
of  streams,  same  range  as  the  preceding,  and  more  southern ;  occurring  in  a  much  greater 
number  of  forms,  hardly  to  be  distinguished  as  named  varieties. 

_  6.  CYCLADENIA,  Benth.  (Kvxlog,  a  ring,  and  dSi^v,  gland,  from  the 
circular  glandular  disk  around  the  pistil.)  —  Low  perennial  herbs  (Californian)  ; 
with  a  creeping  rhizoma  sending  up  a  simple  stem,  hardly  a  span  high,  and  bear- 
ing 2  or  3  pairs  of  opposite  petiolate  leaves,  of  a  thickish  texture,  and  one  or  two 
slender  terminal  or  apparently  axillary  peduncles,  with  a  few  rose-purple  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels,  developed  in  spring.  —  PI.  Hartw.  322. 

C.  humilis,  Benth.  Glabrous  and  green,  or  pruinose  when  young :  leaves  ovate  or 
obovate,  thickish,  1  to  3  inches  long:  calyx-lobes  from  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear-  corolla 
three-fourths  inch  long. -Yuba  to  Shasta  Co.,  California,  in  the  mountains,  HdHweg 
Brewer,  &c.  '^' 

C.  tomentosa,  Gray.  Densely  tomentose-pubescent  throughout:  leaves  ovate  and 
oblong,  2  or  3  inciies  in  length:  calyx  hirsute.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  474. —Plumas  Co.  CaU- 
fornia,  with  the  preceding,  Lemmon.  ^  ' 

7.  MACROSIPHONIA,  Muell.  (Arg.)  (Ma-^Qog,  long,  and  aicpcov,  tube, 
m  reference  to  the  corolla.)  —  Erect  sufFrutescent  or  more  woody  plants  (of  Mexico, 
Texas,  and  Brazil)  ;  with  rather  simple  stems  or  branches,  numerous  opposite  or 
sometimes  verticillate  leaves,  and  proportionally  large  showy  flowers,  either  ter- 
minal or  becoming  lateral,  on  short  peduncles  or  pedicels  ;  the  corolla  commonly 
soft-puberulent  or  tomentose  outside.  Follicles  erect.  — Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  vi.  137, 
t  42,  43  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  727.  —  Flowers  in  ours  white  or  externally 
tinged  with  rose-color,  vespertine,  fragrant,  in  spring  or  summer  ;  the  leaves 
very  short-petioled. 

M.  Berlandieri.  A  foot  or  two  high,  shrubby,  white-tomentose :  leaves  from  oval  or 
cordate-ovate  to  orbicular  (an  inch  and  more  long),  becoming  greenish  and  merely  pubes- 
cent above,  the  diverging  veins  at  length  conspicuous  :  corolla  merely  puberulent  outside, 
Its  slender  tube  (with  the  cylindraceous-dilated  throat)  3  to  5  inches  long,  many  times 
exceeding  the  calyx  and  the  round-obovate  (nearly  inch  long)  lohes.  —  Echites  macrosiphon, 
Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  158,  t.  43.—  Rocky  soil,  W.  Texas  and  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico, 
Berlandier,  Wright,  Lindheimer. 

M.  Wrightii.  Slender,  branching,  a  foot  high,  soft-puberulent :  leaves  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  white-tomentulose  beneath,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above :  tube  of  the  corolla 
and  its  cylindraceous  throat  each  half  inch  or  more  in  length,  tomentulose,  the  lobes 
half  inch  long.  —  W.  Texas,  in  mountains  beyond  the  Limpio,  Wright. 

M.  brach^siphon.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  branching,  minutely  puberulent,  green  or 
barely  cinereous  :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  acute  or  mucronate-pointed,  or  some  rounded  at 


34  APOCYNACE^.  EcJdtes. 

the  apex  (half  to  barely  an  inch  long)  :  corolla  minutely  puberulent  outside  ;  its  somewhat 
f unnelforra  throat  and  the  obovate  lobes  as  well  as  the  narrow  tube  each  about  half  an 
inch  in  length.  — J^oAites  brachysiphon,  Torr.  1.  c.  —  Southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
Wright,  Schott,  Thurber,  Palmer,  Rothrock. 

8  ECHITES,  p.  Browne,  L.  {'Eiiz^g  is  the  serpent-stone;  application  to 
this  genus  obscure.)  —  Twining  woody  plants;  with  opposite  leaves,  and  ter- 
minal or  lateral  peduncles,  bearing  racemosely  or  sometimes  simply  cymosely  dis- 
posed flowers,  oi  ample  size ;  the  corolla  white,  rose-color,  or  more  commonly 
yellow.  Nearly  all  tropical  American,  barely  reaching  the  south-eastern  shores 
of  the  United  States,  in  three  species  belonging  to  as  many  genera  of  Mueller, 
hesitatingly  adopted  by  Bentham;  perhaps  better  as  two,  viz.,  the  following,  here 
arranged  as  subgenera. 

§  1.  Mandevillea.     Corolla  with  cylindrical  or  cylindraceous  tube  abruptly 
dilated  above  into  an  inflated-  or  oblong-campanulate  wide  throat.  —  Mandevillea, 
Lindl.  (Amblyanthera,  Muell.),  with  Rhabdadenia  &  Urechites,  Muell. 
E    Andrewsii,  Chapm.     Glabrous  or   occasionally   pubescent,   low,  usually  twining: 
leaves  oval  or 'oblong,  often  mucronate  (about  2  inches  long):  peduncles  corymbosely 
3-5-flowered :  lobes  of  the  calyx  as  long  as  the  proper  corolla-tube,  linear-subulate  :  corolla 
yellow  (2  inches  long  and  the  limb  as  broad) ;  the  much  enlarged  throat  oblong-campanu- 
late, hardly  thrice  the  length  of  the  narrow  tube,  little  longer  than  the  ovate  spreading 
lobe's:  anthers  abruptly  produced  at  apex  into  a  long  linear-fiUform  appendage:   seeds 
with  a  long  filiform  beak,  the  lower  half  of  which  is  naked,  the' upper  plumosely  comose. 
—  Fl  359  (1860).    Echites  suberecta,  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  187;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1064,  not 
Jacq     E.  neriandra,  Griseb.    Fl.  W.  Ind.  415  (1864).     E.  Catesbcei,  Don?     Neriandra  sub- 
erecta   A.DC.  Prodr.  viii.  422.     Urechites  suberecta,  Muell.  in  Linn.  xxx.  444,  in  part  ?  — 
S  Florida  and  Keys,  Blodgett,  Palmer.  — E.  suberecta,  Jacq.  &  Griseb.,  is  hardly  distinguish- 
able except  by  the  longer  throat  and  shorter  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  the  unappendaged 
anthers!     (W.  Ind.) 
E    Sagrsei   A  DC.     Much  smaller  than  the  preceding :  leaves  half  to  barely  an  inch 
long  the  margins  more  revolute  :  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  somewhat  racemosely 
flowered  •  calyx-lobes  ovate-subulate  and  mucli  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  yellow  (barely 
inch  long)  corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are  half  the  length  of  the  throat :  anthers  bluntish, 
unappendaged  :  beak  of  the  seed  plumosely-comose  to  the  base.  —  Prodr.  viii.  450  ;  Gnseb. 
1.  c.      Rhabdadenia  Sagrcei,  Muell.  1.  c.  435.  -Pine  Key,  Florida,  Blodgett.     (W.  Ind.) 
§  2.  EuECHiTES,  A.DC.     Corolla  truly  salverform,  i.e.  cylindrical  up  to  the 
limb,  but  the  upper  half  (above  the  insertion  of  the  stamens)  abruptly  somewhat 
laroer.  —  Echites  &  Stipecoma,  Muell. 

E  umbellata,  Jacq.  Glabrous,  twining :  leaves  ovate  or  oval  (2  inches  long),  mucro- 
nate or  short-pointed,  slightly  cordate :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  somewhat  umbel- 
lately  3-7-flowered  :  calyx  short :  corolla  greenish-white,  2  inches  long,  narrow-tubular : 
the  tube  abruptly  swollen  a  little  below  the  middle,  thence  tapering  upwards,  4  times  the 
length  of  the  roundish  lobes  :  anthers  rigid,  slender-hastate,  bluntish  and  unappendaged 
at  tip:  coma  sessile  on  the  top  of  the  seed.-Amer.  Pict.  t.  29  (Catesb.  Car.  i.  t.  58); 
Chapm.  1.  c. ;  Griseb.  I.  c.  —  S.  Florida.     (W.  Ind.) 

9.  TRACHELOSPifiBMUM:,  Lemaire.  (TQaxnlog,  cmQiia,  i.e.  seed 
with  a  neck :  unhappily  it  has  none  or  hardly  any  :  the  proposer,  ignorant  of 
this,  gave  the  name  in  reference  to  Rhynchospermum.)  —  Twining  shrubby  plants  ; 
with  oval  or  oblong  opposite  short-petioled  leaves,  and  small  or  smallish  flowers 
in  terminal  or  lateral  loose  cymes  :  corolla  white  or  greenish-white.  —  "  Lemaire, 
Jard.  Fleur.  i.  t.  61 ;  Moore  &  Henfr.  Mag.  Bot.  ii.  113  ;"  Benth.  «&  Hook.  Gen. 


Trachelospermum.  APOCYNACE^.  85 

ii.  720;  name  changed  from  Rhynchospermum,  Lindl.  (not  Reinw.,nor  A.DC,  nor 
is  there  a  beak  to  the  seed).  Parechites,  Miq.,  Gray  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  403. 
To  this  (Japanese,  Himalayan,  and  Malayan)  genus  is  here  referred,  somewhat 
dubiously,  the  following. 

T.  difforme.  Climbing  lO  or  15  feet  high,  somewhat  pubescent  when  young  or  glabrous  • 
stems  slender:  leaves  from  ovate  or  oval  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  membranaceous  (U  to 
3  mches  long) :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  flowers  rather  numerous  in  open  cymes 
short-pedicelled :  corolla  "greenish,"  4  lines  long;  the  ovate  lobes  much  shorter  than  the 
cylmdraceous  tube  with  its  considerably  dilated  throat :  style  obscurely  dilated  under  the 
narrow  membranous  ring  of  the  stigma:  follicles  long  (6  to  9  inches)  and  slender.— 
Echites  difformis,  Walt.  Car.  98 ;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i.  t.  10.  E.  puberula,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  120 
Forsteroma  difformis,  A.DC.  Prodr.  viii.  437.  Secondatia,  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c.  —  River- 
hanks,  Vh-ginia  to  Florida  and  Texas  :  fl.  spring  and  summer. 

^      Order  LXXXVIII.   ASCLEPIADACE^. 

Characters  of  Apocynacea:  as  to  herbage  and  general  structure  of  flowers  and 
fruit ;  distinguished  by  the  peculiar  aggregation  and  cohesion  of  the  pollen  into 
grauulose  or  waxy  masses  (pollinia),  one  or  sometimes  two  in  each  anther-cell, 
and  connected  with  the  stigma  or  rather  stigmatic  disk  in  pairs  or  fours  by  means 
of  5  glands  or  corpuscles,  which  alternate  with  the  anthers.  Estivation  of  the 
corolla  often  valvate  or  nearly  so.  A  corona  (crown)  of  five  parts  or  lobes 
usually  present  between  the  corolla  and  the  mostly  monadelphous  stamens,  and 
adnate  either  to  the  one  or  the  other.  Hypogynous  disk  within  the  stamens 
none.  ^  Styles  distinct  up  to  the  common  stigmatic  mass,  or  none.  Fruit  always  of 
2  follicles,  or  by  abortion  of  one  ovary  solitary,  several-many-seeded ;  the  seeds 
almost  always  bearing  a  long  and  soft  coma  at  the  apex.'  Radicle  superior. 
Stems  herbaceous  or  merely  shrubby,  not  rarely  twining.  Leaves  almost  always 
opposite  or  whorled,  destitute  of  stipules.  Inflorescence  terminal,  pseudo-axillary, 
or  sometimes  axillary,  cymose,  often  umbelliform.  Bracts  small  or  minute.  The 
tube  of  monadelphous  filaments,  commonly  named  gynostegium  (a  term  which  has 
been  applied  also  to  the  anther-portion),  we  call  the  column. 

PERfpLOCA  GRiECA,  L.,  a  woody  climbing  plant  of  the  Old  World,  in  ornamental  culti- 
vation, and  m  one  or  two  places  inclined  to  be  spontaneous,  represents  the  tribe  or  suborder 
Periplocea,  with  granulose  pollen  loosely  aggregated  in  two  masses  in  each  anther-cell.  AH 
the  American  genera  have  a  single  firm-waxy  pollen-mass  to  each  anther-cell,  i.e.  thev 
belong  to  the  suborder  Asclepiadeje. 

Tribe  I.  CYNANCHE^.  Anthers  tipped  with  an  inflexed  or  sometimes  erect 
scarious  membrane  ;  the  polliniferous  cells  lower  than  the  top  of  the  stigma  :  pol- 
Imia  suspended,  attached  in  pairs  (one  of  each  adjacent  ceU  of  different  anthers)  to 
the  corpuscle  or  gland. 

*   Crown  (corona)  or  appendages  to  the  corolla  or  ancJrcEcium  none. 
1.  ASTEPHANUS.     Calyx  destitute  of  glands.     Corolla  urceolate  or  short-campanulate, 
b-clett ;  the  lobes  slightly  and  dextrorsely  convolute  :  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  its 
tube.     Top  of  the  stigma  obtusely  conical  or  more  elevated.    Folhcles  smooth. 

*  *  Crown  double ;  the  exterior  annular,  interior  of  5  flat  fleshy  or  hood-like  scales  or 
processes. 

^'  ,?HI^IBERTIA.  Calyx  minutely  5-glandular  within.  Corolla  open-campanulate  or 
(m  all  ours)  rotate;  the  lobes  dextrorsely  convolute,  narrowly  overlapping.  Exterior 
crown  a  membranaceous  ring  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla;  interior  of  5  scales  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  usually  very  short  stamen-tube  or  column.  Top  of  stigma  flat  or  um- 
bonate,  or  with  a  short  2-clef  t  beak.    Follicles  rather  thick,  smooth,  acuminate. 


86  ASCLEPIADACE.E. 

*  *  *  Crown  single,  sometimes  with  accessory  processes  or  denticulations  alternate  with 
the  anthers :  calyx  5-parted,  mostly  small,  commonly  bearing  some  minute  glandular 
processes  at  base  within. 

-i-  Stems  erect  or  merely  decumbent,  never  twining  :  corolla  rotate,  5-parted,  dextrorsely 
valvate-convolute  in  the  bud  (the  lobes  obscurely  or  more  manifestly  overlapping  by 
their  edges,  or  at  least  by  their  tips) :  body  of  the  stigma  &-angular  or  6-lobcd,  flat- 
topped  :  crown  consisting  of  distinct  cucuUate  or  hollowed  nectariferous  appendages 
(cucuUi  or  hoods),  one  opposite  each  anther :  anthers  margined  with  mostly  corneous  and 
salient  wings. 

•H-  Hoods  remote  from  the  anthers,  at  the  base  of  the  long  column. 

3.  PODOSTIGMA.  Corolla  oblong-campanulate,  5-parted  nearly  to  the  5-angular  base; 
the  lobes  erect,  oblong,  obtuse.  Hoods  of  the  crown  short,  somewhat  incurved,  and  tlie 
margins  involute,  forming  pitcher-shaped  nectariferous  bodies.  Column  (and  enclosed 
styles)  slender,  almost  as  long  as  the  corolla  :  five  small  processes  under  and  alternating 
with  the  short  anthers.  Wings  of  the  latter  widening  downward  to  the  truncate  acute- 
angled  base.    Follicles  linear-fusiform,  unarmed. 

++  ++   Hoods  approximate  to  the  anthers  :  corolla  in  anthesis  patent  or  reflexed. 

=  Hoods  cristate-  or  corniculate-  appendaged  within. 

4.  ANANTHERIX.  Corolla  reflexed  in  anthesis.  Column  under  the  hoods  very  short 
but  distinct.  Hoods  as  long  as  the  corolla  and  far  longer  than  the  anthers,  ascending, 
oblong-clavate  with  incurved  summit,  mainly  solid,  with  narrow  bilamellate  ventral  mar- 
gin widening  to  and  rounded  at  the  summit,  there  enclosing  a  narrower  and  pointless 
lamelliform  crest.  Anthers  of  membranous  texture  throughout ;  their  papery  (instead 
of  corneous)  wings  much  broadened  downward  and  horizontally  truncate  at  base.  Cau- 
dicles  almost  capillary,  more  than  double  the  length  of  the  oblong  pollinia !  Leaves 
opposite. 

5.  ASCLEPIODORA.  Corolla  rotate-spreading  in  anthesis.  Hoods  basilar,  inserted  orer 
the  whole  very  short  column,  spreading  and  arcuate-assurgent,  little  surpassing  the  an- 
thers, slipper-shaped  and  the  rounded  apex  fornicate,  hollow  and  with  a  thickish  fleshy 
back,  traversed  (at  least  the  upper  part)  by  a  salient  crest  which  near  tlie  apex  divides 
the  cavity.  Anther-wings  (corneous)  narrowed  at  base,  angulate  above  the  middle  if  at 
all.     Caudicles  shorter  than  the  pyriform  pollinia.     Leaves  commonly  alternate. 

6.  ASCLEPIAS.  Corolla  almost  always  reflexed  in  anthesis.  Hoods  involute  or  com- ' 
plica'te,  not  fornicate,  bearing  a  horn  or  crest-like  (pointed  or  rarely  pointless)  process 
from  the  back  or  toward  the  base  within,  eitlier  sessile  next  tlie  corolla  or  elevated  on  a 
column  which  is  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Corneous  anther-wings  widening  down  to  the 
base,  usually  triangular,  the  salient  base  being  truncate  or  semihastate,  or  not  rarelj' 
broadly  rounded.    Leaves  opposite,  sometimes  varying  to  alternate  or  verticillate. 

=  =  Hoods  wholly  destitute  of  crest  or  appendage  within :  corolla  reflexed  in  anthesis. 

7.  ACERATES.  Hoods  involute-concave  or  somewhat  pitcher-shaped.  Anther-wings 
widened  or  angulate  if  at  all  near  or  above  the  middle,  thence  narrowed  to  the  base. 
Otherwise  as  Asdepias.     Leaves  prevailingly  alternate  or  scattered. 

8.  SCHIZONOTUS.  Hoods  saccate,  dorsally  bivalvular,  cleft  posteriorly  from  apex  to 
base,  the  ventral  side  adnate  to  the  whole  length  of  the  column.  Leaves  opposite.  An- 
thers, &c.,  of  Acerates. 

9.  GOMPHOCARPUS.  Hoods  various,  open  ventrally  or  at  the  top.  Anthers,  &c.,  of 
Asdepias. 

•i—  H—  Stems  twining  (at  least  in  ours) :  corolla  5-parted  or  deeply  cleft :  crown  of  dis- 
tinct or  united  plane  or  concave  processes,  or  rarely  cup-shaped. 
++   The  5  divisions  abruptly  pointed,  2-3-lobed  or  appendaged  at  the  apex. 

10.  ENSLENIA.  Corolla  erect-campanulate ;  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  slightly  dextrorse- 
overlapping  in  the  bud.  Crown  nearly  sessile  at  base  of  the  anthers  ;  its  divisions  dis- 
tinct, thin,  oblong,  the  abrupt  or  truncate  apex  bearing  a  long-ligulate  or  awnlike  (single 
or)  double  appendage.  Pollinia  elliptical.  Stigma  with  an  elevated  2-lobed  tip.  Anther- 
wings,  follicles  (smooth,  ovate),  seeds,  &c.,  nearly  of  Asdepias. 

11.  ROULINIA.  Corolla  rotate-spreading.  Crown  5-parted;  its  divisions  simply  and 
abruptly  acuminate  or  ligulate-tipped.  Anther-wings  tuberculiform  and  short.  Stigma 
flat-topped.     Otherwise  nearly  as  the  preceding. 

-H-  ++  Divisions  or  lobes  of  the  crown  not  tipped  with  any  appendage  or  prolonged  mid- 
dle lobe :  follicles  smooth. 

12.  METASTELMA.  Calyx  short  and  the  lobes  obtuse.  Corolla  usually  campanulate, 
6-clef t  or  6-parted ;  the  lobes  strictly  valvate  in  the  bud,  commonly  papillose-puberulent 


Philibertia.  ASCLEPIADACEiE.  g7 

e[th''eronfhe''Si.  nT"  ''\  ^  ^^' ^'-  ^^^""^^ ^^^^  -instinct  scales  or  processes,  borne 
the  centre  "^     "™-     ^^'^""^  "^'^^  ^^'  '^P  °^  ^'^^  ^  mere  apicula [ion  at 

13.  MELINIA.  Calyx-lobes  narrow  and  acute.  Corolla  with  thin-edeed  lobes  slishtlv 
overlapping  in  the  bud.  Crown  of  5  distinct  fleshy  scales  at  the  Se  of  the  cXmZ 
Stigma  abruptly  long-rostrate,  the  beak  entire.  i-wiuiua. 

^\7.}f.?'^^^^]^^^-  ^°™'}^  '"^^"  ^'^  ««"^ewhat  carapanulate,  5-parted;  the  lobes 
?ts?unP  ?n^  overlappnig  or  nearly  yalvate  in  the  bud.  Crown  on  the  short  column  or  at 
Its  junction  wth  the  corolla,  cup-shaped  or  annular  and  usually  5-10-lobed  or  parted  or 
of  5  distinct  plane  scales,  not  appendaged.     Stigma  with  flat  or  obtusely  conical  top. 

Tribe  II.  GONOLOBE.E,  Anthers  usually  with  short  if  any  scarious  tip,  and 
borne  on  the  margin  of  or  close  under  the  disk  of  the  stigma  ;  the  cells  opening 
more  or  less  transversely.  Pollinia  horizontal  or  nearly  so,  otherwise  as  in  the  pre- 
cedmg  tribe,  but  usually  smaller. 

15.  GONOLOBUS.  Corolla  rotate  or  rarely  campanulate,  5-parted  or  5-lobed;  the  lobes 
dextrorsely  convolute  m  the  bud :  crown  annular  or  cupulate,  entire  or  lobed,  rarely  di- 
vided.    Stigma  flat-topped.  r         ,  >         j 

1 .  AST:6PHANUS,  R.  Br.  (^azECpavog,  crownless.)  —  Slender  and  small- 
flowered  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent  plants,  chiefly  of  the  southern  hemisphere. 
—  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  747. 

A.  Utahensis,  Engelm.  Perennial  from  a  thick  root,  low,  nearly  glabrous  :  stems 
filiform,  twining :  leaves  filiform-linear,  acute  :  short  peduncles  umbellately  3-5-flowered : 
corolla  dull  yellow,  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  campanulate  (a  line  high  and  wide) ;  the 
Ipbes  ovate,  somewhat  cucullate  with  points  inflexed,  papillose-puberulent  internally  :  fol- 
hcles  long-acuminate :  surface  of  the  seed  rough-granulate.  —  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  349.— 
Dry  sandhills,  St.  George,  S.  Utah,  Parry.     Hardy  viile,  Arizona,  Palmer. 

2.  PHILIB:6RTIA,  HBK.,  Benth.  &  Hook.  (J.  C.  PIdUbert,  author  of 
some  French  elementary  botanical  works.)  —  Perennial  herbaceous  or  shrubby 
twining  plants  (of  warmer  N.  and  S.  America)  ;  with  petiolate  leaves,  and  usually 
dull-colored  or  parti-colored  fragrant  flowers:  peduncles  umbellately  several- 
many-flowered:  fl.  summer.— Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  750.  Sarcostemma,  as 
to  spec.  Amer.,  HBK.,  Decaisne  in  DC,  &c.  Corolla  in  our  species  deeply  5- 
cleft  or  parted  (=  Sarcostemma,  HBK.),  the  lobes  commonly  ciliate. 

*  Column  manifest,  rather  longer  than  the  tumid  scales  of  the  inner  crown  on  its  summit. 
P.  undlilata,  Gray.  Low-twining,  glabrous  or  cinereous-puberulent,  pale:  leaves 
thickisli,  from  lanceolate  and  gradually  acuminate  to  linear  from  a  hastately  cordate  base 
(2  or  3  inches  long),  the  margins  undulate-crisped  :  peduncle  6-10-flowered,  longer  than  the 
petiole  and  pedicels:  corolla  dull  purple,  glabrous  above,  half  inch  in  diameter;  the  lobes 
ovate ;  outer  crown  saucer-shaped  :  follicles  4  or  5  inches  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  95. 
Sarcostemma  undulata,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  161.  —  W.  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  Parry, 
Bigelow,   Wright,  &c. 

*  *  Coliunn  none  or  very  short  and  inconspicuous :  peduncles  about  equalling  or  surpassing  the 
plane  leaves :  follicles  tomentulose  or  glabrate.  no  is 

P.  Torreyi,  Gray.  Freely  twining,  densely  pubescent  with  soft  spreading  hairs  :  leaves 
cordate-lanceolate  and  acuminate  or  sagittate,  an  inch  or  more  long :  peduncle  10-15- 
flowered :  corolla  apparently  white,  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  inch  in  diameter ;  the  lobes 
little  shorter  than  the  pedicel,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  externally  puberulent,  strongly  vil- 
lose-ciliate,  outer  and  inner  crowns  contiguous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  94.  Sarcostemma 
elepans,  Torr.  1.  c,  not  Decaisne.  —  Rocky  hills,  S.  W.  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande  and  its 
tributary  the  Cibolo,  Parry,  Bigelow.  —  P.  elegans  is  less  pubescent,  with  smoother  corolla 
purple  in  part  within,  the  lobes  narrower,  and  a  short  column  developed  between  the  thick 
and  prominent  outer  crown  and  the  inner. 

P.  cynancholdes,  Gray,  1.  c.  Tall-climbing  (8  to  40  feet),  glabrous  or  glabrate :  leaves 
from  deeply  cordate  to  sagittate  or  almost  hastate,  abruptly  cuspidate  or  short-acuminate, 


88  ASCLEPIADACE^.  Pkilibertia. 

1  to  2i  inches  long :  peduncle  15-25-90^616(1 :  pedicels  filiform  and  much  longer  than  the 
flowers  :  corolla  white  or  whitish,  scarcely  half  inch  in  diameter,  smoothish  ;  the  lohes 
oblong-ovate,  acutish,  somewhat  ciliate :  crowns  separated  by  a  very  short  column.  —  Sar- 
costemma  cynanchoides,  Decaisne  in  DC.  Prodr.  viii.  541.  S.  bilobum,  Torr.  1.  c,  not  Hook.  & 
Am. "?  Gonolobus  viridiflorus,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  219,  not  Nutt.,  and  probably  not 
from  "  St.  Louis."  —  Along  rivers,  Texas  to  S.  Utah  and  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

P.  linearis,  Gray,  1-  c.  Slender,  low  twining  or  when  young  erect,  puberulent  or  gla- 
brate  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute  or  nearly  so  at  both  ends,  short-petioled  (an  inch  long) : 
peduncle  exceeding  the  leaves,  8-10-flowered  :  corolla  yellowish,  purplish,  or  whitish,  barely 
puberulent,  a  third  inch  in  diameter ;  the  lobes  ovate  :  crowns  contiguous.  —  Sarcostemma 
lineare,  Decaisne,  1.  c,  &  in  PI.  Hartw.  25.  —  S.  Arizona.     (Mex.) 

Var.  hirtella.  Chiereous-pubescent  throughout  with  short  spreading  hairs,  little 
clnnbing :  leaves  as  in  the  original  species  in  form  and  size :  sepals  more  slender.  —  Sar- 
costemma heterophyllum,  var.  hirtelliim,  Gray,  Bot.  Cahf .  i.  478.  —  Fort  Mohave,  California,  on 
sandy  river-banks,  Cooper,  &c.     Hardyville,  Arizona,  Palmer. 

Var.  heterophylla.  More  twining,  glabrous,  merely  puberulent  or  above  pubescent : 
leaves  1  or  2  inclies  long,  1  or  2  lines  wide,  some  tapering  into  the  petiole,  some  with 
rounded  and  more  with  somewhat  dilated  or  auriculate-cordate  or  truncate  base :  corolla 
smoother,  half  inch  in  diameter. — Sarcostemma  heterophyllum,  Engelm.  in  Torr.  Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  V.  363,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1.  c.  (with  var.?);  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  I.e.  — California, 
from  San  Luis  Rey,  San  Diego,  &c.  to  Arizona. 

P.  viminalis.  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  freely  twining :  leaves  thickish,  from 
ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  short-petioled 
(an  inch  or  two  long),  shorter  than  the  many-flowered  peduncle:  corolla  half  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter,  white ;  the  lobes  ovate,  puberulent  outside.  —  Asclepias  viminalis,  Swartz, 
Prodr.  53;  Willd.  Spec.  i.  1270  (Sloane,  Jam.  t.  131,  f.  1).  Sarcostemma  Brownii,  G.  F. 
Meyer,  Fl.  Esseq.  139 ;  Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  419.  5.  clausum,  Decaisne,  1.  c.  S.  crassifolium, 
Chapm.  Fl.  368.  —  Keys  of  Florida.     (W.  Ind.  to  Guiana.) 

3.  PODOSTfGMA,  Ell.  (/loi^V,  nodog,  foot,  and  Gxiyfia,  i.  e.  stalked 
stigma.)  — Sk.  i.  326.     Stylandra,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  170.  —  Single  species. 

P.  pubescens.  Ell.  1.  c.  Perennial  herb,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a  thickened  root : 
stem  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  :  leaves  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile : 
peduncles  terminal  and  axillary,  short,  umbellately  several-flowered:  flowers  greenish- 
yellow,  fragrant,  4  lines  long:  follicles  tomentulose.  —  Deless.  Ic.  v.  t.  65;  Chapm.  Fl. 
366.  Asclepias  pedicellata,  Walt.  Car.  106.  Stylandra  pumila,  Nutt.  1.  c.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
N.  Carolina  to  Florida :  fl.  summer. 

4.  ANANTHERIX,  Nutt.  (Composed  of  a,  privative,  and  avOsoi'E,  awn, 
i.e.  destitute  of  the  horn  of  Asclepias.) — Single  species,  being  Ananlherix, 
Nutt.  Gen.  i.  169,  not  of  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  ser.  2,  v.  201,  except  as  to  the 
first  species. 

A.  connivens.  Gray.  Stem  erect,  2  feet  high  from  a  perennial  root,  minutely  pubes- 
cent above:  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  oblong  (1|  to  2|  inches  long),  or  the  uppermost  small 
and  lanceolate,  transversely  veined,  rather  fleshy  :  umbels  2  to  6  along  the  naked  summit 
of  the  stem,  several-flowered :  lobes  of  the  greenish  corolla  ovate,  5  lines  long :  hoods 
whitish,  incurved-conniving  over  the  stigma  ;  a  pair  of  small  and  narrow  internal  appen- 
dages before  the  base  of  each :  hyaline  anther-tips  elongated:  follicles  not  seen.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xii.  66.  Asclepias  connivens,  Baldw.  in  Ell.  Sk.  i.  320  (1817).  Anantherix  viridis, 
Nutt.  Gen.  1.  c.  (1818),  but  not  Asclepias  viridis,  Walt.  Acerates  connivens,  Decaisne  in  DC. 
Prodr.  viii.  521.  —  Wet  pine  barrens  of  Georgia  and  Florida :  fl.  summer. 

5.  ASCLEPIODORA,  Gray.  (Jia-ATjmdg  and  dmQov  or  dcoQsd,  the  gift 
of  Asclepias.)  —  Perennial  herbs  (of  Atlantic  N.  America),  rather  low  and  stout. 
often  decumbent ;  distinguished  from  Asclepias  by  the  anther-wings  and  hood,  the 
latter  with  a  crest  answering  to  the  horn  of  that  genus,  from  the  original  Anan- 


Asclepias.  ASCLEPIADACE^.  89 

therix  by  the  same  characters.     Leaves  mainly  alternate  or  scattered.     Flowers 

proportionally  large  :  corolla-lobes  ovate,  greenish.     Follicles  ovate  or  oblong  and 

acuminate,  usually  bearing  some  scattered   soft-spinulose  projections,  arrect  on 

recurved  or  sigmoid  pedicels.  —  Pioc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  66.     Ananlherix  in  part, 

Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.     Acerates  in  part,  Decaisne,  1.  c. 

A.  Viridis,  Gray,  1.  c.     About  a  foot  high,  almost  glabrous,  very  leafy  to  the  top  r leaves 

from  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  short-petioled,  3  or  4  inches  long : 

umbels  few  and  corymbose  or  clustered,  sometimes  soHtary :  corolla  globular-ovate  in  bud ; 

the  lobes  a  third  to  half  inch  long :  hoods  purphsh  or  violet,  about  half  the  length  of  the 

corolla-lobes,  lower  than  the  anther-column  :  wings  of  the  anthers  narrow,  hardly  angulate 

above,  and  below  less  prominent  than  the  connectives  :  pollinia  narrow,  little  longer  than 

their   caudicles.  —  ^sc/eT^icw  viridis,  Walt.  Car.  107.     Podostipna?  viridis,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  327. 

Anantherix  panicidatus,  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.     A.  Torreyanus,  Don,  Syst.  iv.  146. 

Asclepias  longipetala,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  757.     Acerates  paniculata,  Decaisne,  1.  c.  521.— 

Prairies  and  dry  barrens,  S.  Carolina  to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  westward  of  the  AUe- 

ghanies  north  to  Illinois. 

Var.  angustior,  a  lower  form,  with  smaller  and  oblong-linear  leaves,  and  rather  more 
assurgent  hoods.  —  Anantherix paniculatus,  var.  angustior,  Engelm.  ined.— Texas,  Lindheimer 
E.  Hall.  ' 

A.  deciimbens,  Gray,  I.  c.  Scabrous-puberulent :  leaves  firmer  m  texture,  from  lan- 
ceolate to  linear,  tapermg  to  the, apex:  umbel  sohtary  :  corolla  depressed-globular  in  bud 
4  or  5  hues  long,  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  yellowish  or  dark-purplish  hoods,  which 
overtop  the  somewhat  depressed  anther-column:  anther-wings  salient,  especially  at  the 
broader  and  strongly  angulate  upper  portion:  polhuia  pyriform,  short-caudicled.  —  ^mn- 
therix  decumbens,  Nutt.  1.  c.  (&  in  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  219,  without  name).— ^.  Nut- 
talhanus,  Don,  Syst.  iv.  147.  Acerates  decumbens,  Decaisne,  1.  c.  Asclepias  brevicornu,  Scheele, 
1.  c.  756.  — Dry  plains,  Arkansas  and  Texas  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah.  FoUicles  always' 
smooth?     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

6.  ASCLlfiPIAS,  L.  Milkweed,  Silkweed.  (The  Greek  name  of 
^sculapius,  applied  by  the  ancient  herbalists  to  various  plants  of  the  present  and 
the  preceding  order.)  —  Herbs,  rarely  woody  at  base  (American,  mainly  North 
American  with  one  or  two  African)  :  upright  or  merely  spreading  stems  from 
deep  and  thickish  perennial  roots:  leaves  opposite  varying  to  verticillate,  or 
sometimes  alternate  or  irregularly  scattered.  Flowers  (in  summer)  umbellate ; 
the  peduncles  terminal  and  lateral,  usually  between  the  petioles.  Stem  often 
marked  with  decurrent  lines  of  pubescence.  Follicles  soft-echinate  or  warty  in 
two  or  three  species,  otherwise  naked.  Coma  of  the  seeds  often  wanting  in  A. 
perennis.  Corolla  not  reflexed  in  A.  Feayi.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  754  ;  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  66. 

§  1.  Hoods  sessile,  broader  or  at  least  not  attenuate  at  base ;  the  horn  or  crest 
various,  but  conspicuous  :  anther-wings  broadest  and  usually  angulate-truncate 
and  salient  at  base. 

*   Corolla  and  hoods  orange-color:  follicles  arrect  on  a  deflexed  fruiting  pedicel,  naked :  leaves 
mostly  irregularly  alternate,  seldom  truly  opposite  :  juice  of  stem  not  milky ! 

A.  tuberosa,  L.  (Butteefly-weed,  Pleurisy-root.)  Hirsute  or  roughish-pubescent,  a 
foot  or  two  high,  very  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  from  lanceolate-oblong  to  linear-lanceo- 
late, sessile  or  slightly  petioled:  umbels  several  and  mostly  cymose  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem,  short-peduncled :  column  short :  hoods  narrowly  oblong,  erect  (2  or  3  lines  long), 
deep  bright  orange,  much  surpassing  the  anthers,  almost  as  long  as  the  purplish-  or 
slightly  greenish-orange  oblong  corolla-lobes,  nearly  equalled  by  the  filiform-subulate 
horn :  follicles  cinereous-pubescent.  —  (Dill.  Elth.  t.  30,  f.  34.)  Bot.  Reg.  t.  76 ;  Bart.  Med. 
t.  22;  Bigel.  Med.  t.  26.  Dry  and  especially  sandy  soil,  Canada  to  Florida,  Texas, 
and  Arizona. 


90  ASCLEPIADACE^.  Asdepias. 

Var.  decumbens,  Pursh,  a  form  with  reclining  stems,  broader  and  more  commonly 
opposite  leaves,  and  umbels  from  most  of  the  upper  axils,  racemosely  disposed.  —  A. 
decumbens,  L.  Spec.  216 ;  Sweet,  Br.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  24,  but  flowers  too  red.  —  Ohio  to 
Georgia,  &c.  (A  liybrid  between  A.  tuberosa  and  A.  incarnata  was  found  in  South  Carolina 
by  Dr.  Mellichamp.) 

*  #  Corolla  bright  red  or  purple :  follicles  naked,  fusifonn,  arrect  on  the  deflexed  fruit-bearing 
pedicel,  except  in  the  first  and  last  species :  leaves  opposite,  mostly  broad.  {A.  quadnfoha  might 
be  sought  here.) 

-1—  Hoods  bright  orange,  raised  on  a  distinct  column :  plants  glabrous. 
A.  Curassavica,  L.  A  foot  or  two  high,  becoming  somewhat  woody  at  base :  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  short-petioled,  2  to  4  inches  long :  peduncles  not  longer  than  the 
leaves  :  lobes  of  the  scarlet  corolla  ovate  :  hoods  ovate,  equalling  the  anthers,  shorter  than 
their  subulate  incurved  horn:  follicles  and  fruiting  pedicels  erect.  —  (Herm.  Par.  t.  36 ; 
Dill.  Elth.  t.  30,  f.  33.)  Bot.  Reg.  t.  81.  — S.  Florida  and  Louisiana:  perhaps  introduced 
from  Tropical  America. 
A.  paupercula,  Michx.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  remotely  leafy  above  or  naked  at  the 
peduncle-like  summit,  which  bears  solitary  or  few  pedunculate  naked  umbels  :  leaves  elon- 
gated-lanceolate or  linear  and  tapering  to  both  ends,  4  to  10  inches  long,  nearly  sessile, 
thickish,  very  smooth  except  the  roughish  margins :  flowers  rather  few  (5  to  12)  in  the 
umbels,  large  (fully  half  inch  long  when  the  narrowly  oblong  lobes  of  the  deep  red  corolla 
are  reflexed) :  bright  orange  hoods  obovate  or  broadly  oblong,  not  twice  the  length  of  the 
anthers,  much  exceeding  the  incurved  horn.  — ^.  lanceolata,  Walt.  Car.  105.  — Marshes 
near  the  coast.  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

H—  ^_  Hoods  purple  or  purplish :  umbel  mostly  many-flowered. 
++  Flowers  rather  large;  the  hoods  about  a  quarter  inch  long  and  double  the  length  of  the  anthers: 
lobes  of  the  corolla  dull-colored  outside,  deep-colored  within :  leaves  transversely  vemed,  3  to  8 
inches  long. 
A.  riibra,  L.     Glabrous,  1  to  4  feet  high,  somewhat  remotely  leafy  :  leaves  from  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  sessile  or  almost  so,  tapering  from  near  the  rounded  or  obscurely  cordate  base 
to  an  acuminate  apex,  bright  green :  umbels  solitary  (terminal  and  from  the  uppermost 
axils)  or  2  to  4  raised  on  a  naked  common  peduncle:  corolla-lobes  and  hoods  lanceolate- 
oblong,  purplish-red,  or  the  hoods  obscurely  orange-tinged ;  the  horn  of  the  latter  long, 
very  slender,  straightish :  column  short  but  manifest.  —  Spec.  217  (founded  on  pi.  Clayt. 
no.  263  Gronov.  Fl.  Virg.,  with  upper  leaves  accidentally  alternate) ;  Gray,  in  DC  Prodr. 
&  Man.'  ed.  1, 368.    A.  polystachia,  Walt.  ?     A.  cordata,  Walt.  ?    A.  laurifoUa,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  117. 
A.  acuminata,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  182.     A.  periplocifolia,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  167. -Moist  grounds.  New 
Jersey  and  Penn.  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
A.  purpurascens,  L.     Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  leafy  to  top  :  leaves  ovate-oval  or  oblong, 
short-petioled,  tomentulose  beneath,  soon  glabrous  above:   peduncles  shorter  than   the 
leaves ;  corolla  dark  and  deep  (sometimes  dull)  purple  within  ;  the  lobes  oblong  :  hoods 
pale  red  or  purple,  oblong  or  somewhat  ovate ;  the  horn  short-subulate  from  a  broad  base, 
falcate-recurved  :  column  extremely  short.  —  Spec.  214  (Dill.  Elth.  32,  t.  28,  f.  31) ;  WiUd. 
Spec.  i.  1265 ;  Decaisne  in  DC  viii.  464 ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  120,  t.  85.     A.  aniana,  L.  Spec. 
217  (pi.  Dill.  1.  c.  31,  t.  27,  f .  30)  ;    Michx.  I.  c. ;     Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,   t.  82.  — 
Dry  ground,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Tennessee.     Habit  of  A.  Cormdi. 
++  ++   Flowers  small ;  the  hoods  a  line  long  and  equalling  the  anthers :  veins  of  the  leaves  ascend- 
ing :  milky  juice  scanty. 
A.  incarnata,  L.     Nearly  glabrous  or  a  little  pubescent:  stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  very 
leafy  to  the  top,  sometimes  branching :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  short-petioled  (3   to   5 
inches  long),  obtuse  or  acutish  at  base :  peduncles  somewhat  corymbose  at  or  near  the 
summit  of  the  stem,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  corolla  from  deep  rose-purple  to  flesh-color ; 
the  lobes  oblong  (2  lines  long)  :  column  narrow,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  broadly 
oblong  obtuse  pale  hoods ;  these  a  little  exceeded  by  their  slender  uncinate-incurved  horn: 
follicles  only  2  or  3  inches  long,  erect  on  erect  pedicels.  —  (Cornuti,  Canad.  t.  93.)    Jacq. 
Vind.  t.  107 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  250 ;  Decaisne,  I.  c.  excl.  syn.  in  part.     A.  amama,  Brongn.  in 
Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xxiv.  t.  13,  anal.  —  Swamps,  Canada  to  Saskatchewan  and  Louisiana. 

Var.  pulchra,  Pers.,  the  form  with  copious  and  somewhat  hirsute  pubescence,  and 
usually  broader  leaves  (lanceolate  lo  oblong)  often  subcordate  at  base.  —  4.  incarnata,  L. 


^sclepias.  ASGLEPIADACEJE.  91 

as  to  Hort.  Cliff. ;  Michx.  1.  c.    A.  pvlchra,  Ehrhart ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2  t.  18  — 
With  the  smooth  form.  ' 

Var.  longifolia.  Leaves  elongated-  or  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  7  inches  long  a  third 
to  half  inch  wide,  glabrous  or  with  minute  pubescence :  stems  4  to  6  feet  high :'  flowers 
paler.  — ^.  tuberosa,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  K.  Rep.  vii.  18.  — Texas  to  New  Mexico. 

*  nr  cf   ^"™"^  t"^\  T^^  greenish,  yellowish,  white,  or  merely  purplish-tinged:  leaves  opposite 
or  sometimes  whorled,  or  the  upper  rarely  alternate  or  scattered.  "^    "  ^  i  l'"'*"" 

H-  Follicles  echinate  with  soft  spinous  processes  and  denselv  tomentose,  large  (3  to  5  inches  lone) 
ancl  ventricose.  ovate  and  acuminate,  arrect  on  deflexed  pedicels:  leaves  large  and  broad  short- 
petioled,  transversely  veined:  stems  stout  and  simple,  2  to  5  feet  high. 
A.  speciosa,  Torr.     Finely  canescent-tomentose,  rarely  glabrate  with  age :  leaves  from 
subcordate-oval  to  oblong,  thickish  :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  pedicels  of  the 
many-flowered  dense  umbel  and  the  calyx  densely  tomentose :  flowers  purplish    large  • 
corolla-lobes  ovate-oblong,  4  or  5  lines  long :  hoods  5  or  6  lines  long,  spreading,  the  dilated 
body  and  its  short  inflexed  horn  not  surpassing  the  anthers,  but  the  centre  of  its  truncate 
summit  abruptly  produced  into  a  lanceolate-ligulate  thrice  longer  termination:  column 
hardly  any  :  wings  of  the  anthers  notched  and  obscurely  corniculate  at  base.  —  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  ii.  218.     A.  Douylasii,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  53,  t.  142,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4413.  — Along  streams, 
Nebraska  to  Arkansas,  and  west  to  S.  Utah,  California,  and  Washington  Territory. 
A.  Cornuti,  Decaisne.     (Common  Milkweed.)     Finely  soft-pubescent  or  tomentulose  • 
leaves  green  and  early  glabrate  above,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  roundish  at  base:  pe- 
duncles little  longer  than  the  very  numerous  pubescent  pedicels  :  corolla  dull  purple  or 
greenish-purple,  rarely  almost  white ;  the  lobes  ovate,  three  or  four  lines  long :  hoods 
whitish,  ovate,  rather  longer  than  the  anthers,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  below  the  middle  ; 
the  subulate  horn  short  and  incurved :  column  short.  —  Prodr.  1.  c.  564 ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  y! 
ii.  119.    A.  Syriaca,  L.  (Cornuti,  Canad.  t.  90) ;  Spenner  in  Nees  Gen.  Germ.  fasc.  21,  t.  1-3.' 
—  Canada  to  Saskatchewan  and  N.  Carolina,  chiefly  in  fields. 

-1-  -1-  Follicles  minutely  warty-echinate  along  the  tapering  apex,  otherwise  as  in  the  succeeding: 
wings  of  the  anthers  emarginately  bicorniculate  at  base. 
A.  Sullivantii,  Engelm.  Glabrous  throughout,  a  yard  high,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves 
opposite,  thickish,  oblong,  with  subcordate  or  rounded  base,  nearly  sessile  (4  or  5  inches 
long) :  umbels  terminal  and  from  the  uppermost  axils,  short-peduncled,  rather  many- 
flowered:  flowers  flesh-colored:  corolla-lobes  oval,  5  lines  long:  column  short:  hoods 
oval,  with  a  gibbosity  on  each  side  near  the  base,  almost  truncate  at  summit,  a  third 
longer  than  the  anthers  ;  the  falcate-subulate  horn  rising  from  near  the  base,  horizontally 
and  slightly  exserted  from  the  middle.  —  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  366,  ed.  5,  395.  —  Low  grounds, 
Ohio  (Sullivant)  to  Kansas  (Freviont).  Follicle  3  to  5  inches  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly 
glabrous,  smooth,  except  small  and  soft  conical  warty  processes  scattered  along  the  beak. 

•f-  -f-  -1-  Follicles  wholly  unarmed  and  smooth  throughout,  either  glabrous  or  tomentulose-pubes- 
cent.  ^ 

++  Arrect  or  ascending  on  the  deflexed  or  decurved  fructiferous  pedicels. 

==  Umbel  solitary  on  the  perfectly  simple  strict  stem,  elevated  on  a  naked  terminal  peduncle: 
leaves  all  closely  sessile,  broad,  transversely  veined  :  plant  glabrous  and  pale  or  glaucous  :  follicles 
fusiform :  anthers  either  bicorniculate  or  salient-angled  at  base  of  the  wing. 

A.  Obtusifolia,  Michx.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaves  undulate,  oblong  or  elliptical, 
3  to  5  inches  long,  with  rounded  or  refuse  apex  and  cordate-clasping  base :  peduncle  2  to 
12  inches  long:  umbel  loosely  many-flowered:  corolla  dull  greenish-purple;  the  lobes 
oblong,  4  lines  long :  column  as  high  as  broad :  hoods  flesh-color,  erosely  truncate  and 
somewhat  toothed  at  the  broad  summit,  hardly  exceeding  the  anthers,  shorter  than  the 
falcate-subulate  incurved  horn :  anther-wings  bicorniculate  at  base  in  the  manner  of  A. 
Sullivantii.  — Fl.  i.  113;  Decaisne,  I.e.  565.  A.  purpurascens,  Walt.  Car.  103.  — Dry  or 
sandy  soil.  New  England  to  Florida,  Texas,  and  Nebraska. 

A.  Meadii,  Torr.  A  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  plane  and  even,  ovate-lanceolate,  or 
rarely  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  rounded  at  the  sessile  base,  rough-margined,  1^  to  3 
inches  long :  peduncle  2  to  4  inches  long :  umbel  6-20-flowered :  corolla  greenish-yellow ; 
the  lobes  ovate,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  column  very  short :  hoods  purplish,  with  rounded-trun- 
cate entire  summit  and  a  tooth  at  the  inner  margins,  exceeding  the  anthers  and  the  subu- 
late inflexed  horn  :  anther-wings  with  entire  but  descending  salient  angle  at  base.  —  Gray, 
Man.  ed.  2,  addend.  704,  ed.  5,  397.  — Dry  ground,  Illinois,  5.  B.  Mead,  Iowa,  Vasey,  &c. 


92  ASCLEPIADACE^.  Asclepias. 

=    =  Umbels  usually  more  than  one  and  on  peduncles  overtopping  or  equalling  the  leaves :  stein 
tall  and  simple:  leaves  broad,  resembling  those  of  the  three  preceding  species. 
A   glaucescens,  HBK.     Glabrous  up  to  the  peduncles,  and  inclined  to  be  glaucous : 
leaves  as  of  A.  obtiisifolia,  but  only  slightly  undulate,  2^  to  4  inches  long  :  umbels  2  to  4  or 
rarely  solitary,  many-flowered :  pedicels  pubescent  or  villous,  rather  short :  corolla  greenish- 
white  ;  the  lobes  ovate,  3  or  4  lines  long :  column  very  short :  hoods  obovate-truncate, 
about  equalling  the  anthers,  with  fleshy  gibbous-incurved  back  and  (white  ■? )  petaloid  sides, 
the  whole  length  within  occupied  by  a  broad  and  thin  crest,  which  is  2-lobed  at  the  sum- 
mit the  outer  lobe  broad  and  rounded,  the  inner  a  short  and  triangular-subulate  nearly 
included  horn.  —Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  290,  1. 127  ;  Decaisne  in  DC.  1.  c.  505.    A.  SuUivantn, 
Torn  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.   162,   wholly  1  —  S.  W.  Texas   and  New  Mexico  (but  the  only 
specimen  in  herb.  Torr.  from  "  Plains  near  the  Rio  Limpio  "),  Bigelow.     (Mex.) 
^  =  =,  Umbels  more  than  one,  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  orbiciUar  leaves  or  than  the  much 
abbreviated  stem. 
A   nummularia,  Torr.     Clustered  stems  an  inch  or  two  high  :  leaves  in  2  or  3  approxi- 
mated pairs,  orbicular,  mucronate,  thickish,  canescently  toraentose,  glabrate  with  age  : 
peduncles  H  to  2  inches  long,  many-flowered:  corolla  greenish-white;  the  lobes  ovate, 
2  lines  long  :  column  hardly  any  :  hoods  ovate,  a  little  longer  than  the  anthers  :  the  horn 
short  and  stout :  folUcles  ovate-lanceolate,  tomentulose.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  163,  t.  45.  — 
New  Mexico,  Bigelow,  Thurber,  &c.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

^  ^.  =  =  Umbels  mostly  more  than  one:  peduncle  not  overtopping  the  leaves  (except  per- 
haps in  A.  cinerea ),  sometimes  none. 
o.     Leaves  broad  (from  orbicular  to  oblong-lanceolate),  proportionally  large :  hoods  broad,  little  if 
at  all  overtopping  the  anthers:  stems  from  a  foot  to  a  yard  or  more  m  height,  except  the  lirst 
species. 
1.  Glabrous  or  some  minute  pubescence  or  tomentum  on  young  parts,  no  floccose  wool. 
A   cryptoceras   Watson.     A  span  or  two  high,  almost  completely  glabrous  :  stems 
decumbent :  leaves  3  or  4  pairs,  ovate-orbicular  with  mucronate  apiculation,  glaucescent, 

1  or  2  inches  long,  very  short-petioled  :  flowers  large,  all  at  the  summit,  few  in  each  of  the 

2  or  3  umbels :  the  lateral  of  these  sessile,  the  terminal  short-peduncled :  lobes  of  the 
greenish-yellow  corolla  ovate,  6  lines  long :  column  none :  hoods  flesh-colored,  saccate- 
ovate  abruptly  and  minutely  bi-acuminate,  equalling  the  anthers,  enclosing  the  falcate- 
subulkte  horn :  follicles  ovate.  —  King  Exped.  283,  t.  28.  Acerates  latifoUa,  Torr.  in  Frem. 
Rep.  ed.  2,  317.  — Utah,  W.  Nevada,  and  Idaho,  Nuttall,  Fremont,  Watson,  &c. 

A  ampleiicaulis,  Michx.  Glaucous  and  glabrous  :  stems  decumbent,  a  foot  or  two 
long-  leaves  in  numerous  rather  crowded  pairs,  cordate-ovate  and  clasping,  obtuse,  suc- 
culent whitish-veiny,  3  to  5  inches  long :  peduncles  about  half  the  length  of  the  leaves, 
longer  than  the  numerous  slender  pedicels:  lobes  of  the  greenish-purplish  corolla  oblong, 

3  lines  long :  column  very  short :  hoods  white,  obovate-truncate,  nearly  enclosing  the  tri- 
angular-arcuate crest-like  horn  :  follicles  ovate-lanceolate.  —  Fl.  i.  113  ;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  322.  A. 
himistrata,  Walt.  Car.  105,  except  "  floribus  rubris."  — Dry  sandy  barrens,  North  Carohna 
to  Florida. 

A.  Jamesii,  Torr.  Farinose-puberulent  when  young,  soon  green  and  glabrous :  stem 
stout,  erect'  or  ascending,  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  about  5  pairs,  approximate,  re- 
markably thick  and  large  (when  dry  coriaceous,  the  larger  4  to  6  inches  long),  orbicular 
or  broadly  oval,  often  emarginate  and  with  a  mucronation,  subcordate  at  base,  nearly 
sessile  copiously  transversely  veined  :  umbels  2  or  3,  all  or  mostly  lateral,  densely  many- 
flowered,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  pedicels  :  flowers  greenish  :  lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate,  4  or  5  lines  long :  column  very  short  but  distinct :  hoods  barely  equalhng  the  an- 
thers,'broad,  with  truncate  entire  summit,  which  is  equalled  by  the  upper  margin  of  the 
falciform-triangular  crest,  the  apex  of  which  extends  into  a  short  subulate  horn  partly 
over  the  top  of  the  stigmatic  disk  :  follicles  turgid-ovate,  barely  acute,  2^  or  3  inches  long. 
—  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  162.  A.  ohtusifoUa,  var.  latifoUa,  Torr.  m  Ann.  Lye.  ii.  117.  — Plains 
of  Colorado  to  W.  Texas  and  E.  Arizona. 

A.  phytolaccoides,  Pursh.  Bright  green  and  glabrous  :  stem  4  or  5  feet  high :  leaves 
membranaceous,  from  oval  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  short-petioled, 
4  to  8  inches  long:  peduncles  (1  or  2  inches  long)  seldom  longer  than  the  numerous  fili- 
form lax  pedicels  :  corolla  greenish ;  the  lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  4  luies  long :  column  short : 


Asclepias.  ASCLEPIADACEiE.  93 

hoods  white  or  pale,  flesh-colored,  broad  and  erect,  rather  shorter  than  the  anthers  trun- 
cate horizontally,  the  truncate  margin  somewhat  erose  or  toothed  and  with  a  slender  tooth 
at  the  inner  angles,  much  surpassed  by  the  erector  slightly  incurved  slender-subulate  horn  • 
lolUcles  fusiform  and  slender-acummate,  at  length  glabrous.— Fl.  i.  180-  Decaisne  in  DC 

1.  c.  A.  Syriaca,  var.  exaltata,  L.  Spec.  ed.  2,  313.  A.  nivea,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1181  not  h 
A.  exaltata  (acuminata),  Muhl.  Cat.  28.  — Shaded  and  moist  ground,  New  England  to  Wis- 
consin and  south  to  Georgia  in  the  mountains. 

A.  variegata,  L.  A  foot  or  two  high:  leaves  3  to  7  pairs,  thinnish  (the  middle  ones 
sometimes  4-nate),  oval  or  ovate,  or  the  upper  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  mucronate- 
apiculate  or  short-acuminate,  not  rarely  somewhat  undulate,  bright  green  and  glabrous 
above,  pale  and  sometimes  tomentulose  beneath  (at  least  when  young),  3  to  6  inches  long 
conspicuously  petioled :  peduncles  1  to  3,  terminal  and  subterminal,  short  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  very  numerous  pedicels  of  the  compact  umbel,  both  usually  tomentulose  • 
flowers  white  with  some  pink  or  purple  at  the  centre,  i.  e.  on  the  distinct  column  and  base 
of  the  corolla:  lobes  of  the  latter  ovate  or  oval,  3  lines  long:  hoods  globular-ventricose 
from  a  narrow  base,  spreading,  overtopping  the  short  anthers  and  stigmatic  disk  •  the 
semilunate  subulate  horn  horizontally  short-exserted  :  follicles  fusiform  and  long-acuminate 
—Spec.  215,  &  ed.  2,  312  (founded  on  syn.  Dill.  &  Pluk.)  ;  Walt.  Car.  104 ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag 
t.  1182  ;  Ell.  1.  c. ;  Decaisne,  1.  c.  (excl.  syn.  Hook.)  ;  Gray,  Man.  1.  c. ;  Torr.  Fl.  N  Y  t  86 
A.  nivea,  L.  as  to  syn.  Gronov.  &  herb.  A.  citrifolia,  Jacq.  Coll.  &  Ic.  Rar.  t.  343.  A  hybrida 
Michx.  1.  c  — Dry  shaded  grounds,  S.  New  York  and  Ohio  to  Florida,  Arkansas  and  W 
Louisiana.  ' 

2.  Tomentose  or  pubescent,  South  Atlantic  States  or  New  Mexican  species:  umbels  all  lateral 
short-peduncled :  flowers  greenish:  follicles  tomentose  or  canescent.  ' 

A.  tomentosa,  Ell.  Tomentulose  or  merely  soft-pubescent,  sometimes  minutely  so  ■  stems 
a  foot  or  sometimes  a  yard  high,  very  leafy  above  :  leaves  from  oval-obovate  to  oblong-lan- 
ceolate obtuse  or  short-acuminate  at  both  ends,  2  to  4  inches  long,  rather  conspicuously 
petioled  :  umbels  3  to  .10  in  alternate  axils,  very  short-peduncled,  loosely  many-flowered  • 
lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  3  or  4  lines  long:  column  very  short:  hoods  oval-obovate 
obliquely  truncate,  decidedly  shorter  than  the  broadly-winged  anthers;  the  broadly  subu- 
late horn  ascending  and  moderately  exserted  at  the  upper  interior  angle  •  "  follicles  lan- 
ceolate." -  Sk.  i.  320  ;  Chapm.  Fl.  363.  A.  acerafoides,  M.  A.  Curtis  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2 
vu.  407.  —  Dry  sandy  barrens,  N.  Carolina  to  Florida. 

A.  arenaria,  Torr.  Lanuginous-tomentose,  in  age  glabrate :  stems  about  a  foot  high 
stout,  ascending,  thickly  leaved  :  leaves  coriaceous  wlien  old,  obovate  or  oval  and  retuse 
or  the  lower  ovate,  with  rounded  or  subcordatebase,  somewhat  undulate,  distinctly  petioled 
2  to  4  inches  long  :  umbels  rather  densely  many-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  lobes 
of  the  greenish-white  corolla  oval,  5  linos  long :  column  nearly  half  the  length  of  the 
anthers  :  hoods  about  as  broad  as  high,  surpassing  the  anthers,  truncate  at  base  and  sum- 
mit, the  latter  oblique  and  notched  on  each  side  near  the  inner  angle,  which  forms  an 
obtuse  tooth ;  horn  with  included  ascending  portion  or  crest  broadly  semilunate  as  higli  as 
the  hood  ;  the  abruptly  incurved  apex  subulate-beaked,  horizontally  exserted,  or  the  slender 
termination  ascending:  follicles  oblong-ovate  and  long-acuminate,  tomentulose. —Bot. 
Mcx.  Bound.  162.  —  Colorado,  on  sand-banks  of  the  Upper  Canadian  and  Red  Rivers 
(Bigelow,  Marcy)  to  New  Mexico,  Wislizenus,  &c.  —Allied  to  A.  Jamesii. 

3.  Floccose-lanuginous  or  tomentose-canescent,  Western  species;  the  dense  wool  not  rarely  decidu- 
ous with  age:  stems  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high:  leaves  occasionally  alternate,  large  ^2  to  6  inches 
long):  umbels  terminal  and  lateral,  many-flowered:  follicles  (where  known)  ovate. 
A.  Premonti,  Torr.     Canescently  tomentose  with  short  and  fine  wool,  or  the  stem  (a 
foot  or  less  high)  puberulent:  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  retuse,  or  apiculate-acute, 
often  subcordate,  smooth-edged,  distinctly  petioled  :  umbels  1  or  2,  on  peduncles  not  longer 
than  the  lanuginous  pedicels:  lobes  of  the   whitish   corolla   oblong-ovate,  3  lines  long: 
column  very  short :  hoods  nearly  erect,  equalling  the  anthers,  somewhat  evenly  truncate 
and  tlie  inner  angles  produced  into  an  acute  or  obtusish  tooth,  with  no  notch  behind  it ; 
the  subulate  apex  of  the  broad  horn  inflexed  and  a  little  exserted.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  87, 
name  only.  —  California,  on  the  Upper  Sacramento,  Fremont,  Newberry,  «&c.    Follicles  when 
young  densely  canescent-tomentose,  in  age  glabrate.     Herbage  with  the  pubescence  of  the 
preceding  rather  than  of  the  following  species. 


94  ASCLEPIADACE^.  Asclepias. 

A.  erosa,  Torr.  Canescent  with  fine  and  appressed  white  wool  when  young,  or  the  stem 
only  puherulent :  leaves  glabrate  and  green  with  age,  sessile,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  coriaceous,  the  base  rounded  or  slightly  cordate,  the  margin  scarious-cartilagi- 
nous  and  rough  with  minute  irregular  denticulation  or  erosion  :  umbels  numerous,  on  pe- 
duncles equalling  (or  the  lower  exceeding)  the  lanuginous  pedicels  :  lobes  of  the  greenish- 
white  corolla  oval,  fully  3  lines  long,  merely  hoary  and  soon  glabrate  outside :  column 
distinct:  hoods  yellowish,  with  a  duplication  on  each  side  at  the  edge  below,  erect  and 
nearly  horizontally  truncate,  rather  surpassing  the  anthers;  the  falcate  or  claw-shaped 
horn  attached  below  the  middle  and  longer  than  the  hood,  incurving  over  the  disk  of  the 
stigma  :  ovaries  glabrous  :  follicles  canescent  when  young,  often  glabrate  at  maturity.  — 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  162,  glabrate  state.  A.  leucophylla,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  349; 
Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  476,  in  the  canescent-lanuginous  state.  —  Arizona  on  the  Gila  (Sckott, 
Thurher)  to  S.  Utah  {Parry)  and  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  Cooper,  Palmer. 

Var.  obtusa,  a  form  with  elliptical  and  very  obtuse  leaves  and  scanty  wooUiness.  — 
A.  leucophylla,  var.  obtusa,  Gray,  I.e.  —  Bartlett's  Canon,  interior  of  Santa  Barbara  Co., 
California. 

A.  eriocarpa,  Benth.  Densely  floccose-woolly,  even  to  the  calyx,  the  loose  wool  hardly 
deciduous  except  from  the  angled  stem  below :  leaves  not  rarely  ternate  and  the  upper- 
most alternate,  elongated-oblong  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base, 
short-petioled,  4  to  8  inches  long :  umbels  few  or  several,  all  on  stout  peduncles  mostly 
longer  than  the  pedicels  :  flowers  dull  white :  corolla  at  first  woolly  outside ;  the  lobes 
ovate,  3  lines  long :  column  short  but  distinct :  hoods  shorter  than  the  anthers,  rather 
spreading,  ventricose,  oblately  semiorbicular  in  outline  and  open  round  to  near  the  middle 
of  the  back,  the  summits  produced  inwardly  into  an  acute  angle  or  tooth,  barely  enclosing 
the  falciform  acute  horn:  ovaries  glabrous  or  merely  the  summit  or  the  styles  villous: 
"follicles  densely  woolly,"  according  to  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  323.  —  California,  in  dry  ground, 
from  near  Monterey  (Hartiveg)  to  San  Diego  Co. 

A.  vestita,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Densely  floccose-woolly,  usually  even  to  the,  outside  of 
the  corolla,  the  white  wool  deciduous  in  age :  leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  very 
acute  or  acuminate,  often  subcordate,  short-petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  4  to  6  inches 
long :  umbels  1  to  4,  the  terminal  usually  peduncled,  the  lateral  all  sessile :  corolla  green- 
ish-white or  purplish  ;  the  lobes  ovate,  3  lines  long :  column  very  short :  hoods  nearly 
erect,  ventricose,  slightly  surpassing  the  anthers,  entire  at  the  back  of  the  somewhat  trun- 
cate summit,  auriculate-extended  at  the  inner  angle,  the  auricles  or  angles  involute;  the 
vomer-shaped  crest  rather  than  horn  attached  up  to  the  summit  of  the  hood,  blunt,  not 
exserted:  an  interior  crown  of  10  tooth-like  processes  in  pairs  between  the  hoods  :  ovaries 
glabrous  :  follicles  at  first  canescent.  —Bot.  Beech.  363  (not  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4106) ;  Gray,  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  476.  A.  eriocarpa,  Torr.  in  Pacif .  R.  Bep.  iv.  128,  not  Benth.  —  Dry  ground,  Cali- 
fornia, from  the  Sacramento  to  San  Diego  Co.  and  the  Mohave. 

i.  Leaves  narrow  (lanceolate  or  linear,  1  to  3  inches  long),  green  and  nearly  glabrous ;  the  veins 
oblique:  stems  branching,  ascending,  a  span  or  two  high:  hoods  obtuse,  shorter  or  little  longer 
than  the  anthers:  corolla-lobes  oblong-ovate,  about  2  lines  long:  column  hardly  any:  follicles 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  when  young  tomentose-canescent. 

A.  brachystephana,  Engelm.  Stems  6  to  10  inches  high,  very  leafy,  cinereous-puber- 
ulent  or  tomentose  when  young,  the  inflorescence  more  floccose-tomentose :  leaves  from 
lanceolate  with  a  broader  rounded  base  to  linear,  short-petioled  (sometimes  3  inches  long), 
when  young  often  cinereous-toraentulose  beneath,  very  much  surpassing  the  (3  to  8)  few- 
flowered  umbels  :  peduncles  as  long  as  the  pedicels  or  much  shorter  :  floM'ers  lurid-purplish  : 
hoods  only  half  the  length  of  the  anthers,  erect,  strongly  angulate-toothed  at  the  front ; 
the  tip  of  the  erect  subulate  horn  exserted. — Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  163.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  from  Wyoming  Terr,  and  Colorado  to  W.  Texas  and  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

A.  involucrata,  Engelm.  Minutely  pubescent  when  young,  glabrate,  a  span  or  less 
in  height :  clustered  stems  spreading :  leaves  from  lanceolate  with  roundish  or  subcordate 
base  to  linear  with  acute  base,  short-petioled  (occasionally  alternate),  tomentose  on  the 
margins  ;  the  uppermost  involucrating  the  mostly  solitary  sessile  or  short-peduncled  10-20- 
flowered  umbel  and  commonly  overtopping  it :  flowers  greenish-white  or  purplish-tinged : 
hoods  ovate,  moderate-longer  than  the  anthers;  the  short  incurved  horn  slightly  exserted 
from  about  their  middle.  —  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  163.  —  Sandy  soil.  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 


Asclepias.  ASCLEPIADACE^.  95 

c.  Leaves  extremely  nan-ow,  sessile:  hoods  thrice  the  length  of  the  anthers,  slender,  acute,  open. 
A.  macrotis,  Torr.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so :  stems  barely  a  span  high,  numerous  and 

much  branched  from  a  suffrutescent  thickened  base :  leaves  narrowly  linear  with  revolute 
margms,  almost  filiform,  an  inch  or  more  long  :  umbels  3-5-flowered,  terminal  and  lateral 
short-peduncled  or  sessile:  pedicels  little  longer  than  the  pui-plish  or  greenish  flowers' 
corolla-lobes  ovate,  2  lines  long:  column  hardly  any :  hoods  with  ovate  erect  base  as  long 
as  the  anthers,  above  contracted  into  a  gradually  attenuate  twice  longer  subulate  spreading 
portion,  the  apex  incurving;  the  broad  horn  short  and  blunt,  with  barely  exserted  apex  • 
follicles  ovate-lanceolate,  an  inch  long.  — Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  164,  t.  45.  — Rocky  hills  along 
the  Rio  Grande,  borders  of  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Chihuahua,  especially  near  El  Paso 
Bigelow,  Parry,  Wright.  ' 

d.  Leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  pubescent  or  puberulent:  stems  erect,  a  foot  or  more  high  : 
hoods  obtuse,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  anthers,  not  tapering  to  base,  entire  at  summit; 

1.  Involute-concave  or  more  open;  the  falcate  or  subulate  horn  free  at  or  b.^low  the  middle  of  'the 
hood,  and  incurved  or  mflexed  over  the  stigmatic  disk  :  follicles  tomentose  or  soft-pubescent. 

A.  OValif  olia,  Decaisne.  Tomentulose-pubescent :  stem  rather  slender :  leaves  thin- 
nish,  from  ovate  or  oval  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  rounded  at  base,  distinctly 
petioled  (li  to  3  inches  long),  glabrate  with  age,  at  least  the  upper  face,  the  midrib  as 
well  as  primary  veins  slender,  and  veinlets  reticulated :  umbels  few,  loosely  10-18-flowered, 
on  peduncles  wliicli  seldom  equal  the  pedicels,  or  sometimes  sessile  :  corolla  greenish-white 
with  purplish  outside;  the  lobes  oblong-ovate,  2  or  3  lines  long:  hoods  oval  or  broadly 
oblong  in  outline,  not  auriculate  at  base,  the  inner  margins  below  the  middle  extended  into 
a  large  acute  tooth  or  lobe ;  the  horn  broad  and  rather  short :  anther-wings  rounded  and 
entire  or  minutely  and  obscurely  notched  at  the  prominent  base.  — DC.  Prodr.  viii.  567 
(excl.  habitat) ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  396.  A.  variegata,  var..  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  252  t.  14L  A  Nut- 
talUana,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  352,  704.  —  Saskatchewan,  Lake  Winnipeg,  and'  Dakotah  to  N. 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  in  oak-openings  and  prairies. 

A.  Hallii,  Gray.  Puberulent,  glabrate  :  stem  stout :  leaves  thickish,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate  with  rounded  base  and  rather  acute  apex  (3  to  6  inches  long),  short- 
petioled,  the  stout  midrib  and  the  slightly  ascending  straight  veins  promment  underneath  : 
umbels  few  and  corymbose,  many-flowered,  on  peduncles  somewhat  longer  than  the 
pedicels  :  corolla  greenish-white  and  purplish ;  the  lobes  oblong,  3  lines  long  :  hoods  elon- 
gated-oblong in  outHne  (3  lines  long),  entire,  hastately  2-gibbous  above  the  narrower  base, 
a  little  surpassing  the  sickle-shaped  horn  :  anther-wings  even  and  unappendaged  at  base. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  G9.  A.  ovalifoUa,  Gray  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  March,  1863  75 
coll.  E.  Hall.  n.  480.  —  Colorado,  near  Denver  ?  E.  Hall  Head-waters  of  the  Arkansas' 
Brandegee,  &c.  PoUicles  tomentulose,  glabrate.  In  aspect  resembles  A.  Sullivantii,  but  with 
some  pubescence,  and  base  of  the  anther-wings  destitute  of  the  corniculation. 

A.  obovata,  Ell.  Cinereous  with  soft  pubescence  or  tomentum  on  the  lower  face  of  the 
leaves  :  stem  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  only  the  lower  obovate,  somewhat 
undulate,  mucronate-apiculate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  very  short-petioled  (U  to  3 
inches  long),  the  midrib  stout,  the  veins  transverse  and  slender :  umbels  (3  or  4  a't  the 
upper  axils)  almost  sessile,  densely  10-14-flowered  :  lobes  of  the  yellowish-green  corolla 
oblong,  3  or  4  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  pedicels :  hoods  purplish,  oblong,  strictly 
erect  (3  or  4  lines  long),  involute  so  that  the  thin  inner  edges  meet  for  almost  their  whole 
length,  dorsally  hastately  bigibbous  above  a  short  contracted  base,  thence  narrowly  Aving- 
appendaged  upward  and  inward  for  some  length,  a  pair  of  broad  and  short  fleshy  internal 
auricles  at  very  base  within ;  horn  narrowly  falcate,  fleshy ;  the  exserted  upper  part  of 
the  free  portion  strongly  inflexed,  subulate,  its  upper  or  dorsal  face  caniculate-concave : 
anther-wings  bicomiculate  at  the  basal  angle  (in  the  manner  of  A.  obtnsifoUa  and  A.  Svl- 
livantii).  —  Sk.  i.  321 ;  Decaisne,  1.  c.  570  (excl.  syn.  Torr.) ;  Chapm.  Fl.  363.  —Dry  ground, 
S.  Carolina,  near  the  coast,  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

2.  Hoods  laterally  much  compressed,  mainly  solid,  with  a  narrow  dorsal  keel  and  a  broader  ventral 

wing  ;  the  latter  bearing  two  semi-obovate  lamella»,  its  broad  upper  part  enclosing  a  lamelliform 

crest  of  equal  width,  which  bears  a  short  subulate  exserted  horn  at  the  inner  angle. 

A.  nyctaginif olia,  Gray.     Roughish-puberulent,  apparently  a  foot  high  and  ascending : 

leaves  rhombic-ovate,  with  ascending  and  branching  veins,  2  or  3  inches  long,  rather  long- 

petioled :  umbels  all  lateral,   very  short-petioled,  4-8-flowered :    pedicels  equalling    the 


96  ASCLEPIADACEiE.  Ascleplas. 

petiole  :  lobes  of  the  greenish  corolla  oblong  (half  inch  long)  :  column  hardly  any  below 
the  greenish  white  hoods,  which  are  little  shorter  than  the  petals,  almost  thrice  the  length 
of  the  anthers,  barely  retuse  at  apex ;  the  truncate  upper  edge  of  the  crest  erose ;  the 
exserted  horn  from  its  inner  angle  thin-subulate,  a  line  long :  auricles  at  base  of  the  hood 
very  small,  roundish :  anther-wings  broadly  rounded  at  base:  follicles  not  seen. — Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xii.  70.  —  Rock  Spring,  Providence  Mountains,  S.  E.  California,  Palmer. 

++  ++  Follicles  pendulous  on  recurving  pedicels,  at  least  not  erect :  leaves  subulate-filiform  or 
wanting  on  the  junciform  naked  stems :  hoods  elongated,  broader  upward. 
A.  subulata,  Decaisne.  Cinereous-puberulent  or  soon  glabrous  and  glaucous  :  stem 
3  or  4  feet  high,  naked  and  rush-like  or  bearing  a  few  nearly  filiform  leaves,  usually  few- 
branched  above :  umbels  terminal  and  lateral,  5-20-flowered,  on  peduncles  mostly  shorter 
than  the  pedicels  :  flowers  yellowish-white  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  4  or  5  lines  long  : 
column  distinct :  hoods  purplish,  narrowly  oblong-panduriform,  erect,  twice  the  length 
of  the  column,  entire,  a  narrow  crest  adnate  up  to  the  apex,  above  dilated  and  inwardly 
pointed  by  a  very  short  and  blunt  subulate  horn  ;  10  short  internal  appendages  forming 
a  pair  of  fleshy  auricles  within  the  base  of  each  hood :  follicles  fusiform  and  long-acu- 
minate, 4  inches  long,  smooth.  — DC.  Prodr.  viii.  571 ;  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  362,  t.  7. 
—  Desert  region  of  S.  E.  California  and  "W.  Arizona.     (Lower  Calif.,  W.  Mex.? ) 

++  ++  4+   Follicles  er?ct  on  erect  fruiting  pedicels,  fusiform :  leaves  not  rarely  verticillate,  in  one 

species  commonly  alternate :  hoods  moderately  if  at  all  exceeding  the  anthers. 
__  Leaves  from  ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  thin,  rather  slender-petioled : 
corolla  white  or  pinkish. 
A.  quadrifolia,  L.  A  foot  or  two  high,  simple,  usually  leafless  below :  leaves  3  or  4 
pairs,  or  commonly  a  whorl  of  four  in  place  of  each  middle  pair,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  2  to  4  inches  long :  umbels  2  to  4,  loosely  many-flowered :  peduncle  seldom 
longer  than  the  slender  pedicels :  corolla  from  light  pink  to  almost  white ;  tlie  lobes  2^ 
lines  long,  oblong :  column  short :  hoods  white,  twice  the  length  of  the  anthers,  ovate- 
oblong,  a  salient  tooth  or  lobe  on  each  margin  toward  the  base ;  horn  short,  very  broadly 
falcate-subulate,  incurved  over  the  anther-tips.  —  Jacq.  Obs.  t.  33 ;  Barton,  Fl.  Ani.  Sept. 
ii.  t.  43;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1258.  A.  vanilla,  Raf.  in  Am.  Month.  Mag.  iv.  39  (1818),  ex 
Neob.  62.  —  Dry  soil,  Canada  and  Wisconsin  to  N.  Carolina  and  Arkansas. 
A.  perennis,  Walt.  Stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  commonly  branching,  leafy  throughout, 
sometimes  rather  woody  at  base :  leaves  all  opposite,  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
mostly  acuminate  at  both  ends,  2  to  4  inches  long :  umbels  several  and  rather  small,  on 
peduncles  of  about  twice  the  length  of  the  pedicels :  flowers  white  throughout :  lobes  of 
the  corolla  1  or  2  lines  long,  oblong :  column  narrow,  half  to  three  fourths  of  a  hne  long : 
hoods  oval,  entire,  erect,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  column,  hardly  surpassing  the  an- 
thers one  third  shorter  than  their  straightish  or  falcate  almost  filiform  horn :  seeds  not 
rarely  destitute  of  coma. -Car.  107  ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  396;  Chapm.  Fl.  365.  A.  dehilis, 
Michx  Fl.  i.  116,  in  part ;  the  Obs.  relates  to  A.  quadrifolia.  A.  parvijiora,  Ait.  Kcw.  i.  30/  ; 
Pursh  Fl  i  180;  Decaisne,  I.e.  Matalea?  /cews,  Nutt.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  v.  291. —  Muddy 
shores'  &c.  from  S.  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  from  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

Var.  parvula,  barely  a  foot  high,  and  leaves  an  inch  or  two  long.  — Torr.  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  164.  —  Head  of  Rock  Creek,  W.  Texas,  Bi(jdow,  Wright. 

A  NfvEA  L.  (Dill.  Elth.  t.  29,  &  Plum.  Ic.  t.  30),  is  a  W.  Indian  species  (Griseb.  Fl.  W. 
Ind  excl.  s'yn.  Bot.  Mag.),  very  near  A.  perennis,  but  corolla  greenish-white,  hoods  longer 
than  the  anthers,  the  wings  of  which  become  auriculate-undulate  next  the  base,  and  are 
not  overtopped  by  the  horn.     "  Louisiana,"  Grisebach,  1.  c. ;  but  this  is  probably  a  mistake. 

A.  VIRGAT4  Lag.  Gen.  &  Spec.  14,  Sweet  Brit.  Fl.  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  85  [A.angiistifolia,  Hort. 
Berol.  Roem.  &  Sch.,  &  A.  linearis  of  gardens,  A.  linifolia,  HBK.  1)  is  a  nearly  related  species, 
with  white  or  rose-tinged  corolla,  anther-wings  plane,  and  narrow  leaves  as  of  the  succeeding 
section,  probably  only  Mexican.     See  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  70. 

^^  =  Leaves  from  elongated-lanceolate  to  filiform,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  glabrous. 

a.  Corolla  reflexed  (as  in  the  genus  generally):  horn  of  the  hoods  subulat*  and  exserted. 

1.  Column  conspicuous,  at  length  about  half  as  long  as  the  anthers. 

A   Mexicana,  Cav.     Stem  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  in  whorls  of  3  to  6,  or  uppermost  and 

lower  opposite,  sometimes  also  in  axillary  fascicles,  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate  (3  to  6 


Asdepias.  ASCLEFIADACEiE.  97 

inches  long,  2  to  6  lines  broad) :  umbels  corymbose,  densely  many-flowered,  on  peduncles 
longer  than  the  pedicels  :  flowers  greenish-white,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple  :  corolla- 
lobes  obloug,  2  lines  long :  hoods  broadly  ovate,  entire,  shorter  than  the  anthers,  exceeded 
by  the  stout-subulate  incurved  horn.  —  Cav.  Ic.  i.  42,  t.  68;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  71. 
A.  fascicularis,  Decaisne  in  DC.  Prodr.  viii.  469 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  475.  A.  macrophylla, 
Natt.  PI.  Gamb.  180.  —  Dry  or  moist  ground,  Oregon  and  California,  to  Nevada  and 
Arizona.  (Mex.) 
A.  verticillata,  L.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  slender,  very  leafy :  leaves  mostly  in 
whorls  of  3  to  6,  or  some  scattered,  filiform-linear  and  with  revolute  margins  (2  to  4  inches 
long) :  umbels  numerous,  small,  many-flowered,  on  peduncles  longer  tlian  the  pedicels  : 
corolla  greenish-white ;  the  lobes  oblong,  2  lines  long :  hoods  white,  broadly  ovate  and 
entire,  with  somewhat  auriculate  involute  base,  barely  equalling  the  anthers,  much  shorter 
than  their  elongated-subulate  falcate-incurved  horn.  —  (Pluk.  Aim.  t.  336.)  Hook.  Fl.  1. 144 ; 
Lodd.  Cab.  t.  1067  ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  144  ;  Decaisne,  1.  c.  (excl.  var.  UnifoUa) ;  Torr. 
Fl.  N.  Y.  t.  87.  A.  galioides,  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  188.— Dry  soil,  Canada  to 
Nebraska  and  south  to  Florida,  Texas,  and  New  Mexico.     (Mex.) 

Var.  pumila,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  more  high,  many-stemmed  from  a  fascicled  root : 
leaves  much  crowded,  filiform  ;  peduncles  seldom  longer  than  the  pedicels.  —  Dry  plains, 
Nebraska  to  Kansas  and  New  Mexico. 

Var.  sub  verticillata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Stems  single,  1  to  2i  feet  high  :  leaves  all  oppo- 
site or  barely  in  threes,  3  to  5  inches  long,  1  to  3  lines  wide,  flatter,  the  margins  less  or 
little  revolute  :  horns  sometimes  rather  less  exserted.  —  A.  verticillata,  var.  galioides,  Torr. 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  164,  chiefly,  hardly  of  Decaisne.  A.  linearis,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  758. 
A.  verticillata,  var.  UnifoUa,  Engelm.  ined.,  but  not  A.  UnifoUa,  HBK.  (which  may  rather 
be  A.  virgata,  Balb.),  nor  of  Decaisne,  1.  c,  which  seems  to  be  a  mixture  of  two  or  three 
species.  —  W.Texas  and  New  Mexico.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

A.  LinXria,  Cav.,  with  the  aspect  of  the  foregoing,  has  the  horn  short  and  nearly  in- 
cluded in  the  hood,  a  very  short  column,  and  turgid-ovate  follicle  arrect  on  the  deflexed 
pedicel :  enumerated  in  Torr.  Mex.  Bound.  1.  c,  from  Northern  Mexico,  but  not  yet  found 
very  near  the  U.  S.  boundary. 

2.  Column  manifest,  but  not  higher  than  broad. 
A.  quinquedentata,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high :  leaves  all  opposite,  narrowly  linear 
and  elongated,  resembling  those  of  A.  veriicillata,  var.  subverUcillata :  umbels  4-10-flowered  : 
peduncle  longer  than  the  pedicels  :  lobes  of  the  greenish-white  corolla  oval,  2^  or  3  lines 
long :  hoods  white,  about  the  length  of  the  anthers,  conduplicate,  somewhat  quadrate  in 
outline,  the  keeled  back  ending  below  in  a  truncate  salient  base,  the  truncate  summit 
prominently  and  acutely  5-toothed ;  horn  adnate  up  to  the  summit,  falcate,  ending  in  a 
small  acute  dorsal  tooth  and  in  an  inflcxed  and  moderately  exserted  subulate  proper  apex. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  71.  A.  verticillata,  var.  galioides,  Torr.  1.  c.  in  part.  —  Prairies  or 
rocky  hills  on  the  San  Pedro  River,  W.  Texas,  Wright  (1689).  Fruit  unknown;  but, 
according  to  Engelmann,  it  may  be  arrect  on  a  decurved  pedicel,  as  in  A.  Linaria. 
A.  angustifolia,  Ell.  Minutely  puberulent,  or  the  foliage  glabrous  :  stems  a  span  to  a 
foot  long,  decumbent  or  ascending,  very  leafy  :  leaves  irregularly  alternate  or  the  lower 
opposite,  narrowly  linear  (1|-  to  4  inches  long,  1  to  3  lines  wide),  the  margins  little  if  at  all 
revolute :  umbels  1  to  3,  terminal,  many-flowered  :  peduncle  usually  much  longer  tlian  the 
pedicels :  lobes  of  the  greenish  corolla  oval,  barely  2  lines  long :  hoods  (purplish,  "  nearly 
orange-colored,"  Ell.)  ovate,  entire,  considerably  surpassing  the  anthers,  longer  than  the 
broad  subulate  horn,  which  is  inflexed-exserted  from  the  middle.  —  Sk.  i.  -325.  A.  tuberosa? 
Walt,  fide  Ell.  A.  longifolia,  Michx.  herb  ,  in  part.  A.  Mickauxii,  Decaisne,  I  c.  569 ;  Chapm. 
Fl.  365.  (Elliott's  name  was  published  in  1817,  earlier  than  the  homonyms.)  —  Low  pine 
barrens  and  sand-hills,  S.  Carolina  to  Florida. 
A.  viridula,  Chapm.  Nearly  glabrous  :  stem  slender,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
all  opposite,  narrowly  linear  or  (when  with  revolute  margins)  fihform,  erect  or  ascending 
(1  to  3  inches  long),  surpassing  the  short-peduncled  5-12-flowered  umbels:  lobes  of  the 
yellowish-green  corolla  oblong,  2  lines  long :  hoods  oblong,  one  third  longer  than  the  an^ 
thers,  the  margins  with  an  auriculate  incurved  tooth  below  the  middle,  otherwise  entire, 
longer  than  the  subulate  incurved  horn.  —  Fl.  362.  —  Wet  pine  barrens  near  Apalachicola, 
Florida,  Chapman. 

7 


98  ASCLEPI  ADAGES.  Asdepias. 

3.  Column  none. 
A.  cinerea,  Walt.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stem  very  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
all  opposite,  spreading,  very  narrowly  linear  (1  to  3  inches  long,  half  to  a  line  wide); 
umbels  terminal  and  subterminal  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem,  loosely  5-7-flowered : 
filiform  drooping  pedicels  longer  than  the  peduncle  :  corolla  dull  purplish  outside,  ash-color 
within ;  the  lobes  tardily  reflexed,  oval,  3  lines  long :  hoods  considerably  shorter  than  the 
anthers,  broader  than  high,  truncate  at  the  back,  the  involute  inner  angles  extended  in  a 
triangular  acute  ascending  lobe,  which  exceeds  the  broad  triangular  horn. —  Car.  105; 
Ell.  Sk.  i.  325  ;  Chapm.  1.  c  — Low  pine  barrens,  S.  Carolina  to  Florida. 
6.  Corolla  and  calyx  merely  roUtely  spreading,  not  reflexed. 
A.  Feayi,  Chapm.  Stem  filiform,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  all  opposite,  in  4  to 
6  pairs,  spreading,  linear-filiform  (2  to  4  inches  long,  barely  half  a  line  wide),  glabrous,  often 
wanting  above  at  the  2  or  3  approximate  short-peduncled  3-5-flowered  umbels :  corolla 
white  ;  the  lobes  oblong  or  at  length  narrower,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  column  none  :  hoods  white 
and  petaloid  except  a  thickish  midrib,  barely  as  long  as  the  sagittate-based  anthers,  spread- 
ing, concave,  entire ;  in  place  of  horn  a  semioval  entire  crest  or  plate  adnate  to  the  middle 
of  the  back  within  :  follicles  not  seen.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  72.  —  Tampa,  Florida, 
Leavenworth  (in  herb.  Torr.),  Dr.  Feay,  Dr.  Garber. 

§  2.  PoDOSTKMMA,  Gray.     Hoods  long-stipitate,  their  stalks  adnate  to  nearly 
the  whole  length  of  the  antheriferous  column,  surpassing  the  anthers  ;  the  crest- 
like process  adnate  to  the  nearly  open  lamina  :  anther-wings  broader  and  some- 
what angulate  about  the  middle  :  umbels  all  lateral.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  72. 
A.  longicornu,  Benth.     A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  minutely  and  somewhat  hir- 
sutely  pubescent :  leaves  all  opposite,  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  2  to  4  mches 
long,  petioled :  umbels  short-peduncled  or  nearly  sessile,  several-many-flowered  :  flowers 
yellowish-green:  corolla-lobes  a  fourth  to  half  inch  long,  oblong:   hoods  with  stalk-like 
portion  twice  the  length  of  the  gradually  dilated  whitish  somewhat  2-3-lobed  or  toothed 
lamina;  the  process  infra-apical  and  divided  into  2  short  subulate  and  fleshy  horns ;  the 
exterior  horn  barely  equalling  the  apex  of  the  hood ;  the  inner  twice  longer,  incurved  and 
somewhat  exserted  :  follicles  arrect  on  the  deflexed  pedicel,  ovate-oblong,  acimiinate,  at 
first  canescent  or  pubescent  or  roughish.  —  PI.  Hartw.  24 ;  Decaisne,  I.  c.  570.   A.  Lmdheimeri, 
Engelm.  &  Gray,  PI.  Lindh.  ii.  42.  —  Texas  and  New  Mexico.     (Mex.,  Nicaragua.) 
§  .3.  NothacerXtes,  Gray.     Anther-wings  widening  to  the  broadly  rounded 
base  and  conspicuously  auriculate-notched  just  above  it:  hoods  sessile,  with  a 
narrow   wholly  adnate   internal   crest    terminating  in  a   minute  horn  :    habit  of 
Acerafes  :  pollinia  short  and  thick,  arcuate-obovate. 

A.  Stenophylla,  Gray.  Puberulent,  but  foliage  glabrous  :  stems  slender,  a  foot  or  two 
high  simple:  leaves  long  and  narrowly  linear  (3  to  7  inches  long,  1  to  2i  lines  wide),  with 
scabrous  and  more  or  less  revolute  margins  and  a  strong  midrib ;  the  upper  alternate  and 
the  lower  opposite  :  umbels  several,  short-peduncled  or  subsessile,  10-15-flowered  :  pedicels 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  greenish  flowers :  corolla-lobes  oblong,  2  lines  long  :  column 
very  short :  hoods  whitish,  erect,  equalling  the  anthers,  oblong,  conduplicate-concave,  tlie 
base  of  each  inner  margin  appendaged  by  a  cuneate  erosely  truncate  lobe,  the  apex 
2-lobed  and  the  narrow  internal  crest  exserted  in  the  sinus  in  the  form  of  an  intermediate 
tooth :  interior  crown  of  5  very  small  2-lobed  processes  between  the  bases  of  the  anthers  : 
follicles  slender-fusiform  and  long-acuminate,  erect  on  the  ascending  pedicel.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad  xii  72.  Pohjotus  angmtifolius,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  ser.  2,  v.  201.  Acerates 
angusti folia,  Decaisne,  I.  c.  622.  —  Dry  prairies,  W.  Arkansas  and  N.  Texas  to  Nebraska  and 
Colorado.     Connecting  link  between  Asdepias  and  Acerates. 

7.  ACERATES,  Ell.  (Formed  of  «,  privative,  and  a^'oag,  a  horn.)  — At- 
lantic U.  S.  perennial  herbs,  resembling  Asdepias ;  with  comparatively  small 
flowers  greenish  or  barely  tinged  with  purple,  in  summer.  Umbels  many-flowered, 
sessile  or  ahort-peduncled.     Distinguished  only  by  the  total  absence  of  horn  or 


Acerates.  ASCLEPIADACE^.  Ogf 

crest  to  the  hoods,  and  by  the  wings  of  the  anthers  not  angulate  nor  dilated  (but 
rather  tapering)  at  base.  —  Ell.  Sk.  i.  316  (1817)  ;  Engelm.  mss. ;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  Polyotus,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.  Gomphocarpus 
in  part,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  754. 

*  Mass  of  anthers  and  stigma  globular,  noj  equalled  by  the  hoods :  column  below  the  hoods  evi- 
dent:  leaves  mainly  alternate-scattered,  verj'  numerous. 

A.  auriculata,  Engelm.  Glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence:  stem  2  or  3  feet  high, 
slender:  leaves  linear-filiform  (4  to  6  inches  long,  a  third  to  a  line  and  a  half  wide),  their 
scabrous  margins  not  revolute :  umbels  several,  lateral :  pedicels  short :  column  below  the 
hoods  very  short :  hoods  oval  or  quadrate,  emarginately  or  sometimes  3-crenately  truncate, 
the  involute  margins  at  base  appendaged  with  a  pair  of  remarkably  large  and  broad 
auricles  :  anther-wings  narrow  and  of  equal  breadth  from  top  to  bottom  :  poUinia  elongated- 
oblong,  not  tapering  upward.  —  Engelm.  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  163.  —  Prairies  and  rocky- 
ground,  from  S.  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  Colorado.  Unless  the  characters  are  noted, 
very  likely  to  be  confounded  with  Asdepias  (Noihacerates)  stenophjlla. 

A.  longif  olia,  Ell.  Minutely  hirsutely  scabrous-pubescent,  or  smoothish :  stems  1  to  3 
feet  high,  erect  or  ascending  :  leaves  from  linear  to  elongated-lanceolate  (3  to  8  inches  long, 
1  to  6  lines  wide)  :  umbels  few  or  numerous,  terminal  and  lateral :  pedicels  slender  :  column 
rather  conspicuous  below  the  hoods  :  these  purple  or  purplish,  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  unap- 
pendaged,  adnate  by  the  ventral  margins  to  the  whole  upper  half  of  the  column,  therefore 
pitcher-like,  rising  barely  to  the  middle  of  the  anthers  :  anther-wings  semi-rhombic,  more 
attenuate  to  base:  poUinia  (as  generally  in  the  genus)  with  tapering  apex.  —  Sk.  i.  317; 
Decaisne  in  DC.  Prodr.  viii.  522.  Asdepias  lonqifoUa,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  116,  mainly.  A.  Flori- 
dana.  Lam.  Diet.  i.  284.  A.  incnmata,  Walt.  Car.  106,  not  L.  Polyotus  longifolius,  Nutt.  in 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  v.  522.  —  Moist  prairies  and  pine-barrens,  Florida  to  Texas,  and 
north  to  Ohio  and  Wisconsin.  Varies  greatly  in  height,  length  of  peduncles,  foliage,  &c. : 
a  Florida  form  has  few  or  single  slender-peduncled  umbels,  and  smaller  flowers. 

#  *   Mass  of  anthers  and  stigma  longer  than  broad,  almost  equalled  by  the  hoods,  the  short  inser- 
tion of  which  covers  the  very  short  column:  leaves  not  rarely  opposite',  mostly  broader. 

A.  viridiflora,  Ell.  Tomentose-puberulent,  becoming  glabrate,  or  the  foliage  somewhat 
scabrous  :  stem  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  oval  or  oblong  and  obtuse  or  retuse  (one  or  two 
inches  long),  or  sometimes  narrower  and  longer  and  also  acute,  commonly  mucronate,  occa- 
sionally undulate :  umbels  2  to  5  or  sometimes  solitary,  mostly  lateral  and  subsessile,  dense  : 
pedicels  little  over  double  the  length  of  the  reflexed  narrowly  oblong  lobes  of  the  greenish 
corolla :  hoods  somewhat  fleshy,  lanceolate-oblong,  with  small  auricles  at  base  much  in- 
volute and  concealed,  otherwise  entire,  alternated  by  as  many  short  and  roundish  or  gland- 
like small  internal  teeth  :  anther-wings  semi-rhomboid  above,  with  a  much  longer'tapering 
base.  —  Asdepias  viridijlora,  Raf .  in  Med.  Rep.  xi.  360,  &  Desv.  Jour.  Bot.  i.  227  ;  Pursh, 
Fl.  i.  181;  Torr.  Fl.  284  (excl.  var.  oiomta);  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  53,  t.  143.  Polyotus  heterophyllus, 
Nutt.  I.  c.  —  Dry  sterile  soil.  New  England  and  Canada  to  Saskatchewan,  and  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.     Runs  into 

Var.  lanceolata,  with  lanceolate  leaves  2\  to  4  inches  long.  —  Asdepias  lanceolata, 
Ives  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  iv.  252,  with  plate.  A.  viridijlora,  var.  lanceolata,  Torr.  I.  c. ;  Hook. 
1.  c,  dextral  figure.       With  the  broader-leaved  form. 

Var.  linearis,  with  elongated  linear  leaves  and  low  stems  :  umbels  often  solitary.  — 
Winnipeg  Valley  to  New  Mexico. 

A.  lanuginosa,  Decaisne.  Hirsute  rather  than  woolly :  stems  a  span  or  two  high, 
terminated  by  a  single  pedunculate  umbel :  leaves  frequently  alternate  or  scattered,  from 
oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate  (1  to  3  inches  long),  with  roundish  base:  pedicels  3  or  4  times 
the  length  of  the  oblong  lobes  of  the  greenish  corolla :  hoods  purplish,  broadly  oblong, 
obtuse  and  entire,  involute  auricles  at  base  obscure  if  any  ;  the  alternating  internal  teeth 
or  lobes  small  and  emarginate :  anther-wings  broadest  and  obtusely  angulate  below  the 
middle  (approaching  those  of  Asdepias):  fruit  not  seen.  —  Gray,  Man.  ed.  3,  &  ed.  5. 
A.  monocephala,  Lapham  in  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  addend.  Asdepias lanufjinosa,l!iutt.  Gen.  i.  168. 
A.  Nuttalliana,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  218.  Polyotus  lanugiiiosus,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  I.  c.  —  Prairies,  Wisconsin  and  N.  Illinois,  Lapham,  Vasey,  &c.,  to  the  Missouri  at 
White  River,  Nuttall,  and  the  Yellowstone,  Mr.  Allen. 


;L00  ASCLEPIADACE^.  ScJiizonotus. 

8.  SCHIZ0N6TUS,  Gray.  (-TxCw,  I  cleave,  varog,  the  back,  the  hoods 
of  the  crown  open  posteriorly  as  if  split  down  the  back ;  in  which  it  differs  from 
Acerates.)  —  Single  species. 

S.  purpiirascens,  Gray.  Herb  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  canescently  puberulent :  leaves 
opposite,  cordate  (an  inch  or  more  long),  thickish:  umbels  2,  terminal,  densely  many- 
flowered  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  pedicels  :  corolla  reddish  purple  outside,  flesh-color 
within ;  the  oLbng  lobes  a  line  and  a  half  long ;  the  pale  hoods  about  the  same  length : 
anther-wings  lunate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  63.  Gomphocarpus  purpurascens,  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  70,  &  Cot.  Calif,  i.  477  (§  Schizonotus).  —  California,  on  an  open  mountain  sum- 
mit in  Lake  Co.,  Greene  (Mr.  Towle)  :  fl.  June. 

9.  G-OMPHOCARPUS,  R.  Br.    {Foficpog,  a  peg  or  club,  and  ^taoTtog,  fruit.) 

Old  World  and  chiefly  African  genus,  to  which  these  two  Californian  species 

are  technically  referred ;  distinguished  from  Asclepias  merely  by  the  absence  of 
horn  or  crest  to  the  hoods.  —  Benth.  &,  Hook.  1.  c,  excl.  Acerates  &  Anantherix. 
Qt,  cordifolius,  Benth.  Glabrous :  stem  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate with  cordate  clasping  base,  acute,  opposite  or  rarely  in  threes,  2  to  5  inches  long: 
umbels  1  to  4,  loosely  many-flowered ;  slender  filiform  pedicels  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  peduncles  :  calyx  villous-pubescent :  corolla  dark  red-purple  ;  the  lobes  oval  or  oblong, 
3  or  4  hues  long :  hoods  erect  on  the  summit  of  the  short  column,  purpUsh,  thin,  ventricose, 
-with  dorsally  truncate  summit  produced  at  the  ventral  margins  into  subulate  slender  ascend- 
ing cusp,  equalling  the  anthers,  a  narrow  fissure  down  the  ventral  side :  follicles  ovate- 
lanceolate,  smooth  and  glabrous,  arrect  on  the  deflexed  fruiting  pedicels.  —  Gray,  Bot.  Calif. 
1.  477.  Acerates  cordifoUa,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  323.  A.  atropurpurea,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  1.  65.  Asclepias  "  ecorniUam,"  Kellogg,  1.  c.  65.  —  California,  common  in  dry  ground 
through  the  great  valley  and  foot-hiUs. 

G.  tomentosus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Tomentose  up  to  the  calyx  or  outside  of  the  corolla  with 
soft  floccose  matted  wool,  resembling  Asclepias  vestita ;  stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  angled  :  leaves 
opposite  (rarely  somewhat  scattered),  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  (2  to  4  inches 
long),  mostly  rounded  at  base,  short-petioled  :  umbels  terminal  and  lateral,  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  loosely  several-flowered  :  corolla  greenish  or  dull  purplish ;  the  lobes  4  lines  long :  hood 
attached  to  the  summit  of  the  short  distinct  column,  ventricose  and  rounded,  spreading, 
reaching  to  near  the  middle  of  the  anthers,  pointless,  open,  and  as  if  2-valved  across  tlie 
top  and  to  the  middle  of  the  back.  —  Acerates  tomentosa,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  160,  t.  44. 
—  Dry  hills,  California,  from  Monte  Diablo  to  San  Diego  Co. 

Var  Xanti  Gray,  1.  c,  distinguished  only  by  the  hoods  ;  these  somewhat  oval,  and 
depending,  so  that  the  fissure  becomes  as  if  dorsal,  and  extends  two-thirds  down.  — Fort 
Tejon,  Xantus.     Ojai,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Dr.  Peckham. 

10.  ENSL:6NIA,  Nutt.  {AloysUs  Enslen,  an  Austrian  botanist,  who  col- 
lected in  the  Atlantic  U.  S.  early  in  the  century.)  —  Perennial  twining  herbs 
(N.  and  S.  American)  ;  with  membranaceous  and  cordate  opposite  leaves,  and 
whitish  flowers  in  small  axillary  pedunculate  cymes. 

B  albida  Nutt.  Tall-climbing,  glabrous,  with  some  slight  pubescence :  leaves  some- 
what hastately  cordate,  slender-petioled,  acuminate-tipped:  cymes  15-30-flowered :  appen- 
dages of  the  crown  2-awned :  anther-tips  erect,  longer  than  the  body  of  the  anther : 
ligulate  awn-like  appendages  of  the  crown  geminate. —Gen.  i.  164;  Decaisne  in  DC. 
1.  c.  518  ;  Deless.  Ic.  v.  t.  63.  —  River  banks,  S.  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  to  Ilhnois,  Mis- 
souri and  Texas  :  fl.  summer. 

1 1 .  ROULlNI  A,  Decaisne.  (Dr.  Roulin,  a  French  naturalist.)  —  Twining 
plants  (Texas  to  Buenos  Ayres),  with  the  habit  of  Enslenia.  —  T)C.  Prodr.  viii. 
516  ;  Deless.  Ic.  v.  t.  62. 

R.  unif aria,  Engelm.  Aspect  and  growth  of  Enslenia  albida :  leaves  deeply  cordate, 
with  rounded  basal  lobes  of  the  larger  ones  incurved,  abruptly  slender-acuminate  :  cymes 


Melinia.  ASCLEPIADACE^.  101 

10-20-flowered,  somewhat  paniculate  or  racemiform  :  flowers  greenish-white,  hardly  3  lines 
in  diameter :  corolla-lobes  oblong,  thickish-edged :  divisions  of  the  crown  short  (hardly  at 
all  exceeding  the  anthers),  merely  and  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  apex;  the  middle  lobe  at 
most  twice  the  length  of  the  lateral  ones,  obtuse  or  eraarginate  :  follicles  oblong,  thick,  3 
or  4  inches  long.  —  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  160.  Gonolobus  uni/arius,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi. 
760,  the  insignificant  specific  name  from  the  pubescence  in  a  line  down  the  stem,  in  a 
manner  most  common  in  the  order.  —  Along  streams,  Texas,  Lindheimer,  Wright,  &c. 

12.  METAST^ILMA,  R.  Br.     (Formed  of  fierd,  change  of,  and  atiXfia, 

girdle  or  crown,  having  5  processes  or  scales  in  place  of  the  ordinary  crown.)  — 

Twining  perennial   herbs   or   somewhat   woody   plants    (American   and    mainly 

tropical),   usually   slender,  and  with  small  opposite  leaves.      Flowers   small  in 

axillary  umbelliform  clusters,  white  or  sometimes  greenish. 

§  1.  EuMETASTELMA,   Benth.  &  Hook.      Crown   borne  on  the  base   of  the 

corolla  or  of  the  short  or  else  obsolete  column. 
M.  FrAseri,  Decaisne  in  DC.  Prodr.  viii.  513,  "  Carolina  1  Fraser,"  was  probably  West 

Indian,  perhaps  same  as  M.  albijiorum,  Griseb.,  doubtless  not  Carolinian. 

M.  barbigerum,  Scheele.  Glabrous  :  stems  slender  :  leaves  from  ovate-oblong  to  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  glandular  at  base  of  midrib  : 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  petiole  and  the  3  to  5  pedicels,  often  very  short:  corolla  (nearly 
2  lines  long,  greenish  outside),  5-parted ;  the  lobes  linear  and  strongly  white-villous  inside  : 
scales  of  the  crown  slender-subulate,  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  a  little  surpassing  the 
anthers:  column  extremely  short.  —  Linn.  xxi.  760;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  159.  —  Open 
woods  and  rocky  banks,  Texas.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

M.  Blodgettii,  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous  :  stems  filiform :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  very 
acute  (half  inch  or  more  long,  a  line  or  so  wide),  rounded  at  base,  short-petioled :  peduncle 
very  short  or  obsolete,  3-6-flowered :  pedicels  about  the  length  of- the  flower  (one  line) ; 
corolla  cleft  almost  to  base  ;  the  lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  within  densely  penicillate-bearded 
just  below  the  apex,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  sparse  hairs  below  :  scales  of  the  crown 
slender-subulate,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  half  the  length  of  its  lobes,  hardly 
surpassing  the  anthers  :  column  distinct  but  shorter  than  the  anthers.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xii.  73.  M.  parvijiomm,  Chapm.  Fl.  367,  not  R.  Br.  —  Piue  Key,  S.  Florida,  Blodgett.  (Prob- 
ably also  W.  Indian.) 
M.  Calif6rnicum,  Benth.  Sulph.  33,  t.  18,  is  from  Bay  of  Magdalena,  Lower  California, 

nearly  under  the  tropic. 

§  2.  Epicion,  Griseb.     Crown  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  elongated  column 

close  to  the  anthers. 

M.  Bahamense,  Griseb.  Nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  round-oval  to  oblong  (an  inch  or 
less  long),  mucronate-cuspidate,  slender-petioled :  peduncles  equally  or  slightly  surpassing 
the  petiole,  3-6-flo\vered :  corolla  2  lines  long,  campanulate  ;  the  lobes  ovate-oblong,  densely 
puberulent  along  the  broad  thickened  margins :  column  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the 
anthers,  5-wing-angled  at  base  :  scales  of  the  crown  oblong-falcate,  laterally  compressed 
and  internally  carinate,  equalling  the  anthers. —Cat.  Cubens.  174.  M.  Cwiense,  Griseb. 
Fl.  W.  Ind.  417,  not  Decaisne.  M.  Schlechtendalii,  Chapm.  Fl.  366,  not  Decaisne.  —  Keys  of 
Florida,  Blodgett.     (Bahamas.) 

13.  MELINIA,  Decaisne.  (From  fir/Xivog,  yellowish,  the  color  of  the  small 
flowers.)  —  Two  or  three  extra-tropical  S.  American  species,  which  have  cordate 
leaves  and  slender  peduncles ;  to  which  is  appended  the  following,  doubtfully,  for 
its  habit  is  that  of  Metastelma. 

M.  angustif  olia,  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous  :  stems  filiform,  branching  from  a  ligneous  base, 
a  foot  or  two  long,  spreading,  more  or  less  twining:  leaves  opposite,  narrowly  linear  (9  to 
20  lines  long,  a  line  or  less  wide),  acute,  distinctly  petioled  :  peduncles  1-2-flowered,  iiardly 
longer  than  the  flowers  :  calyx-segments  lanceolate-acuminate,  nearly  equalling  the  caitr- 
panulate  5-parted  corolla :  scales  of  the  crown  spatulate-oblong,  nearly  plane,  half  the 


102  ASCLEPIADACE^.  Vincetoxicvm. 

length  of  the  corolla-lobes,  surpassing  the  column  under  the  anthers  :  terminal  membrane 
of  the  latter  oblong,  longer  than  their  cells,  slightly  surpassed  by  the  slender  columnar 
entire  beak  to  the  stigma:  young  follicle  tapering  from  the  base. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii. 
73.  Metastelma  ?  angustifolia,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  159.  —  Ravine  at  Santa  Cruz, 
Sonora,  near  the  southern  boundary  of  Arizona,  Wright.  Corolla  a  line  long,  smooth 
.within,  except  a  minute  and  apparently  glandular  tuft  at  the  base  of  the  midrib,  and  the 
obscurely  puberulent  recurved  tips;  the  sides  below  narrowly  but  distinctly  convolute- 
overlapping  in  a2stivation.  Scales  of  the  crown  wholly  separate,  inserted  at  the  junction 
of  the  corolla  with  the  column. 

14.  VINCETOXICUM,  Moench.  (Old  herbalist  name  of  the  typical 
species,  from  vincezts,  that  which  serves  for  binding,  and  toxicum,  a  poison,  i.  e. 
poisonous  bindweed.)  —  Herbaceous  perennial  or  under-shrubby  plants  (of  the 
Old  and  New  Worlds) ;  with  twining  or  erect  stems,  mostly  opposite  leaves,  and 
small  or  minute  flowers,  usually  dull-colored.  —  A  polymorphous  and  rather  loosely 
defined  genus,  as  extended  in  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  761  ;  the  indigenous  North 
American  (and  most  other  American)  species  forming  a  distinct  subgenus. 

§  1.  Seu"tera.  Grown  of  5  thin  or  thinnish  scales  or  processes,  either  dis- 
tinct or  barely  united  at  base :  corolla-lobes  narrowly  or  sometimes  obscurely 
overlapping.  —  Lyonia,  Ell.,  not  Nutt.,  but  rather  earlier.  Seutera,  Reichenb. 
Consp.  131.     Amphisfehna,  Griseb. 

V.  palustre.  Stems  filiform,  herbaceous,  freely  twining  upon  rushes  and  saline  grasses  : 
leaves  linear,  acute,  fleshy  (an  inch  or  two  long,  a  line  or  two  wide)  :  peduncles  longer  tlian 
the  leaves,  umbellately  several-many-flowered :  corolla  greenish,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
acuminate  lobes  nearly  2  lines  long :  scales  of  the  crown  oblong-obovate,  retuse  or  emar- 
ginate,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  slightly  surpassing  the  deeply  sagittate-based 
anthers,  distinct  or  very  nearly  so  :  stigma  with  obtusely  conical  apex.  —  Ceropegia  palustris, 
Pursh,  Fl.  i.  184.  Lyonia  maritima,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  316.  Cynanchum  angustifolium,  Nutt.  Gen. 
i.  164.  Seutera  maritima,  Decaisne  in  DC.  1.  c.  590.  Amphistelma  salinarum,  C.  "Wright  in 
Griseb.  Cat.  Cubens.  175.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast  from  North  Carolina  to  Texas  : 
fl.  summer.  (W.  Ind.) 
"V".  SCOparilim.  Stems  filiform,  much  branched,  ligneous  below,  the  branches  diffuse  and 
more  or  less  twining,  becoming  leafless  and  rush-like :  leaves  slender-linear,  tliin,  very 
acute:  umbels  sessile  and  few-flowered:  flowers  very  small  (only  a  line  long),  greenish : 
corolla-lobes  lanceolate,  almost  valvate  in  the  bud :  scales  of  the  crown  much  shorter  than 
the  antiiers,  ovate,  hardly  united  at  base.  —  Cynanchum  scoparium,  Nutt.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
V.  (1822)  291.  Cynoctonum?  scoparium,  Chapm.  Fl.  367.  Amphistelma  Jiliforme,  Griseb.  T\. 
W.  Ind.  418.  A.  ephedroides  &  graminifolium  (probably),  Griseb.  Cat.  Cubens.  174.  Meta- 
stelma JUiforme,  C.  Wright,  in  Sauvalle",  Fl.  Cubana,  120.  —  Dry  soil,  E.  Florida.  ( W.  Ind., 
Mex.?) 

§  2.  ViNCETOXicuM  proper.  Crown  more  fleshy  and  cup-like,  almost  entire, 
lobed,  or  sometimes  5-parted :  stems  erect  or  feebly  twining. 

V.  ni'grum,  Mojnch,  of  Europe,  with  feebly  twining  stems,  ovate  acute  leaves,  and  peduncled 
cymes  of  blackish-purple  flowers  (3  or  4  lines  in  diameter),  the  saucer-shaped  crown  cre- 
nately  5-lobed  and  with  obscure  interposed  denticulations — sparingly  occurs  as  a  weed  in 
and  near  gardens,  New  England  to  Penn.,  but  does  not  deserve  a  place  in  our  flora. 

15.  G-ONOLiOBUS,  Michx.  (Formed  of  ycovia,  angle,  and  Ao^'ot,',  pod,  one 
of  the  original  species  having  costate-angled  follicles.)  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  in 
warmer  regions  shrubby  (all  American)  ;  with  twining  or  trailing  stems,  usually 
cordate  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  umbellate  cymes  or  small  fascicles  of  dull  or 
dark-colored  flowers,  produced  in  summer,  succeeded  by  follicles  which  generally 
resemble  those  of  Asclepias.  —  Fl.  i.  119  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  1'6,  74. 


Gonolohus.  ASCLEPIADACE^.  103 

§  1.  DiCTTOLOBus,   Gray,  I.e.     Corolla  reticulated  and  sometimes  rugulose 
with  a  fine  network  of  colored  veins ;  the  lobes  commonly  broad  or  roundish : 
crown  single.     (The  species  mainly  tropical  and  rather  large-flowered.) 
G.  reticuldtus,  Engelm.    High-climbing,  hirsute  (especially  the  stems)  with  spreading 
and  reddish  bristly  hairs,  minutely  somewhat  glandular  :  leaves  (H  to  4  inches  long)  deeply 
cordate  with  incurved  auricles,  acute  or  acuminate  :  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
slender  petiole  and  sometimes  longer  than  the  leaf,  5-9-flowered,  thrice  the  length  of  the 
flower :  corolla  lurid  green,  with  purplish  venation,  half  inch  in  diameter,  glabrous  within, 
somewhat  hairy  without ;  the  lobes  broadly  ovate  or  obovate :  crown  a  narrow  entire  ring 
around  the  base  of  the  distinct  column  :  stigma  circular :  follicles  fusiform  and  long-acu- 
minate, 3  to  6  inches  long,  strongly  muricate.  —  Gray,  1.  c.     G.  granulatus,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  165,  not  Scheele.  —  Thickets  and  rocky  banks,  Texas  to  E.  Ariz);>na.     (Monterey, 
Mex.)  :^ 

§  2.  EurxONOLOBUs,  Gray,  I.e.  Corolla  not  venulose-reticulated  (at  least  not 
conspicuously)  ;  the  lobes  from  ovate-acuminate  to  linear :  crown  simple,  un- 
appendaged  within,  inserted  at  the  junction  of  corolla  and  column  or  higher  on 
the  latter :  angles  of  the  stigma  little  or  not  at  all  salient :  stems  herbaceous, 
usually  freely  twining.  (Pubescence  variable,  especially  the  hirsute  and  spread- 
ing or  reflexed  hairs,  which  often  occur  on  the  stems,  petioles,  and  sometimes  on 
the  leaves.) 

*  Peduncles  umbellately  or  sometimes  more  cvmosely  few-many-flowered:  corolla  rotate,  5- 
parted  ;  the  lobes  stellately  spreading  or  recurving, 

+--  Thickish  in  texture,  dull  or  dusky  yellowiah-green,  sometimes  turning  lurid-purplish  within,  at 
least  toward  the  base;  the  bud  conical-acuminate,  at  least  the  outside  (as  well  as  cal^'x,  pedicels, 
and  short  peduncle)  glabrous:  crown  a  low  and  undulately  lO-Jobed  fleshy  disk  at  base  of  short 
column  under  the  stigma:  anthers  narrowly  bordered  at  summit  with  a  scarious  membrane  which 
overlies  the  edge  of  the  stigma:  follicles  uuanned,  glabrous,  3-5-costate  or  angled,  fleshy  and 
when  mature  and  dry  of  spongy  texture.  • 

G.  SUberosus,  R.  Br.  Leaves  cordate  with  an  open  and  shallow  or  sometimes  deeper 
and  narrow  sinus,  acuminate,  minutely  pubescent,  glabrate,  or  sometimes  hairy  (3  to  5 
inches  long) :  umbels  3-9-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole :  corolla  broadly  conical 
and  with  abrupt  acumination,  twisted  in  the  bud  ;  its  lobes  ovate  or  becoming  triangular- 
lanceolate,  acute,  of  thickish  and  firm  texture,  dusky,  minutely  whitish-pubescent  inside, 
but  sometimes  glabrate,  hardly  double  the  length  of  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Mem.  Wem.  Soc. 
(name  only)  &  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  ii.  82  (1811)  ;  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c,  not  Decaisne.  Cynanchum 
suberosum,  L.  Spec,  as  to  Dill.  Elth.  i.  300,  t.  229,  f.  296.  Vincetoxicumgonocarpos,  "Walt.  Car. 
104,  at  least  in  part.  Gonolobus  macrophyllus,  Chapm.  Fl.  i.  368,  not  Michx.  —  Virginia  to 
Florida,  along  and  near  the  coast. 

G.  l»vis,  Michx.  Usually  less  pubescent  or  hairy :  leaves  (in  the  typical  form)  oblong- 
cordate  with  a  deep  and  narrow  but  open  sinus,  conspicuously  acuminate  (3  to  6  inches 
long) :  umbels  6-10-flowered,  barely  equalling  the  petiole :  corolla  rather  elongated-conical 

'  in  the  bud,  not  twisted;  its  lobes.  (3  to  5  lines  long)  narrowly  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
glabrous  inside,  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Fl.  ii.  119 ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  399. 
—  Mississippi  to  Arkansas  and  E.  Texas.    Passes  freely  into 

Var.  macroph^^llus.  Leaves  broadly  cordate,  and  \^ith  the  rounded  basal  lobes 
approximate  or  even  overlapping,  abruptly  acuminate,  the  larger  often  9  or  10  inches  long 
and  7  or  8  broad,  the  under  side  commonly  soft  with  a  line  and  short  or  sometimes  granular- 
glandular  pubescence :  calyx-lobes  often  ciliolate  toward  the  apex.  —  G.  macrophyllus, 
Michx.  1.  c.  G.  viridijlorus,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  163  ;  therefore  G.  NuUallii,  Decaisne  in  DC.  Prodr. 
viii.  698.  G.  tilioefolius,  Decaisne,  1.  c.  596.  G.  granulatus,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  769.  Vtnce- 
toxicum  gonocarpos,  Walt.  Car.  104,  in  part.  —  Virginia  and  Carolina  to  Texas,  Kentucky  and 
Missouri. 

"*-  •»—  Corolla  thinner  in  texture,  mostly  purple  or  whitish  ;  the  lobes  obtuse :  crown  cnpulate,  as 
high  as  the  anthers :  membrane  of  the  latter  inconspicuous  or  obsolete,  or  not  inflected  over  tlie 
edge  of  the  stigma:  peduncle  with  the  umbel  or  cymose  cluster  equalling  or  surpassing  the 
petiole:  follicles  ovate-lanceolate,  terete,  muricate:  stems  in  all  variaijiy  hirsute  :  calyx  and  out- 
side of  the  corolla  more  or  less  pubescent  or  puberulent. 


104  ASCLEPIADACEiE.  Gonolohus. 

++  Crown  fleshy,  the  border  merely  crenate. 
G  obliquus,  R.  Br.  Leaves  from  rounded-  to  ovate-cordate  with  a  narrow  sinus, 
Abruptly  acuminate  (3  to  8  inches  long) :  umbel  many-flowered,  sometimes  cymosely  com- 
pound or  geminate:  corolla  in  the  bud  oblong-conical;  its  lobes  linear-ligulate  (5  or  6  hues 
long,  barely  a  line  wide),  crimson-purple  inside,  dull  or  greenish  and  minutely  pubescent 
outside  :  margin  of  the  crown  10-crenulatc,  with  the  intermediate  crenatures  sometimes 
2-dentate.  — Rcem.  &  Schult.  Syst.  vi.  64;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  99;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5, 
399.  G.  hirsutus,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  163,  not  Michx.  G.  macrophyllus,  Decaisne,  1.  c,  chiefly,  not 
Michx.  Gomlobium  hirsidum,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  179.  Ci/nanchum  obliquum,  Jacq.  Coll.  i.  148,  & 
Ic.  Rar.  t.  341.  C.  discolor,  Sirfis,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1273;  therefore  Gonolobus  discolor,  Rceni.  & 
Schult.  1.  c.  C.  hirtum,  L.  ?,  as  to  Apocynum  scundens  Virginianum,  etc.,  Moris.  Hist.  iii.  611, 
t.  3,  fig.  61.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  (and  Carolina  1 )  to  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  Kentucky. 
Anthers  with^'a  distinct  dorsal  membrane  which  barely  reaches  the  edge  of  the  stigma. 

Var.  Sh6|'tii,  apparently  a  form  with  dull  purplish  and  larger  flowers  (corolla-lobes 
a  line  and  a  lialf  wide),  said  to  have  the  scent  of  CoiycanfAits-blossoms.  —  Dry  woods,  near 
Lexington,  Kentucky,  Short,  Peter. 
G.  hirsutus,  Michx.     Commonly  more  hairy  :  leaves  nearly  as  the  preceding,  the  basal 
lobes  sometimes  overlapping  :  peduncles  fewer-flowered  :    corolla  in   the  bud  ovate ;  its 
.    lobes  elliptical-oblong,  3  or  4  lines  long,  barely  puberulent  outside,  dull  or  brownish-purple : 
margin  of  the  crown  obtusely  10-crenate.  —  Fl.  i.  119  (excl.  syn.  Walt.)  ;  Gray,  Man.  1.  c, 
excl.  syn.  in  part.     Apocynum  hirsutum,  etc.,  Pluk.  Aim.  37,  t.  76.  —  Maryland  and  Virgmia 
to  Tennessee  and  Florida.     Corolla  in  dried  specimens  showing  some  reticulate  venation. 
++++   Crown  of  thinner  texture,  5-lobed  and  with  intermediate  geminate  or  2-cleft  longer  teeth : 
peduncle  commonly  longer  and  inflorescence  more  cymose  or  umbellate-clustered :  leaves,  &c.,  as 
in  the  preceding  sp"ecies :  flower-bud  oblong,  barely  puberulent  outside. 
G.  Carolinensis,  R.  Br.     Corolla  brownish-purple ;  the  lobes  oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
4  or  6  lines  long :  crown  undulately  and  very  obtusely  5-lobed  and  with  a  longer  bifid 
subulate  process  in  each  sinus  which  equals  or  somewhat  surpasses  the  stigma.  —  Roem.  & 
Schult.  1.  c.  62;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  328  (excl.  fruit) ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.    G.  hirsutus.  Sweet, 
Br.  Fl.  Gard.  1. 1 .     Cynancham  Cmrolinense,  Jacq.  Coll.  ii.  228,  &  Ic.  Rar.  t.  342.     Vincetoxicum 
acanthocarpos^WaXi.  Car.  104,  ex  char.  — S.  Carolina  to  Louisiana  and  Arkansas. 
G.  BaldwinianUS,  Sweet.     Corolla  wliitish,  thin  in  texture ;  the  lobes  less  spreading, 
oblong  or  becoming  spatulate,  4  or  5  lines  long :  crown  almost  membranaceous,  deeply 
cleft  ;  the  6  broader  lobes  quadrate,  with  the  summit  commonly  emarginate ;  in  their  si- 
nuses a  pau-  of  slender  linear-subulate  processes  of  about  double  the  length,  which  promi- 
nently surpass  the  stigma.  -  ^  macrophyllus,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  327  ("corolla  obscure  yellow"),  not 
Michx.     G.  Carolinensis,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  163  ("flowers  yellowish"),  not  R.  Br.     G^.  hirsutus, 
Lodd  Cab.  t.  365  ?  —  Georgia  and  Alabama  {Buckley,  "  flowers  white  ")  to  N.  W.  Arkansas, 
Engelmann ;  "  flowers  whitish  with  offensive  odor."     Transition  to  Polymeria  of  Decaisne. 
*  *   Flowers  solitary  and  subsessile  in  the  axils :  corolla  deply  5-cleft:  anthers  prominent  and  more 
separate  from  the  stigma. 
G   sagittif oliUS,  Gray.     Barely  puberulent,  small  and  low,  but  twining  :  leaves  rather 
fleshy  (a  quarter  to  half  inch  long,  and  with  petiole  of  half  the  length),  sagittate,  with 
auricles  obtuse  or  rounded:  corolla  "yellow,"  glabrous,  2i  lines  long;  the  lobes  lanceolate- 
linear  •  crown  at  the  base  of  corolla,  entire  and  saucer-shaped  :  follicles  lanceolate,  smooth 
and  nearly  glabrous.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  77.  — Mountain  sides  along  the  Rio  Limpio, 
Western  Texas,  Wright.    A  peculiar  species,  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  confounded  with  G. 
parvi/olius. 

§  3.  ChthamXlia,  Gray,  1.  c.  Corolla  not  conspicuously  venulose-reticulated, 
campanulate  or  rotate :  crown  appendaged  or  crested  within,  or  else  double  (the 
internal  appendages  beuig  free),  inserted  at  the  junction  of  the  column  with  the 
corolla,  or  more  adnate  to  one  or  the  other :  anthers  more  prominent  and  distinct 
from  the  stigma  (not  rarely  with  short  corneous  wings  in  the  manner  of  Asclepias)  : 
flowers  small :  stems  mostly  low  and  little  or  not  at  all  twining.  —  Chthamalia  (at 
least  in  part)  &  Lachnostoma,  in  part,  Decaisne  in  DC.  1.  c.  Lachnostoma,  Benth. 
&  Hook,  in  part,  not  HBK.    (The  first  species  nearly  wants  the  technical  character.) 


Gonolobus.  ASCLEPIADACE^.  105 

*  ^n^Tu!l%T^^}°'  '"T^-"' ""  *":'i""2'  °"^  ^y  *^^  reduction  of  uppermost  leaves  to  bracts :  pedicels 
twining.  '  "^  ^'  "''"'=  stems  afoot  or  two  long,  procmnbent  or  diffSse,  not 

G.  pubiflorus,  Engelm.  Soft-pubescent  and  somewhat  hirsute :  leaves  (about  an  inch 
long)  broadly  cordate  or  reniform,  on  petioles  hardly  longer  than  the  basal  lobes,  the  upper 
acute  or  sometimes  acuminate:  pedicels  rather  shorter  than  the  flower:  corolla  campanu- 
late,  5-cleft  barely  to  the  middle  (3  lines  long) ;  its  lobes  oblong-ovate,  very  villous  inside  • 
crown  globular  cup-shaped,  higher  than  the  anthers  and  acutely  5-angled  stigma,  thinnish 
obscurely  5-lobed  at  the  involute  somewhat  plaited  summit ;  the  lobes  undulate-truncate  and 
with  a  prominent  callous  tip,  obscurely  glandular  within,  and  the  tube  within  traversed  with 
5  light  salient  (or  almost  obsolete)  ribs  or  crests  ;  also  5  small  adnate  auricles  at  very  base 
within  :  follicles  "  oval,  smooth."  —  Pi.  Lindh.  1.  44 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  165.  G.  pros- 
tratus,  Baldw.  in  Ell.  Sk.  i.  329,  not  R.  Br.  Chthamalia pubiflora,  Decaisne  in  DC.  I.  c.  605.  — 
Georgia,  on  sandhills  of  the  Altamaha  River,  &c.,  Lyon,  Baldwin,  LeConte :  rare. 

G.  biflorus,  Nutt.  Hinsute-villous :  leaves  cordate  (an  inch  or  so  in  length),  on  slender 
petioles  much  longer  than  basal  lobes,  the  upper  triangular-cordate,  uppermost  occasionally 
reduced  and  bract-like  :  pedicels  in  pairs  or  sometimes  solitary,  nearly  equalling  the  petiole  • 
corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-cleft,  dark  dull-purple  (2^  lines  long) ;  the  lobes  oblong,  sparsely 
pubescent  both  sides :  crown  saucer-shaped,  5-lobed,  and  the  sinuses  occasionally  2-3-den- 
ticulate ;  the  lobes  traversed  within  by  a  salient  canaliculate  crest,  which  at  base  is  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  column  and  at  summit  extends  into  a  conspicuous  callous  acumination 
which  incurves  over  the  edge  of  the  stigma :  follicles  muricate.  —  Torr.  1.  c.  165.  .ChOiamalia 
hiflora,  Decaisne,  1.  c.  —Arkansas  (Nuttall,  &c.)  and  Texas. 

Var.  Wrightii,  a  form  with  corolla  almost  5-parted  into  oblong-linear  lobes :  the 
callous  acumination  of  the  crown  shorter,  and  the  large  and  stout  follicles  hirsute  as  well 
as  muricate.  —  E.  Texas,  Wright. 

Q.  cynancholdes,  Engelm.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  hirsute :  leaves  cordate  (an 
inch  or  two  long)  on  short  petioles  mostly  longer  than  the  basal  lobes,  the  upper  often 
ovate-lanceolate  and  subcordate,  uppermost  not  rarely  reduced  to  bracts ;  the  inflorescence 
thus  becoming  somewhat  racemose-clustered  at  naked  summit :  pedicels  also  in  pairs  from 
a  few  of  the  axils  below,  rather  longer  than  the  petiole :  corolla  rotate-campanulate  dark 
greenish-purple  (2  lines  long),  almost  5-parted ;  its  lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent outside,  glabrous  within :  crown  saucer-shaped,  thick,  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  broad  and 
rounded,  with  a  callous  obscurely  3-crenulate  margin,  appendaged  inside  by  a  prominent 
crest  or  ligule  ;  which  is  free  and  obtuse  at  apex,  channelled  below,  and  at  base  decurrent 
on  the  column:  anther-tips  (as  in  preceding)  partly  inflexed  over  the  stigma:  follicles 
ovate,  sparsely  short-muricate,  pubescent.  —  PL  Lindh.  i.  48 ;  Torr.  1.  c.  —  Dry  prairies, 
Arkansas  and  Texas,  Berlandier,  Dnimmond,  Lindheimer,  &c. 

*   *   Peduncles  none:  flowers  solitary  (or  rarely  geminate)  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the 
very  small  and  somewhat  hastate  leaves:  stems  low  but  twining. 

G.  parvif  olius,  Torr.  Puberulent,  much  branched,  sparingly  climbing  :  leaves  thickish, 
deltoid  or  hastate,  2  to  5  lines  long,  and  rather  long-petioled :  corolla  globose  in  the  bud,' 
barely  a  line  and  a  half  long,  dull  yellow,  glabrous  throughout,  nearly  rotate,  deeply  5-lobed  ; 
the  lobes  ovate,  obtuse  :  crown  at  the  base  of  the  very  short  column,  fleshy,  deeply  5-lobed  ; 
the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  spreading,  almost  equalling  the  undivided 
portion  of  the  corolla,  concave,  appendaged  by  a  broad  and  wholly  adnate  thin  crest  which 
is  connected  with  the  base  of  the  very  short  column,  and  at  tip  within  is  extended  into 
a  minute  projecting  tooth.  — Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  166  (oxcl.  fruit)  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xii.  78.  —  S.  W.  Texas,  in  a  canon  of  the  Rio  Grande  below  Mount  Cannel,  Parry.  Fruit 
unknown,  that  described  belonging  to  G.  sagittifoUus. 

G.  hastulatus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Canescently  pubescent :  filiform  stems  freely  twining : 
leaves  mostly  hastate,  2  or  3  lines  long,  slender-petioled :  corolla  narrowly  oblong  in  the 
bud,  2  lines  long,  whitish,  glabrous,  5-parted ;  the  lobes  ligulate-linear :  crown  borne  on  the 
summit  of  the  distinct  column  close  to"  the  anthers,  of  5  white  and  thinnish  Asclepias-Hke 
hoods,  which  are  complicate-concave,  acutely  3-toothed  at  summit,  its  internal  crest  free 
at  the  apex,  falcate,  and  extended  into  a  subulate  process  which  is  inflexed  over  the  stigma  : 
follicles  fusiform,  sparsely  muricate.  —  Lacknostoma  hastidatum,  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  620.  — 
Tantillas  Caiion,  below  the  southern  boundary  line  of  California,  Palmer. 


106  LOGANIACE^.  Gonolohus. 

*  *   *  Peduncles  at  the  axils  shorter  than  the  leaf  and  umbellately  3-5-flowered :  corolla  4  lines 
long :  crown  cup-shaped,  crenately  lobed :  stem  twining  or  trailing,  2  to  4  feet  long. 

G.  productus,  Torr.  Minutely  pubescent :  leaves  sagittate-cordate,  or  the  broadest 
■with  8on\ewhat  reniform  base,  and  above  gradually  tapering-acuminate  (an  inch  or  two 
long),  the  rounded  and  mostly  incurved  auricles  much  shorter  than  the  slender  petiole : 
peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  petiole :  corolla  oblong-campanulate,  as  long  as  the 
pedicel,  dull  greenish-purple,  pubrt-ulent  outside,  nearly  glabrous  within,  6-cleft  to  rather 
below  the  middle  ;  the  lobes  linear-oblong,  somewhat  erect :  crown  nearly  equalling  the 
anthers  and  stigma,  thinnish,  inserted  at  base  of  the  short  column,  and  connected  with  it 
by  6  membranaceous  lamellae  or  crests  (2-toothed  at  the  upper  edge,  which  only  is  free) 
opposite  the  short  lobes,  the  cavity  of  the  crown  thus  as  it  were  5-celled :  follicles  ovate, 
smooth.  — Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  185.  —  W.  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

*  *   *    *   Peduncles  at  the  axils  and  terminal,  filiform,  surpassing  the  leaves,  somewhat  raceinosely 
several-flowered :  corolla  a  line  long  :  crown  laciniate  and  double  :  stems  not  twining. 

G.  parvillorus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Hirsute-pubescent :  stems  much  branched  from  the  tuber-' 
ous  base,  a  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  thinnish,  ovate  or  the  lower  almost  orbicular,  not 
cordate,  often  undulate,  an  inch  or  less  long,  short-petioled,  the  upper  acute  or  acuminate : 
slender  peduncles  1  to  4  inches  long:  flowers  short-pedicelled :  corolla  rotate,  purplish, 
glabrous,  5-parted ;  the  lobes  ovate,  becoming  lanceolate :  crown  free  from  the  column, 
membranaceous,  5-parted;  the  lobes  each  deeply  cleft  into  a  pair  of  slender  subulate  pro- 
cesses and  before  their  base  each  augmented  with  a  similar  and  rather  longer  free  one,  all 
of  them  surpassing  the  stigma  and  more  or  less  connivent  over  it :  follicles  large,  ovate, 
pubescent,  tuberculate-muricate.  —  Lachnostoma  ?  parviflorum,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  165. 
—  S.  W.  Texas,  Wright,  Schott. 


OEDEb  LXXXIX.   LOGANIACE^. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  within  the  tropics  trees,  a  few  climbing,  destitute  of  milky- 
juice  ;  distinguished  by  having,  along  with  a  free  2-celled  ovary  and  axile  pla- 
centas, opposite  (occasionally  verticillate)  simple  leaves,  and  stipules  between  their 
bases,  or  a  stipular  line  or  narrow  membrane  in  their  place  ;  the  flowers  regular 
and  4-5-merous,  with  stamens  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla  alternate  with 
its  lobes  ;  pollen  of  ordinary  loose  grains ;  style  one  ;  stigma  terminal  ;  amphi- 
tropous  or  anatropous  seeds,  and  embryo  rather  small  in  copious  albumen.  There- 
fore mainly  like  Rubiacece,  but  with  a  superior  ovary,  while  they  also  variously 
approach  Apocynacece,  Gentianacece,  and  even  Scrophulariacece.  The  greater  [)art 
tropical. 
Tribe  I.    GELSEMIEJE.     Stigmas  4,  the  apex  of  the  style  being  twice  2-cleft. 

1.  GELSEMIUM.  Calyx  5-parted,  imbricated.  Corolla  open-funnelform,  5-lobed ;  the 
lobes  broad  and  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  on  the  tube  of  corolla :  anthers  linear 
or  oblong  and  sagittate.  Style  filiform  ;  the  4  lobes  stigmatose  inside.  Ovules  numerous 
in  each  -cell,  on  linear  placentae.  Capsule  elliptical,  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow 
partition,  septicidal ;  the  conduplicate  valves  at  length  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Seeds  several 
or  numerous  in  each  cell,  winged.  Embryo  straight  or  slightly  curved  in  fleshy  albumen ; 
the  ovate  flat  cotyledons  much  shorter  than  the  slender  radicle. 

Tribe  IT.    L0GANIE.S3.    Stigma  single,  entire  or  barely  2-lobed.    Ovules  numerous. 

*  Corolla  valvate  in  the  bud,  5-lobed  :  capsule  didymous  or  2-lobed :  herbs. 

2.  SPIGELIA.  Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  lobes  narrow,  usually  very  slender.  Corolla  tubular- 
f unnelform  or  salverform,  15-nerved.  Stamens  5 ;  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  2-lobed  at 
base.  Style  filiform,  articulated  near  or  below  the  middle,  the  upper  part  often  hollow, 
above  puberulent  or  pubescent.  Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  on  a  peltate  stipitate  pla- 
centa. Capsule  didymous,  somewhat  compressed  contrary'  to  the  partition,  circuniscissile 
above  the  cupule-like  persistent  base,  and  2-coccous,  the  carpels  soon  loculicidally  2- 
valved.  Seeds  few,  peltate,  angled  by  mutual  pressure,  closely  packed  on  the  placenta 
into  a  globular  mass.    Embryo  short  and  straight  in  fleshy  or  cartilaginous  albumen. 


Spigelia.  LOGANIACE^.  107 

3.  MITREOLA.  Calyx  5-parted ;  the  lobes  lanceolate.  Corolla  small,  urceolate,  bearded 
in  the  throat.  Stamens  5,  short :  anthers  cordate.  Ovary  2-celled  and  with  a  broad  tip  : 
style  short,  early  dividing  into  two  from  the  base,  united  by  a  common  stigma,  soon 
wholly  separate  and  divergent.  Capsule  divaricately  2-lobed  or  2-horned  at  summit,  de- 
hiscent by  the  ventral  suture  of  each  lobe.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  on  stipitate  placentae. 
Embryo  linear,  nearly  the  length  of  the  fleshy  albumen. 

*  *   Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  4-lobed,  sometimes  5-lobed :  embryo  small  and  straight 
in  fleshy  albumen.    Pentamerous  flowers  occasionally  occur. 

•1-   Calyx  deeply  4-5rparted  :  capsule  loculicidal :  annual  herb. 

4.  POLYPREMUM.  Corolla  campanulate,  bearded  in  the  throat,  shorter  than  the  subu- 
late foliaceous  sepals.  Stamens  4,  inserted  low  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included: 
anthers  ovate.  Style  short:  stigma  capitate,  entire  or  obscurely  2-lobed.  Capsule  glo- 
bular-ovoid but  slightly  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition  and  didymous,  loculioidally 
2-valved  and  at  length  somewhat  septicidal.  Seeds  numerous  on  oblong  placentae  ascend- 
ing from  near  the  base  of  the  partition,  minute,  smooth. 

H-  -)_  Calyx  4-toothed  or  4-cleft :  capsule  septicidal,  globose  or  oblong  ;  valves  mostly  2- 
clef t  at  apex  and  separating  from  the  united  placentae  :  shrubs,with  leaves  often  dentate  1 

5.  BUDDLEIA.  Calyx  campanulate.  Corolla  rotate-campanulate  (or  sometimes  salver- 
form)  ;  the  lobes  ovate  or  orbicular.  Anthers  4,  sessile  or  almost  so  in  the  throat  or  tube 
of  the  corolla,  ovate  or  oblong-cordate. 

6.  EMORY  A.  Calyx  oblong,  4-cleft ;  the  lobes  linear-subulate.  Corolla  salverform,  with 
tube  somewhat  enlarged  above  ;  the  short  lobes  ovate.  Stamens  exserted :  filaments  fili- 
form and  elongated,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  :  anthers  cordate-oblong.  Style 
very  long  and  filiform. 

1.  GELSl^MIUM,  Juss.  "  Yellow  Jessamine  "  of  S.  States.  {Gelsemino, 
an  Italian  name  of  the  Jessamine.)  — Twining  and  glabrous  shrubby  plants,  with 
a  mere  line  marking  the  place  of  the  minute  glandular  caducous  stipules,  con- 
necting the  bases  of  the  opposite  or  sometimes  ternate  entire  leaves  ;  the  flowers 
showy,  in  ours  heterogone-dimorphous,  fragrant,  produced  in  spring.  —  Two  E. 
Asian  species  and  the  following. 

G.  sempervirens,  Ait.  Stems  slender,  climbing  high  :  leaves  evergreen,  thin-coriaceous, 
shining,  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate  (H  to  2\  inches  long) :  peduncles  very  short,  axillary, 
scaly -bracteolate,  cymosely  1-3-flowered :  corolla  deep  yellow,  over  an  inch  long :  stigmas 
of  one  form  and  anthers  of  the  other  protruding :  capsule  deeply  sulcate  down  the  flat 
sides,  cuspidate-pointed.  —  Gelseminum  sen  Jasminum.  luteum  odoratum,  etc.,  Catesb.  Car. 
i.  .53,  t.  53.  Bignonia  sempervirens,  L.  Spec.  ii.  623.  Anonymos  sempervirens,  Walt.  Car.  99. 
Gels'emium  nitidum,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  120.  G.  lucidum,  Poir.  "  Herb.  Amat.  3,  t.  169."  —  Woods 
and  low  grounds,  E.  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas.     (Mex.) 

2.  SPIGrifilLIA,  L.  Pink-root.  {Adrian  Spiegel,  latinized  Spigelius,  a 
Dutch  botanist  of  the  17th  century.)  —  Herbs,  rarely  suffruticose  (all  American), 
usually  low  ;  with  membranaceous  and  more  or  less  pinnately  veined  entire  leaves, 
and  small  interpetiolar  stipules  or  a  transverse  membranous  line.  Upper  portion 
of  the  style  usually,  but  not  always,  furnished  with  pollen-collecting  hairs  :  the 
stigma  terminal,  usually  emarginate  or  2-lobed :  lower  part  or  base  of  the  style 
persistent.  —  Our  species  glabrous,  or  merely  scabrous-puberulent  on  the  veins, 
&c. :  stems  4-angled :  flowering  in  early  summer. 

§  1.  Flowers  showy,  unilateral-spicate  on  the  single  or  sometimes  geminate  or 
umbellate  and  naked  terminal  peduncles  of  a  scorpioid  inflorescence:  bracts 
minute  and  subulate  or  wanting  :  corolla  red  or  pink,  elongated-tubular,  not  plicate 
and  the  edges  of  the  lobes  slightly  or  not  at  all  turned  outward  in  the  bud  :  anthers 
and  especially  the  summit  of  the  style  exserted  ;  the  articulation  of  the  latter  low 
down  :  root  perennial,  fibrose. 


108  LOGANIACE.E.  Spigelia. 

S.  Marilandica,  L.  Indian  Pink,  &c.  Stem  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  from  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  ovate  and  acuminate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  closely  sessile  by  a  rounded  base, 
one  or  two  pairs  of  veins  basal :  inflorescence  1-2-spicate,  short-pedunculate  :  corolla  scarlet 
outside,  yellow  within,  an  inch  and  a  half  long ;  the  tube  somewhat  clavate,  four  times 
the  length  of  ovate-lanceolate  lobes.  —  Mant.  338 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  80 ;  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  930 ; 
Bigel.  Med.  ii.  1. 14.  (Catesb.  Car.  ii.  t.  78.)  Lonicera  Marilandica,  L.  Spec.  —  Woodlands, 
New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  Texas. 

§  2.  Flowers  smaller,  naked  spicate  as  in  the  preceding :  corolla  white  or  pur- 
plish, funnelform ;  the  limb  more  or  less  plicate  in  the  bud  with  the  edges  of  the 
lobes  turned  outward :  anthers  and  style  included. 

S.  gentianoides,  Chapm.  Stem  a  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a  perennial  root,  rough- 
ish  :  leaves  ovate  and  the  lower  roundish,  an  inch  or  more  long :  spike  few-flowered :  corolla 
an  inch  long;  the  ovate-lanceolate  lobes  rather  erect.  —  A.DC.  Prodr.  ix.  5;  Chapm.  Fl. 
182.  —  Light  soil,  W.  Florida,  Chapman. 

§  3.  Flowers  small,  terminal  aud  in  the  forks  of  leafy  branches,  mostly  short- 
peduncled :  Qorolla  nearly  salverform,  white  or  nearly  so  ;  the  limb  plicate  in  the 
bud  and  the  edges  turned  outward:  anthers  and  style  included;  the  latter  articu- 
lated in  the  middle,  its  tubular  upper  portion  beset  with  collecting  hairs  fully  half 
way  down  :  root  annual  ?  —  Coelostylis,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

S.  loganioides,  A.DC.  A  span  or  more  high,  ascending:  leaves  oval,  sessile  (half  to 
three-fourths  inch  long) :  sepals  narrowly  linear  and  with  the  scarious  margins  denticulate  : 
corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  somewhat  funnelform  :  capsule  with  minutely  granulate  surface 
(not  Uneolate)  :  seeds  smoothish.  —  Prodr.  ix.  4.  Codosti/lis  loganioides,  Torr.  &  Gray  in 
Endl.  Iconogr.  t.  101  (beard  on  the  style  represented  too  short),  &  Fl.  N.  Am.  ii.  44.  — 
E.  Florida,  near  Fort  King,  &c..  Dr.  Burrows,  Rugel,  Buckley. 

S.  Lindheimeri.  A  span  high,  diffusely  much  branched  from  the  base,  puberulent- 
scabrous :  leaves  from  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate  (an  inch  or  less  long),  acutish  at  base, 
the  lower  somewhat  petioled :  sepals  linear  and  the  scarious  margins  conspicuously  den- 
ticulate :  corolla  salverform,  4  lines  long :  capsule  minutely  lineolate :  seeds  at  maturity 
tuberculate-rugose  as  well  as  minutely  pitted.  —  Prairies  of  W.  Texas,  Lindheimer,  WrigU. 

S.  Texana,  A.DC.  1.  c.  About  a  foot  high,  nearly  smooth  and  glabrous  :  leaves  ovate-  to 
lanceolate-oblong,  thinner  and  larger  (one  or  two  inches  long),  mostly  acute  at  both  ends, 
the  lower  somewhat  petioled  :  sepals  setaceous-subulate,  only  one-nerved  ;  the  margins 
very  obscurely  serrulate-scabrous :  corolla  salverform,  half  inch  long :  capsule  smooth, 
not  lineolate  :  seeds  minutely  rugulose  and  punctate.  —  Codostylis  Texana,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 
—  E.  Texas,  Drummond,  Lindheimer,  Wright,  &c. 

3.  MITREOLA,  L.  (Diminutive  of  mitra,  a  turban  or  mitre,  from  the 
shape  of  the  capsule.)  —  Glabrous  low  herbs  (E.  American,  Asiatic  and  Austra- 
lian), ours  annuals  ;  with  entire  leaves,  small  entire  stipules  between  them,  and 
very  small  white  flowers  unilaterally  spicate  on  the  naked  branches  of  the  ter- 
minal cyme  :  fl.  summer.  —  Cynoctonum,  Gmelin. 

M.  petiolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  membranaceous,  from  ob- 
long-lanceolate to  ovate  (1  to  3  inches  long),  acute,  narrowed  at  base  into  more  or  less  of 
a  petiole.  —  Fl.  N.  Am.  ii.  45 ;  A.DC.  Prodr.  ix.  8 ;  Progel  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  vi.  t.  82,  fig.  1. 
Ophiorhiza  Mitreola,  L.  Spec.  i.  150  ;  Swartz,  Obs.  t.  3.  0.  lanceolata,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  238.  Anony- 
mos  petiolata,  Walt.  Car.  108.  Cynoctomim  peiiolatum,  Gmel.  Syst.  4.  Mitreola  ophiorhizoides, 
A.  Rich.  Me'm.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  Par.  i.  63,  t.  3,  includes  both  our  species.  — Wet  grounds, 
E.  Virginia  to  Texas.  (Mex.,  W.  Ind.,  &c.) 
M.  sessilif olia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  Stems  more  simple  and  virgate :  leaves  thicker 
and  firmer  in  texture  (half  inch  or  more  long,  and  veins  more  prominent),  roughish-mar- 
gined,  from  round-oval  to  oblong,  sessile :  flowers  and  fruit  smaller  and  more  crowded.  — 
Anonymos  sessilifolia,  Walt,  1.  c.     Cynodonum  sessilif olium,  Gmelin,  1.  c.     Ophiorhiza  Mitreola, 


Buddleia.  LOGANIACE^.  109 

Michx.  Fl.  i.  148.  0.  ovnlifolia,  Muhl.  Cat.  0.  Croomii,  Curtis  in  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  i. 
128.  Var.  anpustifoUa,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c,  is  a  depauperate  state  of  the  narrower-leaved 
form.  —Moist  ground,  N.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

4.  P0LYPR:&MUM,  L.  (Name  altered  from  TtoXvjtQEnvog,  with  many 
trunks,  from  the  diffuse  branching  next  the  ground.)  —  Single  species,  an  insig- 
nificant weed  :  fl.  late  summer. 

P.  procumbens,  L.  A  span  or  more  high,  much  branched  from  an  annual  (sometimes 
almost  ligneous)  root,  glabrous;  the  rigid  stems  erect  or  ascending  rather  than  procum- 
bent, 4-angled,  repeatedly  branching :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  almost  acerose,  half  inch 
or  more  long,  the  uppermost  gradually  reduced  to  bracts,  their  margins  obscurely  scabrous, 
their  bases  united  by  a  membranous  stipular  line  :  flowers  sessile  m  the  forks  or  somewhat 
cymose  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  :  inconspicuous  corolla  barely  a  line  long  white  — 
Act.  Ups.  1741,  t.  78;  Lam.  111.'  t.  71.  P.  Linncti,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  83.— Sandy  soil  Penn 
(adventive),  Maryland  to  Texas.     (Mex.,  W.  Ind.) 

5.  BUDDL:&IA,  Houston.  {Adam  Buddie,  an  early  English  botanist,  who 
corresponded  with  Ray.)  —  Shrubs,  or  some  arborescent,  a  few  herbaceous  (mainly 
tropical),  usually  canescent  or  tomentose  with  floccose  or  furfuraceous  stellate 
down  ;  the  leaves  sometimes  dentate,  the  petioles  connected  by  a  transverse 
stipular  line,  or  by  more  evident  stipules.  Flowers  commonly  small,  and  crowded 
into  capitate  clusters  or  cymules,  which  are  variously  disposed  ;  rarely  some  are 
."i-merous  ;  the  corolla  in  our  few  (chiefly  Mexican)  species  very  short. 

*  Flowers  in  comparatively  loose  and  very  numerous  clusters,  disposed  in  an  ample  and  naked 
terminal  panicle.  ^  ^ 

B.  Humboldtiana,  RcBm.  &  Schult.  Minutely  ferrugineous-tomentose  :  leaves 
oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  3  inches  long,  rounded  at  base,  rather 
long-petioled,  copiously  pinnately-veined,  in  age  glabrate  above :  flowers  a  line  and  a  half 
long.  — Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  4-38.  B.  acuminata,  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  ii.  349,  t.  187, 
not  Poir.  — Mexican  borders  of  S.  W.  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  Tlmrher,  &c.  (Mex.) 
B.  lanceolAta,  Benth.,  with  smaller  and  narrower  leaves  tapering  to  base,  and  simpler 

contracted  inflorescence,  also  inhabits  Northern  Mexico,  and  may  reach  the  boundary.     B. 

CROTONOiDEs,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  y.  165,  is  from  Lower  California,  under  the  tropic. 
*  #  Flowers  in  numerous  and  small  dense  pedunculate  heads,  disposed  in  a  virgate  raceme. 

B.  racemosa,  Torr.  Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  loosely  branching,  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves 
from  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate  with  a  truncate  or  obscurely  hastate  base,  irregu- 
larly crenate-dentate,  mostly  obtuse,  thinnish,  2  to  4  inches  long,  short-petioled,  green  and 
glabrous  above,  puberulent-canescent  beneath  :  raceme  of  heads  a  span  to  a  foot  long : 
heads  about  a  quarter  inch  in  diameter,  on  shorter  or  longer  peduncles:  corolla  little 
exceeding  the  tomentulose  calyx.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  121.  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  Texas. 
Lindheimer,  Riddell,  Wright,  &c. 

Var.  incana,  Torr.  1.  c.    Leaves  barely  an  inch  long,  fulvous-canescent-tomentose 
beneath.  —  San  Pedro  River,  W.  Texas,  Wright. 

*  *    *   Flowers   in  solitary  or  geminate  heads  or  capitate  clusters :  leaves,  branches,  and  heads 
densely  soft-tomentose  throughout. 

B.  marrubiif olia,  Benth.  1.  c.     Much  branched,  canescent  or  ferrugineous :  leaves  obo- 

vate  or  oval  with  cuneate  base,  arcuate,  about  half  inch  long,  short-petioled,  the  dense 

■  tomentum  somewhat  velvety :  flowers  in  a  globose  terminal  head  (half  inch  in  diameter) 

on  a  short  peduncle,  "odorous:  corolla  golden  yellow  turning  orange  red."  —  Torr.  Bot. 

Mex.  Bound.  121.  —  S.  Texas  on  the  Rio  Grande.     (Mex.) 

B.  SCOrdioides,  HBK.  Much  branched,  ferrugineous-tomentose :  leaves  narrowly 
oblong  or  cuneate-linear,  nearly  sessile,  obtuse,  coarsely  crenate,  rugose,  an  inch  or  less 
long :  dense  clusters  of  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  all  the  upper  leaves,  the  pair  com- 
bined around  the  stem  into  a  globular  head.  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  I.e.  t.  183;  Torr.  1.  c. — 
S.  E.  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Mex.) 


110  GENTIAN  ACE^.  Emorya. 

6,  EM6RYA,  Torn  (In  honor  of  Major,  now  General,  W.  H.  Emory,  the 
U.  S.  Commissioner  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey  in  which  the  plant  was 
discovered.)  —  Single  known  species. 

B.  suaveolens,  Torr.  Shrub  3  to  6  feet  high,  mucli  branched,  somewhat  pulverulent  or 
puberulent:  the  leaves  canescent  beneath,  somewliat  deltoid  or  hastate,  sinuate-dentate 
with  a  few  coarse  teeth,  obtuse,  petioled,  half  inch  or  more  long :  inflorescence  a  nar- 
row and  pedunculate  thyrsus  or  panicle:  flowers  pedicellate,  loose  and  rather  few,  sweet- 
scented  :  corolla  over  an  inch  long,  "  greenish-white  or  yellowish ; "  the  roundish  lobes 
only  a  line  or  two  long.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  121,  t.  36 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  794.  — 
Canons  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  below  Presidio,  Parry. 


Order  XC.  GENTIANACE^. 

Herbs,  with  bitter  colorless  juice,  and  (the  Menyanthece  excepted)  with  opposite 
or  rarely  verticillate  simple  and  entire  sessile  leaves,  no  stipules,  perfect  and  reg- 
ular flowers,  persistent  calyx  and  often  marcescent  corolla,  the  latter  (with  one  or 
two  exceptions)  dextrorsely  convolute  in  the  bud,  a  one-celled  free  ovary  with 
2  parietal  many-ovuled  placentae,  or  the  whole  parieties  ovuliferous,  single  style 
and  usually  2-lobed  or  2-lamellate  stigma,  and  the  capsule  dehiscent  through  the 
placentae.  Seeds  indefinitely  numerous,  or  rarely  few,  anatropous,  commonly 
small,  and  with  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  Stamens,  as  in  all  the 
related  orders,  borne  on  the  tube  or  base  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and 
alternate  with  them :  anthers  in  our  genera  2-celled  and  opening  longitudinally. 
Style  rarely  cleft,  at  least  the  divisions  stigmatose  down  the  inner  face  of  the 
lobes.  Plants  almost  all  glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  and  the  flowers  cymose 
or  simply  terminal.  Ovary  in  all  our  genera  one-celled,  or  half  two-celled  by 
introflexion  of  the  placentae  (in  some  exotic  genera  2-celled).  The  Menyanthe(B 
differ  almost  ordinally  in  the  foliage  and  aestivation.  Oholaria  and  Bartonia  are 
remarkable  for  the  imbricated  aestivation  of  the  corolla  :  the  sepals  of  the  latter 
are  reduced  to  two :  their  lower  leaves  or  scales  are  often  alternate. 

Suborder  I.  GENTIANE^.  Leaves  always  simple  and  entire,  sessile 
(except  some  radical  ones),  never  alternate,  except  in  one  Swertia.  Estivation 
of  the  corolla  never  valvate. 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 
•1—  Style  filiform,  usually  deciduous  from  the  capsule  :  stigma  bilamellar  or  bicrural,  but 
the  divisions  at  first  often  connivent  as  if  united,  the  flowers  being  proterandrous : 
seeds  numerous,  with  a  close  and  reticulated  or  foveolate  coat. 

-M-   Calyx  4-toothed  and  4-angled :  anthers  cordate-ovate  and  unchanged  in  age. 

1.  MICROCALA.  Corolla  short-salverform,  bearing  the  4  short  stamens  in  its  throat. 
Stigma  as  if  compressed-capitate,  but  of  2  flabelliform  lobes  which  at  length  separate. 

•H-   ++   Calyx  5-12-  (or  in  Erythraa  sometimes  4-)  cleft  or  parted  :  anthers  oblong  to  linear, 
mostly  twisting  or  curving  in  age  :  placentae  more  or  less  intruded. 

2.  ERYTHR^A.  Parts  of  the  flower  5  or  sometimes  4.  Calyx-lobes  narrow  and 
carinate.  Corolla  salverform  with  either  a  short  or  rather  long  tube.  Filaments  slender: 
anthers  oblong  or  linear,  commonly  exsertod,  twisting  spirally  in  one  or  two  turns  after 
anthesis.  Style  filiform  :  stigmas  from  oblong  to  flabelliform.  'Capsule  from  oblong-ovate 
to  fusiform. 

3.  SABBATIA.  Parts  of  the  flower  5  to  12.  Corolla  rotate.  Filaments  filiform,  rather 
short :  anthers  linear  or  elongated-oblong,  soon  arcuate,  recurved,  or  revolute.  Style  2- 
cleft  or  2-parted ;  the  lobes  filiform,  compressed-clavate  or  spatulate,  introrsely  stigmatose 
for  most  of  their  length.    Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  thick-coriaceous  or  at  first  fleshy. 


GENTIAN  ACE^.  HI 

'^'  ,??n^I^^^-  1,^^'*'  °^  ^^f  ^T^""  S'/ai-ely  6.  Calyx-lobes  long-acuminate,  the  midrib 
cannate.  Corolla  campanulate-funnelform.  Filaments  filiform-subulate  :  anthers  oblong 
versatile,  straight  or  recurving  in  age  Style  filiform,  nearly  persistent :  stigma  of  2  broad 
oblong  or  oval  lamellse.     Capsule  oval  or  oblong. 

-t-  -h-  Style  short  or  subulate  and  persistent,  or  none  :  anthers  remaining  straight. 
++   Corolla  without  nectariferous  pits  or  large  glands  :  flowers  usually  4-5-merous. 

5,  GENTIANA.  Calyx  commonly  with  a  membranous  or  spathaceous  tube.  Corolla 
lunnelform,  campanulate,  or  salverform  (or  some  rotate)  ;  the  sinuses  with  or  without 
plaits  or  appendages.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  very  short  or 
none:  stigma  of  2  spreading  (rarely  united)  lamellje,  persistent.  Seeds  very  numerous 
not  rarely  covering  the  whole  parieties  of  the  thin  capsule.  . 

6.  PLEUROGYNE.  Calyx  deeply  4-5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  4-5-parted ;  the  divisions 
acute,  a  pair  of  scale-like  appendages  on  their  base.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  • 
anthers  introrse,  versatile.  Style  none:  stigmas  decurrent  down  the  sutures.  Capsule 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  not  stipitate.     Seeds  extremely  numerous,  near  the  two  suturesT 

■^  "^u  ,^f  0^1^  with  one  or  two  nectariferous  pits,  spots  (glands),  or  an  adnate  scale  to 
each  lobe  :  calyx  4-5-parted  :  seeds  comparatively  large. 

'^'  ^Y^I^^,^"^-  ^o^oll*  rotate,  5-  (rarely  4-)  parted ;  the  lobes  dextrorsely  convolute  in  the 
bud.  Style  none,  or  very  short :  stigma  2-Iamellate  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovate  •  the  pla- 
centa not  intruded.    Leaves  sometimes  alternate. 

8.  FRASERA.  Corolla  rotate,  4-parted ;  the  lobes  dextrorsely  convolute  in  the  bud 
bearing  a  single  or  double  fringed  gland,  and  sometimes  a  fimbriate  crown  at  base.  Sta- 
mens on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla:  filaments  subulate,  often  monadelphous  at  base  occa- 
sionally with  some  interposed  small  bristles  or  scales.  Ovary  ovate,  tapering  into  a  dis- 
tinct and  often  slender  (but  sometimes  very  short)  persistent  style:  stigma  small,  2-lobed 
or  nearly  entire.  Capsule  coriaceous,  commonly  flattened;  the  placentae  or  edges  of  the 
valves  not  intruded.  Seeds  comparatively  few,  compressed,  commonly  smooth  and  mar- 
gined.    Leaves  verticillate  or  opposite. 

9.  HALENIA.  Corolla  campanulate,  4-5-cleft ;  the  lobes  sinistrorsely  convolute,  mostly 
erect;  underneath  each  a  hollow  nectariferous  spur  or  gibbous  projection,  which  is  gland- 
ular at  bottom  (sometimes  obsolete) :  no  fringes  nor  crown.  Filaments  slender,  inserted  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  and  capsule  ovate-oblong ;  the  placentae  more  or  less  intro- 
flexed :  style  very  short  or  none :  stigmas  2.  Ovules  and  close-coated  seeds  oval  or  glob- 
ular, in  a  single  series  on  the  margin  of  the  valves. 

*  *  Lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  i.e.  4,  two  exterior  and  two  interior- 
no  appendages:  ovules  and  extremely  numerous  minute  close-coated  seeds  covering 
the  whole  paneties  of  the  ovary  and  capsule :  stamens  inserted  in  or  little  below  the 
sinuses  of  the  corolla :  anthers  ovate-sagittate :  foliage  hardly  any  or  discolored. 

10.  BARTONIA.  Calyx  deeply  4-parted ;  the  sepals  lanceolate-subulate,  carinate.  Cor- 
olla deeply  4-cleft,  somewhat  campanulate.  Filaments  slender,  much  longer  than  the 
anthers.  Stigma  nearly  sessile,  of  2  erect  or  closed  short  lobes.  Capsule  oblong,  acute 
2-valved.  ^'  ' 

11.  OBOLARIA.  Calyx  of  2  foliaceous  spatulate  sepals!  Corolla  oblong-campanulate, 
4-cIeft;  the  lobes  oval-oblong  or  in  age  spatulate.  Filaments  not  longer  than  the  anthers. 
Ovary  rather  thick-walled,  and  with  four  thicker  equidistant  projections,  making  the 
cavity  cruciform  :  style  distinct :  stigma  bilamellar.  Capsule  membranaceous,  2-valved  or 
rupturing  irregularly. 

ScBORDEK  II.  MENYANTHE.E.  Leaves  all  alternate  and  mostly  petioled, 
sometimes  trifoliolate,  or  crenate.  ^Estivation  of  the  corolla  induplicate-valvate. 
Seed-coat  crustaceous.     Marsh  or  aquatic  perennials  :  flowers  heterogenous. 

12.  MENYANTHES.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  funnelform  or  campanulate, 
5-cleft ;  the  lobes  widely  spreadhig,  fimbriate-bearded  or  crested  on  the  face.  Stamens  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla:  anthers  sagittate,  versatile.  Hypogynous  glands  5.  Ovary 
surmounted  by  a  long  style :  stigma  bilamellate,  2-lobed.  Capsule  globular,  tardily  2- 
valved  or  irregulariy  bursting  across  the  top.  Seeds  rather  few  and  large,  orbicular  and 
compressed ;  the  close  crustaceous  coat  smooth  and  shining.     Flowers  on  a  scape. 

13.  LIMNANTHEMUM.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  almost  rotate  and  deeply  5-cleft; 
the  lobes  naked  on  the  face  (but  sometimes  fimbriate  on  the  broadly  induplicate  mar- 
gins). Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Style  short  or  none.  Capsule  ovoid 
or  oblong,  indehiscent  or  irregularly  bursting.  Flowers  (in  ours)  as  if  borne  on  a  filiform 
petiole. 


112  GENTIAN  ACE^.  Mlcrocala. 

1.  MICR6CALA,  Link.  Compounded  of  fiTxoOi',  small,  and  xr'jXrj  or  -Aaloi,', 
beautiful:  should  have  been  Microcalia,  but  that  proper  form  of  the  name  was 
preoccupied.  —  One  European  species  and  the  following :  fl.  in  spring. 

M.  quadrangularis,  Griseb.  A  little  annual,  with  simple  or  branching  filiform  stem, 
2  or  3  inches  high :  branches  or  peduncles  l-flowered :  leaves  2  or  3  pairs,  oval  or  oblong, 
2  or  3  lines  long:  calyx  at  first  oblong-campanulate ;  in  fruit  broader,  truncate  at  top  and 
bottom,  strongly  4-angled ;  the  teeth  short  and  subulate :  corolla  saffron-yellow,  3  lines 
long.  — DC.  Prodr.  ix.  63 ;  Progel  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  vi.  213,  t.  58,  fig.  3;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif. 
i.  480.  Exacum  quad  rang  dare,  Willd.  Spec.  i.  636.  E.  infiatum,  Hook.  &  Arn.  in  Jour.  Bot. 
i.  283.  Cicendia  quadrangularis,  Griseb.  Gent.  157.  —  Open  moist  ground,  coast  of  California, 
from  Mendocino  Co.,  southward.     (S.  Amer.) 

2.  E!RYTHR.^A,  Renealm.  Centaury,  Cakchalagua.  {From  sQvdQog, 
red,  the  flowers  being  mostly  red  or  rose-color.)  —  Low  herbs  (of  various  parts  of 
the  world),  mainly  annuals  and  biennials ;  the  flowers  small  or  middle-sized,  but 
commonly  numerous,  in  summer.     Corolla-lobes  becoming  narrower  with  age. 

E.  cHiRONioiDES  and  E.  speciosa.  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  479,  are  Mexican  species,  not  yet 
found  near  our  borders,  forming  a  section  (the  genus  Gyrandra  of  Grisebach)  with  tube  of  the 
corolla  rather  shorter  than  the  ample  lobes,  and  an  oval  capsule.  All  our  species  have  a 
longer  and  narrower  capsule  (elongated-oblong  or  cylindraceous),  and  a  longer  tube  to  the 
corolla.     Our  E.  veimsta,  as  to  the  corolla,  is  the  connecting  form. 

*  Flowers  spicately  disposed  along  the  rather  simple  branches  and  sessile  in  the  few  forks. 

E  spicAta,  Pers.  Strictly  erect,  a  foot  or  less  high :  leaves  oblong :  tube  of  the  rose-col- 
ored corolla  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  twice  the  length  of  the  ratlier  narrow 
lobes.— i?.  Pickeringii,  Oakes  in  Hovey  Mag.  Chironia  spicata.  Smith,  Fl.  Grsc.  t.  2o8. — 
Coast  at  Nantucket,  Mass.  (Oakes),  and  Portsmouth,  Virginia  [Rugel).     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *   Flowers  cymose  or  paniculately  scattered ;  ours  all  rose-red,  and  with  broad  stigmas. 

■1-  European  species  sparingly  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  United  States :  stigmas  broadly  oval 
or  obovate :  lobes  of  the  coVolIa  oblong,  obtuse. 
E   Centaurium,  Pers.     Strictly  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  oblong  the  lowest  form- 
ing a  rosulate  tuft  at  the  root:  flowers  cymose-clustered,  at  least  the  middle  ones  sessile : 
lobes  of  the  corolla  2i  or  3  lines  long.  —  Waste  grounds,  shores  of  Lake  Ontario  (Oswego, 
New  York)  and  Lake  Michigan,  Bahcock:  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
E   RAMOsfssiM^,  Pers.     Lower,  more  slender,  diffusely  branched :  leaves  from  oval  to  lanceo- 
late, the  lowest  not  rosulate  :  flowers  effusely  cymose,  pedicelled :  lobes  of  the  corolla  only 
2  lines  long  —  E.  pukheUa,  Fries,  Novit.  ii.  31  (Grisebach  s  var.  pulcheUa,  merely  a  small 
form).     E  Muhlenbergn,  Griseb.  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  60,  as  to  pi.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.     Lxacum  pul- 
chellum,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  100  ^     Chironia  pulcheUa,  Muhl.  Cat.  23.— E.  Pennsylvania,  New  Jer- 
sey, &c. :  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
H-  ^   Species  indigenous  from  Texas  to  California:  stigmas  cuneate  or  flabelliform  and  truncate: 

no  rosulate  tuft  of  radical  leaves. 
++   Flowers  small :  lobes  of  the  corolla  only  1^  to  2^  lines  long,  much  shorter  than  the  tube :  an- 
thers oblong. 
E   Texensis,  Griseb.     Slender,  diffusely  much  branched  above  into  a  loose  paniculate- 
corymbose  cyme :  leaves  linear  or  the  lowest  lanceolate  and  the  uppermost  reduced  to 
subulate  bracts:  flowers  all  slender-pedicelled  :  corolla  (apparently  light  rose-color)  with 
very  slender  tube  (4  or  5  lines  long),  and  lanceolate-oblong  lobes  (2  lines  long),  which  be- 
come lanceolate-linear,  longer,  and  acute:   seeds  globose-ovoid.  —  DC  1.  c.  98.  — Texas, 
common  on  rocks  and  hills. 
E.  floribunda,  Benth.     Almost  a  foot  high,  corymbose-cymose  at  summit,  rather  strict 
and  closely  flowered  :  leaves  oblong  or  the  upper  lanceolate :  flowers  short-pedicelled  or  in 
the  forks  nearly  sessile :  lobes  of  the  light  rose-colored  corolla  oblong  and  becoming  lan- 
ceolate, at  most  2  lines  long  and  3  or  4  times  shorter  than  the  tube  :  anthers  short-oblong 
(shorter  than  in  any  other  of  this  section  and  the  stigmas  smaller) :  seeds  globular-ovoid. 
—  PI.  Hartw.  .322;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  480.  —  California,  on  the  Sacramento  and  its  tribu- 
taries, Hartweg,  &c. 
E.  Muhlenbergii,  Griseb.     A  span  or  less  high,  at  length  fastigiately  branched  from 
the  base,  cyraosely  flowered  at  summit:  leaves  oblong,  obtuse;  the  floral  lanceolate:  ped- 


ErythrcBa.  GENTIAN  ACE^.  113 

icels  short  or  hardly  any  in  the  forks ;  the  lateral  often  as  long  as  the  flower,  but  2-bracteo- 
late  at  summit:  lobes  of  the  rose-red  corolla  oval,  very  obtuse  or  retuse,  in  age  merely 
Ob  ong,  2  or  almost  3  lines  long:  seeds  short-oval. -DC.  1.  c.  60,  as  to  California  plant 
only;  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  322;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  480. -Western  part  of  California,  and 
south-east  to  the  Mohave. 

E.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  loosely  and  paniculately  branched 
usual  y  sparsely  flowered:  leaves  from  oblong  to  linear,  mostly  acute :  flowers  all  on  strict 
and  slender  peduncles  or  pedicels :  lobes  of  the  pink  corolla  oblong,  obtuse,  at  most  2  lines 
long,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  seeds  globular.  — Bot.  Calif,  i.  480.  E  NuttalUi 
Watson  Bot.  King,  276,  partly ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  398.  Cicendia  exaltata,  Griseb.  in 
Hook.  Fl  H.  69,  1. 157,  wrongly  described.  —  Oregon  and  California  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

E.  Nuttallii,  Watson.  Like  the  preceding :  lobes  of  the  rather  larger  corolla  more 
ovate,  acutish,  sometimes  nearly  3  lines  long:  seeds  fewer,  and  much  larger  (a  third  of  a 
line  long),  oblong.  — Bot.  lung,  276,  t.  29,  mainly.  —  Nevada,  Idaho,  and  Utah,  Nuttall  H 
JLngelmann,  Watson. 

"^an'ther^^Huear  '^''^^'''   '^°™"^'^°^^^  ^^  to  6  lines  long,  but  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  tube  : 

==  Corolla-lobes  narrow,  in  age  by  involution  becoming  acummate:  branching  and  inflorescence 
tastigiate-cymose  :  filaments  and  style  very  slender. 

E.  trichantha,  Griseb.  A  span  or  less  high:  leaves  from  oblong-oval  to  lanceolate: 
flowers  in  dense  cymes,  those  in  the  forks  all  sessile  or  nearly  so :  corolla-lobes  oblong- 
lanceolate  becoming  linear-lanceolate,  34  or  4  lines  long:  stigmas  small:  seeds  oval-oblong. 
—  DC.  1.  c.  60  (excl.  var.) ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  479.  — Dry  ground,  W.  California. 

E.  Beyrichii,  Torr.  8z  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  slender,  at  length  fastigiately 
much  branched:  leaves  linear  (an  inch  or  more  long,  a  line  or  much  less  in  width)  the 
uppermost  nearly  filiform  :  flowers  very  numerous  and  all  pedicellate  :  corolla-lobes  linear- 
oblong  and  becoming  hnear,  5  Unes  long:  seeds  globular.  —  Torr.  in  Marcy  Rep.  291  t  13 
E.  trichantha,  var.  angustifolia,  Griseb.  in  DC.  1.  c.  —  Arkansas,  Beyrich,  Marc,/.  Texas 
Wright,  Lindheimer.  ' 

^^llTedSLtfsredsTloWl^' "'*""'  ""^^  ^''"'"  ^'^'^  ^'^  ^"^^•-  -fl-escence  loose:  flowers 
E.  calycosa,  Buckley.  Paniculately  or  somewhat  cymosely  branched,  a  span  to  2  feet 
high :  leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  linear :  pedicels  mostly  as  long  as  the 
calyx  or  the  whole  flower:  lobes  of  the  corolla  oval  or  oblong,  3J  to  5  lines  long  ;  the  tube 
usually  equalled  by  the  calyx.  — Proc.  Acad.  PMlad.  1862,  7.— W.  Texas  and  New  Mexico 
Wright,  Buckley,  &c.    (Adjacent  Mex.)  ' 

Var.  nana.  A  span  high,  with  leaves  all  linear  and  inflorescence  corymbose-cymose  • 
approaching  E.  Beyrichii,  but  corolla-lobes  only  3  or  4  lines  long  and  broadly  oblono-.  — 
Stony  hills,  _W.  Texas,  Wright  (no.  1662),  Woodhouse. 

Var.  Arizonica.  Stems  or  branches  a  foot  or  so  long,  lax  :  inflorescence  racemosely 
paniculate  or  as  if  racemose:  calyx-lobes  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.— 
S.  Utah  and  Arizona,  Wheeler,  Palmer,  &c. 
E.  venusta,  Gray.  A  span  or  so  high  :  leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  :  flowers 
somewhat  cymose  or  paniculate,  on  short  or  sometimes  long  pedicels  :  lobes  of  the  corolla 
oval  or  obovate,  becoming  oblong,  deep  pink,  4  to  6  lines  long,  about  the  length  of  the  yel- 
lowish tube,  which  is  equalled  by  the  calyx.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  479.  E.  trichantha,  Durand  in 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  V.  t.  9,  not  Griseb.  E.  chironioides,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  156,  t.  42,  mainly, 
excl.  syn.  —  Dry  hills,  California,  common  from  Plumas  Co.  southward. 

3.   SABBATIA,  Adans.     {Liheratus  Sahbati,  an  early  Italian  botanist  ) 

Atlantic  North  American  biennials  or  annuals;  with  mostly  showy  rose-colored  of 
white  flowers  (in  summer  and  autumn),  terminating  the  branches  or  in  cymes. 
Calyx  in  most  species  deeply  parted.  Corolla  usually  with  a  yellowish  or  dis- 
-colored  eye.  Style  closed  in  early  anthesis,  and  commonly  turned  to  one  side 
of  the  flower  (and  sometimes  spirally  twisted),  later  erect  and  its  branches  or 
stigmas  diverging.     Seeds  very  numerous  and  small,  globular,  pitted. 

8 


114  GENTIANACEiE.  Sahhatia. 

§  1.  Flowers  5-merous  (or  only  occasionally  some  of  them  6-7-merous)  :  an- 
thers from  apically  recurved  to  helicoid. 

*   Branches  all  opposite  :  flowers  corjTtibosely  or  paniculately  cjTnose,  short -pedicelled. 
-t—  Calyx  very  small,  merely  5-toothed. 

S.  macroph^lla,  Hook.  Glaucous  :  stem  simple,  terete,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  rather 
distant,  thickish,  nearly  erect,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  with  cordate-clasping  3-5-nerved 
base,  acute  or  mucronate-acuminate  (1  to  3  inches  long)  ;  the  uppermost  reduced  to  small 
subulate  bracts  :  cymes  flat-topped,  naked  and  in  a  naked  terminal  corymb  or  compound 
cyme :  pedicels  short  and  filiform :  teeth  of  the  small  calyx  subulate  and  shorter  than  the 
tube :  corolla  white ;  the  lobes  oblong,  3  or  4  lines  long :  style  not  cleft  to  the  middle.  — 
Hook.  Comp.  to  Bot.  Mag.  i.  171 ;  Griseb.  in  DC.  1.  c.  50 ;  Chapra.  Fl.  353.  —  Wet  pine  bar- 
rens, Georgia  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

•I—  -I—  Calj'x  with  long  aud  slender  or  linear  lobes :  stem  more  or  less  4-angled. 
++  Corolla  white,  fading  j'ellowish :  style  2-parted,  its  divisions  spatulate-linear. 

S.  lanceolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  simple,  2  or  3  feet  high,  bearing  a  terminal  and 
naked  corymbose  cyme  :  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  internodes  (an  inch  or  so  long),  from 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  3-5-nerved,  the  floral  reduced  to  subulate  bracts  :  pedicels  mostly  short 
but  slender :  calyx-lobes  almost  filiform,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  corolla :  lobes 
of  the  latter  obovate-oblong,  a  third  to  half  inch  long.  —  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  356 ;  Chapm. 
Fl.  353.  Chironia  lanceolata,  Walt.  Car.  95.  C.  cymosa,  Lam.  III.  i.  479,  therefore  Sahbatia 
cymosa,  Don,  Syst.  C.  paniculata,  Michx.  Fl.  i  146,  partly.  Sahhatia  paniadata,  var.  lati/olia, 
Pursh,  Fl.  i.  138.  S.  corymbosa,  Baldw.  in  Ell.  Sk.  i.  283.  —  Wet  pine-barrens,  New  Jersey 
to  Florida. 

S.  panicxilata,  Pursh.  Stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  freely  branching ;  the  branches  cy- 
mosely  few-many-flowered  and  uppermost  cymes  corymbose :  leaves  from  linear  to  lanceo- 
late-oblong, obtuse  ;  the  floral  mostly  linear  and  acute :  pedicels  very  short  to  the  central 
flowers :  calyx-lobes  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  corolla :  lobes  of  the  latter 
spatulate-oblong,  3  lines  long.  —  Fl.  I.  c.  (var.  angustifolin,  &  excl.  syn.  Swertia  diffbrmis,  L.)  ; 
Gray,  1.  c,  not  Ell.  Chironia  paniculata,  Michx.  1.  c.  partly,  and  as  to  char.  —  Moist  or  dry 
ground,  Virginia  to  Florida. 
++  ++  Corolla  rose-color,  varying  to  white :  style  cleft  to  the  middle,  its  lobes  slightly  clavate. 

S.  brachiata,  Ell.  Stem  slightly  angled,  a  foot  or  two  high:  leaves  from  lanceolate- 
oblong  to  linear,  mostly  obtuse,  obscurely  3nerved  at  base  :  inflorescence  thyrsiform-pan- 
iculate ;  the  lateral  cymes  naked-pedunculate  and  about  3-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  narrowly 
linear,  shorter  than  or  nearly  equalling  the  light  rose-color  or  nearly  white  corolla :  lobes  of 
the  latter  obovate-oblong,  half  inch  long.  —  Sk.  i.  284 ;  Chapm.  1.  c.  S.  concinna,  Wood, 
Class-Book,  451.  Chironia  angidaris,  var.  angustifolia,  Michx.  1.  c.  —  Dry  or  low  grounds, 
Indiana  and  N.  Carolina  to  Louisiana  and  Florida. 

S.  anglllaris,  Pursh.  Stem  quadrangular  with  sharp  angles,  2  feet  high,  paniculately 
branched  above  ;  the  branches  leafy  :  leaves  cordate-ovate  and  clasping,  3-5-nerved :  numer- 
ous and  crowded  branches  few-flowered,  pyramidally  or  somewhat  corj'mbosely  cymose : 
calyx-lobes  linear,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla :  lobes  of  the  latter  deep  rose-color,  obo- 
vate.  fully  half-inch  long. --Ell.  I.  c.  ;  Bigel.  Med.  t.  57;  Bart.  Med.  t.  24;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y. 
ii.  t.  83.  Chironia  angularis,  L. ;  Michx.  1.  c,  var.  lati/olia.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  Canada  to  Florida 
and  Louisiana. 

*  *    Branches  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite :  foliaceous  calyx-lobes  longer  and  hardly  narrower 
than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla :  flowers  not  rarelj'  6-7-merous :  style  2-parted. 

S.  calycosa,  Pursh.  Stem  a  span  to  a  foot  long,  loosely  branching :  leaves  from  oblong 
to  broadly  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base :  peduncles  scattered,  1-flowered,  mostly  elongated, 
occasionally  short:  calyx-lobes  from  linear  to  spatulate,  resembling  upper  leaves,  half 
inch  or  more  long,  not  rarely  double  the  length  of  the  obovate-spatulate  lobes  of  the  rose- 
colored  or  almost  white  corolla.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1600.  Chironia  dicholoma,  Walt.  Car.  93. 
C.  calycosa,  Michx.  1.  c.  Gentiana  calycina.  Lam.  Diet.  ii.  638.  Sahhatia  gracilis,  var.  Cuhensis, 
Griseb.  PI.  Wright.  Cub.  ii.  521.  —  Sea-coast  and  near  it,  Virginia  to  Texas.     (Cuba.) 

*  *   *   Branches  alternate:  calyx -lobes  slender,  seldom  exceeding  the  obovate  lobes  of  the  corolla: 
peduncles  more  or  less  elongated  and  scattered,  naked,  1-flowered. 


Sabbatla.  GENTIAN  ACE^.  115 

•i—  Calrx-tube  prominentlj-  5-costate,  nearly  or  quite  enclosing  the  retuse  capsule :  corolla  IJ  to 
2  inches  in  diameter. 

S.  campestris,  !Niatt,  A  span  or  two  high,  divergently  branched  above:  leaves  ovate 
with  subcordate  clasping  base,  somewhat  3-5-nerved,  one-half  to  an  inch  long,  those  of  the 
branches  lanceolate:  peduncles  about  2  inches  long:  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  half  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  equalling  the  broad  lobes  of  the  lilac- 
colored  corolla ;  angles  of  its  campanulate  tube  below  the  sinuses  acute  and  wing-like  in 
flower,  thickened  in  fruit :  style  very  deeply  2-clef t.  —  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  197 ; 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5015.  S.formosa,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1862,  7.  —  Prairies  of 
Arkansas  and  Texas.     Very  showy. 

-)—  -f—  Calyx-tube  verj'  short,  girding  the  base  of  the  capsule,  not  conspicuously  costate  :  plants 
loosely  paniculate-branching :  corolla  bright  rose-color  or  pink,  with  white  varieties,  or  the  last 
white. 

S.  stellaris,  Pursh.  Leaves  rather  fleshy,  from  oblong  to  lanceolate  and  the  uppermost 
narrowly  linear:  calyx-lobes  subulate-linear,  from  half  to  nearly  the  full  length  of  the 
corolla-lobes :  eye  or  star  of  the  corolla  conspicuous :  style  nearly  2-parted.  —  Fl.  i.  137. 
S.  gracilis,  Ell.  1.  c,  not  Salisb.  Chironia  stellata,  Muhl.  Cat.  — Brackish  marshes,  coast  of 
Massachusetts  to  Florida.     Appears  to  pass  into  the  next. 

S.  gracilis,  Salisb.  Stems  more  slender:  branches  and  peduncles  filiform :  leaves  linear 
and  the  uppermost  filiform  or  setaceous :  calyx-lobes  very  slender  and  as  long  as  those  of 
the  corolla  (6  to  9  lines  long) :  style  2-clef t  to  the  middle.  —  Parad.  Lond.  t.  32 ;  Pursh, 
1.  c. ;  Griseb.  in  DC.  1.  c.  49;  Chapm.  Fl.  354.  Chironia  gracilis,  Michx.  1.  c.  C.  campanu- 
lata,  L.  Spec.  190?,  but  not  from  "Canada."  —  Brackish  marshes  and  river  banks,  Nan- 
tucket (an  ambiguous  form),  and  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  extendmg  inland  to 
the  mountains  of  Georgia.     (Cuba.) 

Var.  grandiflora.  Stem  more  rigid  and  erect:  lower  leaves  fleshy:  flower  much 
larger;  the  corolla-lobes  from  three-fourths  to  nearly  a  full  inch  long.  —  Coast  of  E.  Flor- 
ida, Leavenworth,  Buckley,  Palmer,  &c. 

S.  Elliottii,  Steud.  Effusely  and  paniculately  much  branched,  a  foot  or  two  high: 
leaves  small ;  the  lower  cauline  (half  inch  or  less  long)  thickish,  from  obovate  to  lanceo- 
late; upper  narrowly  linear  and  rather  longer;  those  of  the  filiform  flowering  branches 
setaceous-subulate :  flowers  numerous :  lobes  of  the  calyx  slender-subulate,  about  twice 
the  length  of  the  tube,  very  much  shorter  than  the  spatulate-oblong  or  oblanceolate  lobes 
of  the  (apparently  always  white)  corolla;  the  corolla-lobes  only  5  or  6  lines  long:  style 
2-parted. —  Chapm.  Fl.  534.  S.  paniculata.  Ell.  Sk.  i.  282  (ex  char.),  not  Pursh.  Swertia 
difformis,  L.  Spec.  i.  226  ?  — Pine  barrens  on  the  coast  (S.  Virginia  ? )  S.  Carolina  to  Florida. 
(Bahamas.) 

§  2.    Flowers  8-12-merous,  most  commonly  9-11-merous,  large  and  showy, 
*    Solitary  on  naked  somewhat  paniculate  peduncles :  anthers  at  length  coiled  into  a  helix. 

S.  chloroides,  Pursh.  Stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  and  sparingly  branched  above : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate  and  the  uppermost  linear :  calyx- 
lobes  subulate-linear,  about  half  the  length  the  spatulate-obovate  lobes  of  the  (rose-purple 
or  sometimes  white)  corolla :  divisions  of  the  deeply-cleft  style  linear-clavate.  —  Torr.  Fl. 
N.  Y.  ii.  t.  84.  Chironia  dodecandra,  L.  Spec.  i.  190 ;  Walt.  1.  c.  Chlora  dodecandra,  L. 
Syst.  Chironia  chloroides,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  147.  —  Margin  of  pine-barren  ponds  along  the  coast, 
Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  Alabama.     Corolla  about  2  inches  in  diameter. 

Var.  stricta.  Stem  more  rigid,  1-few-flowered :  leaves  all  linear.  — Chironia  decandra, 
Walt.  I.  c.  ?  —  S.  Carolina  ?    Alabama,  and  Florida. 

*  Capitate-clustered  or  sometimes  solitary  flowers  sessile  and  leafy-bracted :  calyx-tube  turbhiate : 
anthers  of  firm  texture,  slightly  curved.  —  Lnpithea,Gvi»&\). 

S.  gentianoides,  Ell.  Stem  strict,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  radical  leaves  in  a  rosulate  tuft, 
obovate  or  oblong :  cauline  very  narrowly  linear,  1^  to  3  inches  long,  a  line  or  two  wide  ; 

1  the  uppermost  involucrating  the  terminal  cluster  of  3  to  5  or  sometimes  one  or  two  nearly 
sessile  flowers  ;  occasionally  one  or  two  in  lower  axils  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  very 
much  shorter  than  the  spatulate  corolla-lobes,  these  6  to  10  lines  long :  style  2-clef t  at  the 
apex,  the  lobes  spatulate.  —  Sk.  i.  286  ;  Chapm.  Fl.  354.  S.  oligophylla,  Featherman  in  Univ. 
Mississip.  Rep.  1871.  Lapithea  gentianoides,  Griseb.  in  DC.  1.  c.  48.  — Margin  of  pine-barren 
ponds,  Georgia  and  Florida  to  Texas. 


116  GENTIANACE^.  Sabbatia. 

S.  Bo^kini,  Gray.  A  foot  high,  nearly  simple :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  the 
lower  elliptical,  3-nerved  (an  inch  or  two  long) ;  the  uppermost  lanceolate :  flowers  1  to  7 
in  the  cluster;  the  bracts  oval  or  oblong:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the 
corolla;  lobes  of  the  latter  oblong-obovate,  half  inch  long.  —  Chapm.  Fl.  354. — Middle  or 
Upper  Georgia,  Boykin  (in  herb.  Torr.) ;  also  in  herb.  Muhl.  Little  known. 
S.  sfiMPLEX,  Bertol.  Misc.  x.  t.  3,  is  Rlwxia  stricta. 

4.  ETjrSTOMA,  Salisb.  (From  sv,  OTO^a,  good  mouth,  i.e.  mouth  of  good 
size,  alluding  to  the  open-mouthed  corolla.)  —  Glaucous  and  large-flowered  an- 
nuals ;  with  more  or  less  clasping  and  connate  thickish  leaves,  slender  terminal 
and  more  or  less  paniculate  one-flowered  peduncles,  and  bluish  purple  corolla  vary- 
ing to  white ;  the  lobes  commonly  erose-deuticulate.  —  Only  the  following  species. 

E.  exaltatum,  Griseb.  Lower  tlian  the  next  species :  leaves  oblong :  lobes  of  the 
corolla  nearly  oblong  (barely  an  inch  in  length),  twice  the  length  of  the  tube:  style  little 
longer  than  the  stigmas:  capsule  elliptical-oblong,  very  obtuse.  —  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  51; 
Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxxi.  t.  13 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  621.  Gentiana  exaltata,  L.  Spec.  ed.  2,  331 ; 
Descourt,  Ant.  t.  15.  Lisianthus  exaltatus,  Lam.  111.  i.  478.  L.  cjlancif alius,  J&cq.  Ic.  Rar. 
t.  33.  Eustoma  silenifoUum,  Salisb.  Parad.  Lond.  t.  34;  Don,  Syst.  iv.  211,  excl.  syn.  Nutt. 
Urananthus  (jlaucifolius,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  46.  —  Southern  borders  of  the  United  States,  from 
Florida  and  Texas  to  California.     (Mex.,  W.  Ind.) 

E.  Russellianum,  Griseb.  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  from  ovate-  to  lanceolate- 
oblong:  lobes  of  the  ample  lavender-purple  corolla  obovate  (inch  and  a  half  long),  4  times 
longer  than  the  tube:  style  elongated:  capsule  oblong,  usually  pointed :  anthers  hardly 
curving  in  age. — Lisianthus  (jlaucifolius,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  197,  not 
Jacq.     L.  RusselUanus,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3626.  —  Nebraska  to  Texas.     Very  showy. 

Var.  gracile.     Smaller:  leaves  lanceolate  :  capsule  not  pointed.  —  £".  ^raa'/e,  Engelm. 
in  Fl.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  S.  Texas,  Beiiandier,  &c.     (Mex.) 

5.  G-ENTIANA,  Tourn.  Gentian.  (  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria.)  —  Erect 
herbs  (of  the  cooler  parts  of  the  world)  ;  with  chiefly  sessile  leaves,  and  con- 
spicuous flowers  of  various  colors,  produced  in  summer  or  autuma ;  commonly 
expanding  only  in  sunshine  or  at  mid-day.  Seeds  in  most  of  our  species  exceed- 
ingly numerous  and  borne  over  the  whole  inner  surface  of  the  capsule  (as  first 
remarked  by  the  late  Prof.  H.  J.  Clark,  in  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  1856,  345).  Herb- 
age and  especially  the  roots  very  bitter. 

§  1.  Gentianella.  Corolla  (not  rotate)  destitute  of  extended  plaits  or  lobes 
or  teeth  at  the  sinuses  :  anthers  usually  versatile  (introrse,  at  length  retrorsely 
reversed)  :  stigmas  distinct  or  only  casually  united  :  root  annual  in  all  ours  except 
in  G.  barbellata.  —  Gentianella,  &c.,  Borkhausen. 

*  (Fringed  Gextiaks.)  Flowers  large  or  middle-sized,  solitary,  mostly  4-merous:  corolla  cam- 
panulate-funnelfonn,  its  lobes  usually  fimbriate  or  erose.  not  crowned:  a  row  of  glands  between 
the  bases  of  the  filaments.  —  §  Crossopetalum,  Froelich,  Grisebach. 
H—  Flower  on  a  naked  and  usually  lonq;  peduncle  tevminatinsr  the  stem  or  branches,  not  bracteate 
at  base:  filaments  naked:  root  annual:  calyx  (e.Kcept  in  G.  simplex)  ovate-acuminate  in  the  bud 
and  with  acutely  carinate  lobes,  the  two  exterior  longer  as  well  as  narrower  and  more  acuminate, 
the  tube  sharply  angled  by  the  decurrent  keels. 

-w-  Corolla  enclosed  in  the  ventricose  wing-angled  calyx? 
G.  ventricosa,  Griseb.  A  foot  high :  leaves  ovate-oblong :  calyx  ovoid  and  4-wing- 
angled ;  the  two  external  lobes  much  acuminate ;  the  two  internal  barely  acute,  rather 
longer  than  the  campanulate  deeply  4-cleft  corolla :  ovate-oblong  lobes  of  the  latter  regu- 
larly "  crenate-fimbriate "  (or  in  the  figures  sharply  serrate) :  ovary  not  stipitate.  —  Gent. 
259,  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  65,  1. 152,  &  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  102.  —  Grand  Rapids  of  the  Saskatchewan, 
between  Cumberland  House  and  Hudson's  Bay,  Drummond.  Little  known  and  not  since 
collected :  apparently  described  and  figured  from  undeveloped  specimens,  perhaps  nearly 
related  to  G.  crinita. 


Genfiana.  GENTIANACE^.  117 

++   ++  Corolla  (sky-blue,   occasionally  white)  conspicuously  longer  than  the  wingless  calyx.: 
autumn-flowering. 

Gr.  crinita,  Proel.  A  foot  or  two  high,  often  paniculate-corymbose,  leafy  :  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  rounded  or  subcordate  partly  clasping  base :  salient  narrow 
keels  of  the  calyx-lobes  conspicuously  decurrent  on  the  tube :  corolla  2  inches  long ;  its 
lobes  cuneate-obovate,  strongly  fimbriate  around  the  summit,  less  or  hardly  so  down  the 
narrowing  sides  :  capsule  fusiform,  conspicuously  stipitate :  seeds  squamulose-roughened. 
—  Gent.  112;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2031;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  80.  G.  ciUata  Americana,  L,. 
G.Jimbriata,  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  509.  Gentianella  crinita,  Don,  Syst.  iv.  179. — Low  grounds, 
Canada  to  Dakotah  and  southward  to  the  mountains  of  Georgia. 
G.  serrata,  Gunner.  Stem  3  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate-linear: 
corolla  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long ;  its  lobes  oblong  or  spatulate-obovate,  eroscly 
fimbriate  or  toothed  around  the  summit  and  sides,  or  sometimes  either  part  nearly  bare : 
capsule  short-stipitate :  seeds  and  calyx  nearly  as  in  G.  crinita.  —  Fl.  Norveg.  10  (also 
under  G.  ciliata,  88,  t.  2),  &  Fl.  Dan.  t.  317 ;  Fries;  Summ.  Scand.  190;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i. 
481.  G.  detonsa,  Rottb.  Act.  Hafn.  x.  254,  t.  1 ;  Griseb.  1.  c. ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  t.  82.  G. 
ciliata,  Pall.  Fl.  Ross.  ii.  t.  92,  not  L.  G.  harhata,  Froel.  Gent.  114.  G.  brachypetala,  Bunge, 
Consp.  Gent,  in  Mem.  Mosq.  1824,  225,  t.  1.  —  Wet  grounds,  Newfoundland,  Canada,  and 
N.  W.  New  York  to  Saskatchewan  and  northward,  and  west  to  Colorado  and  W".  Nevada, 
■  mainly  the  larger  and  most  fimbriate  form,  G.  detonsa,  var.  harhata,  Griseb.,  &c.  (Siberia  to 
Norway  and  Greenland.) 

Var.  grandis,  a  form  with  stem  2  feet  high  or  more,  and  corolla  2  inches  long,  a  por- 
tion only  of  the  sides  of  the  lobes  coarsely  fimbriate. —  G.  detonsa,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
157.  —  S.  E.  Arizona,  between  Barbacomori  and  Santa  Cruz,  Tkurber,  Wright.  (Perhaps  G. 
crinita,  var.  Cervantesii,  Griseb.  in  DC.  I.e.     Mexico.) 

Var.  holopetala,  Gray,  a  small  or  slender  form,  2  to  16  inches  high,  with  compara- 
tively long  peduncles :  corolla  an  inch  or  more  long,  its  lobes  entire  or  merely  erose-den- 
ticulate  romid  the  summit. —Bot.  Calif,  i.  481.  — Sierra  Nevada,  California,  at  5,000  to 
10,000  feet,  and  Oregon. 
G.  simplex,  Gray.  Stem  2  to  10  inches  high,  simple,  bearing  2  to  4  pairs  of  lanceolate 
or  linear-oblong  leaves  (3  to  9  lines  long)  and  a  single  slender-pedunculate  flower :  calyx- 
tube  and  lobes  hardly  at  all  angled  or  carinate ;  the  latter  nearly  equal  and  similar  :  corolla 
an  inch  long ;  its  oblong-spatulate  lobes  entire  or  erose-dentate  and  sometimes  a  fringe  of 
a  few  bristly  teeth  low  down  on  the  sides :  capsule  stipitate :  seeds  smooth  but  longitudi- 
nally striate,  narrow,  wingless  when  mature,  except  a  cellular  appendage  at  both  ends. — 
Pacif .  R.  Rep.  v.  87,  t.  16,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  ffigher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Califor- 
nia, to  adjacent  portion  of  Oregon. 

^_  ^_  Flower  2-bracteate  under  or  near  the  calyx :  filaments  ciliate-bearded  below  the  middle : 
calyx  hardly  at  all  angled  or  carinate:  root  perennial. 
G.  barbellata,  Engelm.  Stems  single  or  in  pairs  from  the  slender  fusiform  root  or 
caudex,  2  to  5  inches  high :  leaves  rather  thick  and  fleshy,  obtuse,  with  roughish  callous 
margins;  the  radical  spatulate  (an  inch  or  two  long)  or  slender-petioled ;  the  2  or  3  cau- 
line  pairs  spatulate-Unear,  or  the  uppermost  narrowly  linear  and  connate  at  base :  flowers 
one  to  three,  sessile  or  nearly  so  between  the  involucrate  f  oliaceous  bracts :  calyx-lobes 
subulate-triangular :  corolla  bright  blue,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  deeply  4-cleft ;  the  lobes  oblong,  erose-denticulate  above,  conspicu- 
ously fimbriate  along  the  middle:  capsule  short  and  not  stipitate:  seeds  squamulose- 
rougiiened.  —  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis,  ii.  216,  t.  2.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
in  Colorado,  Parry,  &c.     Related  to  G.  ciliata  of  Europe. 

*   *   Flowers  smaller,  4-5-merous :  corolla  somewhat  funnelform  or  salverform  when  expanded ; 

the  lobes  entire  (rarely  with  a  few  denticulations),  their  base  sometimes  crowned  with  setaceous 

filaments:  capsule  seldom  stipitate:  seeds  with  a  very  close  thin  and  smooth  coat.  — Endolriclia, 

etc.,  Froel.    §  Amarella,  Arctophila,  &c.,  Griseb. 

-t-  Peduncles  elongated  and  naked  from  a  very  short  stem,  1-flowered:  throat  of  corolla  crowned; 

no  glands  at  its  base :  edges  of  leaves  and  sepals  smooth. 

G.  tenella,  Rottb.     An  inch  to  a  span  high :  leaves  (2  to  6  lines  long)  oblong  or  the 

lowest  spatulate:  calyx  deeply  5-  (sometimes  4-)  parted;  the  lobes  foliaceous,  oblong  to 

ovate,  usually  unequal:  corolla  2\  to  4  lines  long,  double  the  length  of  the  calyx  (more 

lengthened  in  fruit),  blue ;  its  lobes  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  little  shorter  than  the 


118  GENTIANACE^.  Gentlana. 

tube  :  fimbriate  crown  conspicuous  at  the  throat.  —  Act.  Haf n.  x.  436,  t.  2,  fig.  6  ;  Froel.  1.  c. 
96;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  t.  1045.  G.  glacialis,  A.  Thomas  in  Vill.  Delph.  ii.  532.  G. 
Koenigii,  Gunner,  Fl.  Norv.  102.  G.  dichotoma,  Pall.  Fl.  Ross.  ii.  116.  G.  borealis,  Bunge, 
Gent.  1.  c.  251,  t.  10,  fig.  2.  —  High  alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado 
{Parry),  Utah  [L.  Ward),  and  Idaho,  Nuttall.  Unalaschka  and  Kotzebue  Sound,  &c. 
(Kamtschatka  to  Greenland.) 

+-  4—  Peduncles  short  or  none,  terminal  and  lateral  ou  a  comparatively  elongated  stem,  the  angles 

of  which  are  acute  or  wiug-margiued. 
++   Setaceous-fimbriate  cro\s'n  on  the   base  of  the   corolla-lobes  usually  conspicuous   and   rather 
copious,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  few  setje,  or  rarely  evanescent :  glands  at  the  base  of  corolla 
obscure  or  wanting:  margins  of  the  leaves  and  of  the  conspicuous  foliaceous  calyx-lobes  minutely 
scabrous. 

G.  auriculata,  Pall.  A  span  or  two  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  ovate  : 
calyx-tube  turbinate,  longer  than  the  5  (or  rarely  4)  lobes;  these  nearly  equal  and  similar, 
cordate-ovate,  or  the  inner  merely  ovate :  corolla  violet-blue,  9  or  10  lines  long ;  its  lobes 
ovate.  — Fl.  Ross.  ii.  102,  t.  92,  fig.  1 ;  Griseb.  1.  c.  —  Islands  between  N.  E.  Asia  and  Amer- 
ica, and  even  on  the  N.  W.  American  coast,  according  to  Pallas ;  but  not  since  found. 
(Kamtschatka,  E.  Siberia,  &c.) 

G.  heterosepala,  Engelm.  A  span  or  two  high,  rather  simple  and  racemosely  few- 
flowered  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong :  calyx  very  unequally  5-parted ;  two  of  the 
lobes  large  and  foliaceous,  ovate,  acute,  equalling  the  tube  of  the  pale  blue  corolla  (4  to  6 
lines  long) ;  the  other  3  linear-subulate  and  shorter :  sets  of  the  crown  copious,  united 
below  into  a  membrane  on  the  base  of  each  corolla-lobe :  capsule  sessile.  —  Trans.  Acad. 
St.  Louis,  ii.  215,  t.  8;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  278.  — Utah,  in  Uinta  and  Wahsatch  Mountains, 
H.  Engelmann,  Watson.     New  Mexico  in  the  Sandia  Mountains,  Bigelow. 

G.  'Wrightii.  Nearly  2  feet  high :  stem  virgate,  simple,  with  strict  raceniiform  inflores- 
cence: leaves  thickish,  ovate-oblong  or  elliptical  (less  than  an  inch  long),  erect,  most  of 
the  (about  12)  pairs  below  the  flowering  portion  nearly  equalling  the  internodes,  connate 
at  base :  flowers  rather  numerous,  10  lines  long :  calyx  very  deeply  5-cleft ;  its  short  tube 
10-costate  (the  ribs  answering  to  the  sinuses  stronger)  ;  the  lobes  somewhat  unequal  and 
with  strongly  scabrous  margins,  all  lanceolate,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  campan- 
ula te-funnelform  white  corolla  :  the  latter  not  glandular  at  base  ;  its  lobes  ovate,  one-third 
the  length  of  the  tube,  each  with  a  crown  of  about  15  long  and  distinct  seta3 :  capsule 
short-stipitate.  —  Accidentally  named  G.  quinquejlora  in  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  157. — 
S.  E.  Arizona,  in  springy  ground  near  Santa  Cruz,  Wright. 

G.  Amarella,  L.  From  2  to  20  inches  high  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong, 
or  the  lowest  obovate-spatulatc  :  inflorescence  disposed  to  be  racemiform  :  calyx  5-cleft  (or 
rarely  4-cleft)  below  the  middle  ;  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear,  equal  or  one  or  two  of  them 

.  longer,  all  shorter  than  the  mostly  blue  corolla :  the  latter  half  inch  or  more  long ;  its 
lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  or  becoming  acute:  capsule  sessile.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t. 328;  Reichenb.  Ic. 
Germ.  1. 1046 ;  Griseb.  1.  c.  ;  Herder  in  Radde,  iv.  145.    G.  pratensis,  Froel.  1.  c.    (Eu.,  Asia.) 

Var.  acuta,  Hook.  f.  Calyx  almost  5-parted :  crown  usually  of  fewer  and  some- 
times very  few  setas.  —  Engelm.  I.  c. ;  Herder,  1.  c.  G.  acuta,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  177;  Griseb. 
1.  c. ;  Engelm.  1.  c.  214,  t.  9,  fig.  6  (var.  nana,  a  dej)auperate  high  alpine  form).  G.  Amarella, 
Richards.  App.  Frankl.  Journ. ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  1.  c.  G.  plebeja,  Cham,  in  Bunge, 
Gent.  1.  c.  250,  t.  9,  fig.  5.  —  Labrador  and  Lower  Canada  to  Alaska,  and  south  along  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  and  thence  far  north- 
ward.    (N.  Asia,  &c.    Mex.) 

Var.  stricta,  Watson,  1.  c.  Stem  (sometimes  2  to  4  feet  high)  and  branches  strict, 
remotely  leafy  :  leaves  thickish,  the  cauline  lanceolate-linear  :  flowers  numerous,  commonly 
4-merous,  smaller:  calyx  rather  less  deeply  cleft:  corolla  3  to  barely  5  lines  long,  whitish, 
little  longer  than  the  unequal  calyx ;  setae  of  the  croWn  sometimes  very  few  or  even  want- 
ing ;  glands  at  base  of  the  tube  not  rarely  evident :  seeds  smaller.  —  G.  acuta,  var.  stricta, 
Griseb.  in  Hook.  Fl.  &  DC.  1.  c.  G.  arctophila,  var.  densijlora,  Torr.  in  Frem.  Rep.  94,  not 
Griseb.  —  Mountains  of  Nevada,  Idaho,  and  Wyoming.     (Mex.) 

Var.  tenuis.  Same  as  var.  stricta,  but  calyx  very  deeply  parted,  according  to  figure 
and  description  of  G.  tenuis,  Griseb.  Gent.  &  in  Hook.  Fl.  1.  c.  63,  t.  151.  —  Mackenzie 
River  and  Bear  Lake,  Richardson.  Not  since  found.  Sets  of  the  crown  3  to  each  lobe  and 
conspicuous,  or  wanting. 


Gentiana.  GENTIANACE^. 


119 


G.  Wislizeni.  Bngelm  A  foot  or  less  high,  with  the  habit  and  many.flowered  thyrsoid- 
pamculate  inflorescence  of  Gqmn^uejiora,  but  smaller  in  all  its  parts  :  leaves  from  lanceo- 
ate  to  ovate  (an  mch  or  less  long),  with  obtuse  or  subcordate  base  :  calyx  barely  ha!f  the 
length  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  its  scarious  tube  (li  lines  long)  split  down  one  side  in 
age  some  imes  dejected,  much  longer  than  the  5  unequal  linear  herbaceous  teeth  •  corolla 
nearly  salverform,  pale  purplish,  4  or  5  hues  long ;  its  lobes  oblong-ovate,  copiously  fringed 
above  the  base:  capsule  sessile:  seeds  globose.  — Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis  u  215  t  7  — 
Sierra  Blanca,  S.  Arizona,  Rothrock,  a  broad  leaved  form,  the  glands  less'  evident  "  (Ad 
jacent  Mex.,  Wislizenus.)  i-     ^au 

"^.^^V"  i^°.."°T^  *f.  ^^^  ??J''''  ]^"*  '*'  1°^^'  t'PP^'^  ^^ith  a  setiform  point  or  sharp  acumination 
and  the  glands  at  bottom  of  the  tube  manifest.  —  (Arctophila,  Griseb.  'icumination 

'lal]ri^5-prrSd?'^  ^'^^  '"''^^^'''  °'  ""'P'""  ''^'°°' '-  '''''""^  ''^^^'  °°^y  2  ^^  ^  ""^^^^^  'i'^tant  pairs : 
G.  aurea,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  5-7-nerved  ;  the  margins  and  those  of  the  spatulate-lanceolate 
calyx-lobes  smooth :  corolla  yellow,  violet,  or  commonly  white,  4  lines  long,  little  surpass- 
ing the  calyx ;  its  lobes  almost  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  344  •  Herder 
c  u,  ^?"  •  ^V  !""''^"^'"«^°'  I^o"b.  in  Act.  Hafn.  x.  344,  t.  1,  fig.  2.  G.  Aleutica,  Cham.  & 
Schlecht.  m  Linn.  i.  175,  fide  Herder.  G.  Unalaschkensis,  Cham,  in  Bunge,  1.  c  240  t  9 
fig.  2.-Unalaschka,  &c.  Also  Sitka,  according  to  Herder.  (High  northern  Siberia  to 
Lapland,  Iceland,  and  Greenland.) 

G.  propinqua,  Richards.  Stem  slender,  2  to  7  inches  high,  mostly  branched  from  the 
base:  leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceolate  and  the  lowest  spatulate,  obscurely  3-nerved,  the 
edges  and  those  of  the  calyx  smooth:  flowers  chiefly  4.merous  and  rather  slender-pedi- 
celled:  lobes  of  the  calyx  unequal;  two  of  them  ovate  or  oblong,  the  others  linear-lanceo- 
late, the  larger  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  the  latter  bluish,  narrow,  4  to 
y  Imes  long,  its  lobes  ovate  or  in  age  lanceolate,  sometimes  erose-denticulate.  -  App 
Frank  1  Journ.  734;  Griseb.  1.  c. ;  Hook.  Fl.  t.  150;  Herder,  1.  c.  G.  Rurikiana,  Cham.  & 
Schlecht.  m  Lmn.  i.  176.  G  setlflora,  Bunge,  1.  c.  t.  9,  fig.  4.  -  Labrador  to  Bear  Lake,  the 
northern  Rocky  Mountains,  Kotzebue  Sound,  &c.     (Adjacent  Asia.) 

Var.  densiflora,  Griseb,  1.  c,  in  alpine  swamps  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (Dmm- 
mond),  a  more  condensed  and  leafy  plant,  occurring  with  the  ordinary  form,  is  said  to  differ 
from  the  preceding  species  only  in  the  inequality  of  the  calyx-lobes. 
G.  arctophila,  Griseb.  Stem  an  inch  to  a  span  high :  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  the  low- 
est obovate ;  the  edges  and  especially  those  of  the  calyx-lobes  scabrous :  corolla  7  to  10 
Imes  long ;  the  round-ovate  lobes  more  acuminate-cuspidate :  otherwise  very  like  large- 
flowered  G.  propinqua  (to  which  Herder  refers  it).  —  Gent.  251,  &  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  61  t.  149 
with  a  var.  densiflora,  having  cordate-ovate  leaves,  and  two  of  the  calyx-lobes  unusually 
large.  — Arctic  sea-coast,  Richardson.  The  variety  in  the  alpine  region  of  the  northern 
Rocky  Mountains,  Drummond. 

=  =  Taller  and  leafy :  calyx  5-cleft :  capsule  slender-stipitate. 
G.  quinqueflora,  Lam.  A  foo't  or  two  high  ;  the  larger  plants  branching :  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  with  subcordate  partly  clasping  base,  3-7-nerved,  the  upper  acute  or  cuspi- 
date-acuminate:  inflorescence  thyrsoid-paniculate ;  the  clusters  3-5-flowered:  calyx  one 
fifth  or  fourth  the  length  of  the  narrow  funnelform  bright  blue  corolla ;  its  lobes  linear- 
subulate:  corolla  half  to  three  fourths  inch  long;  its  lobes  ovate-triangular,  short.  — Diet, 
ii.  643 ;  Froel.  Gent.  51 ;  Griseb.  1.  c.  G.  quingue/oHa,  L.,  doubtless  meant  for  quinquejiara. 
G.  amareUoides,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  186.— Moist  hills,  Canada,  Maine  to  Michigan,  and  along  the 
AUeghanies  to  Florida. 

Var.  occidentalis,  Gray.  Sometimes  2  or  3  feet  high  and  paniculately  much 
branched :  inflorescence  more  open  :  calyx-lobes  more  foliaceous,  linear  or  lanceolate,  un- 
equal, reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  broader  funnelform  corolla.  —  Man.  ed.  1,  359,  ed.  5,  387. 
G.  quinqueflora,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3496,  mainly.  —  Ohio  to  Minnesota  and  south  to  Ten- 
nessee and  Louisiana. 

Var.  parviflora,  Raf.,  collected  in  Virginia,  Kentucky,  &c.  (Griseb.  in  DC.  1.  c.  100), 
is  a  depauperate  and  small-flowered  state  of  the  preceding  variety,  and  is  G.  amareUoides 
Michx.  Fl.  i.  175. 


120  GENTIANACE^.  Gentiana. 

§  2.  PNEUMONixTHE.  Corolla  (funnelform  or  salverform)  plicate  at  the  si- 
nuses, the  plaits  more  or  less  extended  iuto  thia-membranaceous  teeth  or  lobes: 
no  crowD  nor  glands  :  stigmas  distinct :  flowers  almost  always  5-merous  :  capsule 
more  or  less  stipitate.  —  Pneumonanthe,  Necker.  §  Fneumonanthe,  Chondropkylla, 
Cmlanthe,  Tretrorhiza,  &c.,  Griseb. 

*  Root  annual,  and  habit  of  the  preceding  section :  leaves  marginless :  flowers  cymose :  calj'X 
short,  5-cleft:  anthers  oblong-liuear,  introrse,  remaining  erect. 

G.  Douglasiana,  Bong.  A  span  high,  slender,  cymosely  branched :  leaves  ovate ;  the 
lowest  rosulate  ;  the  cauline  of  few  remote  pairs  and  somewhat  cordate  (2  to  4  lines  long)  : 
corolla  white,  a  third  to  half  uich  long;  its  lobes  oblong,  shorter  than  the  funnelform  tube, 
not  double  the  length  of  the  conspicuous  and  equally  broad  2-cleft  accessory  lobes  in  the 
sinuses:  capsule  stipitate,  obovate,  ancipital  above:  seeds  proportionally  large  (a  line 
long),  elongated-oblong,  with  a  close  coat,  apiculate  at  both  ends.  —  Veg.  Sitka,  38,  t.  6 ; 
Griseb.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  60,  t.  148.  —Alaska  to  Oregon. 

*  *  Root  annual  or  biennial  in  our  species:  dwarf  and  small  plants:  leaves  small  and  with  white 
cartilaginous  or  scarious  margins;  flowers  solitary  and  tenninal:  calyx  narrow,  4-5-toothed : 
corolla  salverform  when  expanded;  the  lobes  or  plaits  in  the  sinuses  broad  and  eniarginate: 
anthers  cordate,  versatile :  seeds  oblong,  with  a  close  coat.  —  §  Chondrophylla,  Bunge,  Griseb. 

G.  humilis,  Stev.  Stems  single  or  numerous  from  the  slender  root,  1  to  5  inches  long, 
erect  or  ascending :  leaves  glaucescent  and  broadly  white-margined ;  the  radical  orbicular 
or  ov^te  and  rosulate  (a  quarter  to  half  inch  long)  ;  cauline  linear-oblong,  erect,  connate- 
sheathing,  2  or  3  lines  long :  corolla  whitish  or  dull-colored  ;  its  tube  little  exceeding  the 
calyx ;  the  limb  half  inch  in  diameter  :  capsule  clavate-obovate,  at  length  exserted  oh  a 
long  and  stout  stipe  much  beyond  the  flower.  —  Act.  Mosq.  iii.  258  ;  Griseb.  1.  c. ;  Engelm. 
in  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis,  ii.  217,  t.  9,  fig.  1-5.  G.  aquatica,  Pall.  Fl.  Ross.  ii.  t.  97,  fig.  2, 
not  L.  G.  Fremontii,  Torr.  in  Frem.  Rep.  94.  —  Grassy  banks  of  streams  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Wyoming  to  Colorado.     (Asia.) 

G.  prostrata,  Haenke.  Stems  weaker  than  in  the  preceding  and  when  elongated  the 
lateral  ones  often  procumbent :  leaves  ovate,  less  erect,  greener,  and  less  white-margined : 
flower  (in  the  American  plant  always  ?  and  in  the  European  sometimes)  4-merous  :  corolla 
azure-blue,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  linear-oblong  rather  short-stipitate  capsule. — Jacq.  Coll. 
ii.  66,  t.  17,  fig.  2;  Griseb.  1.  c. ;  Engelm.  1.  c.  t.  9,  fig.  9-14.  (var.  Americana) ;  Herder,  1.  c. 
G.  nutans,  Bunge,  1.  c.  1. 11,  fig.  2.  —  Alpine  regions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  Colorado 
northward,  and  to  Kotzebue  Sound,  Aleutian  Islands,  &c.  (N.  E.  Asia  to  Tyrolese  Alps. 
Antarc.  Amer.) 

*  *  *  Root  perennial :  flowers  comparatively  large,  mostly  short-peduncled  or  sessile :  anthers 
linear  or  oblong,  more  or  less  extrorse,  remaining  erect :  usually  a  pair  of  bracts  under  the  flower. 
—  §  Pneumonanthe,  Griseb. 

-i—  Rocky-Mountain  and  Pacific  species :  anthers  unconnected,  seldom  connivent. 
++  Dwarf,  1-5-fiowered :  cauline  leaves  only  2  to  4  pairs. 

G.  glauca,  Pall.  Stem  2  to  4  inches  high  :  leaves  oval,  glaucous,  3  to  5  lines  long :  calyx 
campanulate;  its  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  blue,  half  inch  or  more  long;  its 
tube  cylindraceous,  and  ovate  obtuse  lobes  short ;  the  short  lobes  of  the  plaits  ovate  and 
entire :  seeds  oval,  irregularly  3-4-wing-crested.  —  Fl.  Ross.  u.  104,  t.  93,  fig.  2  ;  Griseb.  in 
Hook.  Fl.  ii.  58,  t.  147.  — Higher  and  northern  Rocky  Mountains  to  Kotzebue  Sound. 
(Kamts.  to  Siberia.) 

G.  frigida,  Hsenke.  Stems  1  to  5  inches  high,  1-3-flowered  :  leaves  linear,  varying  to 
lanceolate  or  spatulate,  thickish,  1  to  3  inches  long,  the  pairs  connate-sheathing  at  base : 
calyx-tube  obconical,  longer  than  the  oblong-linear  lobes  :  corolla  funnelform,  an  inch  and 
a  half  long,  yellowish-white  or  tinged  with  blue,  purplish-dotted;  the  lobes  short  and 
broad ;  the  plaits  entire  and  broad  but  slightly  extended  at  summit :  seeds  with  a  loose 
cellular  coat  extended  into  crested  longitudinal  ridges. — Jacq.  Coll.  ii.  13;  Froel.  Gent. 
39,  t.  1  ;  Griseb.  in  DC.  1.  c,  with  var.  algida.  G.  algida,  Pall.  Fl.  Ross.  ii.  107,  t.  95,  a 
large  form.  G.  Romanzovii,  Ledeb.  in  Bunge,  1.  c.  1. 11,  fig.  1.  — Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  Colorado  and  Utah,  Parry,  &c.  St.  Paul  and  Shumagin  Islands,  Harrington, 
Elliott,  &c.     (Kamts.  to  Carpathian  Mts.) 

G.  Newberryi,  Gray.  Stems  1-flowered,  2  to  4  inches  long,  and  ascending  from  the 
axils  of  the  rosulate-radical  leaves:  these  obovate  or  spatulate,  an  inch  or  more  long; 


Gentiana.  GENTIANACEiE.  121 

cauline  leaves  much  smaller,  connate-sheathing;  the  lowest  obovate,  the  uppermost  lanceo- 
late :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong,  nearly  the  length  of  the  oblong-cauipanulate  tube- 
corolla  broadly  funnelform,  inch  and  a  half  long,  pale  blue,  white  within,  greenish  dotted- 
Its  lobes  ovate,  mucronate  ;  the  interposed  appendages  2-cleft  or  laciniate,  subulate-tipped  ■ 
seeds  round-oval,  smooth,  broadly  winged.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  84  &  Bot  CaUf  i  482 
G.  calycosa?  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  86. -Sierra  Nevada,  California,  in  or  near  the 
alpme  region,  from  Mariposa  Co.  north  to  S.  Oregon,  Newberry,  Brewer,  &c. 

++  ++  Low:  stems  several  from  the  same  caudex:  cauline  leaves  6  to  16  pairs,  more  or  less  con- 
nate or  even  sheathing  at  hase;  the  uppermost  involucrate  around  the  sessile  terminal  flower  or 
3-5-flowered  cluster:  corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  blue,  li  to  1^  inches  lone:  the  lobes 
broadly  ovate,  and  the  appendages  at  the  sinuses  2-cleft  or  lacerate.  b .       «  ^ooeb 

G-.  setigera,  Gray.  Stems  stout,  about  a  foot  long,  decumbent :  leaves  thick  and  pale 
oval  or  the  upper  oblong,  very  obtuse,  an  inch  or  less  long;  the  pairs  all  with  a  connate- 
sheathing  base,  the  two  uppermost  involucrate  around  and  covering  the  base  of  the  soU- 
tary  flower:  calyx-lobes  oval,  about  the  length  of  the  tube:  corolla  almost  campanulate; 
the  appendages  of  the  plaits  small  and  short,  produced  into  2  or  3  capillary  bristles  which 
nearly  equal  the  lobes :  forming  seeds  orbicular,  winged.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  84,  &  Bot. 
Calif.  1.  c.  —  California,  on  Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  Co.,  in  damp  soil,  Bolander. 
G.  calycosa,  Griseb.  Stems  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  ovate  (6  to  15  lines 
long),  commonly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  internodes  ;  the  lowest  pairs  usually  smaller 
and  with  connate-sheathing  base,  the  upper  hardly  so ;  the  involucrate  uppermost  leaves 
somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx  of  the  commonly  solitary  flower:  calyx-lobes  ovate  or 
oblong,  or  even  subcordate,  about  the  length  of  *the  turbinate  tube :  corolla  oblong-funnel- 
form,  its  appendages  in  the  sinuses  triangular-subulate,  laciniate,  or  2-cleft  at  the  tip, 
shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  lobes  :  seeds  lanceolate,  acuminate,  wingless.  —  Gent.  1.  c.  & 
Hook.  Fl.  t.  146 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Varies  with  stems  only  2  to  4  inches  high,  and 
small  leaves  crowded  (var.  strida,  Griseb.  1.  c.) ;  also  with  taller  and  more  slender  stem 
2-3-flowered,  occasionally  with  one  or  two  axilliary  conspicuously  pedunculate  flowe 
subtended  by  a  pair  of  smaller  bracts.  —  Cahfornia  (Sierra  Nevada,  Bridges,  Brewer,  Le, 
moil),  Oregon  (Tolmie),  and  Rocky  Mountains,  lat.  420-49°,  Porter,  Lyall. 
G.  Parryi,  Engelm.  A  span  or  more  high :  leaves  glaucescent,  thickish,  ovate,  varying 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  three-fourths  to  inch  and  a  half  long,  most  of  the  pairs  with  some- 
what sheathing  base ;  the  upper  2  or  3  involucrating  the  1  to  5  flowers,  concealmg  the 
calyx  and  sometimes  almost  equalling  the  (bright  purple-blue)  corolla:  lobes  of  the  calyx 
shorUinear,  small,  moderately  or  much  shorter  than  the  campanulate  (sometimes  spa- 
thaceous-cleft)  tube:  appendages  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla  narrow,  deeply  2-cleft,  little 
shorter  than  the  obovate  lobes :  seeds  lanceolate,  wingless,  obtuse  or  less  acute  than  in 
G.  calycosa,  which  the  broad-leaved  forms  of  this  much  resemble.  —  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis, 
ii.  218,  t.  10;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  279.  G.  calycosa,  var.  Parryi,  Herder,  1.  c.  178.  — Alpine 
and  subalpine  regions  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  N.  E. 
Nevada,  Parry,  &c. 

•w-  ++  ++   Stems  either  tall  or  low,  many-leaved :  flowers  not  involucrate:  style  manifest. 

.^ate  lobes  more  or  less  narrow( 
usually  from  ovate  to  lanceolate, 


ers 


=  Corolla  (blue  or  bluish)  oblong-campanulate,  with  broadlv  ovate  lobes  more  or  less  narrowed  at 
base,  and  the  intervening  plaits  or  lobes  entire :  calyx-lobes  usually  fi 


or  longer  than  the  tube:  seeds  wingless. 

G.  platypetala,  Griseb.  Stems  a  span  high,  ascending,  densely  leafy  above,  bearing 
a  single  sessile  flower :  leaves  ovate-roundish,  recurved-spreading :  lobes  of  the  5-parted 
calyx  ovate,  acute :  campanulate  tube  of  the  blue  corolla  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ; 
its  short  lobes  somewhat  reniform,  mucronate  (2  lines  long  and  3  wide),  double  the  length 
of  the  triangular  acute  and  entire  plaits.  —  Gent.  191,  &  in  Hook.  1.  c. ;  DC.  1.  c  — "  Sitka, 
Kotzebue."  The  char,  from  Grisebach.  Referred  to  G.  calycosa  by  Herder,  and  it  must 
resemble  its  smaller  form;  but  the  sinus-plaits  are  said  to  be  entire. 

G.  Menziesii,  Griseb.  1.  c.  Stems  a  foot  or  less  high,  slender :  leaves  from  narrowly 
oblong  to  lanceolate  (inch  and  a  half  or  less  long),  somewhat  3-nervcd :  flowers  one  or  two, 
short  peduncled  or  sessile  :  calyx  according  to  Grisebach  spathaceous  and  the  lobes  obso- 
lete, in  our  specimens  with  oblong-lanceolate  foliaceous  lobes  (5  lines  long)  equalling  the 
turbinate-oblong  tube:  corolla  an  inch  long;  its  lobes  3  lines  long  and  wide;  its  plaits 
truncate  and  obscurely  2-3-crenate :  seeds  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  barely  acute  or  both 


122  GENTIANACE^.  Gentiana. 

ends  obtuse.— G.  sceptrum,  var.  humilis,  Engelm. ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  483.  — Bogs,  W. 
Oregon  {Menzies,  E.  Hall)  to  Mendocino  Co.,  California,  Bolander. 
G.  sceptrum,  Griseb.  !•  c.  Stem  erect,  2  to  4  feet  high,  simple  or  short-branched  above, 
few-several-flowered:  leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  (1^  to  3  inches  long),  indis- 
tinctly 3-7-nerved :  calyx-lobes  unequal,  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong :  corolla  IJ  to  2  inches 
long,  sometimes  greenish-dotted ;  its  lobes  nearly  4  lines  long  and  wide ;  its  plaits  truncate 
or  with  barely  rounded  entire  summit :  seeds  narrowly  lanceolate  and  with  scarious  acu- 
mmation.  —  Hook.  Fl.  t.  145;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  excl.  var.  — W.  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

__  Corolla  (blue  or  bluish)  funnclform.  with  ovate  lobes  not  narrowed  at  base;    the  plaits 

extended  into  conspicuous  laciniate-toothed  or  cleft  appendages,  which  sometimes  almost  equal 
the  lobes  ;  margins  of  the  leaves  scabrous  :  seeds  surrounded  hj  a  distinct  and  rather  broad  wjng, 
ovate  or  oblong. 
G.  Oregana,  Engelm.     Stems  erect  and  rather  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  sometimes 
more  slender  and  ascending:  leaves  ovate,  sometimes  ovate-oblong  (1  to  1^  inches  long) : 
flowers  few  at  the  summit,  or  occasionally  several  and  racemose-scattered :  bracts  oblong  or 
ovate :  calyx-lobes  from  oblong-  to  ovate-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  tube :  corolla  broadly 
furmelform,  over  an  inch  long;  its  short  lobes  roundish.  — Engelm.  in  herb.    G.  affinis,  var. 
ovata,  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.-  i.  483.  —  Brit.  Columbia  and  W.  Idaho  (Lyall,  Spalding)  to  Oregon 
{Nevius,  &c.)  and  W.  California.     Foliage  and  corolla  somewhat  as  in  G.  calycosa,  but  the 
smaller  forms  nearly  approaching  G.  affinis. 
G.  affinis,  Griseb.     Stems  clustered,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  mostly  ascending:  leaves 
from  oblong  or  lanceolate  to  linear :  flowers  from  numerous  and  thyrsoid-racemose  to  few 
or  rarely  almost  solitary  :  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear :  calyx-lobes  linear  or  subulate,  une- 
qual and  variable,  the  longest  rarely  equalling  the  tube,  the  shorter  sometimes  minute : 
corolla  an  inch  or  less  long,  rather  narrowly  funnelform  ;  its  lobes  ovate,  acutish  or  mu- 
cronulate-pointed,  spreading.  —  Gent.  1.  c.  &  DC.  1.  c.  114;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  279;  Gray, 
1.  c,  excl.  var.  —  llocky  Mountains  from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado,  and  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  California,  to  British  Columbia,  thence  east  to  the  Saskatchewan. 
^_  H_  Upper  Mississippi-vallev  species:    flowers   almost  sessile,    2-bracteate   under   the   calyx: 
corolla  open-funnelform  with   conspicuously  spreading  lobes:  anthers  merely  connivent,  soon 
separate :    seeds  conspicuously  winged,  oblong,  all  attached  at  or  near  the  sutures. 
G.  puberula,  Michx.     About  a  foot  high,  mostly  single-stemmed  from  the  root,  very 
leafy,  at  least  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  with  the  margins  and  midrib  of  leaves  and 
sepals  minutely  puberulent-scabrous :   leaves  rigid,  from  oblong-lanceolate  (or  the  lower 
oblong)  to  lanceolate-linear,  an  inch  or  two  long:  flowers  solitary  or  several  and  clustered  : 
calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate  or  subulate-linear,  about  the  length  of  the  tube:  corolla  bright 
blue  H  to  2  inches  long;  the  ovate  lobes  (a  fourth  to  even  half  incli  long)  widely  spread- 
ing in  anthesis,  twice  the  length  of  the  2-cleft  and  sometimes  laciniate-toothed  appendages. 
-  Fl.  i.  176  (descr.  not  good  as  to  corolla) ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  347,  ed.  5, 389.    ( G.  Saponana, 
var.  puberula,  ed.  1.)  —Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Kansas  to  Wisconsm 
and  Minnesota. 
H_  H_  H_  Atlantic  U.  S.  species  (one  or  two  crossing  the  Mississippi):  seeds  covering  the  whole 

parieties  of  the  capsule :  style  manifest,  in  most  conspicuous. 
++   Corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  with  the  short  lobes  little  if  at  all  spreading  in  anthesis:  an- 
theTcoheriTin  a  ring  or  short  tube:  stem  usually  several-Howered:   t^owers  sessile  or  very 
short-pedunckd  and  2-bracteatc  under  the  calyx,  clustered  at  summit  and  often  in  upper  axils. 
=  Calyx-lobes  and  bracts  ciliolate-scabrous:  seeds  winged  or  appendaged. 
G   EUiottii    Chapm.     Puberulent-roughish  in  the  manner  of  the  preceding,  a  span  to  a 
foot  or  more  high,  slender :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  ovate, 
an  inch  or  less  "long,  the  broadest  subcordate :  flowers  1  to  3  terminal,  and  sometimes  also 
in  the  axils,  sessile,  leafy-bracted :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  broader,  foliaceous,  twice  or 
thrice  the  length  of  the  tube,  ciliolate-scabrous :  corolla  bright  blue,  1  to  li  inches  long; 
the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  lobes  (3  lines  long)  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  broad  and  2- 
clef  t  erose-dentate  or  somewhat  fimbriate  appendages  :  seeds  conspicuously  winged,  ovate- 
or  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline.  —Fl.  356,  specially  the  var.  parvifolia,  "  G.  Cateshai,  Ell.  not 
Walt."  according  to  Chapman.    Perhaps  an  extreme  form  of  the  next ;  but  the  Florida 
plant  appears  to  be  quite  distinct.  — S.  Carolina?  to  Florida. 
G   Sapondria   L.     Stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  smooth,  or  somewhat  scabrous  above :  leaves 
from  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  more  or  less  nar- 


Gentiana.  GENTIANACEiE.  123 

rowed  at  base :  calyx-lobes  from  linear  to  spatulate  or  oblong,  mostly  equalling  and  some- 
times exceeding  tlie  tube  :  corolla  liglit  blue,  an  inch  or  more  long,  its  broad  and  roundish 
short  lobes  erect,  little  and  often  not  at  all  longer  than  the  2-cleft  and  many-toothed  inter- 
vening appendages:  seeds  nearly  as  in  the  preceding. —Spec.  i.  228  (Moris.  Hist.  iii.  484, 
sect.  12,  t.  5,  fig.  4;  Catesb.  Car.  i.  t.  70);  Griseb.  1.  c.  (excl.  var.)  G.  Catesbaei,  Walt. 
Car.  109 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1039.  G.  Elliottii,  var.  ?  latifolia,  Chapm.  1.  c.  —  Moist  woods, 
W.  Canada  and  New  York  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  A  somewhat  polymorphous  species. 
G.  Andrewsii,  Griseb.  Stems  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  smooth  :  leaves  from  ovate-  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  contracted  at  base,  2  to  4  inches  long:  calyx- 
lobes  lanceclate  to  ovate,  usually  spreading  or  recurved,  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  as 
the  preceding  but  more  oblong  and  the  lobes  obliterated  or  obsolete,  the  truncate  and 
usually  almost  closed  border  mainly  consisting  of  the  prominent  fimbriate-dentate  inter- 
vening appendages :  seeds  with  a  conspicuous  wing,  oblong  in  outline.  —  Gent.  287,  &  in 
Hook.  Fl.  ii.  55  (with  var.  linearis,  which  is  merely  a  narrower-leaved  state) ;  Gray,  Man. 

1.  c.  G.  Saponariu,  Froel.  Gent.  32 ;  Ell.  1.  c. ;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  79.  G.  Catesbcei, 
Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  418.  —  Moist  ground,  New  England  and  Canada  to  Saskatchewan,  and 
south  to  the  upper  parts  of  Georgia.  Corolla  from  bright  to  pale  blue,  with  white  plaits, 
sometimes  all  white. 

=  =  Calyx-lobes  and  bracts  (also  leaves)  smooth  and  naked  on  the  margins  (or  sometimes  very 
minutely  ciliolate-scabrous  under  a  lens,  especially  the  lower  part  of  the  bracts):  seeds  distinctly- 
winged  :  flowers  in  a  leafy-involucrate  capitate  cluster,  and  often  solitary  or  clustered  in  upper 
axils. 
G.  alba,  Muhl.     Smooth  throughout :  stem  stojit,  2  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate  and  gradually  acuminate  from  a  cordate-clasping  base,  2  to  4  inches 
long :  flowers  usually  rather  numerous  in  the  compact  terminal  cluster :  calyx-lobes  ovate 
or  subcordate,  acute,  reflexed-spreading,  shorter  than  the  tube :  corolla  dull  white  and 
commonly  tinged  with  yellowish  or  greenish,  often  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  like  that  of 
G.  Saponaria,  but  more  campanulate  and  open ;   its  ovate  lobes  twice  the  length  of  the 
broad  and  erose-toothed  appendages.  —  Cat.  ed.  2,  29,  &  Fl.  Lancast.  ined. ;   Nutt.  Gren. 
i.  172 ;  Gray,  Man.'  ed.  1,  360,  ed.  5,  388.     G.  ochroleuca,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1551 ;  Griseb. 
in  DC.  1.  c,  in  part ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  1.  c,  not  Froel.     G.flavida,  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser. 

2,  i.  80. — Low  grounds  and  mountain  meadows,  W.  Canada  and  Lake  Superior,  south  to 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  the  mountains  of  Virginia,  east  to  Penn.  and  New  York  ?  Begins 
to  flower  early  in  August. 

G.  linearis,  Froel.  Smooth  throughout :  stem  slender  and  strict,  a  foot  or  two  high : 
leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  \^  to  3  inches  long,  2  to  5  lines  wide,  and  with  some- 
what narrowed  base :  flowers  1  to  5  in  the  terminal  involucrate  cluster,  and  often  solitary  in 
one  or  two  axils  below  :  calyx-lobes  linear  or  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  blue, 
an  inch  or  more  long,  narrow-f  unnelform  ;  the  erect  lobes  roundish-ovate  and  obtuse,  2  lines 
long,  a  little  longer  than  the  triangular  acute  and  entire  or  slightly  1-2-toothed  appendages. 
—  Gent.  37;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  186,  excl.  syn.  Michx.  G.  Pneumonanthe,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  176;  Bigel. 
Bost.  ed.  2,  105,  not  L.  G.  Pseudo-pneumonanthe,  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  vi.  146.  G.  Saponaria, 
var.  linearis,  Griseb.  1.  c.  (excl.  syn.  G.  Catesbcei,  Ell.,  &  G  puberula,  Michx.,  &  char,  foliis 
margine  scabris) ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  106,  t.  81 ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  6,  389.  G.  Saponaria,  var. 
Frcelichii,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  360. — Bogs,  along  the  Alleghanies  of  Maryland  and  Penn.  to 
northern  New  York  and  New  England,  New  Brunswick  {Fowler),  and  towards  Hudson's 
Bay  (Michaux).  Distinctly  different  from  G.  Pneumonanthe  of  the  Old  World  in  inflores- 
cence, corolla,  and  distinctly  winged  seeds. 

Var.  lanceolata.  Leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  and  involucrate  ones  almost 
ovate-lanceolate  (1  or  2  inches  long  and  even  half  inch  wide) :  appendages  of  the  sinuses 
of  the  corolla  sometimes  very  short  and  broad.  —  G.  rubricaulis,  Schwein.  in  Keating,  Narr. 
Long  Exped.  Mississip.  — Minnesota  and  along  Lake  Superior.  Also  Herkimer  Co.,  New 
York,  Paine.     Approaches  narrow-leaved  forms  of  G.  alba. 

=====  Calyx-lobes  and  bracts  with  smooth,  or  nearly  smooth  margins :  seeds  oval  and  com- 
pletely wingless,  even  marginless. 

G.  ochroleuca,  Froel.  Smooth,  rather  stout,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  often  branching : 
leaves  obovate  or  the  upper  oblong,  all  conspicuously  narrowed  at  base,  1  to  3  inches  long, 
pale :  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  terminal  and  sometimes  lateral  leafy  clusters :  calyx- 
lobes  linear,  unequal,  longer  than  the  tube ;  the  longer  little  exceeded  by  the  somewhat 


124  GENTIAXACE^.  Gentiana. 

open-f unnelfonn  gi'eenish-white  corolla,  which  is  greenish-veiny  and  often  purplish-striped 
(and  1^  inches  long) ;  its  lobes  triangular-ovate  and  acute,  much  exceeding  the  triangular 
oblique  and  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  appendages.  —  Gent.  35;  Pursh,  1.  c. ;  Ell.  Sk.  i. 
340;  Griseb.  1.  c.  partly;  Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  G.  Virginiana  etc.,  Pluk.  Aim.  t.  186  (poor). 
G.  villosa,  L.  Spec,  i.  e.  pi.  Gronov.,  but  it  is  glabrous.  G.  Saponaria,  Walt.  Car.  109,  not  L. 
G.  incarnata,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1856.  G.  intermedia,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2303.  G.  serpentaria, 
Raf.  Ann.  Nat.  13  1  —  Dry  or  damp  grounds,  Pennsylvania  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
++  ++  Corolla  more  funnelform  and  with  longer  spreading  lobes :  anthers  connivent  but  not  con- 
nected: flowers  solitary  on  the  stem  or  occasional  branches,  commonly  pedimcled  and  naked. 
G.  angustif  olia,  Michx.  Smooth  :  stems  scattered,  a  span  or  two  long,  slender,  ascend- 
ing, commonly  simple :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  thickish,  an  inch  or  two  long,  a  line  or  two 
wide  ;  the  lower  narrowed  downward ;  the  uppermost  smaller  and  sometimes  forming  bracts 
to  the  flower:  calyx-lobes  resembling  the  uppermost  narrow  leaves,  longer  than  the  tube: 
corolla  2  inches  long,  deep  and  brilliant  azure-blue,  somewhat  brown-dotted  within  (also  a 
snow-white  variety  with  a  greenish  hue  outside)  ;  the  lobes  ovate,  half  inch  long,  widely 
spreading  in  anthesis,  much  longer  than  the  broad  and  conspicuous  laciniate  appendages : 
seeds  slender,  wingless.  —  Fl.  i.  177;  Ell.  1.  c. ;  Chapra.  Fl.  356.  G.  purpurea,  Walt.  Car. 
109,  not  L.  G.  porphi/ris,  Gmelin.  G.frigida,  var.  Drummondii,  Griseb.  in  DC.  1.  c.  Ill,  the 
white-flowered  variety  from  Florida.  —  Low  pine-barrens.  New  Jersey  (not  "Canada")  to 
Florida.    A  most  beautiful  species. 

6.  PLEUROGYNE,  Eschsch.  (Formed  of  nX£VQ6v,f\h  or  side,  and  yvvri, 
female ;  from  the  remarkable  stigmas,  which,  instead  of  terminating  the  ovary, 
occupy  the  greater  part  of  the  length  of  the  two  sutures  below  its  apex.) —  Small 
annuals  of  cold  regions  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  of  three  or  four  nearly  related 
species.  Genus  more  related  to  Swertia  than  to  Gentiana,  the  appendages  to 
the  corolla,  as  in  the  former,  adnate  and  apparently  glandular  at  base.  Liunasa, 
i.  188  (1826).     Lomatogonium,  Braun  in  Flora,  1830,  221. 

P.  rotata,  Griseb.  Stems  2  to  10  inches  high,  the  smaller  simpler  and  1-flowcred ;  the 
larger  either  simple  and  racemosely  several-flowered  or  fastigiately  much  branched :  leaves 
hnear  or  lanceolate,  or  the  radical  ones  short  and  spatulate  :  sepals  similar  to  the  upper 
leaves,  in  ours  mostly  narrowly  linear ;  the  longer  equalling  the  blue  or  whitish  corolla : 
lobes  of  the  latter  ovate  becoming  oblong-lanceolate,  4  or  5  lines  long,  bearing  at  base  a 
pair  of  glandular  and  scale-like  processes  :  ovary  and  capsule  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
nearly  marginless. —  Griseb.  Gent.  309,  &  Hook.  Fl.  U.  65;  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  122;  Herder, 
1.  c.  181.  Sivertia  rotata,  L. ;  Pall.  Fl.  Ross.  ii.  t.  89,  fig.  1,  2.  Gentiana  sulcata,  Willd.  Spec. 
i.  1351.  G.  rotata,  Froel.,  Bunge,  &c.  —  Labrador  and  Hudson's  Bay  to  the  high  north-west 
coast,  Kotzebue  Sound,  &c.,  and  Rocky  Mountains  south  to  lat.  39°  :  in  the  latter  always 
the  slender-leaved  form,  var.  tenuifolia,  Griseb.     (Kamts.  to  Greenland.) 

P.  Carinthiaca,  Griseb.  Low,  few-flowered:  leaves  shorter  and  usually  ovate:  sepals 
from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla :  ovary  and  capsule  oblong- 
ovate,  distinctly  margined.     (Alps  of  Eu.,  east  to  N.  E.  Asia.) 

Var.  pusiUa.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate :  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  after  anthe- 
sis becoming  as  long  as  the  ovate  corolla-lobes  and  the  oblong-ovate  capsule.  —  (Near  var. 
Stelleriana,  Griseb.,  G.  Stelleriana,  Cham.,  Swertia  rotata.  Pall.  1.  c.  as  to  fig.  3 ;  but  leaves 
not  ovate,  &c.)  Swertia  pusilla,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  101.  Pletirojj/ne  Purshii,  Steud.  Nom.  — Lab- 
rador and  alpine  region  of  the  Wliite  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  according  to  Pursh, 
the  latter  station  very  doubtful.  Riviere  du  Loup,  E.  Canada,  Dr.  Thomas.  (Himalayas, 
Lapland.) 

7.  SWERTIA,  L.  {Emanuel  Sweert,  a  German  herbalist.)  —The  genuine 
species  are  sim^jle-stemmed  perennials,  occasionally  with  alternate  leaves,  the 
lower  tapering  at  base  into  a  margined  petiole  ;  the  inflorescence  thyrsoid ;  the 
flowers  blue,  varying  to  white,  in  summer.  .  Seeds  flat,  commonly  margined. 

S.  perennis,  L.  A  span  to  foot  or  more  high :  lowest  leaves  oblong  or  obovate-spatu- 
late  (2  to  4  inches  long),  tapering  into  a  long  petiole;  upper  cauliue  few  and  narrower. 


Frasera.  GENTIANACE^.  125 

sessile  ;  some  commonly  alternate  :  inflorescence  racemiform  or  narrowly  paniculate,  few- 
many-flowered  :  flowers  S-merous :  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  (4  to  6 
lines  long)  oblong-ovate  becoming  lanceolate,  the  base  bearing  a  pair  of  nectariferous  pits 
wliich  are  crested  with  a  fringe.  —  Engl.  Bot.  t.  1041;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  2047;  Jacq.  Fl.  Austr. 
iii.  t.  243.  —  Ours  the  var.  obtusa,  Griseb.  (<S'.  obtusa,  Ledeb.),  with  obtuser  lower  leaves  and 
corolla-lobes,  but  passing  into  the  other  and  European  form.  —  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colo- 
rado, Utah,  &c.,  and  Alaska.     (N.  E.  Asia  to  Eu.) 

8.  FRASERA,  Walt.  (Joh7i  Fraser,  of  Great  Britain,  made  collections 
in  this  country  1785-96,  published  Walter's  Flora  Caroliniana.)  —  Large  and 
stout  herbs,  or  some  smaller  and  more  slender  ;  with  single  erect  stem  from  a 
mostly  biennial  and  thick  bitter  root,  verticillate  or  opposite  leaves,  the  broader 
ones  commonly  somewhat  nervose,  thyrsoid  or  paniculate-cymose  inflorescence, 
and  copious  flowers,  produced  in  summer.  Calyx-lobes  from  linear  to  ovate. 
Corolla  dull  white,  yellowish,  or  bluish,  and  commonly  dark-dotted,  mostly  of  firm 
texture,  not  "  deciduous  "  but  marcescent.  Flowers  seldom,  if  ever,  5-merous. 
Species  all  N.  American,  and  all  but  one  western ;  the  genus  mostly  well  marked 
in  aspect,  but  in  floral  character  distinguished  from  Swertia  only  by  the  distinct 
style ;  and  this  is  very  short  in  F.  Parryi  and  F.  thyrsijlora. 

*  Leaves  marginless :  a  single  round  gland  upon  each  corolla-lobe ;  no  crown  at  base :  capsule  (as 
far  as  known)  strongly  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves:  seeds  orbicular,  wing-margined:  stem 
large  and  stout:  sepals  narrow,  almost  the  length  of  the  corolla. 

P.  thyrsiflora,  Hook.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  in  pairs  or  threes,  oblong  or 
spatulate-obovate,  the  cauline  3  or  4  inches  long :  flowers  in  a  dense  interrupted  thyrsus : 
sepals  subulate-linear  (4  lines  long) :  lobes  of  the  pale  blue  corolla  ovate-oblong,  thin,  bear- 
ing the  gland  near  the  base  :  style  short  and  conical,  in  some  flowers  hardly  any  !  —  Kew 
Jour.  Bot.  iii.  288,  where  tlie  flowers  are  said  to  be  5-merous !  F.  CaroUnensis,  Hook.  Fl.  ii. 
66.  Swertia  fastig lata,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  101. — Idaho  and  interior  of  Oregon,  on  the  tributaries 
of  the  Columbia,  Leivis,  Douglas,  Geyer,  Spalding.  Rare  and  little  known.  Pursh's  plant 
seen  in  herb.  Lambert,  where  the  true  station  is  recorded  :  "  in  moist  and  wet  places  on  the 
Quamash  flats,  June  4,  1806,"  at  which  date  Lewis  and  Clarke  were  on  the  Kooskooskie 
(now  Salmon)  River,  near  wliich  the  species  was  collected  by  Spalding :  the  flowers  in 
both  4-merous.     Douglas's  and  Geyer's  specimens  not  seen. 

F.  Carolinensis,  Walt.  Stem  3  to  8  feet  high  :  leaves  mostly  in  fours,  12  to  4  inches 
long ;  the  radical  and  lowest  spatulate-oblong ;  uppermost  lanceolate ;  those  of  the  ample 
and  open  thyrsoid-paniculate  inflorescence  often  only  opposite  and  small  or  reduced  to 
bracts  :  flowers  mostly  slender-pedicelled :  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate  :  corolla  ochroleucous 
and  with  brownish-purple  dots ;  its  broadly  oblong  lobes  bearing  the  large  and  long- 
fringed  gland  below  the  middle  :  style  slender-subulate  :  stigma  of  2  oval  lobes.  —  Car.  87  ; 
Torr.  Fl.  187,  &  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  89.  F.  Waken,  Michx.  Fl.  i,  97  ;  Bart.  Med.  ii.  t.  35.  Swertia 
difformis,  L.  herb.,  not  Spec.  —  Rich  dry  soil,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Georgia. 
Thick  bitter  root  has  been  used  as  a  tonic,  under  the  name  of  American  Columbo. 

*  *  Leaves  marginless:  a  pair  of  oblong  glands  on  each  corolla-lobe  and  a  separate  crown  below 
them:  capsule  compressed  contrary  to  the  deep-boatshaped  or  almost  conduplicate  valves :  seeds 
oblong,  flat,  margined:  sepals  naiTow-linear,  equalling  the  corolla. 

F.  speciosa,  Dougl.  Stem  stout,  2  to  5  feet  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  in  fours  and  sixes, 
nervose ;  the  radical  and  lowest  cauline  obovate  or  oblong,  6  to  10  inches  long ;  the  upper 
lanceolate  and  at  length  linear :  flowers  very  numerous  in  a  long  leafy  thyrsus  :  the  slender 
pedicels  and  peduncles  at  length  strict :  lobes  of  the  greenish-white  or  barely  bluish  and 
dark-dotted  corolla  oval-oblong,  acutish,  half  incli  long,  bearing  the  pair  of  contiguous  and 
densely  long-fringed  glands  about  the  middle,  and  a  distant  transversely  inserted  and  seta- 
ceously  multifid  scalelike  crown  near  the  base :  usually  some  minute  seta;  between  the 
bases  of  the  filaments  :  style  subulate,  shorter  than  the  ovary.  —  Griseb.  Gent.  329,  in 
Hook.  Fl.  ii.  66,  t.  153,  &  DC.  1.  c.  131 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  279;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  484. 
TessarantUum  r'adiatum,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Acad.  Calif,  ii.  142.  —  In  the  mountains,  Wyoming 
to  Oregon,  and  south  to  New  Mexico  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California. 


126  GENTIANACE^.  Frasera. 

*  *   *   Leaves  with  cartilaginous  white  margins,  thickish,  lanceolate  or  linear:  glands  on  the 

corolla-lobes  solitary,  but  sometimes  2-lobed. 
-I—  Capsule  turgid ;   its  valves  strongly  convex :  seeds  elongated-oblong,  thickish,  scabrous,  mar- 
ginless:  corolla-lobes  with  a  double  longitudinally  adnate  crown  confluent  with  the  gland :  in- 
florescence loosely  paniculate. 

P.  paniculata,  Torr,  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high :  cauline  leaves  linear,  opposite  (about  3 
pairs) :  flowers  in  a  loose  and  ample  panicle,  slender-pedicelled :  sepals  ovate,  barely  half 
the  length  of  the  whitish  corolla :  lobes  of  the  latter  oblong,  obtuse,  2  or  3  lines  long, 
bearing  a  plane  and  roundish  discolored  gland  about  the  middle,  which  is  lightly  fringed 
round  the  border,  its  base  confluent  with  a  pair  of  coronal  crests,  which  are  adnate  down 
the  lobe,  bilamellate  and  strongly  ciliate  fimbriate  above,  tapering  and  tubular  below  : 
filaments  distinct  to  the  base:  style  slender-subulate:  stigma  very  small.  —  Pacif.  R.  R^. 
iv.  126.  —  N.  Arizona,  sand  bluffs  at  Inscription  Rock  in  the  Zuni  country,  Bigelow.  Habit 
of  the  two  following  species.  What  was  described  as  a  pair  of  glands  rather  belongs  to  the 
crown. 

H—  -I—  Capsule  compressed  parallel  with  the  flat  or  flattish  valves :  seeds  as  far  as  known  flat, 
smooth,  and  acute-margined. 

++  Inflorescence  ample  and  effusely  paniculate;  the  pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers:  corolla  white 
or  3'ellowish  with  scattered  dark  dots,  of  rather  firm  texture  and  enduring  ;  the  lobes  acuminate 
or  mucronate,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  sepals. 

F.  Parryi,  Torr.  Stem  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  including  the  large  and  very  compound 
pyramidal  or  corymbose  panicle :  leaves  in  pairs  or  occasionally  in  threes,  lanceolate,  or 
the  radical  oblong,  3-nerved,  3  or  4  inches  long ;  the  upper  becoming  much  sliorter,  often 
ovate-lanceolate,  and  soon  reduced  to  small  bracts :  lobes  of  tlie  white  corolla  ovate,  be- 
coming oblong,  half  inch  long,  bearing  a  large  and  lunate-obcordate  conspicuously 
fringed  gland  about  on  the  middle,  the  base  naked  and  destitute  of  a  crown :  some  very 
minute  setae  at  the  base  of  the  filaments  :  style  distinct,  but  only  one  fourth  the  length  of 
the  ovary:  stigma  small.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  156,  &  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  126;  Gray,  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  484.  Southern  and  eastern  part  of  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  to  the  borders  of 
Arizona,  Coulter,  Parry,  Palmer. 
F.  albomarginata,  Watson.  Stem  more  slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  including  the 
ample  and  very  compound  broad  cymose  panicle :  leaves  in  fours  and  sometimes  opposite, 
linear,  or  the  lower  and  radical  oblanceolate,  and  the  uppermost  reduced  to  subulate  bracts 
subtending  the  long  branches  of  the  panicle :  lobes  of  the  greenish-yellow  corolla  ovate, 
becoming  oblong,  cuspidate-acuminate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals, 
bearing  the  obcordate  moderately  villous-fringed  gland  about  on  its  middle,  this  decurrent 
into  a  longitudinally  adnate  crown  with  fringed  free  margins  and  a  somewhat  hooded  base  : 
style  slender  :  stigma  small.  —  Bot.  King,  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  S.  Utah  and  S.  Ne- 
vada, Palmer,  Miss  Searls,  Parry.  Leaves  with  conspicuous  silvery-white  and  commonly 
undulate  border. 

++  ++  Inflorescence  a  virgate  interrupted  thyrsus  of  3  to  5  pairs  of  sessile  (or  the  lower  short- 
peduncled)  dense  cymes,  forming  a  series  of  glomerate  clusters:  pedicels  very  short:  leaves  nar- 
row and  gramineous,  merely  opposite ;  the  cauline  only  3  to  5  pairs :  corolla  lavender-blue,  of 
thin  texture:  the  lobes  ovate  or  oblong  becoming  narrower,  3  or  4  lines  long,  rather  longer  than 
the  subulate-lanceolate  sepals;  the  fringed  gland  elongated,  extending  from  the  base  to  near  the 
middle,  saccate  and  with  a  longer  and  coarser  ft-inge  at  base :  crown  stamineal,  consisting  of  a 
conspicuouslj'  laciniately  parted  or  nearly  entire  scale  between  each  filament :  style  slender, 
twice  the  length  of  the  ovary :  stigma  entire :  capsule  flat,  few-seeded. 

F.  nitida,  Benth.  Completely  glabrous,  a  foot  or  more  high,  slender:  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  (2  to  4  lines  wide,  the  upper  2,  and  the  radical  6  or  8,  inches  long),  those 
subtending  the  upper  flower-clusters  reduced  to  small  bracts  :  corolla  sometimes  greenish- 
spotted  ;  the  lobes  barely  acute,  bearing  an  elongated  oblong  obtuse  gland :  thin  scales 
between  the  filaments  ovate  or  oblong-linear,  entire  or  sparingly  laciniate,  longer  than  the 
ovary.  —  PI.  Hartw.  322  ;  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  126 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —Foothills  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  to  the  Dalles  in  Oregon. 

F.  albicaulis,  Dougl.  Very  minutely  pruinose-puberulent :  sepals  rather  longer  and 
narrower:  corolla-lobes  ovate-lanceolate  and  acuminate;  the  gland  oblong-linear:  scales 
between  the  filaments  more  or  less  dissected  into  setiform  processes :  otherwise  as  the  pre- 
ceding.—  Griseb.  1.  c,  &  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  67,  t.  164.  —  Interior  of  Oregon  and  Idaho,  on  the 
eastern  waters  of  the  Columbia,  Douglas,  Geyer,  Spalding. 


Obolana.  GENTIANACE.E.  127 

9.  HALi£!NIA,  Borkh.  (John  Halm,  who  wrote  of  Kamtschatka  plants.)  — 
Low  herbs  (of  N.  Asia  and  America)  ;  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  terminal 
and  axillary  often  panicled  cymes  of  usually  4-merous  flowers  ;  the  corolla  whitish, 
bluish,  or  yellowish.  Occasionally  or  in  some  flowers  the  spurs  or  nectariferous 
gibbosities  are  wanting  or  nearly  so. 

H.  deflexa,  Griseb.  Annual,  6  to  18  inches  high :  radical  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate 
and  petioled ;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  3-5-nerved  (an  inch  or  so  long) : 
sepals  lanceolate  or  spatulate  and  acuminate  :  corolla  dull  whitish  or  purplish,  3  or  4  lines 
long ;  the  lobes  triangular-ovate  and  acute ;  spurs  deflexed  or  obliquely  descending,  thick- 
ish,  considerably  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Gent.  324 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  67,  t.  155.  Swertia 
corniculata,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  97,  not  L.  S.  deflexa,  Smith  in  Rees.  Cycl.  S.  Michauxiana,  Roem. 
&  Sch.  Syst.  vi.  130.  —  Damp  and  cool  woods,  N.  Maine  and  New  York  to  Lake  Superior 
and  northern  Rocky  Movmtains,  Labrador,  &c. 

Var.  Brentoniana,  a  depressed  form,  with  rather  shorter  and  thicker  spurs.  —  R. 
Brentoniana,  Griseb.  1.  c. ;  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  156.  —  Newfoundland  and  Labrador.  H.  heterantha, 
Griseb.  1.  c,  &  Hook.  1.  c.  1. 156,  also  Newfoundland,  appears  to  be  nearly  the  same,  with 
some  corollas  spurless. 

H.  Rothrockii,  Gray.  Annual,  a  span  or  two  high,  loosely  flowered :  leaves  linear : 
pedicels  slender :  sepals  linear-lanceolate :  corolla  bright  yellow,  4  or  5  lines  long ;  the 
lobes  ovate  ;  spurs  divaricate  and  slightly  ascending,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  84  ;  Rothrock  in  Wheeler  Rep.  t.  21.  —  Arizona,  on  Mount  Graham,  Roihrock. 

10.  BARTONIA,  Muhl.  {Prof.  Benjamin  Smith  Barton,  of  Philadelphia, 
one  of  the  earliest  teachers  of  botany  in  the  U.  S.)  —  Small  and  filiform  annuals 
or  biennials,  of  Atlantic  U.  S. ;  with  fibrous  root,  simple  or  paniculately  branch- 
ing stems,  leaves  reduced  to  subulate  appressed  scales  or  bracts,  and  small  pedun- 
culate scattered  flowers  with  white  corolla.  —  Willd.  in  N.  Schrift.  Berl.  iii.  144 
(1801)  ;  Torr.  Fl.  185  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  818.  Centaurella,  Michx.  Fh 
i.  97,  1803.     Andrewsia,  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  428. 

B.  tenella,  Muhl.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  rather  rigid :  flowers  racemose  or  racemose- 
panicled,  barely  2  lines  long :  lobes  of  the  yellowish-white  corolla  oblong,  little  longer 
than  the  calyx  (sometimes  twice  as  long)  :  ovary  4-angled  and  the  cell  somewhat  cruci- 
form. —  Willd.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  389.  Sayina  Virginica,  L.  Centaurella  panicidata, 
Michx.  1.  c.  1. 12,  fig.  1.  C.  auiumnalis,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  100 ;  Griseb.  1.  c.  Centaurium  autumnale, 
Pers.  Syn.  i.  137.  Andrewsia  autumnalis,  Spreng.  1.  c.  Centaurella  Moseri,  Steud.  Nom. ; 
Griseb.  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  121,  an  occasional  form,  with  leaves  or  scales  and  branches  mostly 
alternate.  — Open  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Wisconsin  and  Louisiana  ;  flowering  late. 

B.  verna,  Muhl.  A  span  high  or  less,  somewhat  corymbosely  l-few-flowered,  the  stem 
weaker  or  less  rigid  :  lobes  of  the  white  corolla  obovate-spatulate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  very 
obtuse,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  ovary  compressed.  —  Centaurella  verna,  Michx.  I.e. 
fig.  2  ;  Griseb.  1.  c.  C.  vemalis  &  C.cestivalis,  P&rsh,  1.  c.  Centaurium  vernum,  Pers.  1.  c.  An- 
drewsia verna,  Spreng.  1.  c.  —  Bogs,  S.  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Louisiana;  flowering  in  early 
spring. 

11.  OB  OL ARIA,  L.  (V^olog,  a  small  Greek  coin,  from  the  rounded 
leaves.)  —  Gray,  Chloris,  21,  t.  3.  —  Single  species. 

O.  Virginica,  L.  Herb  a  span  or  less  in  height  from  a  tufted  fibrous  perennial  root,  of 
dull  purplish-green  hue  and  rather  fleshy  texture,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above :  lower 
leaves  reduced  to  obtuse  loose  scales ;  upper  ones  cuneate-obovate,  about  half  inch  long 
and  wide :  flowers  usually  in  threes  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  and  terminating  the  stem 
and  branches,  white  or  purplish,  4  lines  long,  produced  in  spring.  —  Spec.  ii.  632  (Gronov. 
Virg.) ;  Darl.  Fl.  Cest.  ed.  1,  21,  t.  2  ;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  90;  Renter  in  DC.  Prodr. 
xi.  45;  Gray,  1.  c.,.&  Man.  ed.  5,  390.     Orobanche  Tirginiana,  etc.,  Moris.  Hist.  iii.  504,  sect. 

12.  1. 16,  fig.  23  ;  Pluk.  Aim.  t.  209,  fig.  6.  —  Moist  woods,  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  south 
to  Georgia  and  Texas. 


128  GENTIANACE^.  Memjanthes. 

12.  MENYANTHES,  Tourn.  Buckbean.  (Ancient  name,  from  fxi]v, 
month,  and  avdog,  flower,  some  say  from  its  flowering  for  about  that  time.)  —  Bog- 
perennials  (of  the  cooler  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere).;  with  long  and 
thickish  creeping  rootstocks,  bearing  either  trifoliolate  or  reniform  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  with  scarious  sheathing  base,  and  a  naked  erect  several-many-flowered 
scape  ;  fl.  in  spi'ing  or  early  summer.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  819. 

M.  trifoliata,  L.  Petioles  and  scape  a  span  or  two  high,  stout:  leaf  divided  into  3  oval 
or  oblong-obovate  pinnately  veined  entire  or  repand  leaflets:  flowers  racemose:  corolla 
white  or  tinged  with  rose;  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx;  the  upper  surface  of  the  lobes 
copiously  fimbriate-bearded.  —  Lam.  111.  t.  100 ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  541 ;  Bigel.  Med.  t.  46  ;  Reichenb. 
Ic.  Germ.  t.  1043. — Bogs,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  Penn.,  Ohio,  and  northward: 
also  Rocky  Mountains  to  California  and  Aleutian  Islands.     (Japan  to  Eu.  and  Greenland.) 

M.  Crista-galli,  Menzies.  Petioles  and  scape  at  length  slender  and  a  foot  or  two  high  : 
leaf  reniform  and  sometimes  emarginate,  crenate!  (2  to  4  inches  wide) :  flowers  in  a  simple 
or  1-2-forked  cyme :  corolla  white  ;  its  tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  lobes  naked 
but  with  a  medial  crest.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Misc.  i.  45,  t.  24.  \ullarsia  Crista-galli,  Griseb.  1.  c.  — 
Marshy  ground,  coast  of  Br.  Columbia  to  Alaska,  Menzies,  Meiiens,  &c. 

13.  LIMNANTHEMUM,  Gmelin.  Floating  Heaht.  (From  %'jj, 
marsh  or  pool,  and  uvdEfior,  blossom.)  —  Perennial  fibrous-rooted  water-plants  (of 
temperate  and  tropical  regions)  ;  with  proliferous  or  stoloniferous  growth  ;  the 
leaves  orbicular  or  ovate  and  deeply  cordate,  entire  or  repand,  floating;  the  flowers 
in  our  species  as  if  umbellate-fascicled  on  the  petiole,  produced  all  summer,  some- 
times polygamous.     Stolons  sometimes  tuberiferous. 

Li.  lacunosutn,  Griseb.  Petioles  and  stolons  filiform,  much  elongated:  leaves  orbic- 
ular-cordate, an  inch  or  two  long,  mostly  quite  entire :  umbel  of  flowers  borne  near  to  the 
base  of  the  leaf,  often  accompanied  by  a  fascicle  of  thickened  and  short  spur-like  rootlets  : 
corolla  white,  a  third  to  half  inch  in  diameter;  its  broadly  oval  lobes  naked  (except  a 
crest-like  yellowish  gland  at  base),  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes :  style 
none:  seeds  numerous,  smooth  and  even.  —  Gent.  347,  &  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  141,  in  part; 
Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  363,  ed.  5,  390.  Villarsia  lacmosa,  Vent.  Choix,  9 ;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  139,  excl. 
syn.  V.  cordata.  Ell.  Sk.  i.  230,  a  fitter  name. —  Shallow  ponds,  &c.,  Canada  to  Florida 
and  Louisiana. 

L.  trachyspermum,  Gray,  l.  c.  Larger :  petioles,  &c.,  stouter :  leaves  cordate-orbicu- 
lar, 2  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  with  margins  sometimes  repand,  of  thick  texture,  the  dis- 
colored lower  surface  reticulate-veined,  spongy  and  pitted :  umbel  usually  destitute  of 
thickened  rootlets  :  expanded  corolla  three-fourths  inch  wide  :  style  none  :  seeds  roughened. 
—  L.  lacunosum,  var.  australe,  Griseb.  Gent.  1.  c.  Anonymos  aquatica,  Walt.  Car.  109.  Villarsia 
aquatica,  Gmel.  Syst.  i.  447.  V.  trachysperma.  Ell.  1.  c.  Menyanthes  trachysperma,  Michx.  Fl. 
i.  126.  —  Ponds  and  streams,  Maryland  (Canby)  and  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas. 


Order  XCI.  POLEMONTACE^. 

Herbaceous  or  rarely  shrubby  plants,  with  bland  colorless  juice,  simple  or  di- 
vided leaves  and  no  stipules,  perfect  and  regular  5-merous  flowers  except  that 
the  free  ovary  is  trimerous  (3-celIed  with  placentae  in  the  axis)  ;  the  persistent 
calyx  imbricated,  and  the  corolla  dextrorsely  convolute  (and  not  plicate)  iu  the 
bud  ;  the  fruit  a  3-celled  loculicidal  capsule,  usually  with  a  thick  placental  axis  ; 
the  few  or  many  seeds  small,  amphitropous  or  nearly  anatropous,  with  a  thin  or 
soft  coat,  commonly  developing  mucilage  when  wetted ;  the  embryo  straight  and 
rather  large  in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy  or  harder  albumen,  the  cotyledons  flat  or 
flattish  and  rather  broad.    Stamens  on  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes,  distinct. 


Phlox.  POLEMONIACEiE.  129 

Style  one,  3-lobed  or  cleft ;  the  introrse  stigmas  (or  lobes  of  the  style  stigmatio 
down  the  inner  face)  slender.  Hypogynous  disk  generally  manifest.  Almost 
exclusively  American,  and  remarkable  among  the  hypogynous  gamopetalous 
orders  for  the  3-merous  pistil,  but  in  2  or  3  species  of  Gllia  2-merous.  The  corolla 
is  not  always  perfectly  regular,  and  the  5  stamens  are  very  commonly  unequal  in 
length  or  insertion.  Cobcea,  common  in  cultivation,  is  very  exceptional  in  the 
order,  climbing  by  tendrils  belonging  to  pinnate  leaves,  and  its  capsule  septicidal. 
—  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  247  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  820. 

*   Stamens  unequally  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  not  declined. 

1.  PHLOX.  Corolla  strictly  salverform,  with  slender  tube  and  narrow  orifice.  Filaments 
very  short  and  unequally  inserted :  anthers  mostly  included.  Ovules  solitary  or  few  in 
each  cell.     Seed  unaltered  when  wetted.     Leaves  opposite  and  entire. 

2.  COLLOMIA.  Corolla  tubular-funnelforra  or  salverform,  with  an  open  orifice,  from 
which  the  unequally  inserted  filaments  commonly  protrude.  Ovules  solitary  or  numerous. 
Seed-coat  developing  mucilage  and  projecting  uncoiling  spiral  threads  (spiricles)  when 
wetted,  except  in  one  species.    Leaves  mostly  alternate,  and  pinnately  incised  or  divided. 

*  *   Stamens  equally  inserted  in  or  below  the  throa,t  or  sinuses  of  the  corolla. 

3.  LCESELIA.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnelform,  somewhat  irregular,  the  limb  being  more 
or  less  imequally  cleft ;  the  naked  filaments  declined.     Otherwise  as  Gilia. 

4.  GILIA.  Corolla  from  campanulate  to  funnelform  and  salverform,  regular.  Filaments 
not  declined,  naked  (rarely  pubescent)  at  base.  Ovules  and  seeds  from  solitary  to  numer- 
ous.   Leaves  various. 

5.  POLEMONIUM.  Corolla  from  funnelform  to  nearly  rotate,  regular.  Filaments  more 
or  less  declined  and  usually  pilose-appendaged  at  base,  slender.  Ovules  and  seeds  few  or 
several  in  each  cell.  Calyx  herbaceous,  not  scarious  below  the  sinuses  nor  the  lobes  cos- 
tate,  accrescent.    Leaves  all  alternate,  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted. 

1.  PHLOX,  L.  (Ancient  Greek  name  of  Lychnis:,  from  qlol,  flame.)  — N. 
American  herbs,  or  a  few  suffrutescent,  chiefly  perennials,  many  cultivated  for 
their  ornamental  blossoms.  Cauline  leaves  sessile  and  opposite,  or  some  of  the 
upper  varying  to  alternate.  Flowers  cymose,  showy,  from  blue-purple  or  lilac  to 
crimson  and  white ;  the  calyx  narrow,  and  the  corolla  strongly  convolute  in  the 
bud.  Most  species  with  long  filiform  style  about  equalling  or  surpassing  the 
corolla-tube,  but  some  with  short  included  style,  perhaps  by  dimorphism  ;  but 
only  in  P.  subulata  have  both  forms  been  found  in  the  same  species. 

§  1.  Perennial  herbs  of  the  Atlantic  States,  with  flat  (broad  or  narrow)  leaves, 
and  solitary  ovules. 

*   Stem  strictly  erect  (smooth  or  sometimes  rough):  cymules  compact,  numerous,  in  a  pyramidal 
or  corymbose  panicle  or  elongated  thyrsus  :  pedicels  very  short:  corolla  with  entire  rounded  lobes : 
fl.  summer. 
P.  paniculata,  L.    Stem  stout,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  tapering  at  base,  or  the  uppermost  more  or  less  cordate :  panicle  ample, 
pyramidal-corymbose :    calyx-teeth    subulate-setaceous :    corolla   pink-purple   varying    to 
white.  —  Spec.  i.  151 ;  Lam.  III.  t.  108 ;  Gray,  I.  c.  249.     P.  undulata,  Ait.  Kew.  i.  205.     P. 
cordata,  Ell. ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  13.     P.  acuminata,  Pursh ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1880. 
P.  corymbosa,  Sweet,  I.  c.   t.  114.     P.  scabra,  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  248.     P.  Sickmanni, 
Lehm.  in  Act.  Nat.  Cur.  xiv.  t.  46.    P.  decussata,  Hortul.     (Some  of  the  above  smooth, 
others  rough  or  hairy  forms.)  —  Open  woods,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  Louisiana,  and  Florida. 
P.  macillata,  L.      Stem  more  slender,  1^  to  2  feet  high,  commonly   purple-spotted: 
leaves  very  smooth,  thickish ;  the  lower  lanceolate  and  the  upper  nearly  ovate-lanceolate 
from  a  rounded  or  cordate  base :  panicle  narrow  and  usually  long :  calyx-teeth  triangular- 
lanceolate,  short:  corolla  pink-purple.  —  Spec.  i.  152;  Lam.  111.  t.  108;  Jacq.  Vind.  t.  127. 
P.  pyramidalis,  Smith,  Exot.  ii.  t.  87  ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  233,  with  P.  reflexa,  Sweet,  1.  c. 
t.  232,  &  P.  penduliflora,  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  46,  robust  cultivated  forms.  —  Rich 
woodlands  and  along  streams,  N.  Penn.  to  Iowa  and  Florida. 


130  POLEMOOTACEiE.  Phlox. 

Var.  Candida,  Michx.,  is  a  white-flowered  form,  commonly  with  spotless  stem. — 
P.  suaveolens,  Ait.  1.  c,  fide  Benth.  P.  tardiflora,  Penny,  fide  Benth.  P.  lorujijlora,  Sweet, 
1.  c.  ser.  2,  t.  31.     With  the  ordinary  form. 

*     *   Stems,  at  least  the  flowerine  ones,  ascending  or  erect :  cjTnules  corymbed  or  sometimes  sim- 
ple :  flowers  chiefly  pedicelled :  lobes  of  the  corolla  broad,  obovate  or  ob'cordate. 
H—  Calyx-teeth  lanceolate  or  triangular-subulate :  whole  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  never  viscid : 
stems" ascending  or  erect:  pedicels  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  calyx:  lobes  of  the  pink  or  rose- 
red  corolla  rounded  and  entire :  fl.  early  summer. 

P.  OVata,  L.  Stems  rather  low,  ascending  from  a  decumbent  or  creeping  base:  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  uppermost  often  subcordate  and  the  lowest  tapering  into  a 
margined  petiole :  calyx-teeth  short  and  broad,  ovate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  acute.  — 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  528 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  P.  Carolina,  L.  Spec.  ed.  2,  i.  216  ;  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1344 ;  a  taller 
form,  with  narrower  more  tapering  leaves  and  pointed  calyx-teeth,  approaching  the  next 
species.  P.latifoUa,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  143.  P.  triflora,  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  29.  — Open 
woods,  from  Alabama  northward  in  the  mountain  region  to  Pennsylvania. 

P.  glaberrima,  L.  Stems  taller  and  erect:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  or  the 
uppermost  uarrowly  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  an  acute  point,  firm  in  texture, 
almost  veinless,  bright  green  and  glossy  above,  often  with  revolute  margins :  calyx-teeth 
triangular-  or  lanceolate-subulate,  very  sharp-pointed.  —  Spec.  1.  c.  152 ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl. 
Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  36;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  P.  revoluta,  Aikin  in  Eaton,  Man. — Prairies  and 
open  woodlands,  N.  Virginia  and  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south  to  Florida. 

Var.  suflfruticosa,  a  form  with  more  rigid  stems,  either  smooth  or  scabrous,  or  the 
inflorescence  strongly  rough-puberulent,  and  the  upper  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  verging 
to  narrow-leaved  forms  of  the  preceding  species.  —  P.  suffruticosa,  Willd.  Enum.  200; 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  68.  P.  nitida,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  730.  P.  Carolina,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1344 ;  Sweet, 
Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  190,  not  L.  P.  triflora,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  143  ?  P.  carnea,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  2155,  smooth  form.  P.  Carolina,  var.  nitida  &  var.  puberula,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  —  Georgia 
and  Tennessee  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

.j_  ^_  CahTC-teeth  long  and  slender :  flowering  stems  erect,  ascending,  or  sometimes  spreading,  at 
least  the  "summit  and  the  calyx  more  or  less  hairy  or  glandnlar-pubcscent :  fl.  in  spring. 
++   No  runners  or  prostrate  sterile  shoots. 

P.  Floridana,  Benth.  Stems  erect  and  strict,  a  foot  or  two  high,  slightly  hairy  or  nearly 
glabrous  below,  as  are  the  lanceolate-linear  or  broadly  linear  rather  rigid  leaves,  the 
summit  and  the  corymb  glandular :  teeth  of  the  glandular-pubescent  calyx  lanceolate- 
setaceous :  lobes  of  the  light  purple  corolla  roundish-obovate,  entire. — Prodr.  I.e.  304; 
Chapra.  Fl.  309.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida,  Chapman,  Rugel.  Foliage,  &c.,  nearly  as  in 
the  preceding,  the  calyx  approaching  the  following. 

P.  pilosa,  L.  Villous-hairy,  pubescent,  or  sometimes  glabrate  :  stems  erect,  slender  (a 
foot  or  two  high) :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  usually  tapering  gradually  from  near  the 
sessile  base  to  the  acute  point :  corymb  at  length  loose :  teeth  of  the  hairy  more  or  less 
viscous  calyx  subulate-setaceous  or  awn-like  :  lobes  of  the  (pink,  purple,  rose,  or  sometimes 
white)  corolla  obovate  and  entire.  —  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1307  ;  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  1251.  P.  aris- 
tata,  Michx. ;  Lodd.  Cab.  t.  1731 ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  t.  80.  P.  cuspidata,  Scheele  in  Linn, 
xxiii.  1.39.  —  Dry  or  sandy  woods,  prairies,  &c.,  from  New  Jersey  to  Iowa  and  Saskatche- 
wan, and  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Very  variable  as  to  foliage  and  pubescence. 
Slender  southern  forms  pass  into 

Var.  detonsa,  Gray.  Smoother  or  almost  glabrous,  but  corymb  and  calyx  more  or 
less  pubescent :  except  in  the  calyx  nearly  approaches  narrow-leaved  forms  of  P.  glaharima. 

—  Pro?.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.    P.  aristata,  Benth.,  partly.  —  Alabama  and  Florida  to  Texas. 

P.  amdena,  Sims.  Softly  villous-pubescent,  or  sometimes  hirsute:  stems  ascending, 
simple  (a  span  or  two  high) :  leaves  erectish,  short,  oblong-lanceolate  or  nearly  linear, 
seldom  acute,  the  uppermost  subtending  or  involucrating  the  compact  cymose  cluster: 
calyx-teeth  narrow-subulate,  very  acute,  but  not  awn-tipped:  lobes  of  the  (purple  or 
pink,  seldom  white)  corolla  (half  inch  long)  almost  equalling  the  tube,  obovate,  entire,  or 
rarely  emaginate.  — Bot.  Mag.  t.  1308  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  I.  c.  251.  P.  pilosa,  Walt., 
Michx.,  &c.,  not  L.  P.  pilosa,  var.  Walteri,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2.  P.  Walteri,  Chapm.  Fl.  1.  c. 
P.  procumbens.  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  372,  not  Lehm.     P.  involucrata,  Wood,  Classbook,  1861,  568. 

—  Hills  and  dry  barrens,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  to  Florida. 


PMox.  POLEMONIACEiE.  131 

++  ++  Sterile  shoots  from  the  base  creeping  or  decumbent:  leaves  comparatively  broad,  and  with 
the  stems  and  calyx  softly  more  or  less  viscid -pubescent :  pedicels  rather  slender. 

P.  divaricata,  L.  Stems  diffuse  or  ascending,  the  sterile  shoots  decumbent  or  somewhat 
creeping  and  bearing  ovate  sessile  leaves :  cauline  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  rather 
acute:  cyme  open:  calyx-teeth  slenderly  linear-subulate :  lobes  of  the  bluish  or  lavender- 
colored  (1  to  1^  inches  wide)  corolla  cuneate-obcordate  or  barely  emarginate  (Bot.  Mag. 
t.  163,  &  P.  Canadensis,  Sweet,  Brit.  FI.  Gard.  t.  221),  or  not  rarely  quite  entire  (var. 
Laphamii,  Wood.  P.  glutinosa,  Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlv.  177,  as  to  specimens,  but 
flowers  not  "red  or  scarlet.")  —  Damp  woods,  W.  Canada  and  New  York  to  Iowa,  Florida 
and  Arkansas.     Corolla  with  the  sinuses  open.     Style  (always  1 )  very  short. 

P.  reptans,  Michx.  Stems  weak  and  slender  ;  the  sterile  long  and  prostate  or  creeping, 
runner-like,  bearing  obovate  or  roundish  leaves  with  narrowed  base ;  the  flowering  erect,  a 
span  or  more  high,  bearing  3  or  4  pairs  of  oval  or  oblong  mostly  obtuse  leaves  :  cyme  sim- 
ple, few-flowered  :  calyx-teeth  linear-subulate  :  lobes  of  the  purple  or  violet  corolla  round- 
ish, mostly  entire,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube.  —  Vent.  Malm.  t.  107.  P.  stoloni/era, 
Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  563 ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  293.  —  Damp  woods  of  the  Alle- 
ghany region  and  near  it,  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky  and  Georgia.  Corolla-tube  an  inch 
long;  style  long,  the  stigmas  and  some  of  the  stamens  often  more  or  less  projecting. 

*  *  *  Stems  diffuse  and  branching,  slender,  low  (a  span  high):  flowers  scattered  or  barely 
cymulose,  peduncled;  the  peduncles  often  elongated :  lobes  of  the  corolla  narrowly  cuneate  and 
bifid :  calj'x-lobes  subulate-lanceolate  :  fl.  spring. 

P.  bifida,  Beck.  Minutely  pubescent:  lea.ves  linear  (an  inch  or  two  long,  a  line  or  two 
wide),  glabrate :  lobes  of  the  pale  violet-purple  corolla  2-  (rarely  3-)  cleft  to  or  below  the 
middle  into  oblong  or  nearly  linear  diverging  segments.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xi.  167 ;  Gray, 
Man.  ed.  5,  373.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois  and  Missouri. 

P.  Stellaria,  Gray.  Very  glabrous:  leaves  barely  somewhat  ciliate  at  base,  linear  (an 
inch  or  two  long,  a  line  or  more  wide),  acute,  rather  rigid :  flowers  scattered,  mostly  long- 
peduncled :  lobes  of  the  "  pale  blue  or  almost  white  "  corolla  bifid  at  the  apex  into  barely 
oblong  lobes.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  252.  —  Cliffs  of  Kentucky  River  (above  Lexington?), 
in  fissures  of  the  most  precipitous  rocks,  Short.  S.  Illinois,  G.  H.  French,  &c.  Bases  of  the 
filiform  and  tufted  or  creeping  stems  rigid  and  persistent. 

§  2.  Sufiruticulose  and  creeping-cespitose,  evergreen,  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
with  mostly  crowded  and  fascicled  subulate  and  rigid  leaves:  lobes  of  the  corolla 
at  most  obcordate  :  fl.  early  spring. 

P.  subulata,  L.  (Ground  or  Moss  Pink.)  Depressed,  forming  broad  mats,  pubescent, 
when  old  glabrate ;  leaves  squarrose-spreading,  ciliate,  varying  from  lanceolate-  of  subu- 
late-linear to  almost  acerose,  4  to  10  lines  long:  flowers  mostly  slender-pedicelled :  calyx- 
lobes  subulate:  lobes  of  the  (pink,  purple,  or  white)  corolla  obcordate  or  rarely  entire: 
ovules  solitary  or  in  pairs  (or  rarely  3)  in  each  cell.  (Style  generally  long  and  ovules 
solitary.)  — Jacq.  Fragm.  t.  44 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  411,  &  t.  415  (as  setacea).  P.  setacea,  L.,  form 
with  slender  leaves.  P.  nivalis,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  780;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  1. 185:  style 
short;  and  ovules  commonly  (but  not  always)  2  or  rarely  3  in  each  cell,  and  corolla  white. 
P.  Hentzii,  Nutt.,  a  state  of  the  last  with  lobes  of  the  corolla  entire  or  nearly  so.  P.  aris- 
tata,  Lodd.  I.e.  1. 1731,  a  white-flowered  variety.  —  Rocky  bare  hills  and  sandy  banks, 
S.  New  York  to  Michigan,  Kentucky  and  Florida.  Very  variable  species. 
P.  PROCUMBENS,  Lchm.  (Ind.  Sem.  Hamb.  1828  ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  7  ;  Lodd. 
Cab.  t.  1722 ;  P.  subulata,  var.  latifolia,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c),  is  unknown  as  a  wild  plant,  and 
is  apparently  a  hybrid  between  P.  subulata  and  P.  amcena. 

§  3.  Suffruticulose  or  suffrutescent,  rarely  herbaceous  to  the  ground,  natives  of 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region  and  westward,  chiefly  with  narrow  or  minute  and 
thickish-margined  leaves,  and  branches  or  peduncles  mostly  one-flowered,  in 
spring  and  summer.     (Species  most  difficult,  passing  into  one  another.) 

*  Densely  cespitose  and  depressed,  mostly  forming  cushion-like  evergreen  mats  or  tufts  ;  the  short 
leaves  (li  to  5  lines  long)  crowded  up  to  the  solitary  and  sessile  (or  in  the  last  species  short-pe- 
duncled)  flowers,  and  also  fascicled,  scarious-connate  at  base,  the  old  ones  marcescent:  ovules 
solitary  in  each  cell.  The  earlier  species  of  the  series  most  depressed,  pulvinate,  and  imbncate- 
leaved ;  the  last  looser,  longer-leaved  and  approaching  the  next  subsection. 


132  POLEMONIACE^.  PMox. 

•t—  Leaves  moie  or  less  beset  or  ciliate  with  cobweb-like  or  woolly  hairs, 
++  Very  short,  broadish  or  scale-like,  soft,  barely  mucronate,  appressed-imbricated :  plants  very 
depressed,  moss-like,  forming  pulvinate  tufts:  lobes  of  tlie  corolla  entire. 

P.  Richardsonii,  Hook.  Rather  loosely  tufted :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  3  lines  long, 
sparsely  lanate  above,  and  vrith  thickened  reflexed  margins ;  the  marcescent  older  ones  lax 
and  spreading :  tube  of  the  "  brilliant  lilac  "  corolla  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
the  broadly  cuneate-obovate  lobes  3  lines  long. —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  73,  1. 160.— Arctic  sea- 
coast,  Richardson,  Pullen. 

P.  bryoides,  Nutt.  Habit  somewhat  of  Selaginella  rupestris,  copiously  lanate :  leaves 
(even  the  marcescent  ones)  very  densely  appressed-imbricated  in  4  strict  ranks  on  the  loosely 
tufted  branches,  scale-like,  ovate-  or  triangular-lanceolate,  minute  (only  H  lines  long),  with 
rather  inflexed  margins :  tube  of  the  corolla  considerably  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  cune- 
ate  lobes  barely  a  line  and  a  half  long.— PI.  Gamb.  153.  — High  Rocky  Mountains  in 
Wyoming,  lat.  42°-45°,  Nutlall,  Parry. 

P.  muscoides,  Nutt.  Like  the  preceding,  more  resembling  some  canescent  moss ;  the 
branches  much  tufted,  very  short ;  leaves  less  strictly  quadrifarious  and  less  lanate,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mucronulate:  tube  of  the  corolla  not  surpassing  the  calyx.  — Jour.  Acad. 
Philad.  vii.  42,  t.  6,  fig.  2.  —  Rocky  Mountains,  at  the  sources  of  the  Missouri,  Wyeth. 
++  ++  Leaves  subulate  or  acerose,  somewhat  rigid,  less  appressed :  plants  forming  broad  mats,  2  to 
4  inches  high. 

P.  Hoodii,  Richards.  Sparsely  or  loosely  lanate,  becoming  glabrate ;  leaves  subulate, 
rather  rigid,  erect,  somewhat  loosely  imbricated:  tube  of  the  (white'?)  corolla  not  exceed- 
ing the  calyx  ;  its  lobes  obovate,  entire,  2  to  2|  lines  long.  —  Prankl.  Journ.  Appx.  t.  28.  — 
Sandy  plains  and  hills  of  the  Saskatchewan,  &c.,  from  lat.  54°,  and  along  the  Rocky 
Mountains  down  to  the  south-west  part  of  Wyoming. 

P.  canescens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  lanate  and  canescent:  leaves  subulate,  imbri- 
cated soon  recurved-spreading  above  the  appressed  base  (3  to  5  lines  long) ;  tube  of  the 
white  corolla  at  length  exceeding  (often  about  twice  the  length  of)  the  calyx;  the  obovate 
lobes  entire  or  emarginate,  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Pacif .  R.  Rep.  ii.  8,  t.  6 ;  Watson,  Bot. 
King,  259. —  Rocky  Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Califor- 
nia and  New  Mexico.    Apparently  passes  into  the  preceding. 

H-  -1-  Leaves  rigid  (one  third  to  half  inch  long),  destitute  of  woolly  or  cobwebby  hairs,  the  mar- 
gins naked  or  ciliate  with  rigid  or  rather  soft  hairs:  plants  either  densely  or  loosely  tufted;  the 
leaves  mostly  less  crowded. 

P.  caespitosa,  Nutt.  Leaves  linear-subulate  or  oblong-linear,  commonly  much  crowded, 
hispid-ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous  or  with  some  short  glandular-tipped  rigid  hairs :  corolla 
with  tube  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx;  its  lobes  obovate,  entire,  3  lines  long.— Jour. 
Acad.  Philad.  vii.  41,  t.  6,  fig.  1.  —  Var.  rigida,  Gray,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  254,  is  a  de- 
pressed form,  with  acerose-subulate  at  length  recurved-spreading  rigid  leaves.  P.  rigida, 
Benth.  in  DC  — Var.  condensata,  Gray,  1.  c,  is  a  very  dwarf,  pulvinate-tufted  form,  with 
short  and  erect  closely  imbricated  leaves,  only  2  or  3  lines  long ;  and  is  P.  Hoodii,  Gray, 
Enum.  PI.  Parry  (298)  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  — Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Montana,  &c.,  to 
Oregon  and  the  high  Sierra  in  California.     Laxer  narrow-leaved  forms  pass  into  the  next. 

P.  Douglasii,  Hook.  Less  densely  tufted,  either  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves 
acerose  or  narrowly  linear-subulate,  less  rigid  and  usually  less  crowded,  often  spreading, 
their  margins  hirsutely-ciliate  next  the  base  or  naked :  flowers  subsessile  or  short-pedun- 
cled:  corolla  (purple,  lilac,  or  white)  with  tube  more  or  less  exceeding  the  calyx,  and 
obovate  entire  lobes  about  3  lines  long.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  73,  t.  158 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
1.  c.  —  Eastern  and  western  sides  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  Montana  to  Utah,  west  to 
Oregon  and  the  borders  of  California.     Passes  into  the  subjoined  forms. 

Var.  diffusa,  Gray,  1.  c,  with  more  loosely  spreading  or  cespitose-decumbent  stems, 
and  lax  spreading  leaves,  growing  in  moister  places.  —  P.  diffusa, 'Benili.  PI.  Hartw.  325. 
—  Western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  Mountains,  California  to  British 
Columbia. 

Var.  longif olia,  Gray,  1.  c,  a  rigid  form,  of  more  arid  regions,  and  long  and  narrow 
less  fascicled  leaves  (linear-filiform  or  acerose,  5  to  8  lines  long,  either  ascending  or  spread- 
ing), approaching  P.  longifolia.  —  W.  Nebraska  to  Oregon  and  N.  E.  California. 


Plilox.  POLEMONIACE^.  133 

*  Loosely  tufted  or  many-stemmed  from  a  merely  woody-persistent  base,  or  wholly  herbaceous, 
with  linear  or  lanceolate  (or  rarely  ovate)  spreading  (approximate  or  sometimes  distant)  leaves, 
which  are  little  if  at  all  fascicled  m  the  axils :  flowers  slender-peduncled,  solitary  or  somewhat 
cymulose. 

-h-  Style  long  and  slender,  often  equalling  or  almost  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
•H-  Arctic,  with  rather  flaccid  leaves  and  stems. 
P.  Sibirica,  L.  Mostly  villous-pubescent,  especially  on  the  margins  of  the  narrow  linear 
leaves,  depressed  and  loosely  cespitose,  less  than  a  span  high :  tube  of  the  corolla  little 
longer  than  its  obcordate  or  emarginate  lobes,  seldom  surpassing  the  calyx :  ovules  2  in 
each  cell.  —  (Grael.  Fl.  Sib.  iv.  t.  46,  fig.  2.)  Trautv.  Imag.  t.  24.  —  Kotzebue  Sound.  (N. 
E.  Asia.) 

++  ++  Temperate,  inhabiting  the  plains  and  mountains  from  the  borders  of  British  Columbia  south- 
ward :  leaves  and  commonly  erect  or  ascending  stems  more  firm  or  rigid  :  calyx-tube  between  the 
strong  ribs  scarious,  inclined  to  be  membranaceous  and  more  or  less  replicate,  forming  intervening 
angles :  the  narrowly  subulate  and  mostly  rigid  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  rose-colored 
or  sometimes  white  corolla. 

P.  linearifolia,  Gray.  Glabrous,  above  sometimes  minutely  hirsute-pubescent,  corym- 
bosely  much  branched  from  a  ligneous  base,  a  span  or  more  high :  leaves  very  narrowly 
linear  (an  inch  or  two  long,  about  a  line  wide) :  calyx-tube  mostly  saliently  5-angled  from 
the  broader  base  by  the  strong  replication  of  the  white-membranaceoiis  sinuses  ;  the  lobes 
nearly  acerose :  tube  of  the  corolla  little  exceeding  the  calyx ;  the  obovate-cuneate  lobes 
entire  or  barely  retuse :  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  —  P.  speciosa,  var.  linearifolia,  Hook.  Kew. 
Jour.  Bot.  iii.  289,  mostly.  P.  speciosa,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1351 ;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c  — From 
the  Dalles  to  the  upper  waters  of  the  Columbia,  Douglas,  Spalding,  Geyer,  &c. 

P.  longifolia,  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous  or  pubescent,  much  branched  or  many-stemmed 
from  a  ligneous  base,  3  to  8  inches  high :  calyx  more  or  less  angled  by  the  white-mem- 
branaceous  replicate  sinuses  :  leaves  mostly  narrowly  linear  (1  to  2^  inches  long) :  lobes  of 
the  corolla  oborate-  or  oblong-cuneate,  entire  or  retuse :  ovules  almost  always  solitary  in 
each  cell.  —  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  41.  P.  speciosa,  var.,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  72.  P.  humilis, 
Dougl. ;  Benth.  1.  c. :  a  small  and  short-peduncled  form,  sometimes  apparently  passing  into 
P.  Douglasii,  var.  longifolia.  —  From  the  eastern  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Montana  to 
Colorado,  west  to  Nevada  and  Oregon,  and  north  to  British  Columbia  or  nearly :  south- 
westward  passing  into 

Var.  Stansburyi,  Gray,  !■  c.  Conspicuously  pubescent  throughout,  or  sometimes 
glabrate,  generally  stouter  and  more  open  in  growth :  leaves  from  linear  to  linear-lanceo- 
late :  pubescence  of  the  branches  and  calyx  viscid  or  glandular :  corolla  mostly  pink  or 
rose-color,  and  its  tube  commonly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  lobes  emarginate  or 
erose  at  the  apex:  ovules  sometimes  a  pair  in  one  or  two  of  the  cells.  —  P.  speciosa,  var.  7 
Stansburyi,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  143.  —  Utah  and  Nevada  to  New  Mexico  and  Ai-izona. 
Passes  into 

Var.  brevif  olia,  Gray,  1-  c,  a  depressed  or  dwarf  form ;  with  leaves  9  to  4  lines  long, 
rigid  and  with  more  cartilaginous  margins,  at  least  the  lower  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late: peduncles  either  short  or  none,  or  elongated.  —  From  Dakotah  (Black  Hills)  to  N. 
California  and  Arizona. 

P.  adsurgens,  Torr.  Glabrous,  except  the  slender  peduncles  and  scarcely  replicate- 
angled  calyx,  which  are  glandular-pubescent :  stems  diffuse  and  ascending,  slender  (a  span 
or  two  long) :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  ovate,  acute,  5  to  10  lines  long,  all  but  the  lower 
much  shorter  than  the  internodes:  tube  of  the  corolla  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx;  its  lobes  obovate,  entire  (about  5  lines  long)  :  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell. —  Gray, 
Proc  Am.  Acad.  viii.  256.  —  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  Prof.  A.  Wood,  C.  W.  Cusick. 
H_  H_  Style  very  short,  mostly  shorter  than  the  ovary  and  the  linear  stic^mas :  calyx-tube  cylin- 
draceous,  the  thin-membranous  portion  between  the  ribs  not  projecting  mto  salient  angles. 

P.  speciosa,  Pursh.  Above  somewhat  viscid-puberulent  or  glandular,  below  often  gla- 
brous, a  foot  to  even  a  yard  high  ;  the  branches  ascending  from  a  shrubby  base  :  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear  (an  inch  or  two  long)  ;  the  upper  especially  broadest  at  base :  flowers 
corymbose  :  corolla  rose-pink  or  nearly  white ;  its  tube  little  exceeding  the  calyx ;  its 
lobes  obcordate:  ovules  solitary.  —  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.486.  P.  speciosa,  var. 
latifolia,  Hook.  Kew.  Jour.  Bot.  I.  c.  P.  divaricata,  Durand.  PI.  Pratten.,  not  Michx. 
P.'occidentalis,  Durand.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  125  :  a  broad-leaved  form.  —  Interior  plams  of 


134  POLEMONIACE^.  Plilox. 

the  upper  Columbia  to  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California.    In  the  larger  Cali- 
fornian  specimens,  the  corolla  is  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter. 

Var.  Sabini,  Gray,  1.  c.  Differs  only  in  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  being  entire  or 
barely  retuse  (obovate  with  a  narrowed  cuneate  base).  —  P.  Sabini,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  1.  c. ; 
Benth.  1.  c.     P.  speciosa,  var.  elatior,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  72.  —  Spokan  lliver,  Douglas,  Lyall. 

Var.  WoodJaousei,  Gray,  1.  c.  Small  form,  a  span  high,  with  linear  leaves  not 
broadened  at  base,  and  a  much  smaller  corolla ;  its  cuneate-obcordate  lobes  only  4  lines 
long.  —  P.  nana,  Torr.  in  Sitgreaves  Rep.,  not  Nutt.  —  Arizona,  near  Williams  Moimtain, 
Dr.  Woodhouse. 
P.  nana,  Nutt.  Glandular  and  roughish-pubescent,  loosely  and  copiously  branching 
from  a  somewliat  ligneous  base,  a  span  or  more  high:  leaves  linear  (an  inch  or  two  long), 
those  of  the  branches  often  alternate  :  flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  corymbose :  corolla 
rose,  "  red  "  or  "  wliite,"  with  tube  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  its  ample  and  broadly 
cuneate-obovate  or  roundish  lobes  entire  or  nearly  so  (about  half  inch  long) :  ovules  2  or 
often  3  in  each  cell.  —  PI.  Gamb.  153;  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  256.  P.  triovulata,  Thurber  in  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  145.  —  Var.  glabella.  Gray,  1.  c,  is  merely  a  less  pubescent  or  glabrate  form, 
less  branched  and  more  erect,  the  leaves  narrower  and  all  opposite.  —  New  Mexico,  es- 
pecially on  the  Rio  Grande,  and  adjacent  borders  of  Colorado  and  Texas. 

§  4.  Annuals,  all  Texan,  more  or  less  pubescent  with  viscous  or  glandular 
many-jointed  hairs :  leaves  linear  or  oblong,  most  of  the  upper  ones  alternate  : 
calyx  at  length  splitting  almost  to  the  base,  the  linear  or  subulate-lanceolate  lobes 
setaceous-tipped :  style  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  stigmas :  ovules  in  each 
cell  1  to  5  :  seeds  with  somewhat  wing-like  angles. 

P.  Drummondii,  Hook.  Loosely  branching,  villous  and  glandular:  leaves  mostly 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  mucronate-pointed ;  the  upper  commonly  half-clasping  by  a  broader 
somewhat  cordate  base :  flowers  mostly  in  crowded  cymose  clusters  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate- 
subulate,  soon  recurved  :  corolla  red,  varying  to  rose,  purple,  or  white ;  the  lobes  broadly 
obovate,  entire  or  nearly  so  (about  half  inch  long) ;  the  tube  usually  pubescent :  ovules 
solitary  in  the  cells.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3441 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1949  ;  Br.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  316.  — 
Texas,  especially  in  the  eastern  districts,  and  everywhere  familiar  in  gardens. 

Var.  villosissima.  Gray.  A  very  villous  and  viscous  form,  with  more  scattered 
flowers  of  large  size,  and  barely  spreading  calyx-lobes :  lobes  of  the  pale  corolla  half  inch 
lone  and  broad.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  257.  —  S.  Texas  on  the  Nueces,  Wright. 

Var,  tenuis,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  small  and  slender  form,  much  less  pubescent ;  with 
mostly  linear  or  almost  glabrous  leaves  (about  an  inch  long),  rather  narrower  instead  of 
dilated  at  the  base,  and  an  open  cyme  of  small  flowers  :  lobes  of  the  pink  or  purple  corolla 
only  2  to  4  lines  long.  —  Common  in  Eastern  Texas,  Drummond,  Lindheimer,  Wright.  Seem- 
ingly very  distinct. 
P.  Roemeriana,  Scheele.  Loosely  branched  from  the  base,  a  span  or  more  high, 
sparsely  hirsute  or  glabrate  (except  the  calyx-tube) :  leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  oblong  or 
spatulate  lower  ones  often  glabrous  except  the  margins  :  flowers  solitary  or  sparse  :  calyx- 
lobes  linear,  merely  spreading  :  corolla  pink  or  rose-colored ;  the  glabrous  tube  not  exceed- 
ing the  calyx,  about  half  inch  long,  shorter  than  the  ample  roundish-obovate  entire 
lobes  :  ovules  in  each  cell  4  or  5 !  —  Linnaea,  xxi.  752.  P.  macrantha,  Buckley,  in  Proc.  Acad. 
Philad.  1862,  5.  —  Texas,  near  San  Antonio,  &c.,  on  high  prairies.  Commonly  with  most  of 
the  leaves  alternate ! 

2.  COLLOMIA,  Nutt.  {Kolla,  glue  or  gluten,  the  seeds  when  wetted  mu- 
cilaginous.) —  Annuals  or  biennials  of  the  western  region,  some  with  showy 
flowers  -vporthy  of  cultivation.  Lower  leaves  usually  opposite.  —  Nutt.  Gen.  i. 
126 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  258. 

§  1 .  EucOLLOMiA,  Gray.  Ovules  solitary  or  in  the  last  species  2  or  3  in  each 
cell :  corolla  salverform  or  almost  so  :  annuals,  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent  or 
glandular.  —  Collomia,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.,  with  one  Navarretia.    ( (7.  gracilis 


Collomia..  POLEMONIACEiE.  135 

alone  wants  the  spiricles,  which  are  so  conspicuous  on  the  seed-coat  of  the  gen- 
uine species,  in  which  they  were  first  detected.) 

*   Calyx  obconical :  leaves  sessile,  entire  or  sometimes  sparingly  incised. 
■i—  Flowers  capitate-crowded  and  leafy-bracted,  or  a  few  of  them  scattered. 
C.  grandiflora,  Dougl.     Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  linear-  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
or  uppermost  lance-ovate  :  calyx-lobes  broad  and  obtuse :  corolla  buff  or  salmon-color,  nar- 
row-funnelform,  an  inch  long,  showy.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1174  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2894. 
—  Plains,  &c.,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  lat.  48°,  to  Nevada  and  California.    Var.  tenuifolia, 
Benth.,  is  a  form  with  more  slender  corolla. 
C.  linearis,  Nutt.     More  branching  and  in  age  spreading,  a  span  or  two  high :  calyx- 
lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  acute  :  corolla  half  inch  long,  from  lilac-purple  to  nearly  white, 
very  slender,  little  enlarged  at  the  throat;  the  limb  small.  —  Gen.  i.  126;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  1166;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2983.  —  Lake  Winnipeg  and  Mackenzie  River  (and  even  New 
Brunswick,  on  the  coast.  Fowler,  perhaps  a  chance  introduction),  west  to  the  Pacific,  and 
south  to  California  and  Colorado.     Passes  into 

Var.  subulata.  Gray,  1.  c.  A  low  and  slender  form,  diffusely  branching  from  the 
base :  leaves  narrow  and  acute :  flowers  few  in  the  lower  forks :  calyx-lobes  attenuate- 
subulate  ;  the  tips  almost  awnlike  from  a  broad  base,  rather  longer  than  the  tube.  — C.  tinc- 
toria,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Acad.  Calif,  iii.  17;  t.  2.  —  Nevada  and  adjacent  parts  of  California 
and  Oregon. 

■f—  ••—  Flowers  scattered,  all  solitary  in  the  forks. 
C.  tenella,  Gray.  Slender,  3  or  4  inches  high,  loosely  branched,  viscid :  leaves  linear 
with  a  long  tapering  base,  obtusish :  flowers  solitary  in  all  the  forks,  remote,  almost  ses- 
sile :  calyx-lobes  rather  broadly  triangular,  acute,  shorter  than  the  broadly  turbinate  tube, 
about  half  the  length  of  the  narrow  purplish  corolla,  this  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Proc.  1.  c. ; 
Watson,  Bot.  King,  262,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  488.  — Dry  hills,  Utah  and  Nevada  to  eastern  and 
northern  parts  of  California. 

*  *  Calyx  rounded  at  base :  leaves  sessile,  entire,  the  lower  oftener  opposite :  flowers  rather  loosely 
cymose  or  scattered.     The  mucilage-cells  of  the  seed-coat  wholly  destitute  of  spiral  fibres ! 

C.  gracilis,  Dougl.  At  length  corymbosely  much  branched  and  spreading,  2  to  6  inches 
high :  leaves  lanceolate,  or  linear  or  the  lowest  oval  or  obovate  :  corolla  5  lines  long,  pur- 
ple or  violet;  the  narrow  tube  yellowish  and  seldom  longer  than  the  subulate-linear 
lobes  of  the  deeply-cleft  calyx.  — Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  no.  1622,  &  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  308. 
Gilia  gracilis,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2924.  CoUomia  micrantha,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  fig.  3.  —  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico  and  from  Brit.  Columbia  south  to  Arizona.     (W.  S.  Amer.) 

*  *  *  Calyx  obtuse  or  acute  at  base :  leaves  all  alternate  and  mostly  incised  or  pinnately  divided, 
all  the  lower  petioled :  corolla  pinkish-purple,  slender,  half  inch  or  less  long,  twice  or  thrice  the 
length  of  the  calyx. 

C.  gilioides,  Benth.  Stems  loosely  branching,  erect  or  diffuse,  a  span  to  2  feet  long: 
leaves  nearly  simply  cut  or  parted  into  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong  divisions :  flowers 
loose  or  scattered :  calyx  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  deeply  cleft ;  the  lobes  linear-subu- 
late :  stamens  moderately  unequal  in  insertion  :  ovules  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs  :  capsule 
globular.  — Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  (with  var.  glutinosa)  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  G.  gilioides 
&  G.  glutinosa,  Benth.  1.  c,  the  latter  a  more  viscid  state  of  this  variable  species.  Gilia 
divaricata,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  155,  a  slender  form. 

C.  heterophylla.  Hook.  Low,  diffuse :  leaves  thin,  mostly  pinnatifid  with  the  lobes 
again  incised,  or  bipinnatifid,  some  of  the  uppermost  less  cut  or  even  entire  and  bract- 
Uke,  subtending  the  more  or  less  capitate  or  looser  clusters  of  flowers :  calyx  acute  at 
base,  cleft  barely  to  the  middle ;  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate  :  stamens  very  unequally  in- 
serted: ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cell:  capsule  ellipsoidal.  — Bot.  Mag.  t.  2895;  Bot.  Reg.  t. 
1347.  Courtoisia  bipinnatifida,  Reichb.  Tc.  Exot.  t.  208.  Gilia  Sessei,  G.  Don.  Navarretia 
heterophylla,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c  — Brit.  Columbia  to  Cahfornia:  common. 
§  2.  PhlogjCnthea,  Gray,  1.  c.     Ovules  numerous,  i.  e.  6  to  12  in  each  cell: 

filaments    unequal   as  well  as   unequally  inserted,  sometimes    a  little  declined: 

biennials   (sometimes  perhaps  perennials),  or  annuals,  slightly  if  at  all  viscid. 

(Species  of  Gilia,  sect.  Ipomopsis,  Benth.) 


136  POLEMOXIACEiE.  ^Collomia. 

*    Cauline  leaves  simply  pinnatelj'  parted  into  few  (3  to  7)  narrow-linear  or  often  almost  filiform 

di\isious,  very  numerous,  all  alternate :  inflorescence  thyrsiform  or  panicled :  corolla  salverform, 

with  tube  littfe  if  at  all  dilated  upward. 

C.  Cavanillesiana,  Don.     Biennial  (or  perhaps  perennial  southward)  with  a  somewhat 

woody  base,  more  or  less  pubescent,  virgately  branched :  flowers  in  small  clusters  in  a 

narrow  or  raceme-like  leafy  thyrsus :  pedicels  verj^  short  or  none :  corolla  white,  ochroleu- 

cous,  or  tinged  with  purple,  only  half  inch  long ;  the  tube  2  or  3  times  the  length  of  the 

calyx ;  the  sinuses   somewhat  unequal ;   lobes   oblong :   filaments   moderately  unequally 

inserted  high  in  the  considerably  funnelform-expanded  throat :  anthers  roundish  :  ovules 

5  to  7  in  the  cells.  —  Syst.  iv.  246  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  260.  Phlox  pinnata,  Cav.  Ic.  t.  628.  Caritua 
glomeriflora,  Juss.  Ann.  Mus.  Par.  ii.  119.  Gilia  glomeriflora,  Benth.  1.  c.  G.  multijlora,  Nutt. 
PI.  Gamb.  1.  c.  —  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Mex.) 

C.  Thurberi,  Gray.  Resembles  the  preceding  in  foliage  and  growth,  but  only  minutely 
pubescent :  inflorescence  more  spicate  :  flowers  much  larger :  corolla  blue  or  lilac,  showy, 
salverform ;  the  tube  an  inch  or  rather  more  in  length,  very  slightly  and  gradually  dilated 
upwards,  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  of  its  orbicular  lobes :  filaments  in  the 
throat:  anthers  short-oblong;  ovules  8  or  9  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  261. — 
New  Mexico,  near  the  Santa  Rita  coppermines,  and  in  Arizona,  Thurher. 

C.  longiflora,  Gray,  1.  c.  Annual,  glabrous,  loosely  paniculate-branched :  divisions  of 
the  leaves  long  and  slender :  flowers  loosely  somewhat  corymbose  on  slender  peduncles : 
corolla  white,  strictly  salverform  and  Phlox-like,  showy ;  the  tube  often  an  inch  and  a 
half  long,  with  narrow  orifice;  lobes  orbicular  or  ovate  (sometimes  abruptly  pointed): 
filaments  very  \mequally  inserted  into  the  upper  part  of  the  tube,  or  2  or  3  of  them  in  the 
throat :  anthers  elongated-oblong :  ovules  10  or  12  in  each  cell.  —  Cantua  longiflora,  Torr.  in 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  221.  Gilia  longiflora,  Don,  Benth.,  &c.  —  AV.  Nebraska  and  Colorado  to 
borders  of  Texas,  and  Arizona ;  common  in  pine  forests. 

*   *   Leaves  mostly  entire,  narrowly  linear,  scattered:  corolla  truly  funnelform. 

C.  leptalea,  Gray.  Slender  annual,  2  to  18  inches  high,  minutely  glandular,  otherwise 
glabrous,  branchmg  into  an  effuse  panicle :  leaves  6  to  20  lines  long,  or  the  uppermost 
reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts,  the  lower  sometimes  with  2  or  3  small  lobes :  peduncles 
filiform  or  capillary :  calyx  small ;  its  lobes  subulate :  corolla  pink-red,  5  to  10  lines  long ; 
its  slender  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  rather  abruptly  expanded  into  a  wide  funnel- 
form   throat  of  about  the  length  of  the   oval  spreading  lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  I.e. 

6  Bot.  Calif,  i.  488.  Gilia  capillaris,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  46.  —  California ;  com- 
mon on  moist  or  wet  banks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  &c.  A  delicate  species ;  the  corolla  in 
shape  like  that  of  Gilia  tenuiflora. 

3.  LCESifiLiIA,  L.  (John  Lossel,  of  the  16th  century,  author  of  a  Flora 
Prussica,  &c.)  —  Somewhat  shrubby  or  suffruticulose  plants  (of  Mexico  and  ad- 
jacent districts)  ;  with  more  or  less  rigid  and  commonly  spinulose-toothed  or 
spinulose-ciliate  leaves,  and  the  uppermost  forming  conspicuous  bracts  to  the 
clustered  flowers.  But  the  following  species  form  a  section,  Giliopsis,  connect- 
ing with  Gilia,  having  more  scattered  flowers,  hardly  any  bracts,  and  very  nar- 
row leaves  (all  alternate),  merely  with  rigidly  mucronate  tips.  Limb  of  the 
corolla  irregular  by  one  of  the  lobes  being  separated  by  deeper  sinuses  from  the 
others  ;  the  cuneate  lobes  erosely  truncate  or  3-denticulate :  filaments  incurved 
below  the  apex.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  86. 

L.  tenuif olia,  Gray.  Much  branched  from  a  somewhat  woody  perennial  base,  a  span  to 
a  foot  high,  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  linear-acerose,  entire,  or  the  lower  and  larger  with  2  or 
3  spreading  subulate  lobes  :  flowers  rather  crowded  at  the  summit,  the  branches  short-pedi- 
celled  :  calyx-lobes  subulate :  corolla  bright  red,  narrowly  tubular-f unnelform,  an  inch  long ; 
the  tube  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  lobes  :  capillary  filaments  and  style  conspicuously 
exserted:  ovules  8  or  10  in  each  cell.  — Bot.  Calif,  i.  500,  &  Proc.  1.  c  — Tantillas  Moun- 
tains, on  the  lower  border  of  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  Mr.  Dunn,  Palmer. 
L.  effusa,  Gray.  Diffusely  much  branched  and  rigid  from  an  apparently  annual  root, 
a  foot  high,  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  all  entire  and  filiform  or  very  narrowly  linear,  short 


Gilia.  POLEMONIACE^.  137 

(a  quarter  inch  or  less  long) :  flowers  effusely  paniculate :  calyx-teeth  short  and  broadly 
triangular :  corolla  pink  purple,  short-f unnelf orm,  5  lines  long ;  its  lobes  fully  as  long  as 
the  tube,  unequal,  about  equalling  the  incurved  filaments  and  style. — Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
1.  c,  &  Bot.  CaUf .  i.  621.  —  With  or  near  the  preceding  species,  Palmer. 

4.  G-ILIA,  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  (Dedicated  to  Philip  Gil,  who  helped  Xuarez  to 
write  a  treatise  on  exotic  plants  cultivated  at  Rome.)  —  North  American,  chiefly 
Western,  with  a  few  S.  American  species  ;  several  cult,  for  ornament.  Flowers 
in  some  species,  especially  in  §  3  and  §  9,  tending  to  dimorphism,  mainly  in  the 
length  of  the  style.  A  polymorphous  genus :  most  of  the  sections  have  been 
taken  for  genera,  but  they  lack  definiteness.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  261. 

Series  I.  Leaves  either  opposite  or  palmately  divided  to  the  sessile  base, 
usually  both ;  their  divisions  from  narrowly  linear  to  filiform  :  seed-coat  in  many 
species  mucilaginous  when  wetted,  but  destitute  of  spiricles. 

§  1.  Dactylophyllum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Corolla  campanulate,  rotate,  or  short-f un- 
nelform;  the  lobes  obovate :  filaments  slender:  ovules  numerous  or  sometimes 
few  in  each  cell :  seed-coat  when  wetted  developing  more  or  less  mucilage-cells 
from  beneath  the  epidermis  :  low  or  slender  annuals,  loosely  and  mostly  rather 
small-flowered  :  leaves  opposite  or  the  upper  alternate. 

*  Flowers  subsessile  or  short-pedicelled  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  at  length  crowded :  calyx  deeply 
cleft  or  parted,  the  lobes  unequal :  corolla  campanulate  with  hardly  any  proper  tube  (the  filaments 
inserted  on  its  base);  lobes  entire  or  nearly  so:  plants  barely  2  inches  high,  with  3-7-parted 
leaves. 

G.  Parryae,  Gray.  Pubescent,  much  branched  from  the  base,  forming  a  tuft :  leaves 
short,  5-7-parted;  the  divisions  linear-ace  rose  (barely  quarter  inch  long) :  calyx  deeply  5- 
cleft;  lobes  acerose  with  broad  thin-scarious  margins:  corolla  (white,  yellowish  or  purple, 
half  an  inch  long)  with  broadly  ovate  somewhat  pointed  lobes  as  long  as  the  imdivided 
portion ;  the  throat  below  each  crowned  as  it  were  by  a  broad  adnate  and  emarginate  or 
obcordate  scale:  anthers  oblong:  capsule  oval-oblong,  many -seeded :  seeds  angular,  not 
mucilaginous  when  wetted.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  76.  G.  Kennedyi,  Porter  in  Bot.  Gazette, 
ii.  77.  —  Desert  Plains,  S.  E.  California  :  near  the  head  of  the  Mohave,  Lemmon,  Parry,  Pal- 
mer. Kern  Co.,  W.  L.  Kennedy.  Dedicated  to  Mrs.  Parry,  one  of  the  botanical  party  which 
discovered  it.  A  handsome  pygmy  annual ;  remarkable  for  having  appendages  to  the 
corolla  not  unlike  those  of  many  Hydrophyllaceoe. 

G.  demissa,  Gray.  Less  pubescent,  diffusely  branching,  forming  a  depressed  tuft: 
leaves  3-parted,  or  some  of  them  simple  (half  inch  long) ;  the  divisions  acerose :  calyx  5- 
parted:  corolla  (white,  sometimes  purplish,  3  lines  long)  with  obovate  obtuse  lobes  and  a 
naked  throat:  anthers  oval :  ovules  6  or  7  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  263,  &  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  489;  Rothrock  in  Wheeler  Eep.  1. 19.  — Desert  plains,  S.  E.  California  and  W. 
Arizona  to  S.  Utah,  first  collected  by  Fremont,  next  by  Cooper. 

*  *  Flowers  loose  or  scattered  on  slender  or  capillary  pedicels :  calyx  barely  5-cleft :_  corolla  shorl- 
funnelform  or  approaching  rotate,  and  with  entire  lobes:  the  filaments  inserted  in  the  throat: 
anthers  oval :  leaves  3-7-parted,  more  or  less  hispidiilous,  or  rarely  glabrous.  —  Gilia  §  Dactylo- 
phyllum,  Benth.  in  DC. 

G.  liniflora,  Benth.  Erect,  at  length  diffuse,  6  to  18  inches  high,  nearly  glabrous : 
leaves  Spurrey-like ;  the  divisions  nearly  filiform :  flowers  paniculate  :  pedicels  5  to  15  lines 
long :  corolla  white  or  barely  flesh-colored,  somewhat  rotate ;  its  throat  pubescent  at  base 
of  the  filaments ;  the  obovate  lobes  thrice  the  length  of  the  narrow  tube,  3  to  5  lines  long 
in  the  larger  forms  :  ovules  in  the  cells  6  to  8.  —  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  no.  1622,  &  DC.  1.  c. 
315 ;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5895.  —  California ;  rather  common ;  passing  freely  into 

Var.  pharnaceoides,  Gray,  1.  c,  a  smaller  form,  with  capillary  diffuse  branches 
and  flowers  of  only  half  the  size.  —  G.  pharnaceoides,  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  74,  t.  161. 
—  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains;  the  smallest  states 
strikingly  different  from  the  original  G.  liniflora. 

G.  pusilla,  Benth.  1.  c.  Small,  diffuse,  2  to  6  inches  high,  very  slender  :  divisions  of  the 
leaves  filiform-subulate  or  acerose  (3  to  5  lines  long)  :  capillary  pedicels  6  to  10  lines  long : 


138  POLEMONIACE^.  Gilia. 

corolla  purplish  with  yellow  throat  or  nearly  white,  broadly  short-funnelform,  2  lines  or 
more  long ;  the  obovate  lobes  equalling  or  longer  than  the  campannlate  throat  and  short 
proper  tube  :  filaments  nearly  glabrous  at  base,  inserted  below  the  sinuses  :  ovules  3  to  5 
in  each  cell.  — Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c  — The  proper  species,  with  corolla  barely 
exceeding  the  calyx,  Guadalupe  Island  off  Lower  Cahfornia,  Palnier.     (ChiU.) 

Var.  Californica,  Gray,  1.  c.  Corolla  with  larger  lobes,  2  or  3  hues  long,  and 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  490.  G.  flipes,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  325.  — 
Cahfornia,  from  the  upper  Sacramento  to  Nevada. 
G.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Like  the  variety  of  the  foregoing ;  but  the  tube  of  the 
(blue-  or  purple-tinged)  corolla  long  and  narrow,  almost  equalling  the  narrow  cylindra- 
ceous  calyx-tube,  rather  longer  than  the  oblong  lobes  along  with  the  very  short  and  shghtly 
dilated  throat:  filaments  inserted  just  below  the  sinuses,  glabrous  :  ovules  2  to  5  in  each 
cell.  —  California,  on  dry  hills,  Sonoma  Co.,  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Bolander,  A.  Wood,  Mrs. 
Austin,  Mrs.  Ames.  Corolla  3  or  4  lines  long,  but  tlie  comparatively  small  lobes  only  aline 
and  a  half  long.  Longer  pedicels  an  inch  or  so  in  length. 
G.  aurea,  Nutt.  Diffusely  branched,  2  to  4  inches  high :  divisions  of  the  hispidulous 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  barely  3  lines  long :  pedicels  seldom  longer  than  the  flower,  some- 
what cymose :  corolla  mostly  yellow,  open  and  short-funnelform ;  the  rounded  obovate 
widely  spreading  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  obconical  throat  and  the  very  short  proper 
tube  :  filaments  inserted  just  below  the  sinuses,  glabrous  at  base  :  ovules  about  10  in  each 
cell.  — PI.  Gamb.  155,  t.  22;  Gray,  1.  c  — From  Sta.  Barbara,  California,  to  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico.  Corolla  with  the  limb  a  thkd  to  half  inch  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded, 
bright  or  light  yellow,  sometimes  purplish  in  the  throat ;  or,  in 

Var.  decora,  Gray,  1.  c,  white  or  pale  violet,  with  or  without  brown-purple  in  the 
tliroat.  —  California  (Fremont,  Brewer,  &c.)  and  through  Arizona  to  New  Mexico. 
"    #    *    *   Flowers  terminating  the  branches,  rather   short-pedicelled :    corolla  short-funnelform,  its 
ample  lobes  fringe-toothed  or  denticulate:  leaves  all  undivided  and  opposite. -i^cnzZia,  Benth. 
Gilia  §  Bianthoides,  Endl. 
G.  dianthoides,  Endl.     Branching  from  the  base,  2  to  5  inches  high,  more  or  less 
pubescent :  leaves  narrow-lmear :  corolla  an  inch  or  more  long,  lilac  or  purphsh  usually 
with  darker  or  yellowish  throat ;  the  slender  nearly  included  glabrous  filaments  inserted 
towards  its  base:  ovules  12  to  20  in  each  cell.  — Atakt.  t.  29;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4876. 
FenzUa   dianthiflora,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1.  c.      F.  speciosa   (a  large^flowered  form),  &  F. 
concinna  (a  depauperate  state),  Nutt.  Gamb.  157.  —  California,  from  Santa  Barbara  and  the 
islands  southward.    A  showy  Uttle  plant,  varying  greatly  in  the  size  and  hue  of  the  flowers ; 
the  corolla-lobes  in  one  form  (coll.  Coulter)  only  mmutely  erose-denticulate. 
§  2.  LinjCnthus,  Endl.,  Benth.     Corolla  salverform  ;  the  narrow  tube  about 
equalling   the   cylindrical  tube  of  the  calyx  (which  is  white-scarious,  except  the 
ribs,  prolonged  into  acerose-linear  teeth)  ;  the  broadly  cuneate-obovate  lobes  com- 
monly minutely  or  obsoletely  erose  or  crenulate,  strongly  convolute  in  the  bud : 
stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  filaments  inserted  below  its  middle, 
slender:  ovules  20 to  40  in  each  cell:  capsule  cylindraceous  or  oblong:  erect  and 
slender  glabrous  annuals,  about  a  span  high  or  taller,  with  leaves  all  opposite, 
filiform  or  nearly  so,   3-5-divided,  or    the    lower  simple,  sometimes  nearly  all 
simple,   especially  in  depauperate    specimens  :    flowers  mostly  showy,  white  or 
nearly  so,  terminal  or  in  the  forks  and  subsessile.  —  Linanthus,  Benth.,  formerly. 
G.  dichotoma,  Benth.     Flowers  showy ;  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  from  half  to  nearly 
an  inch  long :  anthers  linear :  seeds  roundish,  with  a  very  loose  arilliform  external  coat, 
not  developing  mucilage  when  wetted. -DC.    1.  c.  314;  Gray,  1.  c.     Linanthus  dichotomus, 
Benth.  in  Bot.  Beg.  1.  c.     Gilia  Linanthis,  Steud.  Nom.  —  California  and  Arizona ;  common 
westward.     Leaves  all  entire  only  in  some  depauperate  specimens. 
G.  Bigelovii,  Gray.     Flowers  inconspicuous ;  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  not  over  2  lines 
long,  hardly  surpassing  those  of  the  calyx  and  only  half  or  one-third  the  length  of  its  tube  : 
anthers  oval :  seeds  oval  or  oblong,  with  a  close  coat,  freely  developing  mucilage  when 
wetted.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c:  265;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  t.  25.     G.  dichotoma,  var.  parvi- 
Jlora,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  147.  —  W.  borders  of  Texas  to  E.  California. 


Gilia.  POLEMONIACE^.  139 

§  3.  Leptosiphon,  Endl.,  Benth.  Corolla  salverform,  with  the  tube  mostly 
filiform  and  elongated;  the  very  short  throat  commonly  abruptly  more  or  less 
cyathiform-dilated :  stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  or  orifice :  anthers  short : 
ovules  numerous :  annuals,  mostly  low  or  slender,  with  opposite  narrow  leaves, 
and  handsome  but  commonly  small  flowers  crowded  into  a  capitate  leafy-bracted 
cluster.  (Style  either  very  long  and  more  or  less  exserted,  or  rather  rarely  short 
and  included,  in  different  individuals  of  the  same  species.)  —  Leptosiphon,  Benth. 

*   Palmately-leaved  genuine  species,  hairy,  leafy-stemmed;  commonly  with  leaves  fascicled  in  the 

axils  and  all  5-7-parted;  their  divisions  linear-filiform:  filaments  slender,  exserted  more  or  less 

from  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  shorter  than  its  entire  lobes :  ovules  6  to  10  in  each  cell. 

-1^  Large-flowered,  and  the  tube  of  the  corolla  only  equalling  or  little  exceeding  the  obovate  lobes. 

G.  densiflora,  Benth.     Kather  stout  and  large,  often  strict:  numerous  divisions  of  the 

leaves  filiform,  somewhat  rigid:  tube  of  the  lilac  or  nearly  white  corolla  (half  inch  long) 

little  if  at  all  exserted  beyond  the  calyx,  and  villous-hirsute  bracts.  —  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c. 

Leptosiphon  densijioms,  Benth.  in  Hort.  Trans,  viii.  t.  18 ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1725 ;  Hook. 

Bot.  Mag.  t.  3578.     Gilia  Leptosiphon,  Steud.  Nom.     Varies  with  corolla-tube  a  little  more 

exserted,  when  it  is  G.  grandijlora,  Steud.  &  Benth.  1.  c.  and  Leptosiphon  grandijlorus,  Benth. 

in  Bot.  Reg.  —  CaUfornia;  common  towards  the  coast. 

H_  4_  Slender-flowered ;  the  filiform  tube  of  the  corolla  2  to  6  time's  the  length  of  the  lobes ;  these 
from  4  to  less  than  2  lines  long,  oval  or  ovate.     Species  difficult  to  define. 
G.  brevicula,  Gray.     A  span  high,  corymbosely  branched,   minutely  pubescent  and 
above  glandular  :  leaves  few  and  short  (quarter  of  an  inch  long)  :  tube  of  the  corolla  only 
5  or  6  lines  long,  but  much  exceeding  the  calyx  and  bracts,  hardly  twice  the  length  of 
the  (purple  or  violet)  lobes  :  otherwise  much  hke  the  next.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  79. — 
Southeastern  California,  on  the  Mohave  River,  Palmer. 
G.  androsacea,  Steud.     A  span  to  a  foot  high:  corolla  much  exserted  beyond  the 
hirsute  or  villous-ciliate  bracts  and  subtending  leaves,  lilac,  pink,  or  nearly  white  with  yel- 
low or  dark  throat;  its  tube  an  inch  or  less  long,  thrice  the  length  of  the  lobes  (hmb  8  to 
10  lines  in  diameter).  —  Gray,  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  491.     Leptosiphon  androsaceus,  Benth.  in 
Hort.  Trans,  viii.  t.  18;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.t.  3491;  Lindl.  Bot  Reg.  t.  1710.  — California; 
common  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Var.  rosacea,  Gray.  A  dwarf  and  tufted  form,  with  rose-red  corolla,  varying 
however  into  other  hues.  —  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  Leptosiphon  parvijiorus,  var.  rosaceus,  Hook, 
f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5863.  —  Near  San  Francisco,  Kellogg. 

Var.  detonsa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender  and  almost  glabrous  form,  the  bracts  and  leaves 
merely  hispidulous-ciliate.  —  Western  part  of  CaUfornia,  Bridges,  Brewer.  A  less  marked 
form  occurs  on  the  borders  of  Nevada,  Anderson. 
G.  micrdntlia,  Steud.  Slender,  a  span  or  so  high:  tube  of  the  corolla  extremely 
slender,  three-fourths  to  incU  and  a  half  long,  4  to  6  times  longer  than  the  lobes  ;  these  2  or 
3  lines  long :  pubescence  of  the  bracts,  &c.,  short  and  soft,  rarely  hirsute-ciliate.  —  Gray, 
Proc.  1.  c.  excl.  syn.  var.  rosaceus,  Bot.  Mag.  Leptosiphon  parvijiorus  &  L.  luteus,  Benth.  in 
Bot.  Reg.  Gilia  mia-antha  &  G.  lutea,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  —  California ;  common  through 
the  western  part  of  the  State.  Flower  from  purplish  or  lilac  to  cream-color,  sulphur-yel- 
low, and  even  golden  yellow  (var.  aurea,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.). 

Var.  longituba  ( G.  longituba,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  324)  is  one  of  the  larger-flowered 
forms,  apparently  passing  into  G.  androsacea.  —  Monterey,  Hartweg,  &c. 
G.  tenella,  Benth.  Mostly  depressed,  small :  tube  of  the  corolla  less  slender  in  propor- 
tion to  the  size  of  the  limb  (6  to  9  lines  long,  the  lobes  only  1^) :  bracts  and  leaves  hispidu- 
lous-ciliate.—PI.  Hartw.  .325.  Leptosiphon  Wco/or,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.,  chiefly.  — Puget  Sound 
to  Santa  Barbara,  California.  Has  been  confounded  with  the  two  foregoing.  Corolla  dull 
purple,  or  pink,  with  yellow  throat. 
G.  ciliata,  Benth.  Rigid,  rough,  4  to  12  inches  high,  the  taUer  stems  vu-gate :  tube  of 
the  corolla  sHghtly  or  not  at  all  exserted  beyond  the  very  hirsute  or  hispid-ciliate  bracts 
and  subtending  leaves  (6  to  9  lines,  and  the  lobes  only  H  lines  long) :  calyx-lobes  acerose. 
—  PI.  Hartw.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Calif ornia,  reaching  into  Nevada,  &c.  Greyish  with  short 
pubescence  on  the  stems,  and  longer  both  rigid  and  softer  spreading  hairs  fringing  the 
leaves  and  bracts.    Corolla  rose  or  violet,  fading  to  white. 


140  POLEMONIACE^.  Gilia. 

»  *  Entire-leaved,  wholly  glabrous,  very  dwarf :  anthers  sessile  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  the 
cuneate  lobes  of  which  are  somewhat  undulate-toothed  or  1-3-dentate  at  the  broad  apex:  ovules 
10  to  16  in  each  cell. 

G.  nndioatllis,  Gray.  Very  glabrous,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  at  length  branching  from 
the  base :  stem  (a  long  internode)  leafless  from  the  cotyledons  up  to  the  inflorescence, 
which  is  a  close  head  or  glomerule  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  several  ovate-lanceolate 
or  lanceolate  foliaceous  bracts  :  corolla  white,  pink,  or  yellow  ;  the  tube  3  or  4  lines  long 
and  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  rather  longer  than  the  lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii. 
266;  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  492.  Collomia  nudicaulis,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  369.  — Sandy 
plains,  in  spring,  interior  of  Oregon  and  Nevada  to  Colorado. 

§  4.  SiPHONELLA,  Gray.  Like  Leptosiphon,  but  tube  of  corolla  not  surpassing 
the  calyx,  and  its  throat  more  funnelform,  ovules  only  2  or  4  in  each  cell,  and 
flowers  less  glomerate :  perennials,  more  or  less  woody  or  suffrutescent  at  base, 
cinereous-puberulent  or  the  3-7 -parted  leaves  glabrate  :  calyx  cylindraceous,  firm- 
herbaceous,  soon  5-parted  ;  the  abrupt  margins  of  the  lanceolate-subulate  lobes 
and  the  sinuses  not  at  all  scarious  :  corolla  white,  with  yellow  throat,  obovate 
lobes  (3  or  4  lines  long),  and  tube  externally  puberulent:  filaments  short,  slightly 
exserted :  anthers  short.  —  Siphonella,  Nutt.  herb. 

G.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Stems  or  branches  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  rather  simple,  terminated 
by  a  dense  leafy  cluster  of  flowers :  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear  (6  to  9  lines 
long),  mucronate :  ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  267;  Watson,  Bot. 
I^g,  265,  t.  26.  —  Western  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Arizona 
and  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  California. 

G.  floriblinda,  Gray.  Taller  and  more  slender,  paniculately  or  corymbosely  branched : 
the  copious  flowers  in  rather  loose  cymose  clusters,  often  pedicelled  :  divisions  of  the  leaves 
very  slender,  almost  acicular  or  filiform:  ovules  4  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c,  & 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  492.  —  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  on  the  southern  borders,  and  east  to  Arizona, 
Coulter,  Palmer,  &,c. 

§  5.  LeptodXctylon,  Benth.  Corolla  salverform,  with  tube  more  or  less  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx  ;  the  throat  somewhat  funnelform-dilated :  filaments  short, 
inserted  in  or  below  the  throat :  anthers  short,  included :  ovules  numerous  in  each 
cell:  seeds  with  a  close  coat,  developing  neither  spiricles  nor  mucilage  when 
wetted  :  perennials  or  undershrubs,  commonly  tufted,  very  leafy :  leaves  all  alter- 
nate, except  in  one  species,  and  much  fascicled  in  the  axils,  palmately  3-7-parted, 
acerose  or  subulate,  rigid  and  pungent :  flowers  showy  (rose,  lilac,  or  white),  soli- 
tary and  sessile  or  few  in  a  cluster  at  the  summit  of  short  branches  or  branchlets. 
—  Leptodactylon,  Hook.  &  Am. 

*   *  Leaves  all  opposite :  stems  or  branches  almost  herbaceous  from  a  woody  base. 
G.  "Watsoni,  Gray.     Roughish-puberulent  and  glandular,  or  at  length  smoothish  :  slender 
branches  a  span  high  from  the  woody  caudex :  leaves  not  much  fascicled,  widely  spread- 
ing;  the  slender  acerose  divisions  (6  to  8  lines  long)  often  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
calyx-lobes  barely  half  the  length  of  the  tube  :  corolla  nearly  white  (with  purplish  throat) ; 
its  tube  and  lobes  each  half  inch  long :  anthers  at  the  orifice :  ovules  10  or  more  in  each 
cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  265,  t  26.  —  Rocky  hills,  Utah,  Watson. 
*   *   Leaves  all  alternate :  stems  decidedly  wood}'. 
G.  Californica,  Benth.     Branches   and  very  crowded   soon  widely  spreading  leaves 
tomentose-pubescent,  or  rather  villous  when  young :  corolla  (rose  or  lilac,  its  ample  limb 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter)  witli  broadly  wedge-obovate  lobes,  their  margin  often 
minutely  erose :  anthers  linear-oblong,  included  in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube :  ovules  20  or 
more  in  each  cell. — DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.     Leptodactylon  Californicum,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech. 
349,  t.  89 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4872.  —  Dry  hills,  W.  California,  south  to  San  Bernardino  Co. 
G.  piingens,  Benth.     Branches  and  mostly  erectish  or  little-spreading  leaves  viscid- 
pubescent,  puberulent,  or  glabrate:  corolla  rose,  wliite,  or  "yellow"  (Dough),  the  lobes 


GiUa.  POLEMONIACE.E.  141 

narrower  and  only  half  as  large  aa  in  the  preceding :  anthers  in  the  throat,  oblong :  ovules 
8  or  10  in  each  cell.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  G.  pungens  &  G.  Hookeri,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c. 
—  Plains  of  the  Upper  Platte  and  Columbia  to  Arizona  and  E.  California.  Widely  varia- 
ble. The  original  Cantua  -pungens,  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  26  {^gochloa  Torreyi,  Don),  of 
the  Platte,  is  a  low  glabrate  form. 

Var.  caespitosa,  Gray,  i.e.  (Leptodactylm  cceapitosum,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.),i8  a  low  and 
dense  form,  imitating  Phlox  Douglasii  in  growth.  —  Scott's  Bluffs,  Wyoming,  Nuttnll. 

Var.  Hookeri,  Gray,  l.  c.  [Phlox  Hookeri,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  73,  t.  159,  &  G. 
Hookeri,  Benth.),  is  taller,  with  sparser  more  rigid  leaves,  and  viscid-pubescent  flowering 
shoots.  —  Interior  of  Oregon,  California,  &c.    Flowers  not  found  to  be  "  yellow." 

Var.  squarrosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  with  virgate  branches,  beset  with 
stouter  and  more  rigid  recurved-spreading  pungent  leaves. — Dry  interior  region,  Nevada 
to  Idaho  and  Washington  Terr. 

Series  II.  Leaves  alternate  and  pinnately  incised,  cleft,  or  divided,  or  rarely- 
entire,  occasionally  some  of  the  lowermost  opposite :  filaments  slender :  seed-coat 
(as  m.Collomia)  when  wetted  mucilaginous  and  sending  out  threads  containing 
each  a  spiral  coil  (spiricle),  except  in  a  few  species. 

§  6.  Navarretia,  Gray,  1.  c.  Flowers  capitate-crowded  and  densely  foliaceous- 
bracted  (in  the  last  species  less  so) :  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  oi  the  mostly  (some- 
times nearly  palmately)  multifid  bracts  rigid  and  acerose-pungent  or  spinulose, 
often  laciniate  or  unequal :  corolla  slender,  tubular-funuelform  or  almost  salver- 
form,  and  with  rather  small  oval  or  oblong  lobes  :  filaments  inserted  in  or  below 
the  throat :  anthers  short :  stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  sometimes  reduced  to  2  : 
low  and  much-branching  annuals,  sometimes  glandular-viscid,  never  white-woolly ; 
with  chiefly  1-2-pinnately  divided  or  cleft  leaves,  their  lobes  commonly  subulate 
and  pungent.  —  Navarretia,  Ruiz  &  Pav,,  Benth. 

*  Leaves  and  bracts,  or  some  of  them,  more  than  once  pinnately  parted,  i.  e.  their  primary  divisions 
incised  or  parted. 

H—  Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  (8  to  12)  in  each  cell:  stamens  included  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla, 
commonly  unequal  in  length  and  slightly  so  in  insertion :  herbage  very  glandular-viscid  and 
unpleasantly  aromatic-scented. 

G.  squarrosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Rather  stout  and  rigid,  often  a  foot  high  :  upper  leaves 
and  bracts  spinescent:  tube  of  the  small  blue  (or  sometimes  whitish)  corolla  rather  shorter 
than  the  mostly  enth-e  calyx-lobes.  —  Bot.  Beech.  151;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  e.  269. 
G.  pungens,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2977.  Hoitzia  squarrosa,  Esch.  jEgochloa  pungens,  Benth.  in 
Bot.  Reg.  1.  c.  Navarretia  squarrosa.  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c.  368.  N.  pungens,  Hook.  FI.  ii.  75. 
Plains  of  California  and  Oregon  ;  a  common  fetid  weed. 

•i-  +-  Ovules  varying  from  1  to  2  or  3  to  4  in  each  cell :  stamens  exserted  out  of  the  throat  of 
the  corolla,  at  leng-th  mostly  equalling  the  lobes :  herbage  less  viscid  or  glandular,  in  some  not 
at  all  so. 

G.  cotlllsef  olia,  Steud.  Rigid,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  pubescent  or  below  glabrate,  above 
mostly  minutely  glandular  :  leaves  chiefly  2-pinnately  parted ;  the  subulate  divisions  of  the 
upper  and  of  the  bracts  spinescent :  tube  of  the  violet-blue  or  white  corolla  hardly  longer 
than  the  lobes  of  the  sparsely  villous  calyx ;  the  throat  f unnelform  :  ovules  solitary 
or  rarely  a  pair  in  each  of  the  (frequently  only  2)  cells  of  tlie  ovary.  —  ^gocMoa  pubescens 
&  cotula/olia,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  Navarretia  puhescens  &  cotulcefolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c. ; 
Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  —  California;  common  westward,  on  dry  hiUs :  exhales  the  odor  of  Anthc- 
mis  Cotula. 

G.  intertexta,  Steud.  Erect  or  widely  branched,  low  and  rather  stout,  neither  viscid 
nor  glandular:  stem  retrorsely  pubescent:  leaves  mainly  glabrous,  with  divaricate  acerose- 
spinescent  divisions  sparingly  divided  or  simple :  flowers  densely  glomerate  :  tube  of  the 
calyx  and  base  of  the  bracts  strongly  villous  with  white  spreading  hairs ;  its  lobes  equalling 
the  white  corolla :  ovules  and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell.  —  Navarretia  intertexta,  Hook.  I.  c. — 
Plains  of  Columbia  River  to  California  and  tlie  Rocky  Mountains.  Corolla  3  or  4  lines 
long,  the  stamens  equalling  its  lobes. 


142  POLEMONIACE^.  Gilia. 

G.  mininia,  Gray.  Depressed,  often  forming  broad  tufts  (half  inch  to  2  inches  high), 
glabrate  :  leaves  acicular  and  with  simpler  and  fewer  divisions  than  the  preceding :  tube  of 
the  calyx  white-hairy  in  the  broad  sinuses,  as  long  as  the  unequal  lobes,  which  equal  or 
exceed  the  white  corolla :  ovules  1  to  3  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. ;  Watson,  Bot. 
King,  266,  Navarretia  minima,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  160.  —  Interior  of  Oregon  and  Nevada  to 
Colorado  and  Dakota,  in  very  arid  districts.  Corolla  a  line  and  a  half  long;  the  stamens 
mostly  shorter  than  its  lobes. 

G.  Breweri,  Gray.  Erect  or  at  length  much  branched  and  diffusely  spreading,  an  inch 
to  a  span  high,  very  minutely  glandular-puberulent  all  over :  flowers  less  glomerate : 
leaves  with  mostly  simple  acicular-subulate  divisions  :  calyx-lobes  similar  to  these,  narrowly 
subulate,  about  equalling  the  yellow  corolla,  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  tube  (which  is 
even  shorter  than  the  capsule) :  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  &  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  494;  Watson,  1.  c.  —  Sierra  Nevada,  California  (Brewer,  &c.),  and  through  the  in- 
terior to  Utah  and  Wyoming.     Corolla  3  or  4  lines  long. 

G.  leucocephala,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  a  span  or  less  high,  seldom  rigid,  not  glandular, 
glabrous,  except  some  woolly  pubescence  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  and  of  the  thin  calyx- 
tube  :  leaves  soft ;  their  often  simple  divisions  slender ;  those  of  the  bracts  barely  pungent : 
corolla  white,  longer  than  the  calyx  (4  lines  long)  :  stamens  considerably  exserted  :  ovules 
2  in  each  cell.  —  Navarretia  leucocephala,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  324.  —  California,  on  the  Sacra- 
mento and  its  tributaries,  and  Mendocino  Co.,  in  low  grounds. 

*   *   Leaves  simply  pinnatifid  or  incised,  or  many  of  them  entire. 
4—  All  .slender  and  filiform,  except  the  bracts  of  the  small  heads,  which  are  more  or  less  pahnately 
3-5-cleft:  corolla  rather  slender,  3  or  4  lines  long:  stems  slender,  not  over  a  span  high,  diffusely 
branched :  often  with  prohferous  fihform  branches. 

G.  divaricata,  Torr.  Not  glandular-viscid,  glabrate;  the  bracts  and  especially  the 
calyx  woolly-pubescent :  divisions  of  the  uppermost  leaves  and  the  similar  bracts  acerose : 
corolla  purple  or  apparently  yellowish:  ovules  5  to  7  in  each  cell.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  270,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  494.  —  Calif ornia,  from  Lake  Co.  to  Mariposa  Co.,  up  to  8000 
feet  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

G.  filicaulis,  Torr.  More  paniculate,  glandular-viscid  but  not  pubescent :  upper  leaves 
filiform  or  setaceous  and  entire  :  bracts  somewhat  cuneate  and  the  lobes  pungent ;  the  inner 
shorter  than  the  violet  corolla  :  ovules  solitary  or  at  most  a  pair  in  each  cell.  —  Gray,  1.  c. 
—  California,  Mariposa  Co.  to  Butte  Co. 

H—  H—  Leaves  broader  and  rigid,  linear  or  lanceolate,  with  spinulose  lobes  ;  the  floral  ones  dilated 
at  base  and  often  cartilaginous :  stems  stout,  2  to  8  inches  high:  flowers  densely  glomerate: 
corolla  violet  or  purple,  a  third  to  half  inch  long,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  subulate  spinescent 
calyx-lobes. 

G.  viscidula,  Gray,  1.  c.  Viscid-pubescent,  at  length  much  branched :  cauline  leaves  slen- 
der and  laciniate-pinnatifid  or  parted  into  setaceous-subulate  ascending  lobes ;  the  floral  and 
bracts  only  moderately  dilated  :  ovules  1  to  4  in  each  cell.  — Navarretia  viscidula,  Benth.  PI. 
Hartw.  325,  a  small  form.  —  Dry  hills,  California,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  the  Sacramento 
and  east  to  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
■  G.  atractyloides,  Steud.  Pubescent  and  very  viscid,  also  very  rigid,  especially  the 
leaves  and  bracts ;  these  lanceolate  or  the  uppermost  even  ovate,  all  pinnatifid,  and  with 
divaricate  subulate-spinescent  lobes  :  flowers  less  glomerate  :  ovules  6  or  7  in  each  cell.  — 
yEgocMoa  atractyloides,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1.  c.  Navarretia  atractyloides,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot. 
Beech.  368  ;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  310.  —  California,  from  Santa  Cruz  to  San  Diego  Co., 
in  open  and  dry  ground. 

•»—•»—-»—   Depressed,  an  inch  or  two  high,  at  length  prostrate,  hardly  if  at  all  viscid:  leaves  up- 
wardly dilated :  flowers  comparatively  loose  and  scattered:  corolla  half  to  two  thirds  inch  long, 
tubular-funnelfonn,  much  exceeding  "the  calyx. 
G.  setosissima,  Gray.     Pubescent  or  glabrate,  strikingly  setose  ;  the  very  long  white 
bristles  terminating  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  3  to  7  lobes  or  teeth  of  the  narrowly 
cuneate  or  linear  leaves,  and  scattered  or  sometimes  clustered  down  their  sides :  corolla 
white,  purple,  or  mottled  ;  the  limb  slightly  irregular :  ovules  3  to  10  in  each  cell.  —  Proc. 
Am .  Acad.  1.  c.  271,  &  Bot.  Calif.  494.     Navarretia  setosissima,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Bot.  Ives 
Colorad.  22.     N.  Schottii,  Torr.  Mex.  Bound.  242  ( G.  Schottii,  Watson,  Bot.  ICing) ;  an_early 
and  depauperate  form.  —  Deserts  of  S.  E.  California,  to  W.  Arizona  and  S.  Utah,  first  col- 
lected by  Coulter. 


GUia.  POLEMONIACE^.  143 

§  7.  HuG^LiA,  Gray.  Flowers  capitate-glomerate  and  foHaceous-bracted :  the  ' 
3-5-cleft  bracts  and  calyx  densely  implexed-woolly  ;  lobes  of  the  latter  acerose 
or  subulate  and  cuspidate  or  pungent :  corolla  salverform ;  the  lobes  ovate  or 
oblong :  filaments  filiform,  exserted :  anthers  deeply  sagittate :  herbage  floccose- 
lanate,  at  least  when  young,  neither  glandular  nor  viscid :  leaves  or  their  simple 
divisions  very  narrow  and  mostly  rigid.  —  Hugelia,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1.  c.  Gilia 
§  CoUomioides  &  §  Pseudocollomia,  Endl.,  Benth.  in  DC. 

*   Woodj'-based  and  rigid  perennial :  corolla  violet-blue :  ovules  few  or  several  in  each  cell. 
G.  densif olia,  Benth.     Canescent-lanate  when  young,  glabrate  with  age :  tufted  stems 
a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  from  a  ligneous  base,  leafy  to  the  top,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched :  leaves  rigid,  mostly  pinnatifid  or  incisely  laciniate  mto  short-subulate  spinu- 
lose  lobes  :  flowers  densely  capitate-glomerate :  tube  of  the  corolla  (half  inch  long)  twice 
or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  anthers  sagittate-linear.  —  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  311 ;  Gray,  1.  c. 
(Hugelia  densiflora,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.),  a  short  and  stout  form,  with  crowded  leaves.     G. 
elongata,  Steud. ;  Benth.  1.  c,  a  taller  and  looser  form,  with  cells  of  the  ovary  usually  only 
2-8-ovulate.  — California  near  the  coast,  from  Santa  Clara  Co.  southward,  and  thence  to 
W.  Arizona  and  S.  Nevada. 
*   *   Herbaceous,  and  the  root  annual  or  biennial :  leaves  or  divisions  nearly  or  quite  filiform. 
■i-  Corolla  violet,  blue,  or  purple,  or  fading  to  white:  ovules  few  (but  seldom  if  ever  solitary)  in 
the  cells. 
G.  virgata,  Steud.     White-floccose  becoming  glabrate  :  stem  slender,  either  simple  and 
vu-gate  (a  span  to  a  foot  high)  or  with  virgate  branches  from  the  base  and  paniculately 
branched  above :   leaves  slender-filiform ;  the  lower  mainly  entire  and  the  upper  rarely 
more  than  3-parted :  flowers  usually  in  rather  small  capitate  clusters  :  corolla  blue  or  lav- 
ender ;  the  tube  4  to  6  lines  long,  surpassing  the  acerose  calyx-lobes  :  anthers  linear-sagit- 
tate, a  line  long.  —  Hugelia  virgata,  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Hook.  Ic.  t.  200.  —  Calif ornia,  on  dry  hills 
from  Monterey  southward,  and  east  to  Arizona. 

Var.  floribunda,  Gray.  A  remarkable  form,  with  corymbose  branches  terminated 
by  much  larger  and  very  many -flowered  capitate  clusters:  most  of  the  leaves  (even  the 
lower)  pinnately  3-7-parted:  corolla-lobes  3  or  4  lines  long.— Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c,  &  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  495.  —  Santa  Clara  Co.  to  San  Diego  Co.,  Wallace,  Brewer,  Palmer. 
G.  floccosa,  Gray.  More  branched  and  generally  lower  than  the  foregoing,  2  to  12 
inches  high,  similarly  floccose-wooUy,  at  length  diffuse  or  spreading :  corolla  from  violet- 
blue  to  whitish ;  its  tube  3  or  4  lines  long,  surpassing  the  subulate  calyx-lobes :  anthers 
narrowly  oblong,  fully  half  a  line  long.  —Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  495,  excl. 
syn.  "  HicgeUa  lutea,  Benth."  —  Dry  plains  and  desert,  southern  and  eastern  portions  of  Cali- 
fornia and  S.  E.  Oregon  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 
G.  filif  olia,  Nutt.  Flowers  smaller ;  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  seldom  over  a  line  in  length, 
and  its  tube  hardly  if  at  all  exceeding  the  calyx  and  bracts :  anthers  cordate-oval,  a  quar- 
ter or  third  of  a  line  long:  .otherwise  like  small  forms  of  the  preceding.  — PI.  Gamb.  156; 
Gray,  1.  c.  —  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Isabel,  California,  to  the  Rio  Colorado. 

Var.  diffusa,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  diffuse  form,  barely  a  span  high ;  the  leaves  commonly 
rather  shorter  and  less  slender.  —  Interior  of  Nevada  and  Arizona  to  the  western  frontier 
of  Texas. 

^_  ^_  Corolla  yellow :  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells. 
G.  lutescens,  Steud.  A  span  high,  closely  resembles  G.  floccosa  except  in  the  above 
particulars,  and  the  bright  sulphur-yellow  corolla  only  3  lines  long ;  its  tube  not  exserted 
and  lobes  hardly  exceeding  a  line  in  length  :  anthers  elongated-oblong :  capsule  oval,  3- 
seeded.  —  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  311.  Hugelia  lutea,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1.  c.  —  W.  California ; 
back  of  Monterey  ?  Douglas.  Back  of  San  Simeon,  Palmer,  confirming  the  yellow  color  of 
the  corolla. 

§  8.  Elaphocera,  Nutt.  Flowers  capitate-congested  or  sometimes  more 
loosely  cymose,  more  or  less  foliaceous-bracted  :  bracts  and  calyx-lobes  commorily 
cuspidate  or  aristulate  (but  not  pungent),  and  pubescent  or  ciliate  with  long  and 
many-jointed  somewhat  viscid  hairs  :  corolla   (white  or  barely  purplish)  salver- 


144  POLEMONIACEiE.  Gilia. 

form ;  the  tube  little  exceeding  the  calyx ;  its  lobes  oval  or  oblong :  stamens 
shorter  than  the  corolla-lobes,  inserted  in  or  near  the  sinuses :  biennials,  short- 
lived perennials,  or  annuals,  low  or  dwarf,  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent  when 
young  :  leaves  simply  pinnatifid  or  entire. 

*  Leaves  all  entire,  acerose-subulate  or  filiform :  filaments  slender.     (Approaches  §  fi^u^e/ia.) 

G.  "Wrightii,  Gray.  Stems  rigid,  virgate,  a  foot  high  from  an  indurated  or  woody  base 
or  perennial  ?  root,  very  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  rigid,  cuspidate-tipped :  flowers  capi- 
tate-crowded :  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  the  larger  ones  sparingly  laciniate,  tipped  with  an 
awn-like  cusp,  as  are  the  subulate  calyx-lobes ;  these  slightly  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the 
corolla  :  ovules  3  or  4  in  each  cell  (4  lines  long).  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  273.  —  W.  Texas, 
on  the  Rio  Grande  40  to  60  miles  below  El  Paso,  Wright. 

G.  Gunnisoni,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Annual,  a  span  high,  slender,  at  length  almost  glabrous, 
loosely  paniculate-branched :  leaves  scattered,  linear-filiform :  bracts  short,  lanceolate, 
entire,  tipped  (like  the  triangular  calyx-lobes)  with  a  short  cusp:  flowers  capitellate ;  the 
heads  terminating  slender  peduncle-like  branches  :  tube  of  the  corolla  slightly  longer  than 
the  calyx  and  longer  than  its  lobes  :  ovules  2  or  sometimes  3  in  each  cell.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep. 
ii.  129,  t.  9.  —  S.  E.  Utah,  Kreusfeldt,  Newbemj,  Brandegee. 

*  *  Leaves  all  or  most  of  them  pinnately  parted  into  few  narrow  linear  divisions,  or  sometimes  all 
entire:  filaments  short:  tube  of  the  corolla  not  at  all  or  at  length  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx: 
flowers  densely  capitate-clustered:  perennials  of  short  duration  or  biennials;  the  base  of  the 
simple  or  clustered  stems  or  root  hard  and  ligneous. 

G.  spicata,  Nutt.  Stems  rather  stout,  erect,  simple,  or  several  from  the  fusiform  root,  a 
span  or  two  high:  capitate  flower-clusters  crowded  in  an  elongated  virgate  and  spike-like 
thyrsus :  leaves  thickish,  almost  filiform,  some  about  3-cleft,  occasionally  all  entire,  barely 
mucronate :  corolla-lobes  oblong-ovate,  shorter  than  the  tube :  anthers  subsessile  in  the 
throat :  ovules  4  to  6  in  the  cells.  —  Benth  in  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  290 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  G.  spicata 
&  G.  trijida,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  156.  —  Rocky  Mountains,  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 

Var.  capitata,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  dwarf  form :  leaves  nearly  all  entire :  thyrsus  short 
and  capituliform :  filaments  as  long  as  the  anther :  approaches  the  next  species.  —  Alpine 
region,  from  Black  Hills  in  Dakota  to  Colorado. 

G.  COngesta,  Hook.  Stems  erect  or  spreading  (3  to  12  inches  high)  from  a  tufted  base, 
bearing  single  terminal  or  few  and  corymbose  capituliform  cymes :  leaves  with  3  to  7  mu- 
cronate divisions,  or  some  of  them  entire :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oval,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
tube,  which  does  not  exceed  the  usually  aristulate-tipped  calyx-lobes  :  exserted  filaments  at 
length  as  long  as  the  anthers  :  ovules  2  to  4  in  each  cell.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  75,  &  Ic.  t.  235.  — 
Wyoming  and  Colorado  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Oregon  and  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
California.     Tube  of  the  white  corolla  not  over  2  lines  long. 

Var.  crebrifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  Depressed;  the  tufted  stems  2  or  3  inches  long, 
crowded  with  small  entire  leaves,  and  terminated  by  a  single  capitate  cluster.  —  G.  crebri- 
folia, Nutt.  1.  c  — Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah.  Connected  with  G.  congesta  by  some 
intermediate  forms. 

G.  iberidif  olia,  Benth.  Leaves  more  rigid  than  in  the  preceding  and  the  lobes  cuspi- 
date-tipped, as  also  the  bracts  :  capitate  cymes  corymbose  :  filaments  shorter  :  ovules  soli- 
tary in  each  cell.  —  Hook.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  290.  —  Scott's  Bluffs  and  Blackwater,  North 
Platte,  Nebraska  and  Wyoming,  Geyer,  H.  Engelmann.     Perhaps  only  a  form  of  G.  congesta. 

*  *  *  Leaves  pinnatifid,  trifid,  or  some  of  them  entire :  flowers  cymulose-glomerate  and  leafy 
bracted,  or  at  length  loose :  low  annuals,  branching  from  the  base,  only  a  span  high :  calyx-lobes 
aristulate-cuspidate. 

G.  pumila,  Nutt.  Stems  loosely  woolly,  at  least  when  young,  leafy :  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  entire  or  most  of  them  2-4-parted  into  diverging  linear  lobes,  mucronate :  tube  of 
the  corolla  slender,  about  thrice  the  length  of  its  lobes  and  twice  the  length  of  the  aristu- 
late-tipped calyx-lobes :  filaments  slender,  inserted  in  the  sinuses,  exserted,  shorter  than  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla :  ovules  about  6  in  each  cell.  —  PI.  Gamb.  156 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  G.  trijida, 
•Benth.  in  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  291.  —  W.  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  to  W.  Nebraska,  and  west 
to  the  Sierra  Nevada.     Tube  of  the  corolla  3  or  nearly  4  lines  long;  the  limb  small. 

G.  pol^cladon,  Torr.  Stems  puberulent  or  sparsely  pubescent,  diffuse,  very  few-leaved : 
leaves  pinnatifid  or  incised ;  the  lobes  short,  oblong,  abruptly  spinulose-mucronate,  those 


<^'^*«-  POLEMONIACE^.  145 

subtending  the  cymose  cluster  longer  than  the  flowers  :  tube  of  the  corolla  hardly  exceeding 

the  anstulate-mucronate  calyx-lobes:    anthers  in   the   throat,  on  very  short  filaments: 

ovules  2  m  each  cell.  -  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  147  ;   Watson,  Bot.  King,  268.  -  Western  Texas 

to  Utah  and  W.  Nevada.     Corolla  a  line  or  two  long,  white  with  a  tinge  of  rose-color. 

§  9.  Ipomopsis,  Benth.,  partly.     Flowers  thyrsoid-paniculate,  inconspicuously 

bracted  or  ebracteate  :  corolla  scarlet  or  red,  with  white  varieties,  narrowly  tubular- 

funnelform,  gradually  and  regularly  enlarging  upward,  very  much  surpassing  the 

subulate  calyx-lobes  and  its  own  ovate  or  lanceolate  spreading  or  recui-ving  lobes : 

stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  or  below  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla,  not  longer  than 

its  lobes :  anthers  oval  or  short-oblong  :  ovules  numerous  :  biennials,  not*woolly, 

and  usually  showy-flowered.  —  Ipomopsis,  Michx.     Ipomeria,  Nutt. 

*   Stem  virgate,  leafy:  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  filiform  or  narrowly  linear  divisions:  inflores- 
cence contracted. 

G.  coronopifolia,  Pers.  (Standing  Ctpeess.)  Glabrous  or  barely  pubescent:  stem 
2  to  6  feet  high,  very  leafy  throughout :  divisions  of  the  leaves  and  rhachis  nearly  filiform, 
acute  and  niucronate :  flowers  very  numerous  in  a  long  and  narrow  compact  thyrsus  or 
panicle,  inodorous  :  calyx-lobes  setaceous-subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube :  corolla  an  inch  or  an 
inch  and  a  half  long,  scarlet  (within  yellowish  and  dotted  with  red) ;  the  lobes  ovate,  mode- 
rately spreading,  barely  exceeding  the  slender  filaments :  seeds  not  developing  mucilage 
nor  spiral  threads  when  wet,  but  with  a  lax  reticulate-cellular  outer  coat!  — Lindl.  Bot. 
Reg.  1. 1691.  .  Polemonium  ruhrum  &  TpornKa  rubra,  L.  Cantua  thi/rsoidea,  Juss.  C.  pinnaHJidn, 
Lam.  C.  coronopifolia,  Willd.  C.  elegans,  Poir.  Ipomopsis  elegnns,  Michx.;  Smith,  Exot! 
t.  13.  Ipomeria  coronopifolia,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  124.  Gilia  Floridana,  Don  (Cantua,  Nutt.),  &  G 
Beyrichiana,  Bouche',  are  mere  forms.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  South  Carolina  and  Florida  to 
Arkansas  and  Texas.     Common  in  gardens., 

G.  aggregata,  Spreng.  Somewhat  pubescent :  stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  less  leafy,  some- 
times loosely  branching:  leaves  thickish,  with  narrowly  linear  mucronulate  divisions: 
tliyrsoid  narrow  panicle  loose  or  interrupted-;  the  (fragrant)  flowers  sessile  in  small  mostly 
short-pedunculate  clusters :  calyx  coinmorily  glandular ;  its  lobes  subulate  :  corolla  from 
scarlet  to  pink-red  (rarely  white),  with  narrow  tube ;  the  lobes  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  widely  spreading,  soon  recurved :  filaments  slender  :  seeds  when  wetted  devel- 
oping mucilage  and  spiricles.  —  Syst.  i.  626;  Don,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  218;  Gray,  1.  c. 
Cantua  aggregata,  Pursh.  (Ipomeria  aggregata,  Nutt.)  C.  coronopifolia  ?  &  C.  aggregata,  Torr. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  220.  Ipomopsis  elegans,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1281.  Gilia  pulchella,  Dougl. 
in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  74 ;  Benth.  1.  c.  —  W.  Nebraska  to  W.  Texas,  New  Mexico  to  Oregon,  E. 
California  and  Arizona.  (Adjacent  Mex.)  More  or  less  heterogone-dimorphous :  both 
stamens  and  style  included  (and^the  style  shorter)  in  some  individuals,  both  exserted  (and 
the  style  longer)  in  most.     Varies  peatly  :  the  extremes  being 

Var.  attenuata.  Corolla-lobes  lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  from  the  very  base 
into  a  slender  acumination  :  calyx-lobes  equally  slender.  —  Colorado,  in  Middle  Park,  Parry. 
A  white-flowered  form,  with  stamens  and  style  included. 

Var.  Bridgesii,  Gray,  1.  c.  ..-Stems  low  (6  to  18  inches)  and  diffuse  or  spreading, 
as  if  from  a  perennial  root :  corolla  bright  red ;  fts  lobes  oblong-ovate  and  merely  acute  : 
calyx-lobes  shorter  and  broader,  from  subulate-lanceolate  to  deltoid :  lobes  of  the  leaves 
thicker  and  obtuse.  —  California,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

*   *   Stem  low,  loosely  paniculate-branched :  upper  leaves  reduced  to  bracts. 

G.  SUbnuda,  Torr.  Glandular-puberulent,  a  span  or  two  high  :  leaves  all  undivided, 
mainly  crowded  at  the  indurated  base,  spatulate  or  oblong  and  tapering  into  a  margined 
petiole,  sparsely  and  irregularly  dentate ;  the  few  upper  linear  and  entire ;  the  uppermost 
subulate  and  minute :  flowers  rather  crowded  in  a  fcAv  small  clusters  :  calyx-lobes  subulate, 
about  the  length  of  the  campanulate  tube :  corolla  orange  or  scarlet;  the  tube  (half  inch 
long)  thrice  the  length  of  the  ovate  obtuse  lobes  :  anthers  included  in  the  throat  on  very 
short  filaments  :  seeds  developing  mucilage  and  spiricles.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  276. 
—  Arizona  and  S.  Nevada  to  New  Mexico,  Neivherry,  Stretch,  Palmer. 

G.  Haydeni,  Gray.  Almost  glabrous,  above  slightly  glandular,  a  span  or  more  high, 
effusely  much  branched,  somewhat  corymbose :  radical  leaves  pinnatifid ;    those  of  the 

10     • 


146  POLEMONIACE^.  Gilia. 

branches  linear  and  subulate,  bract-like,  entire  :  flowers  mainly  pedicellate  :  calyx-lobes 
subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  rose-red^  slender;  the  tube  (half  inch  long)  several 
times  longer  than  the  obovate  lobes  :  anthers  subsessile  in  the  throat :  ovules  only  6  in 
each  cell :  seeds  fewer,  neither  spirilhferous  nor  mucilaginous  when  wetted.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xii.  79.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  or  adjacent  Utah,  on  the  San  Juan,  Brandcgee. 

§  10.  Gilij(ndra,  Gray.  Flowers  thyrsoid-paniculate  and  hardly  bracted, 
rather  small :  corolla  bluish  or  white,  salverform  ;  the  tube  hardly  double  the 
length  of  the  calyx  and  little  longer  than  its  own  obovate  lobes :  these  surpassed 
by  the  slender  and  much  exserted  filaments :  anthers  short :  ovules  about  6  in 
each  cell :  seeds  destitute  both  of  mucilage  and  spiricles  :  glandular-puberulent 
and  rather  low  biennials,  with  simply  pinuatifid  leaves,  the  radical  in  a  dense 
rosulate  tuft :  calyx-lobes  triangular.  ■ 

G.  stenoth^sa,  Gray.  Stem  simple,  virgate,  very  leafy  up  to  the  racemiform  narrow 
thyrsus  :  leaves  pinnately  cleft  into  short  oblong  lobes  :  bracts  small  and  entire  :  stamens 
moderately  exserted :  corolla  somewhat  funnelform,  apparently  white,  nearly  half  inch 
long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  276.  —  Uinta  Mountains,  Utah,  Fremont. 

G.  pinnatifida,  Nutt.  Stem  simple  or  loosely  branching,  a  span  to  2  feet  high  :  inflores- 
cence open-paniculate,  often  compound  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  narrowly 
oblong  lobes;  these  sometimes  again  1-2-lobed;  stamens  conspicuously  exserted  (3  lines 
long,  inserted  just  uhder  the  sinuses):  corolla  strictly  salverform,  pale  blue  or  violet,  or 
the  narrow  tube  white  (this  and  the  lobes  2  or  3  lines  long).  —  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, common  from  S.  Wyoming  through  Colorado  (and  Utah  ?)  to  New  Mexico. 

§  11.  MiCROGiLiA,  Benth.  Flowers  scattered,  very  small:  corolla  white,  sal- 
verform :  stamens  inserted  on  and  included  in  the  tube :  ovules  solitary  in  the 
cells:  much-branched  annuals,  with  filiform  or  slender-subulate  and  entire  (or 
sometimes  3-parted)  small  leaves :  calyx  short-campanulate,  5-toothed. 

G.  minutiflora,  Benth.  Glabrous,  or  minutely  glandular-puberulent  above  :  stem  erect, 
a  foot  or  two  high,  with  many  virgate  and  rigid  slender  branches  :  upper  leaves  all  reduced 
to  minute  subulate  appressed  bracts ;  tlie  lower  longer  and  some  of  them  3-parted  :  flowers 
terminating  and  also  sparsely  spicately  disposed  along  the  branchlets,  2  lines  long :  tube  of 
the  corolla  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  of  its  own  lobes  :  filaments  slender: 
capsule  oval:  seed  oblong.  —  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  315.  Collomia  (PicrocoUa)  linoides, 'Nutt.  F\. 
Gamb.  159.  —  Interior  of  Oregon  (or  now  Idaho,  not  "  CaUf ornia "),  Douglas.  Wyoming 
on  the  Upper  Platte,  Nuttall,  Fremont. 

G.  tenerrima,  Gray.  Minutely  and  sparsely  glandular,  low,  effusely  much  branched  : 
branches  filiform :  leaves  entire  :  flowers  loosely  panicled,  on  slender  divergent  pedicels, 
minute:  capsule  globular  (barely  a  line  long):  seed  turgid  oval.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii. 
277  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  270.  —  Utah,  Bear  River  Valley,  near  Evanston  (in  fruit),  Watson. 

§  12.  EuGiLiA,  Benth.,  Gray.  Flowers  scattered,  crowded,  or  rarely  capitate- 
glomerate,  inconspicuously  bracted  or  ebracteate :  corolla  from  funnelform  to 
nearly  rotate :  stamens  usually  inserted  in  or  just  below  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla, 
not  exceeding  its  lobes  (or  rarely  moderately  so)  :  filaments  slender :  leaves 
various,  all  or  chiefly  alternate. 

*  Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells:  corolla  funnelform  with  slender  elongated  tube  and  rather  abruptly 
dilated  tliroat  (in  the  manner  of  §  Navarretici,  but  no  pungent  or  even  mucronate  tips  to  calyx- 
lobes  or  leaves):  sinuses  of  calyx  somewliat  replicate  :  very  depressed  small  perennials,  with  fih- 
form  rootstocks  and  crowded  leaves,  among  which  the  violet  or  purplish  flowers  are  solitary  aud 
subsessile  in  the  forks  or  axils. 

G.  Larseni,  Gray.  Filiform  creeping  rootstocks  elongated:  stems  rising  only  an  inch  or 
two  above  ground :  leaves  pedately  5-7-parted  or  the  upper  3-oleft,  rather  surpassing  tlie 
flowers,  soft-pubescent :  corolla  half  inch  long,  with  tube  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  its 
rounded  lobes  somewhat  surpassing  the  stamens  and  style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  84,  &  Bot. 
Calif.  L  497.  —  California,  on  Larsen's  Peak,  in  loose  volcanic  ashes,  Lemmon,  John  Larsen. 


^*'^««-  POLEMONIACEiE.  147 

G.  debiHs.  Watson.  An  inch  or  two  high,  minutely  pubescent:  leaves  oblong  2-3- 
lobed  or  entire,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  shorter  than  the  flowers  :  corolla  two  thirds 
inch  long;  the  tube  exceeding  the  calyx:  lobes  of  the  latter  conspicuously  S-nerved  ■ 
stamens  more  or  less  and  the  style  prominently  exserted:  "seed  without  mucilage  or  spi- 
ricles.  —Am.  Naturalist,  viii.  302  ;  Rothrock,  in  Wheeler  Rep.  t.  19.  —  S.  Utah,  Wheeler. 
*  *  Ovules  and  seeds  few  or  numerous  in  the  cells. 
■h-  Root  annual. 

'*^♦;ml™,l!^^'°'■fl  ""^  ^^''  ^"""elform,  having  a  distinct  tube :  corolla  from  blue  to  purplish  or  some- 
times white:  flowers  in  the  first  species  much  crowded  and  short-pedicelled,  in  tW  last  scattered. 

""ni5fa*!'i*^T'-'T",'^  mucilage  and  spiricles  when  wetted,  mostly  numerous:  leaves  once  to  thrice 
pmnately  divided  or  cleft :  herbage  somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrate. 

G.  capitata,  Dougl.  Stem  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  2-3-pin- 
nately  divided  into  slender  or  even  filiform-linear  lobes :  flowers  numerous  in  dense  capitate 
clusters  terminating  long  naked  peduncles  :  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  corolla  light  blue 
(4  or  5  lines  long) ;  its  tube  about  the  length  of  tlie  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate-linear 
lobes  and  the  nearly  glabrous  calyx,  only  slightly  dilated  at  the  throat :  stamens  inserted 
m  the  very  sinuses  of  the  corolla.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.2698;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1170- 
Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  287.  —  W.  California  and  Oregon.     Common  in  gardens. 

G.  achilleaefolia,  Benth.  Generally  more  pubescent  and  rather  stouter  than  the  pre- 
ceding, and  the  head  like  flower-clusters  larger  and  less  compact :  flowers  larger :  calyx 
more  or  less  woolly  ;  its  lobes  with  short  recurved  tips :  lobes  of  the  violet-blue  or  lavender- 
purple  corolla  obovate  or  broadly  oblong;  its  throat  abruptly  and  amply  dilated.  —  Bot. 
Reg.  no.  1622,  &  Prodr.  I.  c.  311;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5939;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  447.— 
Common  throughout  W.  California. 

G.  mtllticaTllis,  Benth.  1.  c.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  diffuse :  leaves  mostly 
twice  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes  :  flowers  fewer  and  in  a  less  dense  shorter- 
peduncled  cluster  than  tJie  preceding,  some  of  the  pedicels  in  fruit  equalling  the  calyx  : 
corolla  (4  lines  long)  violet ;  its  proper  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx,  and  its  obovate  or 
ovate  lobes  not  longer  than  the  funnelform  throat:  capsule  ovoid.  — Gray,  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  498.  G.  achillecEfolia,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1682 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3440;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard. 
n.  ser.  t.  280,  not  Benth.  G.  mil/efollata,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  1838,  35,  a  dif- 
fuse and  small-flowered  form.  G.  sfricta,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  755.  PoJemonium  capitatum, 
Eschsch.  in  Mem.  Acad.  Petrop.  1826  ?  — California,  very  common  throughout  the  western 
part  of  the  State. 

Var.  tenera,  Gray,  1.  c,  a  depauperate  and  attenuated  form,  in  dry  and  poor  soil, 
with  peduncle  more  loosely  3-5-flowered,  or  even  1-flowered.  —  G.  sHcta  Liebm  Ind  Sem 
Hafn.  1853  ?  —  With  the  ordinary  form. 

G.  tricolor,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  slender,  paniculately  branched, 
at  length  diffuse  :  leaves  (as  of  the  preceding  or  more  slender)  and  calyx,  &c.,  usually  more 
viscid-pubescent :  flowers  few  or  several  and  short-pedicelled  or  subsessile  in  cymulose 
rather  sliort-peduncled  clusters  :  corolla  (half  inch  long)  twice  or  thrice  the  lengtii  of  the 
calyx,  with  very  short  and  yellowish  proper  tube,  ample  campanulate-funnelform  throat 
marked  with  deep  brown-purple,  and  lilac  or  violet  roundish  lobes  which  surpass  the 
stamens.  —  Hort.  Trans,  viii.  t.  18 ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1704 ;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  n.  ser.  t.  264  ; 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3463.  —  California,  tliroughout  the  western  part  of  the  State:  common 
in  cultivation. 

G.  latiflora.  A  span  or  two  high,  effusely  paniculate,  glabrous,  and  the  inflorescence  and 
calyx  sparsely  glandular :  radical  leaves  simply  pinnatifid,  linear-lanceolate  (an  inch  or 
two  long),  with  short  ovate  or  triangular  and  cuspidate-tipped  lobes  ;  the  cauline  few  and 
small  or  minute,  all  but  the  lowest  entire  and  subulate  :  paniculate  cyme  very  loose  :  pedicels 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  flower:  corolla  (7  to  11  lines  long)  purple  with  yellowish  or 
brownish  throat,  dilated-funnelform,  abruptly  contracted  below  into  a  narrow  tube  which 
slightly  exceeds  the  calyx ;  its  lobes  rounded-obovate  :  capsule  ovoid.  —  G.  tenuiflnra,  var. 
latiflora,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  278,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c. —California,  San  Diego  and 
Los  Angeles  Co.,  Fremont,  Wallace,  Palmer  (402). 

G.  tenuiflora,  Benth.  A  foot  or  more  high,  slender,  loosely  paniculate  above :  radical 
and  lower  leaves  bipinnately  parted  or  divided,  or  simply  divided  and  the  narrow  divisions 


148  POLEMONIACEiE.  GUia. 

incised,  the  lobes  short ;  the  upper  becoming  simple,  small  and  entire :  branches  loosely 
few-flowered:  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flower:  corolla  (7  to  9  lines  long)  rose-color  with 
violet  throat,  narrowly  funnelforra  or  even  trumpet-shaped;  its  slender  tube  fully  thrice 
the  length  of  the  calyx  :  capsule  ovoid-oblong.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1888;  Gray,  1.  c,  excl. 
var.  —  California,  from  Monterey  southward. 
G.  inconspicua,  Dougl.  Mostly  low,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  usually  with  slight 
woolly  pubescence  wlien  young,  and  viscid  glandular,  branching  from  the  base :  leaves 
mostly  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted,  or  the  lowest  bipinnatifid,  with  short  mucronate-cus- 
pidate  lobes  ;  the  uppermost  becoming  small,  subulate,  and  entire  :  flowers  either  somewliat 
crowded  and  subsessile  or  at  length  loosely  panicled  and  some  of  them  slender-pedicclled  : 
corolla  violet  or  purphsh  (3  to  5  lines  long),  narrowly  funnelform,  with  proper  tube  shorter 
or  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2883  (corolla  too  salverform) ; 
Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  1.  c.  G.  parviflora,  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  626.  Cantua  parvijlora,  Pursh, 
Fl.  ii.  730.  Ipomopsis  inconspicua,  Smith,  Exot.  1. 14.  —  Wyoming  to  the  western  border  of 
Texas,  and  west  tp  California  and  British  Columbia.  Very  variable  in  size  and  form  of 
corolla,  passing  into 

Var.  sinuata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Corolla  larger,  at  least  in  proportion  to  the  calyx,  becom- 
ing thrice  its  length,  with  tube  more  exserted  and  throat  and  lobes  more  ample.  —  G.  simiata, 
Dougl. ;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  G.  arenaria,  Benth.  1.  c.  —  Oregon  and  California  to  New 
Mexico.     Some  forms  approaching  the  two  preceding. 

—  —  Seeds  destitute  of  mucilage  and  spiricles  when  wetted,  numerous:  leaves  nearly  all  radical, 
barely  pinnatifid  or  toothed;  the  cauline  mainly  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts  of  the  open 
compound  panicle,  which  is  about  a  span  high  :  some  flowers  with  very  short,  others  with  slender 
pedicels,  in  the  manner  of  G.  inconspicua  and  related  species. 
G.  leptomeria,  Gray.     Minutely  somewhat  glandular-viscid :  radical  leaves  oblong  or 
broadly  lanceolate  (an  inch  or  more  long),  incisely  toothed  or  sinuate-pinnatifid ;  the  ob- 
tuse teeth  or  lobes  minutely  mucronate-cuspidate :  cymose, panicle  effuse:  flowers  incon- 
spicuous :  corolla  whitish,  2  or  3  lines  long,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  slender- 
funnelform,  and  with  very  small  acute  lobes :  capsule  ovoid,  equalling  or  surpassing  the 
triangular  acute  calyx-teeth.  —  Proc.  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  498 ;   "Watson,  Bot.  King,  270, 
t.  26,  fig.  6-11.  — Interior  desert  region,  Nevada  and  Utah,  Watson,  Parry,  Lemmon. 
G.  latifolia,  Watson.     Viscid-pubescent  and  above  glandular :  radical  leaves  oval  or 
roundish  (an  inch  or  two  long),  distinctly  petioled,  repand-dentate  and  the  broad  short 
teeth  slender-spinescent :   panicle  loosely  many-flowered:   corolla  pinkish,  2^  lines  long, 
cylindraceous,  little  longer  than  the  calyx;  its  lobes  acute:  capsule  oblong,  comparatively 
large  (3  lines  long),  somewhat  exceeded  by  the  spinescent-subulate  calyx-lobes.  —  Am.  Nat- 
uralist, ix.  347.  —  S.  Utah,  Pairy. 

•w-  ++  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate:  pedicels  slenderer  filiform,  scattered. 
=  Western  species,  diffuse  and  slender,  barely  a  span  high :  pedicels  becoming  horizontal  or 
at  length  refracted. 
G.  micromeria,  Gray,  1.  c.  Nearly  glabrous,  glandless,  effusely  much  branched: 
branches  filiform :  radical  and  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  and  the  lobes  obtuse ;  the  upper 
linear  and  entire  :  pedicels  capillary,  half  inch  long,  axillary  or  opposite  the  leaves  :  flower 
barely  a  line  long :  corolla  campanulate,  white,  a  little  longer  than  the  o-clef  t  calyx :  cap- 
sule globular:  seeds  few,  not  mucilaginous.  —  Watson,  I.e.  fig.  12-14.  — N.  W.  Nevada, 
Watson.  Lemmon. 
G.  filif  ormis.  Parry.  Completely  glabrous  and  smooth  :  stem  erect ;  the  branches  fili- 
form and  spreading :  leaves  all  filiform  or  nearly  so  and  entire :  scattered  capillary  pedi- 
cels (from  1  to  11  lines  long)  at  length  refracted:  corolla  cream-color,  very  open-campanu- 
late,  2  lines  long,  deeply  5-cleft,  exceeding  the  6-parted  calyx ;  its  lobes  truncate  and 
obscurely  erose-denticulate :  capsule  globular:  seeds  rather  few,  mucilaginous  but  not 
spirilliferous  when  wet.  — Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  75.  — St.  George,  S.  Utah,  Parry. 
Perhaps  this  species  belongs  to  the  §  Dactylophyllum ;  but  all  except  the  lowest  leaves  are 
alternate.  , 
G.  campanulata,  Gray.  Minutely  pubescent  when  young,  obscurely  viscid,  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base,  depressed:  leaves  lanceolate;  the  lower  sparingly  pinnatifid- 
toothed ;  the  upper  small  and  entire  :  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  flower :  corolla  white, 
oblong-campanulate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  5-parted  calyx,  moderately 


Polemonium.  POLEMONIACE^.  149 

5-lobed :  stamens  inserted  next  the  base :  anthers  oblong :  ovules  about  7  in  each  cell. 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vili.  279;  Watson,  1.  c.  fig.  16-18.— W.  Nevada,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Truckee  River,  Watson. 

=  =  Texan  and  Mexican:  pedicels  erect  or  ascending,  loosely  and  effusely  paniculate :  seeds 
mucilaginous  and  spirilliferous  when  wetted,  rather  numerous. 

G.  incisa,  Benth.  Merely  puberulent :  stenife  slender  and  weak,  diffusely  branched  from 
tlie  base,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy :  leaves  thin ;  the  radical  and  lower  cauline  slender- 
petioled,  roundish-ovate  or  obovate,  acutely  and  incisely  toothed  or  lyrately  cleft;  the 
upper  lanceolate,  sparsely  laciniate;  uppermost  linear,  more  entire,  sessile,  and  gradually 
reduced  to  subulate  bracts  :  pedicels  an  inch  or  two  long,  rigid :  corolla  rotate,  deeply  5- 
cleft  (white  or  blue,  half  inch  or  less  in  diameter),  deeply  5-lobed;  the  lobes  ovate:  fila- 
ments filiform  :  anthers  oblong-oval.  —  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  312.  G.  Lindheimeriana,  Scheele  in 
Linn.  xxi.  763.  —  Shady  banks  and  thickets,  Texas.     (Mex.) 

-f—  -i—  Root  perennial  or  base  of  stems  lignescent. 
•H-  Corolla  (as  far  as  known)  rotate  and  blue:  leaves  rigid. 

G.  rigidula,  Benth.  Glabrous  or  viscid-glandular :  stems  a  span  or  so  high,  slender  and 
diffusely  branched  from  a  stout  lignescent  base:  leaves  mostly  pinnately  (or  the  upper- 
most nearly  palmately)  parted  or  cleft  into  few  or  several  lanceolate-linear  oi-  subulate 
lobes :  pedicels  scattered,  an  inch  or  less  long :  corolla  completely  rotate  (f  to  IJ  inches  in 
diameter),  5-parted;  its  lobes  obovate:  filaments  filiform:  anthers  elongated-oblong: 
ovules  and  seeds  several  in  each  cell.  —  DC.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  280.  G. 
glandiilosa,  Scheele,  1.  c,  one  of  the  viscid-glandular  forms.  (Corolla  opening  wide  in  after- 
noon sunshine,  closing  at  sunset,  Lindheimer.) — Rocky  plains  and  hills,  Texas  and  New 
Mexico.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

Var.  acerosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  dwarf,  rigid,  and  suffruticose  :  branches  very  leafy  : 
the  leaves  all  with  slender-subulate  or  acerose  and  somewhat  pungent  divisions :  pedicels 
short:  flower  rather  smaller:  anthers  barely  oblong.  —  Northern  New  Mexico  and  borders 
of  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

G.  caespitosa,  Gray.  Depressed-cespitose,  with  a  stout  lignescent  caudex  :  leaves  nearly 
all  densely  crowded  on  the  very  short  tufted  shoots,  viscid-puberulent,  spatulate  or  some- 
what lanceolate,  entire,  thickish,  half  inch  long  or  less :  flowering  shoots  scape-like,  1  to  3 
inches  high,  1-6-flowered  :  flowers  short-pedicelled :  calyx  narrow,  2  lines  long,  5-clef t ;  the 
lobes  slender-subulate  :  corolla  and  stamens  not  seen  :  ovules  few  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xii.  80.  —  Rabbit  Valley,  Utah,  on  barren  sandstone  cliffs,  at  7000  feet,  L.  F.  Ward. 
—  Its  proper  place  in  the  genus  quite  uncertain,  perhaps  next  G.  subnuda. 
•H-  ++  <,'oroIla  tubular-funnelform:  habit  and  foliage  wholly  of  Pohmonium  confertum,\a.r.  mdli- 
tam,  but  stamens  straight. 

G.  Brandegei,  Gray.  Very  viscid  with  glandular  pubescence,  pleasantly  odoriferous, 
cespitose  :  stems  a  span  to  near  a  foot  high,  simple  :  leaves  all  pinnate,  elongated-linear  in 
circumscription  ;  the  radical  crowded  and  with  short  dilated  and  scarious  sheatliinp  petiole  ; 
the  cauline  scattered  and  similar  :  leaflets  very  small  and  numerous,  2  lines  long,  from  oval 
to  oblong-luiear,  sessile,  some  simple,  others  2-parted  and  so  appearing  verticillate :  flowers 
several  in  a  short  and  racemiform  leafy  thyrsus  :  corolla  golden  yellow,  trumpet-shaped,  an 
inch  or  less  long,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  oblong  or  cylindraceous  obtusely  5- 
lobed  calyx;  its  lobes  oval  and  short:  the  stamens  included  in  its  throat  (not  declined  or 
curved)  :  anthers  roundish :  ovules  few  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  85.  —  San  Juan 
Gap,  and  Waggon-wheel  Gap,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  S.  W.  Colorado,  on  the  face  of  high  per- 
pendicular cliffs,  T.  S.  Brandegee. 

Var.  Lambornii.  Corolla  lurid-yellowish  or  greenish.  —  Alpine  region  of  Sierra 
Blanca,  S.  Colorado,  R.  H.  Lamhom,  A.  Gray. 

4.  P0LEM6N1UM,  Tourn.  Grekk  Valerian,  Jacob's  Ladder. 
(Ancient  name,  from  Ttoleftog,  vpar,  or  more  probably  from  the  philosopher  Floh'- 
^ojr.)  —  Herbs,  of  the  cooler  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  one  in  the 
southern ;  the  leaflets  or  divisions  of  the  pinnate  leaves  sessile  and  not  serrate. 
Inflorescence  racemiform,  thyrsiform,  or  cymulose-paniculate ;  the  upper  pedicels 
ebracteate.     Flowers  blue  or  white,  rarely  purplish,  usually  showy,  produced  in 


150  POLEMONIACE^.  Polemonium. 

summer.  Anthers  commonly  oblong  in  the  bud,  oval  in  the  blossom.  Hypogy- 
nous  disk  fleshy  and  saucer-shaped,  somewhat  crenate.  Seed-coat  developing 
mucilage  and  spiricles  when  wetted.  Genus  marked  rather  by  habit  than  char- 
acter, the  first  and  last  sections  too  near  Gilia. 

§  1.  Corolla  strictly  or  even  narrowjy  funnelform ;  its  tube  more  or  less  ex- 
ceeding the  oblong  or  cylindraceous  calyx,  prominently  longer  than  the  lobes:  fila- 
ments uaked  or  nearly  so  and  not  dilated  at  base,  usually  inserted  on  the  middle 
of  the  tube,  or  occasionally  adnate  higher :  leaflets  very  small  and  crowded,  so  as 
seemingly  to  be  verticillate :  inflorescence  capitate-congested  or  spiciform  :  cespi- 
tose  perennial.     (Transition  to  Gilia  ) 

P.  confertum,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high  from  a  tufted  rootstock,  glandular-pubes- 
cent and  viscid,  musky -fragrant :  radical  petioles  conspicuously  scarious-dilated  and  sheath- 
ing at  base :  leaflets  1  to  3  lines  long,  mostly  2-3-divided,  and  so  appearing  as  if  in  fascicles 
or  whorls ;  the  divisions  from  round-oval  to  oblong-linear :  flowers  densely  crowded,  honey- 
scented  ;  corolla  deep  blue,  from  half  to  a  full  inch  long ;  its  roundish  lobes  2^  or  3  lines 
long:  ovules  about  3  in  each  cell.  — Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  73,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii  280, 
&  Bot.  Calif,  i.  600 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  271 ;  Robinson,  Garden,  1876,  with  a  colored 
plate.  P.  viscosum,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  154,  in  small  part.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains from  lat.  49°  southward  to  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  in  the  high  Sierra  Nevada, 
California. 

Var.  mellitvim,  Gray,  1.  c.  Usually  a  taller  form  :  inflorescence  more  lax  and  leafy, 
becoming  spiciform  or  racemose:  corolla  pale  or  sometimes  white,  fully  an  inch  long,  more 
narrowly  funnelform  ;  the  lobes  only  one  third  or  fourth  the  length  of  the  tube. —  With  the 
ordinary  form  in  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

§  2.  Corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  with  tube  not  surpassing  the  open  cara- 
panulate  calyx  and  shorter  than  the  ample  spreading  limb:  filaments  usually 
dilated  and  pilose-appendaged  at  base:  inflorescence  open  and  with  very  few 
bracts :  leaflets  simple  and  entire,  sometimes  confluent:  root  perennial. 

*  Low,  about  a  span  hi^h  from  cespitose-branching  and  mostly  thickened  rootstocks :  flowering 
stems  ouly  1-3-leaved :  "flowers  cymulose:  leaflets  seldom  half  an  inch  long. 
P.  viscosum,  Nutt.  Dwarf  and  with  thick  densely  tufted  rootstocks,  viscid-puberulent : 
leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded  or  even  imbricated,  thickish,  ovate  or  roundish,  at  most 
a  line  and  a  half  long  :  flowers  in  a  rather  close  cymulose  cluster :  corolla  blue  or  whitish, 
barely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  its  rounded  lobes  (2  lines  long)  about  the  length  of  the 
included  tube:  filaments  not  appendaged  at  base. -PI.  Gamb.  154  (mainly,  excludmg 
wliat  relates  to  the  "elongated  lanceolate  segments  of  the  calyx");  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  1.  c.  —  High  Rocky  Mountains,  towards  the  sources  of  the  Platte,  Nultall. 
P.  humile,  Willd.  More  slender,  and  from  somewhat  creeping  rootstocks,  more  or  less 
"viscid-pubescent :  leaflets  15  to  21,  from  round-oval  to  oblong,  2  to  6  lines  long :  flowers 
rather  few  in  the  clusters :  corolla  blue  or  purplish  ;  its  ampler  rounded  lobes  much  longer 
than  the  short  included  tube :  filaments  pilose  at  the  dilated  base  :  ovules  2  to  4  and  seeds 
1  or  2  in  each  cell.  — Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  iv.  792;  Cham,  in  Lihn.  vi.  562.  A  polymor- 
phous or  complex  species,  of  which  the  large-flowered  high  northern  form,  with  rather  long 
viscid  pubescence  about  the  calyx,  &c.,  may  be  taken  as  type,  after  Chamisso,  viz.  his  P. 
humile  and  his  var.  mncranthum.  P.  Richardsonii,  Graham  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2800.  P.  lanatum, 
Fischer.  P.  capitatum,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  317,  mainly  (excl.  syn.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg., 
which  belongs  rather  to  P.  cairuleim  ;  also  excluding  the  original  of  Eschscholtz,  from  Cali- 
fornia, which  must  be  Gilla  multicauUs  or  G.  achiUecefoUa).  P.  pulchellum,  var.  macranthum, 
Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iii.  85.  —  Arctic  coast  to  St.  Paul's  and  Shumagin  Islands.  (Kamts. 
to  Spitzbergen.)     Lobes  of  the  corolla  often  5  lines  long. 

Var.  pulchellum.  Viscid  pubescence  mostly  minute,  or  the  leaflets  often  nearly 
glabrous  and  naked  :  flowers  smaller  :  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  only  3  or  2  lines  long,  violet 
or  lavender  blue,  in  some  forms  nearly  white.  (Varies  in  small-flowered  forms  with  style 
and  even  stamens  exserted.)  —  P.pu/c/ie//u»i,  Bunge,  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  1.  233,  &  Ic.  Ross. 


Polemonium.  POLEMONIACE^. 


151 


LfM^;  t  907r'  ^°™^^'°l?- ,  P-  ^"""^«'  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1304.  P.pulcherrimum,  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag  t.  2979,  a  more  viscid,  lax  or  diffuse,  and  small-flowered  form  ;  the  corolla  violet 
varying  to  white.  Us  lobes  narrower. -N.  W.  and  Arctic  coast,  and  southward  along  he 
llocky  Mountams  to  Colorado  and  the  Sierra  Nevada.  (Karats.  &  Siberia.) 
*  *  Taller,  from  slender  rootstocks  or  roots:  leaves  and  leaflets  larger 
■^m2rl^^^  *°  ^^  '"  T''  ?"=  ^Je'^.e'-eft,  1  to  .3  feet  high:  leaflets  nun^erous  and  mostlv  aporoxi- 
T^^Sr^'^^Z:^^-^^       -^^  '-  thesameVies  either  wfnS.Td 

■^' *r^jy^®^^^'  L-  ^ith^'"  glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent:  stem  mostly  strict  and  virgate 
1  to  6  feet  high,  5-10-leaved :  leaflets  from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate  (9  to  20  lines 
long) :  flowers  numerous  in  a  naked  and  narrow  thyrsus  or  panicle:  calyx  cleft  to  or  be- 
yond the  middle:  corolla  an  incli  or  considerably  less  in  diameter:  elongated  style  usually 
considerably  and  stamens  often  somewhat  longer  than  the  corolla  —  Fl  Dan  t  255  • 
!l"trA^-/'-  ^'™-  *•  ^^■^*'  ^'^^'  ^^"-  ^^-  ^'  371.- Wet  or  moist  ground;  very  rare  in 
the  IN.  Atlantic  States  (in  swamps  in  New  York,  viz.  Schoharie  Co.,  Dr.  Howe,  Delaware 
Co.,  B.  D.  Gilbert,  Herkimer  Co.,  Clinton,  also  Warren  Co.,  New  Jersey,  Porter;  a' form  with 
rather  open-panicled  inflorescence  and  broadish  leaflets) ;  but  common  in  western  wooded 
mountain  districts,  viz.  from  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains  to  California,  Oregon  and  far 
northward.     (N.  Asia,  Eu.)  ' 

Var.  acutiflorum,  Ledeb.,  is  a  high  northern  and  reduced  form,  a  foot  to  a  span 
high,  with  few  and  large  flowers,  and  ovate  more  or  less  acute  corolla-lobes,  which  exceed 
the  stamens  and  sometimes  even  the  style.  —  P.  acutiflorum,  Willd.  in  Roem.  &  Sch.  1.  c.  • 
DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  —  High  N.  W.  coast  and  Aleutian  Islands,  &c.     (Siber.,  N.  Eu.)  ' 

P.  foliosiSsimum.  Very  viscid-pubescent  througliout  and  strong-scented :  stem  a  foot 
or  naore  high,  very  leafy  throughout:  leaflets  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate  (seldom 
an  inch  long) :  flowers  corymbose-cymose,  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding :  corolla 
commonly  white  or  cream-color,  sometimes  violet,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  which  is 
5-cleft  to  or  beyond  the  middle:  style  and  stamens  not  protruding.  —  P.  coeruleum,  \a.T.l 
pterosperma,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  317 ;  but  the  seeds,  as  in  P.  cceruleum,  are  either  mar- 
ginless  or  wing-margined.  P.  cceruleum,  va.r.foliosissimum,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  281.  — 
Rocky  Mountains  of  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming,  and  west  to  Utah  and  Idaho. 
Some  forms  approaching  the  preceding  species ;  but  it  is  more  like  P.  Mexicanum,  Cerv., 
which  is  loosely  branched,  and  has  the  violet  corolla  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  lobes  of 
the  latter  barely  half  the  length  of  the  tube. 

•t—  ■*— _  Ovules  only  3  or  4  in  each  cell :  stem  lax  or  with  diffuse  branches  and  open  corymbiform  or 
paniculate  inflorescence:  leaflets  fewer  (5  to  15)  and  rather  large,  membranaceous,  only  the  ulti- 
mate  at  all  confluent:  herbage  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  neither  viscid  nor  glandular :  style 
and  stamens  rather  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

P.  carneum.  A  foot  or  two  high,  rather  stout :  leaflets  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate 
(often  an  inch  and  a  half  long);  branches  somewhat  umbellately  3-5-flowered:  calyx 
deeply  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  ovate-oblong :  corolla  salmon-color  or  flesh-color  (fading  to  pur- 
plish), 8  to  12  lines  long  (the  ample  limb  sometimes  1|  inches  in  diameter  when,  fully 
expanded);  its  lobes  rounded-obovate.  —  In  mountain  woods,  Siskiyou  Co.,  California, 
Greene.     Also  near  San  Francisco,  Kellogg,  G.  R.  Vasey. 

P.  reptans,  L.  A  foot  or  less  high,  slender,  weak  and  at  length  diffuse  or  spreading  (but 
never  creeping) :  leaflets  ovate-  or  lanceolate-oblong:  flowers  several  and  loosely  panicu- 
late-cymulose  on  the  branches :  calyx  with  ovate  lobes  shorter  than  its  tube  :  corolla  light 
blue,  half  inch  or  less  in  length.  —  Lam.  111.  1. 106 ;  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1887.  — Open  woods.  New 
York  to  Alabama  and  west  to  Minnesota  and  Missouri. 
§  3.  Corolla  almost  rotate,  shorter  than   the  broad  and   open  deeply  .5-cleft 

calyx  :  filaments  almost  naked  at  base:  flowers  scattered:  root  annual.    (Another 

transition  to  Giiia.)  - 

P.  micranthum,  Benth.  Much  branched  from  the  base,  slender,  diffuse,  more  or  less 
viscid-pubescent:  stems  or  branches  3  to  8  inches  long:  leaflets  5  to  13,  obovate  or  lanceo- 
late (2  to  4  lines  long) :  peduncles  mostly  solitary  opposite  the  leaves :  corolla  whitish,  a 
line  or  two  long:  ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cell.  —  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  318;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Springy 
ground,  British  Columbia  to  California  and  Nevada  :  fl.  in  spring.  (S.  Chili,  P.  antarcticum, 
Griseb.  ex  Benth.) 


152  HYDROPHYLLACEiE. 


Order  XCII.   HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  watery  insi[)id  juice,  alternate  or  sometimes  oppo- 
site leaves,  no  stipules,  mostly  a  scorpioid  inflorescence  in  the  manner  of  Borra- 
ginacece,  regular  5-merous  o-androus  flowers,  with  the  stamens  borne  on  the  base 
or  lower  part  of  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes,  a  2-merous  ovary,  and  the 
two  styles  distinct  or  partly  united  (in  Romanzoffia  completely  united  into  one)  : 
stigmas  terminal.  Ovules  amphitropous  or  anatropous,  from  4  to  very  many, 
pendulous,  or  when  numerous  almost  horizontal.  Hypogynous  annular  disk  at 
the  base  of  the  ovary  often  conspicuous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  one-celled  with 
two  parietal  placentae,  or  incompletely  2-celled  by  the  approximation  or  meeting 
of  the  placentae  (borne  on  senaisepta),  or  even  completely  2-celled  by  their  union 
in  the  axis.  Seeds  with  a  close  and  usually  reticulated  or  pitted  testa,  and  a 
small  or  slender  embryo  in  cartilaginous  or  firm-fleshy  albumen.  Scorpioid  cymes 
sometimes  complete,  more  commonly  reduced  to  geminate  or  solitary  false  spikes 
or  racemes  (which  in  description  may  be  termed  spikes  or  racemes)  ;  the  pedi- 
cels bractless.  Calyx  5-parted,  or  of  nearly  distinct  sepals.  —  Benth.  in  Linn. 
Trans,  xvii.  267  ;  A.DC.  Prodr.  ix.  287  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.312,  &  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  501. 

Tribe  I.  HYDROPHYLLE^.  Ovary  and  capsule  strictly  1-celled,  lined  with  a 
pair  of  expanded,  at  first  fleshy,  at  maturity  thin  and  membranaceous  placentae, 
which  form  a  lining  to  the  pericarp,  and  enclose  the  4  or  more  amphitropous 
ovules  and  seeds.  Calyx  sometimes  appendaged  at  the  sinuses.  Corolla  mostly 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Style  more  or  less  2-cleft.  Ovary  hispid,  at  least  at  the 
apex.  Capsule  globose,  loculicidal,  i.  e.  dehiscent  by  the  dorsal  sutures.  Seeds 
by  abortion  commonly  fewer  than  the  ovules,  globular,  or  angled  by  mutual  pres- 
sure :   albimien  cartilaginous. 

*  Stamens  and  style  mostly  conspicuously  exserted :   calyx  nearly  unchanged  in  fruit : 
ro"bt  perennial  or  biennial :  leaves  alternate. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM.  Calyx  early  open,  with  or  without  a  small  appendage  at  each 
sinus.  Corolla  campanulate;  the  tube  within  bearing  a  linear  longitudinal  appendage 
opposite  each  lobe,  with  infolded  edges,  forming  a  nectariferous  groove.  Filaments  and 
style  long  and  filiform,  the  former  bearded  at  the  middle :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  in- 
flexed  in  the  bud.     Seeds  1  to'  4 ;  the  ovules  only  4. 

*  *   Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla :  calyx  accrescent  in  fruit :  root  annual :  lower  and 
sometimes  all  the  leaves  opposite. 

2.  NEMOPHILA.  Calyx  with  a  reflexed  appendage  at  each  sinus.  Corolla  rotate  or 
approaching  campanulate,  usually  longer  than  the  calyx;  the  base  within  mostly  with  10 
appendages.  Anthers  usually  sagittate-oblong.  Ovules  4  to  20.  Seeds  commonly  with 
a  deciduous  or  more  persistent  caruncle. 

3.  ELLISIA.  Calyx  destitute  of  appendages  at  the  sinuses,  usually  much  enlarged 
under  the  fruit.  Corolla  campanulate,  shorter  or  little  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the 
internal  appendages  minute  or  obsolete ;  lobes  in  eestivation  either  all  convolute,  or 
one  exterior,  or  rarely  quincuncial.  Anthers  oval  or  oblong.  Ovules  4  to  8.  Seeds 
not  carunculate. 

Tribe  II.  PHACELIEiE.  Ovary  either  strictly  1-celled  or  2-celled  by  the  meeting 
of  the  linear  or  lanceolate  placentae  in  the  axis  ;  these  separating  in  the  loculicidal 
dehiscence,  and  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  semiseptiferous  valves,  or  sometimes 
falling  away.  Calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses,  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Style  from  2-parted  to  (rarely)  entire ;  the  branches  at  the  apex  or  the 
stigmas  obscurely  if  at  all  thickened.  Ovary  mostly  hispid  or  pubescent,  at  least 
its  apex.     Albumen  cartilaginous  or  firm-fleshy. 


HYDROPHYLLACEiE.  153 

*  Leaves  all  opposite,  entire  :  flowers  cymose :  style  2-cleft  at  the  apex. 

4.  DRAPERIA.  Calyx-lobes  or  sepals  narrow-linear,  equal.  Corolla  tubular-funnelform, 
with  5  short  lobes,  not  appendaged  within.  Stamens  unequal  and  somewhat  unequally 
inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Ovary  2-ceUed,  with  a  pair  of 
collateral  ovules  pendulous  from  near  the  apex  of  each  cell.  Style  long  and  filiform. 
Capsule  globose-didymous,  membranaceous  ;  the  thin  semi-septa  commonly  adnate  to  each 
valve,  and  the  membranaceous  central  or  placental  portion  falling  with  the  four  seeds. 

*  *  Leaves  all  or  all  but  the  lowest  alternate:  flowers  cymose,  scorpioid-racemose  or 
spicate,  or  rarely  in  the  forks. 

+-  Style  2-cleft,  at  least  at  the  apex. 

5.  PHACELIA.  Calyx-lobes  all  similar  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  deciduous,  not  yellow. 
Stamens  equally  inserted  low  down  on  the  corolla.  Inflorescence  scorpioid.  (Ovules  and 
seeds  when  reduced  to  a  pair  collateral  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  cell.) 

6.  EMMENANTHE.  Corolla  (yellow  or  yellowish  and  campanulate)  persistent !  Other- 
wise as  Phacelia.     Seeds  several. 

7.  CONANTHUS.  Calyx-lobes  all  similar,  narrow.  Corolla  deciduous,  funnelform,  not 
appendaged ;  the  slender  filaments  unequally  inserted  more  or  less  high  up  on  its  tube. 
Stigmas  capitellate.  Seeds  with  a  thin  smoothish  testa,  10  to  20.  Flowers  solitary  and 
subsessile  in  the  leafy  forks  of  the  stem.     Habit  of  Noma. 

8.  TRICARDIA.  Calyx-lobes  or  sepals  very  dissimilar;  3  outer  large  and  cordate, 
2  inner  linear.  Corolla  broad-campanulate,  deciduous.  Stamens  equally  inserted  on  the 
base  of  the  corolla.     Ovary  glabrous :  ovules  and  seeds  about  8.    Flowers  racemose. 

-1-   -)—  Style  and  even  the  stigma  entire  :  ovary  glabrous. 

9.  ROMANZOFFIA.  Calyx-lobes  or  sepals  similar.  Corolla  funnelform  or  almost  cam- 
panulate ;  the  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  its  tube,  unequal.  Style  filiform  :  stigma 
small.  Inflorescence  scapiform,  loosely  racemose.  Leaves  round-reniform  and  crenate- 
lobed. 

*  *  *  Leaves  (alternate)  and  1-flowered  peduncles  all  radical :  style  2-cleft  at  apex. 

1 0.  HESPEROCHIRON.  Calyx  5-(rarely  6-7-)parted  ;  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  occa- 
sionally unequal.  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate,  deciduous ;  the  stamens  inserted  on  the 
base  of  its  tube.     Ovary  pubescent.     Leaves  spatulate  or  oblong,  entire. 

Tribe  III.  NAME^.  Styles  2,  distinct  to  the  base  ;  their  tips  or  stigmas  commonly 
clavate-thickened  or  capitate.  Ovary  completely  or  incompletely  2-celled.  Cap- 
sule loculicidal  ;  the  valves  bearing  the  (usually  placentiferoiis)  half-dissepiments 
on  their  middle.  Seeds  with  firm  fleshy  albumen.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
not  appendaged  vpithin.  Leaves  simple,  alternate,  or  sometimes  imperfectly  oppo- 
site. (Closely  connected  with  the  foregoing  tribe  through  Draperia  and  Conanthus 
on  the  one  hand,  and  Lemmonia  on  the  other.) 

*  Ovules  and  seeds  only  2  in  each  cell,  one  above  the  other :  placentae  not  transversely 
dilated  or  bilamellar. 

1 1.  LEMMOISriA.  Corolla  short-campanulate.  Filaments  and  styles  short  and  included, 
subulate :  the  former  equally  inserted,  abruptly  dilated  or  as  it  were  appendiculate  at  the 
very  base :  anthers  cordate-didymous.  Stigmas  small.  Capsule  membranaceous,  2- 
valved.     Seeds  proportionally  large,  globular-obovate.     Depressed  annual. 

*  *  Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  or  several,  on  transverse  lamelliform  placenta,  which 
approximate  or  cohere  in  the  axis  of  the  ovary,  but  separate  in  the  loculicidal  dehis- 
cence and  are  borne  on  the  lialf-dissepiments  or  half-valves  of  the  capsule. 

1 2.  NAMA.  Corolla  funnelform  or  somewhat  salverf orm.  Filaments  and  styles  filiform, 
more  or  less  included;  the  former  commonly  unequal  and  often  unequally  inserted, 
slio-htly  and  gradually  if  at  all  dilated  at  base.  Capsule  membranaceous ;  the  valves  and 
placentae  undivided.  Ovules  and  usually  the  seeds  numerous.  Mauily  low  herbs  or 
suffrutescent. 

1 3  ERIODICTYON  Corolla  funnelform  or  approaching  campanulate.  Filaments  and 
'  style  more  or  less  included.  Capsule  crustaceous,  4-valved,  i.  e.  first  loculicidal,  then  sep- 
ticidal,  thus  splitting  into  4  half-carpels,  which  are  closed  on  one  side,  owing  to  the  w)dely 
dilated  placenta,  and  partly  open  on  the  other.  Seeds  rather  few,  pendulous.  Slurubby, 
with  leaves  mostly  dentate. 
Tribe  IV.  HYDROLEE^.  Ovary  and  capsule  completely  2-celled,  and  with  large 
and  fleshy  inseparable  placentae;  the  dehiscence  septicidally  septifragal,  or  often 


154  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Hydrophjllum. 

iiTegular,  leaving  the  thin  dissepiment  with  the  central  placenta.    Styles  2.    Corolla 
nearly  rotate,  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Seeds  very  numerous,  with  fleshy  albumen. 
Leaves  all  alternate,  simple  and  entire. 
14.  HYDROLEA,     The  only  genus. 

1.  HYDROPH'^LLUM,  Tourn.  Waterleaf.  (Formed  of  vboiQ, 
water,  and  (fvXXov,  leaf,  a  name  of  no  obvious  application.)  —  North- American 
herbs ;  with  petioled  ample  and  lobed  or  divided  alternate  leaves,  and  cymose 
clusters  of  violet-blue  or  white  flowers,  in  early  summer. 

§  1.  Hydrophyllum  proper.  Perennial,  with  fleshy  horizontal  rootstocks  : 
calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses,  except  occasionally  in  the  last  species. 

*   Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  :  at  least  the  calyx  and  inflorescence  hispid. 
-)—  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles,  generally  shorter  than  the  mostly  dense  inflorescence : 
anthers  short-oblong. 

H.  macrophyllum,  Nutt.  Hispid  or  rough-hirsute,  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high :  lower 
leaves  commonly  a  foot  long  ;  the  divisions  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  2  or  3  inches  long,  in- 
cisely  toothed ;  the  upper  ones  confluent :  stout  peduncles  commonly  forked :  cymes  very 
dense :  calyx  white-hispid,  not  deeply  parted ;  its  divisions  triangular-subulate,  tapering 
gradually  from  the  broad  base,  loosely  spreading:  corolla  dull  white,  half  an  inch  long. — 
Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  111.  —  Rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Virginia  and  Alabama,  and  west  to 
the  Mississippi. 

H.  capitatum,  Dougl.  Only  a  span  or  so  in  height,  tufted :  copious  fascicled  roots 
fleshy  and  almost  as  large  as  the  short  rootstocks  :  leaves  longer  than  the  stem,  and  with 
blade  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole,  ovate  or  roundish  in  general  outline,  2  or  3  inches 
long,  softly  hirsute  or  pubescent,  pinnately  6-7-parted  or  at  base  divided ;  the  divisions 
2-3-Iobed  or  cleft ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse  and  mucronate :  flowers  capitate-cymose : 
calyx  very  hispid.  —  Benth.  in  Linn.  Trans,  xvii.  273  (excl.  Calif,  pi.  &c.) ;  A.DC.  Prodr. 
ix.  289 ;  Hook.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  292  ( var.  pumilnm) ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  249.  —  Hillsides, 
&c.,  Washington  Terr,  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  and  Utah. 

Var.  alpinum,  "Watson,  I.  c.     Nearly  acaulescent  in  dense  tufts  :  flowers  distinctly 
pedicellate  in  a  somewhat  open  cyme  close  to  the  ground  :  calyx  densely  white-hairy,  but 
less  hispid.  —  Eastern  Cahf ornia  and  Nevada,  in  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada  and  Humboldt 
Mountains, 
•i—  -t—  Peduncle  elongated,  surpassing  the  petiole  and  often  sui-passing  the  subtending  leaf :  anthers 

oblong-linear.  ' 

++  Cauline  leaves  elongated-oblong  in  general  outline,  pinnately  parted  or  divided  into  7  to  15 
divisions. 

H.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  Pubescent,  hirsute,  or  sparingly  hispid,  a  foot  or  two  high: 
divisions  of  the  leaves  oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long,  mostly  incised  or  few-cleft,  obtuse : 
peduncles  rather  slender :  cymes  mostly  dense  or  capitate :  calyx  deeply  parted,  its  divi- 
sions lanceolate  and  rather  obtuse,  more  erect :  corolla  violet-purple,  varying  to  white,  a 
third  inch  long.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  314,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  H.  capitatum,  Torr.  Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  iv.  125,  not  Dougl.  — Oregon  (IVuttaU)  and  N.  &  W.  California. 

Var.  Watsoni,  Gray,  1.  c.  Commonly  low,  sometimes  almost  stemless,  soft-pubes- 
cent, especially  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves  (which  is  sometimes  canescent),  as  also  the 
sparsely  hispid  calyx :  cyme  sometimes  open.  —  H.  macrophyllum,  var.  occidentale,  Watson, 
Bot.  King,  248,  mainly.  —  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  to  Utah,  Anderson,  Bolander,  Watson,  &c. 
Var.  Pendleri,  Gray,  1.  c  Pubescence  mainly  hirsute  or  hispid,  not  at  all  canescent 
or  cinereous :  divisions  of  the  leaves  inclined  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  in- 
cisely  serrate :  peduncle  shorter:  cyme  rather  open:  corolla  white  or  nearly  so.  —  Shady- 
ravines,  Santa  Fe',  New  Mexico,  to  Colorado,  Fendler,  Greene,  T.  M.  Coulter,  &,c. 
•w-   ++  Cauline  leaves  ovate  in  general  outline,  3-5-parted  or  divided. 

H.  Virginicum,  L.  Stem  (a  foot  or  two  high)  and  bright  green  leaves  almost  glabrous, 
or  with  short  scattered  hairs  :  divisions  of  the  leaves  (2  to  4  inches  long)  ovate-lanceolate 
or  rhomboid-ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely  incised-toothed  ;  the  lowest  commonly 
2-clef t  and  the  terminal  -one  often  3-lobed  :  peduncle  usually  once  or  twice  forked  :  cyme 


NemopMla.  HYDROrHYLLACE.E.  155 

at  length  open :  calyx  5-parted  to  the  very  base  into  narrow  linear  and  spreading  liispid- 
ciliate  divisions :  corolla  nearly  white  or  sometimes  deep  violet,  about  a  fourth  of  an  inch 
long. — Lam.  111.  t.  97  ;  Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  35 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  331.  —  Rich  woods,  Canada 
to  the  mountains  of  Carolina  and  through  the  western  States  northward  to  Washington 
Terr,  and  Alaska  (violet-flowered  form).  —  Fleshy  rootstock  strongly  toothed  by  the  per- 
sistent bases  of  former  radical  petioles. 

*  *  Leaves  palmately  5-7-lobed:  calyx  often  bearing  minute  teeth  in  the  sinuses. 
H.  Canadense,  L.  A  foot  or  less  high  frorathickish  and  scaly-toothed  rootstocks,  nearly 
glabrous  or  very  slightly  and  sparsely  hirsute  even  on  the  calyx :  stems  simple  and  naked 
below,  1-2-leaved  at  the  summit:  leaves  bright  green,  rounded  and  with  a  cordate  base, 
5-7-clef  t  to  near  the  middle ;  the  larger  ones  5  to  7  inches  wide ;  the  radical  ones  on  stout 
petioles  as  long  as  the  stem,  not  rarely  furnished  with  several  small  and  distant  pinnately 
arranged  lateral  divisions  :  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  cauline  petioles,  commonly 
forked :  small  cymes  rather  open :  divisions  of  the  deeply  5-parted  calyx  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate-linear :  corolla  open-campanulate,  mostly  greenish-white :  filaments  very  villous.  — 
Lam.  111.  t.  97;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  242.  —  Damp  woods,  Canada  to  the  mountains  of  Carolina, 
and  west  to  the  Mississippi. 

§  2.  Dec^mium,  Raf.  Biennial :  calyx  appendaged  with  a  reflexed  lobe  at 
each  sinus,  and  somewhat  accrescent  under  the  fruit  (in  the  manner  of  Nemophila^ 
to  which  genus  this  approaches)  :  stamens  little  longer  than  the  open-campanulate 
corolla.  —  Viticella,  Mitch.  Nov.  Gen.  62. 

H.  appendiculatum,  Michx.  A  foot  or  so  high,  loosely  branching,  hirsute  with  long 
spreading  hairs,  and  above  minutely  somewhat  viscid-pubescent :  radical  leaves  pinnately 
5-7-parted  or  divided;  cauline  rounded,  with  truncate  or  cordate  base,  palmately  &-7- 
angulate-lobed  or  the  lower  deeper  cleft,  somewhat  dentate ;  the  lobes  very  acuminate : 
peduncles  exceeding  the  ujiper  leaves  :  cymes  loosely  paniculate :  pedicels  filiform,  equal- 
ling or  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  divisions  of  the  latter  lanceolate-subulate,  spreading, 
broadening  at  base  under  the  one-seeded  fruit.  —  Fl.  i.  134.  H.  (Decemium)  trilobum,  Raf.  Fl. 
Ludov.  33.  Decemium  hirtum,  Raf.  Med.  Fl.  ii.  215.  Nemophila  paniculata,  Spreng.  Syst. 
i.  569  ;  Beck,  Bot.  256.  —  Damp  woodlands,  Upper  Canada  to  mountains  of  Carolina,  and 
west  to  Missouri  and  Wisconsin. 

2.  NEMOPHILA,  Nutt.  (Ns'fiog,  a  grove,  and  cpdam,  I  love.)  — N.  Amer- 
ican annuals,  in  California  chiefly  winter-annuals,  diffuse,  more  or  less  hirsute,  of 
tender  texture  ;  with  opposite  or  alternate  and  usually  pinnatifid  leaves,  one- 
flowered  terminal  or  lateral  peduncles,  in  one  or  two  species  inclined  to  be  race- 
mose, and  white,  blue,  or  violet  corolla,  which  in  one  species  only  is  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  —  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  ii.  179  ;  Barton,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  t.  61 ; 
Gray,  1.  c.  314,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  503.  (The  larger-flowered  species  are  common 
ornamental  annuals  in  gardens.) 

*   Ovules  8  to  24,  maturing  5  to  15  seeds :  leaves  all  or  almost  all  opposite,  surpassed  by  the  slender 

peduncle.     (All  Californian.) 
^—  Seeds  globular,  smooth  or  minutely  pruinose,  with  a  very  prominent  papillseform  caruncle. 
N.  maculata,  Benth.     Leaves  lyrately  pinnatifid  into  5  to  9  short  lobes,  or  the  upper- 
most somewhat  cuneate  and  3-lobed  :  corolla  white,  with  a  deep  violet  blotch  at  the  apex 
of  each  of  the  broad  lobes;   its  very  broad  scales  partly  free,  hirsute-ciliate  with  long 
sparse  bristles.  — Lindl.  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  iii.  319,  &  fig.;   PI.  Hartw.  326;   Paxt.  Mag. 
xvi.  t.  6 ;  Fl.  Serres,.v.  t.  431.  —  California,  valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
Corolla  varying  from  9  to  20  lines  in  diameter. 
+-  -h-  Seeds  oblong-oval,  at  maturity  usually  more  or  less  tuberculate-corrugated  or  rugosp: 

caruncle  more  deciduous. 
N.  insignis,  Dougl.     Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7  to  9  oblong  and  often  2-3-lobed 
divisions  :  corolla  bright  clear  blue  ;  the  scales  within  its  base  short  and  roundish,  partly 
free,  hirsute  with  short  hairs.  —  Benth.  I.e.  275,  &  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i.  479;  Bot.  Reg. 


156  HYDROPHYTJ.ACE^.  Nemophila. 

t.  1713;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3485.  N.  Menziesii,  var.,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  372.  —  Common 
nearly  throughout  California,  flowering,  like  the  other  species,  from  early  spring  onward. 
Corolla  from  an  inch  or  more  down  to  little  over  half  an  inch  in  diameter. 
N.  Menziesii,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Mostly  smaller  than  the  preceding:  leaves  pinnatifid 
into  0  to  0  lobes :  rotate  corolla  from  light  blue  to  wliite,  and  commonly  with  dark  dots  or 
spots,  especially  towards  the  centre,  or  sometimes  with  a  dark  eye ;  the  scales  at  its  base 
narrow,  wholly  adherent,  their  free  edge  densely  hirsute-ciliate  :  appei;idagcs  to  the  calyx 
usually  small.  —  Bot.  Beech.  152,  &  372,  first  form  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  A^.  linijlora,  Fisch.  &  Meyer, 
Sert.  Petrop.  fol.  &  t.  8,  a  large  blue-flowered  form,  the  corolla  an  inch  wide.  N.  pedun- 
culuta,  Benth.  I.e.;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  142  (as  to  char.  &  pi.  coll.  Coulter),  a  small- 
flowered  form.  N.  aiomaria,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Petrop.  1835,  &  Sert.  Petrop.  I.  c. ;  Bot. 
Reg.  t.  1940 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3774.  iV.  discoldalis,  Hortul. ;  Fl.  Serres,  11.  t.  75,  a  cult,  form, 
with  the  dark  spots  confluent  into  a  uniform  dark  brown-purple  eye,  or  almost  covering  the 
corolla  (Kegel,  Gartenfl.  1864,  t.  442).  —  Common  in  California,  extending  to  Oregon.  Co- 
rolla from  half  an  inch  to  at  most  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  the  larger  forms  many-ovulate  and 
much  resembling  N.  iiisignis  ;  the  smaller  passing  towards  N.  parviflora,  and  sometimes  only 
7-9-0  vulate. 

*  *  Ovules  onlv  4,  i.  e  a  pair  to  each  placenta:  leaves  all  or  mainly  alternate :  flowers  mostly 
hirge:  internal  scales  of  the  corolla  very  broad  and  partly  free,  conniving  or  united  in  pairs  at 
the  base  of  the  filaments:  seeds  globose,  with  inconspicuous  caruncle  or  none:  peduncles  rarely 
exceeding  the  leaves,  or  tlie  later  ones  forming  as  it  were  a  naked  few-flowered  corymb  or 
raceme. 

N.  phacelioides,  Nutt.  Sparsely  hirsute,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  all  but  the 
earliest  alternate,  with  naked  petioles,  5-9-parted  ;  the  divisions  oblong  or  oval,  the  larger 
ones  2-5-lobed :  appendages  of  the  calyx  oblong  or  ovate,  almost  half  the  length  of  the 
lobes :  corolla  ample,  blue ;  the  appendages  in  throat  hairy  outside :  seeds  obscurely  im- 
pressed-punctate.  —  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  ii.  179,  &  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser. 
v.  192  ;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  t.  Gl ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2373  ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  740  ;  Brit.  Fl.  Card, 
t.  32.  N.  NuttalUi,  CoUa,  Hort.  Rip.  App.  i.  t.  5.  iV".  Ursula  &  A'',  pilosa,  Buckley  in  Proc. 
Acad.  Philad.  —  Low  grounds,  Arkansas  and  Texas.  Corolla  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter, 
with  white  or  pale  centre. 

N.  aurita,  Lindl.  Hirsute,  and  the  weak  stems  usually  retrorsely  hispid,  a  foot  or  two 
long :  leaves  all  with  dilated  clasping  base  or  winged  petiole ;  the  lowest  opposite,  deeply 
pinnatifid ;  the  5  to  9  oblong  or  lanceolate  divisions  more  or  less  retrorse :  appendages  of 
the  calyx  small :  corolla  violet,  from  two-thirds  to  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter ;  its  internal 
scales  with  erose  and  somewhat  ciliate  margins:  seeds  favose-reticulated.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t. 
1601 ;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  n.  ser.  t.  338.  —  California,  from  the  Sacramento  Valley  to  San  Diego. 
Upper  peduncles  almost  always  bractless  and  at  length  racemose. 

N.  racemosa,  Nutt.  More  slender  and  weak  than  the  preceding :  leaves  shorter  and 
with  fewer  divisions  and  a  naked  petiole  destitute  of  auricled  base  :  flowers  only  half  the 
size,  the  upper  ones  racemose.  — Gray,  Proc.  I.e.  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c  — San  Diego,  NuttaU ; 
Island  of  Catalina,  Dall  and  Baker.  Leaves  of  ovate  rather  than  linear  outline.  Corolla 
little  longer  than  the  calyx,  only  4  or  5  lines  wide. 

*  *  *  Ovules  onlv  4,  i.  e.  a  pair  to  each  placenta:  lower  leaves  opposite,  and  the  upper  commonly 
alternate:  flowers  small  or  minute:  corolla  more  campanulate;  its  internal  scales  delicate  and 
nearlv  glabrous,  or  obsolete :  seeds  oval  or  globose,  the  caruncle  at  length  evanescent:  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves:  plants  small  or  slender,  diffuse  or  prostrate,  hirsute-pubescent. 

•1—  Corolla,  as  in  all  preceding  species,  longer  than  the  calyx. 
N.  parviflora,  Dougl.  Leaves  pinnately  3-9-parted  or  cleft,  or  below  divided;  the 
divisions  obovate  or  oblong ;  the  distinct  lower  ones  either  sessile  or  petiolulate,  the  upper 
confluent :  appendages  of  the  calyx  rather  conspicuous  :  corolla  light  blue  or  whitish,  3  to 
5  lines  in  diameter;  its  lobes  considerably  longer  than  the  tube;  its  oblong  append- 
ages manifest,  wholly  adherent  by  one  edge:  anthers  oblong-sagittate:  filaments' filiform, 
inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla.  —  Benth.  1.  c.  275 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  A^.  parviflora  &  N. 
pedimculata,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  79.  iV.  heterophyUa,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  1.  c. ;  a  larger-flowered  form. 
—  Shady  places,  British  Columbia  to  California ;  common,  and  exceedingly  variable  in  the 
foliage,  size  of  corolla,  &c.  Seeds  from  one  to  four,  smooth  and  even,  with  obscure  im- 
pressed punctures  or  pits,  or  becoming  rather  deeply  pitted  or  scrobiculate.  All  but  .the 
upper  leaves  mostly  opposite. 


-^^^'^'"-  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  157 

N.  microcalyx  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Leaves  pmnately  3-5-parted  or  divided,  or  the 
upper  only  3-cleft ;  divisions  obovate  or  cuneate,  2-3-lobed  or  incised,  all  approximate 
commonly  the  wliole  leaf  with  a  triangulate-reniform  or  cordate  general  outline  ■  appen- 
dages of  the  calyx  small  and  inconspicuous,  in  flower  less  evident  than  iu  fruit  •  corolla 
whitish  or  bluish,  1  to  2  lines  long ;  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  carapanulate  tube  •  the  append 
ages  (always?)  obsolete:  filaments  short,  inserted  rather  high  on  the  tube  of' the  corolla- 
anthers  oval.  — Sert.  Petrop.  I.e.;  Gray,  Man.  368.  N.  evanescens,  Darby,  S  Bot  N. 
parviflora,  A.  DC.  1.  c,  as  to  Louisiana  plant.  ElUsia  microcalyx,  Nutt.  Trans.  Am  Phil  Soc' 
1.  c. ;  Hook.  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  172.  E.  ranunculacea,  Nutt.  1.  c,  ex  char.  —Moist  woods' 
Virginia  to  Florida,  Arkansas,  and  Texas.  Leaves  prevailingly  and  often  all  but  the  lowest 
opposite.  Seeds  either  globular  or  oval,  when  young  minutely  and  sparsely  pruinose  with 
little  papillae,  when  old  with  impressed  punctures. 

-f—  H—  Corolla  decidedly  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

N.  breviflora,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high,  at  length  diffuse :  leaves  sometimes  all 
alternate,  pinnately  3-5-parted  ;  the  divisions  approximate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  entire 
(3  to  9  Imes  long):  peduncles  seldom  exceeding  the  petioles;  appendages  of  the  calyx 
nearly  half  the  length  of  the  proper  lobes,  both  ciliate  with  long  hirsute  bristles :  corolla 
whitish  or  tinged  with  violet,  broadly  short-campanulate ;  the  lobes  considerably  shorter 
than  the  tube;  internal  appendages  cuneate,  the  broad  free  summit  fimbriate-incised : 
style  minutely  2-cleft  at  apex :  seed  solitary,  almost  filling  the  cell,  globose,  nearly  smooth 
and  even ;  the  caruncle  evanescent.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xl.  315.  N.  parviflora,  Watson,  Bot. 
King,  249,  excl.  char. —  Utah,  in  Parley's  Park,  Watson.  Literior  of  Oregon,  Tolmie, 
W.  C.  Cusick.  When  full  grown,  the  habit  is  somewhat  that  of  Flcerkea.  Seed  nearly 
2  Imes  in  diameter. 

3.  ELLlSIA,  L,  (In  honor  of  John  Ellis,  an  English  correspondent  of  John 

Bartram  and  of  Linnaeus,  and  who  published  the  first  account  of  Dioncea,  &c.) 

North  American  annuals,  with  tender  herbage,  somewhat  hirsute ;  the  once  to 
thrice  pinnatifid  leaves  either  all  opposite  or  the  upper  alternate ;  peduncles  soli- 
tary or  racemose ;  corolla  whitish,  mostly  small  in  comparison  with  the  at  length 
stellate  calyx. 

§  1.  EuELLi'siA,  Gray.  Ovules  in  the  manner  of  the  tribe  all  on  the  inner 
face  of  the  placentae,  a  pair  to  each  :  seeds  globose,  uniform,  alveolate-reticulated : 
leaves  once  pinnately  parted. 

B.  Nyctelea,  L.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  very  diffuse :  leaves  on  naked  or 
barely  margined  petioles,  the  upper  mostly  alternate ;  the  divisions  7  to  13,  lanceolate, 
acute,  mostly  1-3-toothed  or  lobed :  peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  opposite  the  leaves, 
or  some  of  the  later  ones  racemose  andsecund:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  at  length  ovate- 
lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  longer  than  the  capsule  :  corolla  cylindraceous-campanu- 
late,  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx:  seeds  very  minutely  reticulated.  — (Moris.  Hist.  iii. 
451,  sect.  2,  t.  28;  Ehret  in  Act.  Ups.  i.  97,  t.  5;  Trew.  PI.  Sel.  t.  99.)  Linn.  Spec.  ed.  2, 
1662.  E.  amhigua,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  118,  merely  a  slender  form.  Polemonium  Nyctelen,  L.  Spec 
ed.  1,  &c.  —  Damp  and  shady  places,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  west  to  Saskatchewan 
and  Missouri ;  flowering  through  spring  and  summer. 

B.  membranacea,  Benth.  Weak,  a  foot  or  two  long,  sparsely  beset  with  sliort  hirsute 
or  hispid  hairs  or  bristles,  otherwise  glabrous :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  on  narrowly  winged 
or  margined  petioles ;  the  divisions  3  to  9,  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  or  sometimes  with  a  lobe  : 
flowers  chiefly  bractless  and  becoming  racemose  on  a  terminal  peduncle;  calyx-lobes  oblong 
or  at  length  obovate,  very  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the  open-campanulate  corolla,  not 
exceeding  the  capsule :  seeds  rather  coarsely  reticulated.  —  Benth.  1.  c.  274  ;  A.  DC.  1.  c. ; 
Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  505.  —  California,  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego.  Flow- 
ers very  much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  :  corolla  4  lines  in  diameter,  one  lobe  outside 
in  aestivation.     Ovary  beset  with  a  few  subulate  bristles. 

§  2.  EuCRYPTA,  Gray,  1.  c.  Ovules  a  pair  on  the  back  as  well  as  on  the  face 
of  each  placenta ;  the  seeds  of  the  two  dissimilar,  oval ;  the  outer  ones  (usually 


158  HYDROPHYLLACEiE.  Ellisia. 

solitary)  flattened  and  hidden  between  its  placenta  and  the  valve :  leaves  twice  or 
even  thrice  pinnately  parted.  —  Eucrypta,  Nutt.  PL  Gamb.  159. 

E.  chrysanthemifolia,  Benth.  1-  c.  Afoot  or  two  high,  erect,  paniculately  branched, 
more  or  less  hirsute  and  scabrous  :  leaves  opposite  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  on  short 
petioles  auriculate-dilated  at  base,  finely  twice  or  thrice  (or  the  uppermost  once)  parted  or 
cleft  into  small  and  short  lobes :  flowers  loosely  racemose,  the  short  filiform  pedicels  bract- 
less  :  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  broadly  oval,  about  equalling  the  small  striate-nerved  capsule, 
shorter  than  the  open-campanulate  corolla  :  seeds  oval ;  the  ordinary  ones  (2  to  4  maturing) 
rugose-tuberculate,  terete,  discharged  upon  dehiscence ;  a  posterior  one  (or  sometimes  a  pair) 
enclosed  between  each  valve  and  the  placenta  which  lines  it,  meniscoid,  smooth,  usually 
rather  larger  than  the  others.  —  Eucrypta  paniculata  &  E.foUosa,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Phacelia  micran- 
tha,va.T.1  hipinnatijlda,  Torr.  in  Ives  Colorad.  Exjied.  Bot.  21.  —  California,  from  Contra 
Costa  Co.  to  San  Diego  and  to  the  borders  of  Arizona.  Corolla  and  fruiting  calyx  about 
3  lines  in  diameter,  sometimes  smaller.     (Islands  of  Lower  Calif.) 

4.  DRAPERIA,  Torr.  (Dedicated  to  Professor  John  William  Draper  of 
New  York,  chemist  and  historian.)  —  A  single  species.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vu.  401,  X.  316,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  505. 

D.  S^styla,  Torr.  1.  c.  Low  and  diffuse  or  decumbent  perennial  herb,  branching  from 
slightly  lignescent  base,  silky-hirsute  and  somewhat  viscid,  leafy  :  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate, 
entire,  pinnately  veined,  slender-petioled :  flowers  crowded  in  a  pedunculate  terminal  once 
or  twice  2-3-fi(l  cyme ;  the  unilateral  spikes  or  racemes  of  which  slightly  elongate  in 
age  :  sepals  narrow-linear :  corolla  light  purplish,  4  or  5  lines  long  :  capsule  thin  ;  the  oval 
placental  portion  usually  separating  from  the  dissepiment  in  dehiscence :  seeds  oval  and 
angled ;  the  coat  very  minutely  or  obscurely  reticulated.  —  Nama  si/stijla,  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  37.  —  California,  ravines  and  shaded  hillsides,  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  first  col- 
lected by  Lobb. 

5.  PHACfiLIA,  Juss.  (From  (jprixfXot,',  a  cluster  or  fascicle,  alluding  to  the 
crowded  flowers  of  the  original  species.)  —  Annual  or  some  few  perennial  herbs 
(all  American,  chiefly  N.  American)  ;  with  alternate  simple  or  compound  leaves, 
and  more  or  less  scorpioid  cymes  or  so-called  racemes  or  spikes.  Corolla  deciduous 
(as  generally  in  the  order),  at  least  thrown  off  by  the  enlarging  capsule  (ex- 
cept in  P.  sericea  /),  blue,  purple  or  white,  never  yellow,  except  the  tube  of  certain 
species  ;  the  tube  with  or  sometimes  without  appendages  within ;  these  when 
present  generally  in  the  form  of  10  vertical  folds  or  lamellar  projections  (borne 
on  a  lateral  vein),  in  pairs,  either  adnate  to  or  free  from  and  alternate  with  the 
base  of  the  slender  filaments.  Calyx-lobes  commonly  narrow,  often  wider  up- 
wards, more  or  less  enlarging  in  fruit.  Seed-coat  reticulated  or  pitted. —  Gray, 
Man.  ed.  5,  p.  369,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  316.  Phacelia,  Cosmanthus  (Nolte), 
Eutoca  (R.  Br.),  &  Microgenetes,  ADC.  Prodr.  ix.  292,  297. 

§  1.  EuPHACELiA,  Gray.  Ovules  4,  i.e.  a  pair  to  each  placenta:  seeds  as 
many  or  by  abortion  fewer,  vertical ;  the  testa  areolate-reticulate  or  favose  :  lobes 
of  the  campanulate  corolla  entire  (or  rarely  erose-dentate) ;  the  tube  with  10  lami- 
nate appendages  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  the  stamens.  —  Phacelia,  Juss.,  A.DC. 

*  Lower  leaves  and  all  the  branches  opposite :  no  hispid  or  hirsute  pubescence :  spikes  or  branches 
of  the  cyme  hardly  at  all  scorpioid:  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.     (An  anomalous 
species.)' 
P.  namatoides,  Gray.     Annual,  a  span  high,  brachiately  branched,  glabrous  and  glau- 
cous below,  above  glandular-pubescent:   leaves  narrowly-lanceolate,  entire,  tapering  at 
base,  obscurely  petioled ;  only  the  uppermost  alternate,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  rather 
loose  spikes  or  branches  of  the  cyme :  sepals  spatulate-linear,  a  little  shorter  than  the 


PhaceJia.  HYDROPHYLLACEiE.  159 

narrow-campanulate  blue  corolla,  exceeding  the  globular  sparsely  hirsute-pubescent  cap- 
sule :  stamens  and  at  length  deeply  2-parted  style  included :  appendages  at  base  of  fila- 
ment short :  seeds  alveolate-reticulated.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  317,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  506. 
Nama  racemosa,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Acad.  Calif,  v.  51.  —  California,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from 
Calaveras  to  Nevada  Co.,  at  Cisco,  Summit  Station,  &c.,  Bolander,  Kellogg.  Corolla  and 
capsule  a  line  long. 

*  *  Leaves  (as  in  the  rest  of  the  genus)  all  alternate :  pubescence  or  some  of  it  hispid  or  hirsute : 
spikes  or  branches  of  the  cyme  scorpioid  and  dense:  pedicels  short  or  hardly  any  (except  in  P. 
pedicellata) :  appendages  of  the  corolla  broad  and  salient,  usually  more  or  less  united  at  the  base 
of  the  filament. 

-I—  Leaves  all  simple  and  entire,  or  some  of  the  lower  pinnately  3-5-parted  or  divided;  the  segments 
or  leaflets  entire  :  capsule  ovate,  acute :  seeds  densely  alveolate-punctate,  upper  end  acutish. 

P.  circinata,  Jacq.  f .  Hispid  and  the  foliage  strigose,  and  either  green  or  canescent,  a 
span  to  2  feet  high  from  a  perennial  or  biennial  root :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
acute,  pinnately  and  obliquely  straight-veined ;  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  and  com- 
monly some  of  them  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  smaller  lateral  leaflets :  inflorescence  hispid ; 
the  dense  spikes  thyrsoid-congested  :  corolla  whitish  or  bluish,  moderately  5-lobed,  longer 
than  the  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear  calyx-lobes :  filaments  much  exserted,  sparingly 
bearded.  —  Eclog.  135,  t.  91 ;  Benth.  1.  c. ;  A.  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c,  where  see  the  older  synonymy. 
(Aldea  cj'rcmata,  Willd.  Enum.)  P.  heterophijUa,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  140.  P.  Calif ornicn,  Chum,  in 
Linn.  iv.  495.  P.  hastata,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  80.  P.  leucoph/Ua,  Torr.  in  Frem.  Rep.  93. 
P.  canescens,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  159,  a  dwarf  very  canescent  state. — Dry  ground,  Dakota  to 
British  Columbia,  New  Mexico,  and  California.  (S.  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan.)  Very 
variable :  dwarf  forms  sometimes  with  a  naked  scape-like  stem. 

Var.  calycosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Divisions  of  the  calyx  more  foliaceous  and  ample,  and 
in  fruit  with  narrowed  base,  oblong  to  obovate-spatulate,  reticulated.  —  California  ;  not  rare 
in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  under  otherwise  varying  forms. 

P.  Breweri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Resembling  the  preceding  but  smaller  and  slender,  from  an 
annual  root :  corolla  blue  or  violet,  more  broadly  campanulate,  nearly  twice  the  length  of 
the  linear  calyx-lobes  :  filaments  glabrous,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Monte  Diablo, 
California,  on  dry  and  soft  sandstone.  Brewer.  Leaves  seldom  an  inch  long,  exclusive  of 
the  petiole  of  the  lowermost ;  many  of  them  3-5-parted ;  the  lanceolate  lobes  ascending. 
Corolla  barely  3  lines  long. 

P.  humilis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Annual,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  a  span  high, 
pubescent,  or  the  infiorescence  often  hirsute :  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  obianceolate, 
rather  obtuse  ;  the  lower  rarely  with  one  or  two  lateral  ascending  lobos,  the  veins  branch- 
ing :  spikes  loosely  paniculate  or  solitary,  in  age  rather  slender  :  pedicels  either  all  very 
short,  or  the  lower  sometimes  almost  as  long  as  the  calyx :  corolla  indigo-blue,  rather 
deeply  lobed,  surpassing  the  usually  linear  calyx-lobes :  filaments  moderately  exserted, 
glabrous  or  sparingly  bearded  above.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  122,  t.  7  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  250. 
—  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  from  Siskiyou  to  Mariposa  Co.,  and  E.  Nevada.  Leaves  an 
inch  or  two  in  length.     Corolla  2  or  3  lines  long. 

Var.  calycosa,  Gray.  A  strict  and  slender  form  :  corolla  apparently  pale  :  calyx- 
lobes  larger  and  spatulate,  as  in  the  similar  variety  of  P.  circinata.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  & 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  507.  —  E.  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Mono  Lake,  Bolander. 

•i^  -I— Leaves  simple,  all  petioled,  rounded-cordate,  somewhat  palmately  lobed  or  incised,  the  lobes 
serrate. 
P.  malveefolia,  Cham.  Rather  tall  and  stout,  from  an  annual  ?  root,  hispid  with  spread- 
ing or  reflexed  stinging  bristles,  and  the  foliage  more  or  less  pubescent :  leaves  (1  to  3 
inches  in  diameter)  green  and  membranaceous,  round-cordate,  incisely  5-9-lobed,  acutely 
toothed :  somewhat  palmately  ribbed  at  base :  spikes  solitary  or  geminate  :  corolla  (3  or  4 
lines  long)  white,  longer  than  the  unequal  linear  and  spatulate  calyx-lobes :  stamens  ex- 
serted :  seeds  alveolate-scabrous.  —  Linn.  iv.  494 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  California,  Bay  of  San 
Francisco,  Chamisso,  Kellogg,  G.  R.  Vasey. 

H—  +_  H—  Leaves  oblon"-  or  narrower  in  outline,  pinnatelv  toothed,  lobed,  or  compound,  and  the 
lobes  or  diviF^ions  toothed  or  incised:  capsule  globular  or  ovoid,  obtuse:  seeds  with  excavated 
ventral  face  divided  bv  a  sahent  ridge:  annuals,  or  rarely  biennials  (or  one  perennial  I),  mosUy 
with  cymosely  or  iimbellately  or  thyrsoid  congested  spikes. 

++  Calyx,  &c.,  not  setose-hispid :  stamens  and  style  more  or  less  exserted. 


leO  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Phacelia. 

=  Pedicels  short,  when  anv,  and  erect  in  the  fruiting  spike :  divisions  of  the  calj'x  entire,  little 
exceediiiy;  tlie  capsule:  seeds  minutely  reticulated. 
P,  ixitegrifolia,  Torr.  A  span,  to  2  feet  high,  strict,  viscid-pubescent  or  hirsute,  very- 
leafy  :  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-petioled  with  a  com- 
monly subcordate  base,  simply  or  mostly  doubly  crenate-toothed,  sometimes  incised  :  spikes 
crowded,  at  first  thyrsoid  :  corolla  narrow-campanulate,  whitish  or  bluish  :  stamens  and 
style  long-exserted  ;  the  latter  cleft  to  the  middle  :  capsule  short-ovoid.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
ii.  222,  t.  3,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  143;  Watson,  1.  c.  —  Gypseous  soil,  Colorado  and  N.  W. 
Texas  to  S.  Utah  and  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

Var.  Palraeri,  Gray,  1-  c.  A  strict  form,  apparently  from  a  biennial  root,  more  hir- 
sute and  viscid  ;  leaves  more  acutely  sinuate-toothed  :  inflorescence  thyrsoid-contracted.  — 
S.  Utah,  Palmer,  Siler,  and  intermediate  forms  by  Parry  and  Ward. 
P.  crenulata,  Torr.  A  span  or  two  high,  often  branched  from  the  base  and  somewhat 
spreading,  viscid-pubescent  or  hirsute :  leaves  mainly  petioled,  spatulate-obong,  crenately 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  sometimes  lyrate  and  the  lowest  divisions  distinct  or  nearly  so ;  the 
lobes  crenulate-toothed :  spikes  soon  open  and  spreading:  corolla  rotate-campanulate, 
bright  violet  or  paler  ;  the  internal  appendages  very  broad  :  stamens  moderately  exserted : 
style  cleft  far  beyond  the  middle  :  capsule  globular.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King,  251 ;  Gray,  1.  c. 
.7— Rocky  slopes.  New  Mexico  to  Arizona  and  N.W.Nevada.  Flowers  commonly  deep- 
colored,  half-inch  in  diameter,  and  showy,  sometimes  considerably  smaller  and  paler. 
P.  glandulosa,  Nutt.  Viscid-pubescent  and  glandular,  softly  if  at  all  hirsute,  a  span  to 
a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  irregularly  and  interruptedly  twice  pinnatifid,  or  below  divided ; 
the  numerous  lobes  small,  oblong,  somewhat  incised,  obtuse:  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  spatu- 
late:  corolla  (2  lines  long)  bluish,  purplish,  or  white,  with  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube: 
stamens  and  2-cleft  style  moderately  or  conspicuously  exserted :  seeds  with  the  minute 
reticulations  even. — Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  160  (very  pubescent  and  viscid  form)  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 
P.  Popei,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  172,  t.  10  (less  pubescent  form,  with  corolla  lobes 
quite  entire).  Eutoca  (jlanddosa,  Hook.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  293.  —  Gravelly  soil,  N,  W. 
Texas  and  Colorado  to  Arizona.     (Mex.) 

Var.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray,  1.  c.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  either  slightly  or  conspicu- 
ously erose-denticulate.  —  P.  Neo-Mexicana,  Thurber  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  143.  —  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 
P.  congesta,  Hook.  Pubescent  and  commonly  cinereous,  hardly  in  the  least  viscid  or 
glandular,  a  foot  or  more  high :  leaves  pinnately  3-7-divided  or  parted,  and  with  a  few 
interposed  small  lobes  ;  the  main  divisions  oblong  or  oval,  incisely  pinnatifid  or  irregularly 
lobed ;  the  lower  ones  mostly  petiolulate  and  the  upper  confluent :  calyx-lobes  linear  or 
somewhat  spatulate :  corolla  blue  (3  lines  long) ;  the  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube :  stamens 
more  or  less  exserted :  seeds  reticulate-scabrous,  the  fine  sharp  meshes  being  as  it  wer? 
toothed  at  the  junctions.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3452  ;  A.  DC.  1.  c.  249.  P.  conferta,  Don. .  P.  tana- 
cetifolia,  A.  DC.  1.  c,  as  to  pi.  Tex.  Berland.  —  Margin  of  thickets,  &c.,  throughout  Texas. 
Not  rarely  cultivated. 

=  =  Pedicels  slender  and  horizontal,  or  divisions  of  calyx  3-5-lobed,  much  longer  than  the  cap- 
sule, villous.  Extra-limital  species,  of  Lower  California. 
P.  pedicellata.  A  foot  or  less  high,  villous  or  soft-hirsute  and  glandular :  not  annual : 
leaves  pinnately  3-5-divided  ;  the  divisions  oval  or  oblong,  incised  and  numerously  toothed  ; 
the  lower  nearly  sessile,  the  uppermost  confluent  or  larger  and  .3-clef t :  flowers  much 
crowded  in  short  panicled  or  cymose-clustered  racemes,  small ;  pedicels  filiform,  about  the 
length  of  the  flower,  somewhat  deflexed  in  fruit :  calyx-lobes  linear  or  in  age  oblanceolate, 
entire,  villous  (as  also  the  pedicel),  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  globular  capsule  :  corolla 
apparently  white  (little  over  2  lines  long),  moderately  surpassed  by  the  stamens  and 
2-cleft  style ;  the  internal  appendages  short  and  rounded :  seeds  rugose-reticulated  and 
somewhat  tuberculate  at  maturity.  —  Lower  California,  Dr.  Thomas  H.  Streets. 
P.  phyllomanica,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high  from  a  rigid  (and  possibly  perennial) 
base,  very  leafy,  canescent  with  soft-tomentose  and  some  longer  villous  pubescence,  not 
glandular :  leaves  elongated-oblong  in  outline,  pinnately  parted  or  below  divided ;  the 
divisions  9  to  18  pairs,  linear-oblong,  pinnatifid ;  the  short  lobes  1-2-toothed  or  entire  :  con- 
densed spikes  thyrsoid-crowded :  flowers  nearly  sessile  :  calyx-lobes  foliaceous,  all  or  2  or  3 
of  them  pinnately  3-5-parted :  corolla  violet,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  expanded 


Phacelia.  HYDROPHYLLACEiE.  161 

limb  3  lines  in  diameter :  stamens  and  style  slightly  exserted  :  fruit  not  seen.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  87.  —  Guadalupe  Island,  off  Lower  California  (beyond  our  limits),  Palmer. 

Var.  interrupta,  Gray,  1.  c.  Lower,  and  with  pubescence  more  villous  or  hirsute : 
leaves  with  fewer  and  sparser  divisions  (the  larger  crenately  pinnatifid)  and  some  very 
small  interposed  lobes.  —With  the  other  form. 

++  ++   Calyx   more  or  less   setose-hispid,  in  fruit  usually  much   surpassing  the  capsule;  the 

divisions  entire,  but  often  dissimilar:  seeds  favose-pilted  or  in  age  tuberculate ;  style  2-|jarted. 

(Species  running  together  or  difficult  to  discriminate:  leaves  mostly  1-3-pinnately "divided  and 

incised:  corolla  light  violet  or  bluish,  varying  to  white.) 

P.  tanacetifolia,  Benth.  Erect  annual,  roughish-hirsute  or  hispid,  not  glandular,  or 
above  slightly  so,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  pinnately  9-17-divided  into  linear  or  oblong- 
linear  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  or  cleft  divisions,  all  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  the  lobes 
mostly  linear-oblong :  spikes  cymosely  clustered,  at  length  elongated :  very  short  fruiting 
pedicels  ascending  or  erect :  calyx-lobes  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  not  twice  the  length  of 
the  ellipsoidal  capsule  :  stamens  and  style  conspicuously  exserted  :  seeds  with  very  narrow 
pits  bounded  by  tliick  walls.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1696 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3703  ;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  n.  ser. 
t.  360.  —  California,  very  common,  at  least  near  the  coast.  Variable  in  foliage:  the  var. 
tenui/olia,  Thurber  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.,  is  a  common  form,  with  fine  Tansy-like  foliage. 
Common  garden  annual. 
P.  ramosissima,  Dougl.  About  2  feet  high,  decumbent  or  ascending  from  a  perennial 
root  (according  to  E.  L.  Greene) ;  the  branches  divergent,  pubescent  and  more  or  less 
viscid  or  glandular,  or  above  hispid :  leaves  5-9-divided  or  parted  into  oblong  or  narrower 
pinnatifid-incised  divisions:  spikes  glomerate,  short  and  dense,  little  elongated  in  age: 
flowers  subsessile  and  in  fruit  ascending  on  the  rhachis :  stamens  and  style  usually  mode- 
rately exserted:  appendages  to  the  corolla  with  a  merely  acute  free  apex:  calyx-lobes 
from  linear-spatulate  to  obovate,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  ovate  or  short-ovoid 
capsule:  seeds  oblong. —Benth.  in  Linn.  Trans.  I.e.  280;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  80  (but  ovary  not 
glabrous  in  original  specimens)  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  319,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  508,  exel. 
var.  P.  tanacetifolia,  Thurber  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  143.  —Washington  Territory  and  Oregon 
(through  the  dry  interior)  to  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  and  Arizona.  In  some  forms  very 
near  the  foregoing. 
P.  hispida.  A  foot  or  less  high  from  an  annual  root,  diffusely  branching,  hardly  viscid, 
setose-hispid  with  long  and  slender  white  bristles  :  leaves  with  fewer  and  coarser  divisions 
than  the  preceding,  the  uppermost  sometimes  merely  laciniate-incised :  spikes  soon  loose 
and  loosely  paniculate,  2  or  3  inches  long  in  fruit :  flowers  nearly  all  on  short  but  manifest 
and  slender  horizontal  pedicels:  stamens  and  style  equalling  or  barely  surpassing  the 
corolla  :  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear  with  attenuated  base,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  in 
fruit  4  to  6  lines  long  and  about  4  times  the  length  of  the  globose  capsule :  seeds  short- 
oval.  —  P.  ramosissima,  var.  hispida,  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Western  part  of  California,  from  Santa 
Barbara  to  San  Diego,  Nuttall,  Wallace,  Torrey,  Cleveland.  Bristles  resembling  those  of 
Borage. 
P.  ciliata,  Benth.  Erect  or  ascending,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  from  an  annual 
root,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  sparingly  hirsute  above :  stems  scabrous :  leaves  pinnately 
parted,  or  the  lower  divided  and  the  upper  merely  cleft ;  the  divisions  or  lobes  oblong, 
pinnatifid-incised :  spikes  rather  short  and  in  fruit  rather  loose :  pedicels  short  or  hardly 
any,  ascending:  stamens  and  the  2-parted  style  shorter  than  or  not  surpassing  the 
corolla :  appendages  of  the  latter  with  pointed  tips  :  calyx-lobes  from  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
more  or  less  shorter  than  the  white  or  bluish  corolla,  accrescent  and  becoming  venose- 
reticulated  in  age,  then  sparsely  ciliate  with  short  rigid  bristles,  4  or  5  lines  long,  only 
twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  mucronate  capsule  :  seeds  oval,  favose.  — Linn.  Trans.  1.  c. ; 
Gray,  1.  c.  —  California,  from  the  Sacramento  and  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco  to  Monte- 
rey, apparently  in  shaded  moist  soil. 

*   *■  *   Flowers  in  loose  and  only  slightly  scorpioid  racemes;  the  pedicels  equalling  or  surpassing 

the  flowers:  appendages  of   the  very  open  corolla  long  and  rather  narrow,  villous  on  the  od.^e, 

approximate  between  the  stamens,  from  which  they  are  remote:   seeds   with  a  rather   fleshy 

obscurely  areolate  testa. 

P  bipinnatiflda,  Michx.     A  foot  or  more  high  from  a  slender  biennial  root,  erect, 

paniculately  branched,  hirsute-pubescent  and  above  mostly  viscid  and  glandular :  leaves 

slender-petioled,  green  and  thin,  pinnately  3-7-divided ;  the  divisions  ovate  or  oblong-ovat«, 


162  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Phacelia. 

acute,  coarsely  and  irregularly  incised  or  pinnatifid ;  the  lower  short-petiolulate  and  the 
uppermost  confluent :  racemes  loose,  7-20-flowered  :  pedicels  spreading  or  in  fruit  recurved : 
calyx-lobes  linear,  loose,  longer  than  the  globular  capsule :  corolla  rotate-campanulate, 
violet-blue,  over  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  rather  short  rounded  lobes  and  very  con- 
spicuous internal  appendages :  stamens  (bearded)  and  style  usually  more  or  less  exserted. 
—  Fl.  i.  134,  t.  16  ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  369.  — Shaded  banks  of  streams,  Ohio  and  Illinois  to 
Alabama  :  flowering  in  June. 

Var.  brevistylis,  Gray.  A  remarkable  form,  with  corolla  about  one  half  smaller  : 
style  and  especially  the  stamens  not  exserted.  —  P.  brevistylis,  Buckley,  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
xlv.  (1843)  172. —Alabama,  Buckley,  Nevius,  &c. 

§  2.  CosmXnthus,  Gray.  Ovules  and  seeds  of  Euphacelia :  corolla  destitute 
of  internal  appendages,  almost  rot-ate  ;  its  lobes  fimbriate :  filaments  (villous- 
bearded)  rarely,  longer  than  the  corolla :  ovary  villous-hispid  at  the  summit, 
othervrise  glabrous  :  low  annuals,  vrith  loosely  racemose  flowers  in  the  manner  of 
the  last  preceding  species  and  of  earliest  of  the  next  section.  —  Man.  Bot.  ed.  2, 
328,  &  5,  369.      Cosma7ithus,'^olte.      Cosmantkus  §  Eucosmanthus,  A.DC.  in  part. 

P.  Purshii,  Buckley.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  sparsely 
hirsute:  cauline  leaves  pinnately  5-11-parted,  the  upper  closely  sessile ;  lobes  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  acute:  racemes  rather  many-flowered,  sometimes  forking:  calyx-lobes  linear: 
corolla  light  blue  varjang  to  white  (half  inch  in  diameter).  — Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
xlv.  172;  Gray,  Man.  I.e.  P.  fimbriata,  Pursh,  &c.  Cosmanthus  fimbriatus,  Nolte,  A.DC. 
Prodr.  ix.  297.  — Moist  wooded  banks,  W.  Pennsylvania  to  Minnesota  and  Missouri,  North 
Carolina  and  Alabama.  —  Pedicels  filiform,  6  to  10  lines  long.  Perhaps  only  a  variety  of 
the  next.     Seeds  as  in  the  preceding. 

P.  fimbriata,  Michx.  Weak  and  diffuse,  a  span  high,  less  hirsute :  cauline  3-7-clef t  or 
lobed  or  the  lower  lyrately  divided ;  the  lobes  obtuse  or  roundish :  racemes  few-flowered  : 
pedicels  filiform  :  calyx-lobes  linear-oblong  or  spatulate :  corolla  white  (only  3  or  4  lines 
broad),  rather  shorter  than  the  stamens. — Fl.  i.  134;  Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  In  woods  of  the 
higher  Alleghany  Mountains,  Virginia  to  Alabama ;  flowering  early. 

Var.?  Bo;^kini,  Gray.  More  robust,  evidently  growing  in  more  exposed  soil : 
racemes  rather  many-flowered,  at  length  strict,  with  fruiting  pedicels  erect  and  not  longer 
than  the  calyx  :  corolla  far  less  fimbriate,  bluish.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  320.  —Upper  part 
of  Georgia,  Boykin.  Perhaps  a  distinct  species,  more  likely  a  state  of  P.  fimbriata,  growing 
in  a  lower  and  warmer  region. 

§  3.  Cosmanthoi'dks,  Gray.  Ovules  and  seeds  3  to  8  (rarely  only  a  pair)  on 
each  placenta,  the  latter  with  reticulated  testa :  appendages  of  the  rotately  or 
open-campanulate  corolla  wanting,  or  very  inconspicuous  and  remote  from  the 
stamens :  capsule  globular  and  pointless :  low  annuals  of  the  Atlantic  United 
States,  early-flowering,  hirsute-pubescent  or  glabrate,  with  mostly  pinnatifid  leaves, 
the  upper  closely  sessile,  simply  racemose  flowers,  and  somewhat  villous-bearded 
filaments  about  the  length  of  the  blue  or  white  corolla. 

*    Ovules  2  to  4  on  each  (at  length  deciduous)  placenta:  globose  capsule  thiu-walled :  slender  and 
smoothisli  little  annuals,  with  the  aspect  of  Cosmanthus,  but  lobes  of  the  corolla  entire,  its  base 
with  no  appendages  or  only  obscure  vestiges.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  320. 
P.  glabra,  Nutt.     Slender,  3  to  8  inches  high,  glabrous  except  a  few  hirsute  short  hairs 
chiefly  on  the  margins  of  the  leaves  and  calyx:  corolla  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter:  calyx- 
lobes  in  fruit  little  longer  than  the  capsule,  mostly  oblong  or  oval :  otherwise  as  in  P.  par- 
vifiora.  —  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  192;  Gray,  I.e.  — Low  prairies,  Arkansas  and 
Eastern  Texas.     Very  like  slender  and  smoother  forms  of  the  next,  into  which  it  probably 
passes.     Ovules  4  in  some  flowers,  6  to  7  or  8  in  others. 
P.  parviflora,  Pursh.     A  span  or  more  high,  sparsely  hirsute  or  glabrate,  branched 
from  the  base  :  radical  and  lowest  cauline  leaves  lyrately  pinnate,  with  3  to  5  roundish 
leaflets  or  divisions,  or  sometimes  simple  and  entire ;  the  upper  mostly  sessile  and  3-9- 
parted  or  cleft  into  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate  lobes  :  racemes  loose,  several-many-flowered ; 


Phacelia.  HYDROPHYLLACEtE.  163 

the  spreading  filiform  pedicels  longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx  :  corolla  light  blue  or  nearly 
white,  4  to  6  lines  in  diameter :  calyx-lobes  linear  or  lanceolate,  in  fruit  nearly  twice  the 
length  of  the  capsule  (this  only  a  line  and  a  half  long).— Fl.  i.  140 ;  Gray,  Man.  I.e. 
(Pluk.  t.  245,  fig.  5.)  Polemonium  dubium,L.  Eutoca  pardjiora,  R.  Br.  in  Richards.  App. 
Frankl.  Journ.  36  ;  Benth.  1.  c.  Cosmanlhus  parvifloms,  A.DC.  1.  (•.  Pliacella  pusiUa,  Buck- 
ley, 1.  c,  ex  char.  —  Shaded  places,  Pennsylvania  and  Oiiio  to  Carolina,  jMissouri,  and  Texas : 
the  south-western  and  also  Virginian  forms  passing  into 

Var.  hirsuta,  Gray.  More  hirsute  and  the  stems  less  slender,  apparently  growing 
in  more  open  or  dry  soil:  corolla  larger,  5  to  7  lines  in  diameter.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 
P.  hirsuia,  Nutt.  1.  c.  191.  —  Prairies  and  barrens,  south-western  part  of  Missouri  to  eastern 
Texas.  Also  similar  forms  from  Giles  Co.,  Virginia,  and  Stone  Mountain,  Georgia, 
Canby.  Well  developed  capsule  2  lines  long.  Ovules  only  4  in  some  flowers,  8  in  others. 
*   *   Ovules  (and  commonly  the  seeds)  about  8  on  each  placenta:  plants  stouter,  with  less  divided 

leaves:  vestiges  of  appendages  to  the  corolla  sometimes  manifest,  in  the  form  of  very  narrow 

lamellae  approximate  in  pairs  between  the  stamens. 

P.  patuliflora,  Gray.  Rather  softly  cinereous-hirsute  or  pubescent,  and  the  inflorescence 
somewhat  glandular,  branched  from  the  base,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  erect  or  diffuse  :  leaves 
obovate  or  oblong  (an  inch  or  two  long) ;  the  lowest  lyrate-pinnatifid ;  the  upper  commonly 
only  pinnatifid-incised,  sessile :  racemes  lax,  at  length  elongated  :  pedicels  spreading  or 
nodding,  especially  in  fruit,  4  to  7  lines  or  more  long :  corolla  deep  blue  with  yellow  base, 
from  half  to  three  quarters  inch  in  diameter ;  the  lobes  somewhat  erose-denticulate  :  calyx- 
lobes  lax  or  spreading,  linear  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  occasionally  becoming  spatulate  or 
obovate,  sometimes  twice  the  length  of  the  rather  thin-walled  capsule. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
X.  321.  Eutoca  patuliflora,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  PI.  Lindh.  i.  45.  •  Phacelia  hispida,  Buckley  in 
Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1861,  463.  —  Low  prairies  and  thickets,  Texas  along  and  near  the 
coast,  Berlandier,  Lindheimer,  Wright,  Buckley,  &c.  Capsule  2|-  lines  long :  placentae  at 
length  deciduous  :  seeds  apparently  as  in  the  next. 

P.  Strictiflora,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shorter  and  stouter  than  the  preceding,  more  cinereous-hir- 
sute :  leaves  rather  more  pinnatifid  (an  inch  or  so  long) :  racemes  in  fruit  strict  and  mostly 
dense,  with  pedicels  erect  and  not  longer  than  the  capsule :  corolla  similar  or  rather  larger : 
calyx-lobes  usually  becoming  spatulate :  capsule  firm-coriaceous  (3  lines  long) :  seeds 
round-oval,  minutely  alveolate-reticulated  and  coarsely  more  or  less  tubcrculate-rugose  !  — 
Eutoca  strictiflora,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Sand-hills,  San  Felipe  and  Austin,  Texas,  Drum- 
viond,  Lindheimer,  E.  Hall.  Also  Mississippi,  SpiUman.  Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  last, 
growing  in  more  exposed  soil.  Capsule  of  firmer  texture ;  the  placentae  inclined  to  be 
adnate.  In  the  seeds  alone  there  is  some  approach  to  the  character  of  the  Microgenetes 
section. 

§  4.  Gymnobtthus,  Gray.  Ovules  and  seeds  very  numerous  on  the  dilated 
placentas,  descending  or  nearly  horizontal ;  the  testa-favose-pitted  :  appendages  of 
the  rotate-campanulate  corolla  wholly  absent :  capsule  ovate  and  pointed :  style 
2-parted  :  very  glandular  and  viscid  Californian  annuals,  with  ovate  dentate  leaves, 
simple  or  sometimes  geminate  loose  racemes,  and  very  slender  filaments  (usually 
a  little  bearded  at  base)  about  the  length  of  the  corolla.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
X.  321.      Cosmanthus  §  GymnohytJms,  A.DC. 

P.  viscida,  Torr.  A  foot  or  two  high,  branching,  hirsute  at  base,  very  glandular  above  : 
leaves  ovate  or  obscurely  cordate,  doubly  or  incisely  and  irregularly  dentate  (an  inch  or 
two  long) :  corolla  deep  blue  with  purple  or  whitish  centre,  from  half  to  nearlj-^  an  inch  in 
diameter.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  143;  Gray,  I.e.  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  513.  Eutoca  viscida,  Benth. 
in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1808 ;  Bot.  Mag  t.  3572.  Cosmanthus  viscidus,  A.DC.  1.  c.  296.  —  Open  soil, 
along  the  coast  of  California,  from  Santa  Barbara  southward.  Calyx-lobes  linear  or  be- 
coming obscurely  spatulate,  about  the  length  of  the  abruptly  cuspidate-pointed  capsule ; 
the  firm  placentae  of  which  persist  on  the  valves. 

Var.  albiflora,  Gray,  1-  c,  differs  only  in  its  white  corolla.  —  Eutoca  albiflora,  Nutt. 
PI.  Gamb.  158.  —  Same  range. 

P.  grandiflora,  Gray,  h  c.  Very  like  the  preceding,  or  disposed  to  be  more  hispid: 
corolla  light  blue  or  sometimes  white,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter.  —  Eutoca 


164  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Phacella. 

grandifiora,  Benth.  in  Linn.  Trans.  1.  c.  278.  E.  speciosa,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  1.  c.  Cosmaidhus 
nrandijlorus,  A.BC.  I.e.  —  California,  from  Santa  Barbara  Co.  sonthwa.Td,  Douglas,  Nuttall, 
Peckham,  &c.  Capsule  4  lines  long,  the  cuspidate  persistent  and  indurated  base  of  the 
style  a  line  in  length. 

§  5.  WhitlXvia,  Gray.  Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  or  rather  few ;  the  testa 
favose-pitted  :  appendages  of  the  corolla  reduced  to  5  small  truncate  or  emar- 
ffinate  scales,  one  adnate  to  the  inner  base  of  each  capillary  somewhat  exserted 
filament :  style  2-cleft  above  the  middle :  Californian  annuals,  with  inflorescence 
and  habit  of  the  preceding  section,  but  less  glandular,  and  with  longer  petioles  and 
pedicels,  and  looser  racemes,  the  flowers  showy.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  321. 

*  Corolla  large  (violet-purple,  varying  to  white  in  cultivation),  with  tube  longer  than  the  rounded 
lobes  and  much  longer  than  the  liuear  calyx-lobes:  placentae  and  seeds  of  preceding  section.  — 

Whitlavia,  Harvey. 

P.  "Whitlavia,  Gray,  1-  c.  About  a  foot  high,  loosely  branching,  hirsute  and  glandular : 
leaves  ovate  or  deltoid,  incisely  toothed  :  corolla  with  cylindraceous  ventricose  tube  usually 
an  inch  long,  thrice  the  length  of  the  lobes  :  appendages  to  the  filaments  hairy.  —Whitlavia 
grandifiora  (and  W.  minor),  Harvey  in  Lond.  Jour  Bot.  v.  312,  1. 11, 12;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4813. 
—  S.  California,  Coulter,  &c.     Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  annual. 

P.  campanularia.  Lower :  leaves  subcordate,  less  deeply  dentate :  tube  of  the  truly 
campanulate  corolla  half  inch  long,  expanded  at  throat,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the 
lobes:  appendages  to  the  filaments  glabrous  and  smaller;  otherwise  much  resembles  the 
preceding,  and  almost  as  showy.  —  S.  California,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Parry  and  Lemmon. 
San  Diego  Co.,  Cleveland. 

*  Corolla  rotate-campanulate,  deeply-lobed,  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  narrow  calyx-lobes : 
racemes  very  loose ;  pedicels  filiform,  widely  spreadmg :  herbage  hirsute  or  somewhat  hispid  and 
glandular. 

P.  Parryi,  Torr.  A  span  or  two  high,  rather  slender :  leaves  ovate.  Irregularly  and  in- 
cisely doubly  toothed  or  laciniate,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  pinnately  parted ;  the  upper 
cauline  longer  than  their  petioles  :  corolla  cleft  beyond  the  middle,  deep  violet,  two-thirds 
inch  in  diameter:  filaments  bearded :  ovules  on  each  placenta  20  or  30  and  seeds  15  to  20. 

Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  144 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  California,  near  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego,  Parry, 

Cooper,  Davidson,  &c. 

P.  longipes,  Torr.  Slender,  loosely  branched :  cauline  leaves  roundish-oval  or  subcor- 
date, coarsely  and  obtusely  5-8-toothed,  about  half  inch  long,  all  shorter  than  the  petioles : 
corolla  hardly  half  an  inch  long,  apparently  white,  5-cleft  barely  to  the  middle  ;  ovules  on 
each  placenta  8  or  10,  and  the  seeds  fewer  —  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  California, 
Torrey. 

§  6.  EuTOCA,  Gray.  Ovules  and  seeds  several  (6  to  12)  or  more  numerous 
on  each  placenta ;  the  testa  areolate-reticulated  or  favose-pitted,  but  not  trans- 
versely rugose:  appendages  of  the  mostly  campanulate  corolla  in  the  form  of 
10  vertical  salient  lamellae:  capsule  ovate  or  oblong.  (Chiefly  occidental,  one  or 
two  boreal ;  habit  very  various,  several  distinguished  from  analogous  Eaphaceli(E, 
&c.,ouly  by  the  ovules  and  seeds.)  —  Man.  ed.  2,  329,  «fe  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  322. 
Eutoca,  R.  Br.,  excl.  spec,     Eutoca  §  Ortheutoca,  A.DC. 

*  Perennials,  or  annuals,  with  conspicuously  (in  P.  Bolanderi  and  P.  Mohavensis  more  slightly) 
exserted  stamens  and  dense  scorpioid  inflorescence  :  appendages  of  the  open-campanulate  corolla 
conspicuous  and  usually  broad,  more  or  less  oblique,  at  base  united  in  pairs  with  or  across  the 
base  of  the  filament,  forming  a  kind  of  sac  behind  it. 

-t-  Root  annual :  spikes  solitary  terminating  the  branches,  or  geminate :  ovules  only  4  to  9  on  each 
placenta:  anthers  oval.  ,  . 

++   Low,  a  span  or  more  high,  diffusely  branched,  merely  hirsute  and  with  finer  somewhat  viscid 

pubescence :  leaves  from  ovate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  rarely  1-2-toothed  or  incised, 

tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole:  appendages  to  the  corolla  elongated-oblong  and  adnate  up 

to  the  truncate  summit :  capsule  ovate,  acute. 

P.  Mohavensis.      Barely  a  span  high :    leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowest   linear-oblong 

(about  an  inch  long) :  racemes  at  length  an  inch  or  two  long  and  strict :  short  pedicels  erect : 


Phacelia.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  165 

calyx-lobes  spatulate-linear :  glabrous  filaments  and  S-parted  style  (3  or  4  lines  long) 
slightly  surpassing  the  purple  corolla  :  ovules  only  4  or  5  to  each  placenta.  —  South-eastern 
California,  on  the  Mohave  River,  May,  1876,  Palmer.  Habit  somewhat  of  P.  Menziesii, 
but  lower,  more  diffuse,  less  hispid,  and  with  different  appendages  to  the  corolla,  this  fully 
4  lines  long. 

Var.  exilis,  a  slender  form,  more  erect :  leaves  and  calyx-lobes  all  linear  and  slightly 
broader  upward :  corolla  only  3  lines  long :  seeds  as  in  the  next  species.  —  Bear  Valley  on 
the  Mohave  slope  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California,  Parry  &  Lemvion. 
P.  grisea,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  more  cinereous  with  a  sparse  liirsute  and  a  close 
finer  pubescence,  rather  stout:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong:  spikes  more  densely  hirsute  or 
even  hispid,  at  length  4  to  6  inches  long,  densely  flowered  :  calyx-lobes  obovate-spatulate, 
little  exceeding  the  capsule  :  corolla  nearly  white  :  filaments  and  2-cleft  style  conspicuously 
exserted ;  the  former  minutely  and  sparsely  retrorsely  papillose  or  liirsute :  ovules  5  or  6 
to  each  placenta :  seeds  coarsely  alveolate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  80.  —  W.  California,  on 
Pine  Mountain,  back  of  San  Simeon  Bay,  Palmer,  1876. 

++  ++  Taller,  setose-hispid :  leaves  pinnatifid  and  incised,  petioled :  appendages  to  the  corolla 
large,  free  and  pointed  at  apex. 

P.  loasaef  olia,  Torr.  A  foot  high,  somewhat  viscid-pubescent  as  well  as  hispid  with  long 
and  stiff  spreading  bristles  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  rarely  subcordate,  more  or  less  pin- 
natifid,  and  the  lobes  acutely  toothed  or  incised :  spikes  geminate  :  corolla  short-campanu- 
late  (3  lines  long),  little  exceeding  the  linear-spatulate  calyx-lobes  ;  its  internal  appendages 
transverse  and  auriculate-incurved,  with  the  free  apex  acuminate  or  cuspidate  :  naked  fila- 
ments and  2-parted  style  conspicuously  exserted :  ovules  6  to  9  on  each  placenta :  seeds 
angled,  alveolate. — Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  I.e. ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  323,  &  Bot.  Calif. 
i.  509.  Eutoca  loascefolia,  Benth.  1.  c.  —  California,  near  Monterey,  Douglas,  Pairy.  Little 
known,  in  aspect  between  P.  malvcefolia  and  P.  ramosissima. 

+-  -)—  Root  probably  perennial :  scorpioid  inflorescence  at  length  open  and  geminate-racemose : 
ovules  and  seeds  about  50  on  each  dilated  placenta:  stamens  hardly  surpassing  the  very  open 
corolla :  leaves  conspicuously  petioled,  incised. 

P.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Hispid  with  slender  bristles,  also  viscid-pubescent,  especiallj'- 
above :  stem  stout,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  freely  branching :  radical  and  lower  cauline 
leaves  lyrate  and  oblong  in  outline,  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  small  and  incised  lateral  divi- 
sions ;  the  terminal  division  and  the  short  petioled  upper  leaves  ovate  or  oval  (2  or  3  inches 
long),  coarsely  incised  or  lobed,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base :  corolla  nearly  rotate  when 
expanded  and  almost  an  inch  in  diameter,  white  ;  its  appendages  semi-obovate,  almost  as 
broad  as  long,  distinctly  connected  at  base  in  front  of  the  adnate  and  sparingly  bearded 
filaments  :  anthers  oblong  :  style  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle  :  capsule  broadly  ovate,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  lanceolate  or  at  length  spatulate  lobes  of  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
X.  322,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  509.  —  Cottonaby  Creek,  20  miles  north  of  Noyo,  Mendocino  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia, Bolander.  Lowest  leaves  4  inches  long,  exclusive  of  the  petiole.  Cymes  once  to 
thrice  forked ;  the  short  racemes  at  length  open :  pedicels  1  or  2  or  sometimes  the  lower 
3  lines  long.    Calyx  3  or  at  length  4  lines  long,  decidedly  shorter  than  the  ample  corolla. 

^_  H_  +_  Eoot  perennial :  spikes  of  the  congested  cyme  once  to  thrice  geminate  or  crowded  at 
the  summit  of  a  terminal  peduncle,  short  and  densely-flowered:  ovules  and  seeds  rather  few: 
appendages  of  the  corolla  very  broad  and  obtuse :  stamens  and  style  conspicuously  exserted : 
anthers  linear  or  oblong:  leaves  all  petioled,  incisely  lobed. 
P.  hydrophylloides,  Torr.     A  span  or  two  high  from  slender  subterranean  shoots 
proceeding  from  a  thickened  stock  or  root,  canescently  pubescent,  and  above  hirsute  or 
hispid  as  well  as  glandular :  leaves  silky-pubescent  both  sides,  slender-petioled,  ovate  or 
rhomboidal,  an  inch  or  two  long,  obtuse,  incisely  few-toothed  or  lobed,  or  sometimes  the 
lowest  lyrate,  having  one  or  two  nearly  detached  small  basal  lobes  or  divisions :   short 
spikes  or  racemes  of  the  glomerate  cyme  not  elongating :  corolla  violet-blue  or  whitish ; 
its  appendages  semi-oval,  united  at  base  with  that  of  the  naked  filament :  anthers  short- 
linear  :  style  almost  2-parted  :  capsule  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  abruptlj^mucronate- 
pointed :  seeds  6  to  8,  angled.  -Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  400,  x.  323,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  - 
Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  at  5-9,000  feet,  from  Mariposa 
to  Sierra  Co.,  Breiver,  Bolander,  Lemmon,  &c.     Corolla  3  or  4  lines  long :  the  appendages  as 
in  the  following  species,  but  hardly  connected  in  front  of  the  base  of  the  filament. 


166  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Phacelia. 

P.  procera,  Gray.  Erect,  3  to  7  feet  high,  minutely  soft-pubescent ;  the  summit  of  the 
simple  stem  glandular,  but  even  the  calyx  not  hispid :  leaves  green  and  membranaceous, 
2  to  5  inches  long,  ovate-lanceolate  and  ovate,  acute,  mostly  laciniate-pinnatitid  or  cleft ; 
the  lobes  2  to  4  pairs  and  acute :  spikes  of  the  glomerate  or  bifid  cyme  somewhat  length- 
ened with  age :  corolla  white  or  bluish  ;  the  semi-obcordate  oblique  appendages  united  over 
the  base  of  the  sparsely  bearded  filament :  anthers  oblong :  style  2-clef t  above  the  middle  : 
capsule  globular-ovate,  hardly  mucronate :  seeds  10-18,  wing-angled.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
X.  323,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  509.  —  In  mountain  meadows  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California, 
Nevada  to  Siskiyou  Co.,  Bolander,  Lemmon,  Greene,  Flowers  at  length  very  short  pedicelled : 
corolla  cleft  to  the  middle. 

*  *  Perennial,  with  long  exserted  stamens  and  spiciform-thyrsoid  inflorescence :  appendages  of 
the  campanulate  marcesceni-persistent  corolla  conspicuous,  ofilong,  A'ertical,  wholly  free  from  the 
filament:  ovules  moderately  numerous. 

P.  sericea,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a  branching  caudex,  silky-pubescent  or 
canescent,  or  the  simple  virgate  stems  and  inflorescence  villous-hirsute,  rather  leafy  to  the 
top  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  narrow-oblong  numerous  and  often  again  few- 
cleft  or  pinnatifid  divisions,  silky-canescent  or  sometimes  greenish  ;  the  lower  petioled  ; 
the  uppermost  simpler  and  nearly  sessile :  short  spikes  crowded  in  a  naked  spike-like 
thyrsus  :  corolla  violet-blue  or  whitish,  very  open-campanulate,  cleft  to  the  middle  :  anthers 
short-oval:  style  2-clef t  at  the  apex :  capsule  ovate,  short-acuminate,  a  little  longer  than 
the  calyx  and  marcescent-persistent  corolla,  12-18-seeded  :  seeds  oval-oblong,  terete,  acutish, 
longitudinally  costate  and  transversely  alveolate,  reticulated.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2, 
(1862)  xxxiv.  254,  &  Proc.  1.  c. ;  Watson,  Bot.  Iving,  252.  Eutoca  sericea,  Graham  ;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.it.  3003;  &  Fl.  ii.  79.  E.  pnsilla,  Lehm.  Pugill.  —  Higher  mountains  of  Colorado 
and  Nevada,  and  north  to  British  Columbia  and  the  arctic  region.  Corolla  3,  and  stamens 
and  style  7  to  10  lines  long.     Shallow  alveolations  of  the  seed  in  vertical  rows. 

Var.  Lyallii,  Gray.  Low,  less  silky  :  leaves  green  and  sparsely  hirsute-pubescent, 
more  simply  pinnatifid;  the  lobes  short  and  broad  :  inflorescence  thyrsoid-capitate.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  323.  —  Rocky  Mountains  in  lat.  49°,  at  6-7,000  feet,  Lydl,  &c. 

*  *  *  Annuals,  with  stamens  about  the  length  of  the  rotate-campanulate  corolla,  and  the  densely- 
flowered  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes  thyrsoid-cymose  or  paniculate :  appendages  of  the  corolla 
long  and  narrow,  free  at  apex,  and  at  tiase  free  from  the  (glabrous  or  slightly  hairy)  filaments : 
anthers  short:  calyx-lobes  linear:  style  2-cleft  at  apex:  capsule  ovate,  acuminate  or  acute. 

P.  Franklinii,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  soft-hirsute  or  pubescent :  stem 
erect,  simple  or  corymbose  at  summit :  lower  leaves  petioled  and  pinnately  or  somewhat 
bipinnately  divided  or  parted  into  numerous  and  short  linear-oblong  divisions  or  lobes,  the 
upper  sessile  and  less  divided  :  spikes  cymose-glomerate  or  crowded,  little  elongated  in  age  : 
corolla  pale  blue  or  almost  white :  ovules  40  or  more :  capsule  about  the  length  of  the 
calyx  :  seeds  oval,  minutely  alveolate  in  vertical  lines  (nearly  as  in  P.  sericea,  but  the  lines 
less  conspicuous).  —  Man.  ed.  2,  329,  &  ed.  3, 370.  Eutoca  Franklinii,  R.  Br.  1.  c.  t. 27  ;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  2985.  —  Shores  of  Lake  Superior  to  Bear  Lake,  and  on  Snake  River,  south- 
western Idaho. 

P.  Menziesii,  Torr.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  paniculate-branched,  hispid  or 
roughish-hirsute,  usually  also  minutely  cinereous-pubescent :  leaves  mostly  sessile,  linear 
or  lanceolate  and  entire,  or  some  of  them  deeply  cleft ;  the  lobes  few  or  single,  linear  or 
lanceolate,  entire  :  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes  thyrsoid-paniculate,  at  length  elongated 
and  erect,:  corolla  bright  violet  or  sometimes  white  :  ovules  12  to  16  :  capsule  shorter  than 
the  calyx  :  seeds  oblong,  coarsely  favose-reticulated.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King,  252.  Hydrophyl- 
lum  lineare,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  134.  Euioca  Menziesii,  R.  Br.  1.  c.  t.  27,  fig.  1-5  ;  Hook.  Fl.  1.  c.  & 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  3762  ;  Brit.  Fl.  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  334.  E.  mdtiflora,  Dougl.  in  Lehm.  Pugill.  & 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1180.  E.  heterophylla,  Torr.  in  Stansb.  Rep.  — Open  soil,  Montana  to  Utah,  and 
west  to  British  Columbia,  Oregon,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  California.  Very  floriferous 
and  handsome  :  corolla  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

*  *  *  *  Annuals,  with  stamens  shorter  than  (in  P.  divaricata  sometimes  equalling)  the  corolla, 
and  spiciform  or  racemiform  inflorescence. 

-I—  Leaves  pinnately  compound,  and  seeds  excavated  and  ridged  on  the  ventral  face,  in  the  manner 
of  P.  congesta,  tanacetijolia,  ice. 
P.  infundibviliforniis,  Torr.     A  foot  or  so  high,  villous-hirsute  or  somewhat  hispid, 
viscid-glandular :  leaves  all  petioled  and  pinnately  divided ;  the  divisions  5  to  11,  oval  or 


Phacelia.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  167 

oblong,  incisely  pinnatifid ;  the  short  lobes  very  obtuse  or  retuse,  sometimes  1-2-lobed : 
spikes  mostly  cymose  or  geminate,  elongated  in  fruit,  dense;  the  pedicels  very  much 
shorter  than  the  calyx :  corolla  pale  purple  or  white,  f unnelform  ;  the  rounded  and  some- 
what erose  lobes  not  half  the  length  of  the  tube ;  its  appendages  narrow-oblong,  free  from 
the  stamens  :  ovules  8  to  12  on  each  dilated  placenta :  style  2-cleft  at  the  tip  :  capsule 
oblong,  very  obtuse  or  retuse,  membranaceous,  about  the  length  of  the  narrow  spatulate 
calyx-lobes:  seeds  (about  20)  oval,  reticulated.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  144. — New  Mexico, 
near  the  Santa  Rita  copper  mines,  Wright,  Bigelow  (and  south  into  Chihuahua,  Biyelow). 
Habit  of  P.  congesta,  &c.  Corolla  nearly  3  lines  long,  narrow.  Capsule  3  hues  long. 
-1—  H—  Leaves  simply  pinnatitid  ;  the  lobes  short  and  obtuse. 
++  Flowers  crowded  in  at  length  elongated  spikes  :  corolla  small,  white  or  nearly  so. 
P.  brach^loba,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  erect,  roughish-pubescent,  viscid-glandular 
above  :  leaves  elongated-oblong  or  spatulate,  short-petioled ;  the  7  to  15  lobes  entire  or 
obtusely  few-toothed  :  spikes  solitary  or  geminate,  at  length  much  elongated  and  slender: 
pedicels  very  short:  corolla  campanulate ;  the  lobes  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube  ;  its 
long  and  narrow  appendages  nearly  free  from  the  stamens :  ovules  about  6  ou  each  pla- 
centa :  style  2-cleft  above  the  middle :  capsule  oblong-oval,  very  obtuse,  membranaceous, 
shorter  than  the  narrow  spatulate  calyx-lobes  :  seeds  oval,  reticulated.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
X.  324,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  Eutoca  brachyloha,  Benth.  I.e.  —  California,  near  Monterey  and 
Santa  Barbara  [Douglas,  Brewer,  Torrey),  to  San  Diego  Co.  [Cleveland)  and  the  Mohave 
region,  Palmer. 

++  ++   Flowers  loosely  racemose,  long-pedicelled  :  corolla  (blue  or  purple  or  varying  to  white)  open- 
campanulate,  twice  "the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  appendages  elongated,  nearly  free  from  the  base 
of  the  usually  sparsely  bearded  filament:  low  and  diffuse,  a  span  or  less  high,  with  the  leaves 
mostly  at  or  near  the  base. 
P.  Douglasii,  Torr.     Diffuse,  pubescent  and  hirsute  with  mostly  spreading  hairs :  leaves 
elougated-oblong  or  linear  in  outline,  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted  into  several  or  numer- 
ous pairs  of  lobes ;  the  terminal  lobe  not  larger  nor  parallel-veined :  racemes  at  length 
elongated :  pedicels  filiform,  mostly  longer  than  the  flower  :  calyx-lobes  spatulate  :  append- 
ages to  the  tube  of  the  ample  corolla  semi-oblanceolate  :  style  2-cleft  above  the  middle  : 
ovules  to  each  dilated  placenta  12  to  14  :  capsule  ovate,  mucronate  :  seeds  roundish-oval, 
scrobiculate.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  143 ;  Gray,  1.  c.    Eutoca  Douglasii,  Benth.  1.  c.  —  California, 
apparently  ratlier  common  in  the  western  part  of  the  State  south  of  Monterey.     Habit 
somewhat  of  Neinophila  insignis.     Pedicels  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  spreading.    Corolla 
generally  half  an  inch  high,  and  proportionally  broad  when  expanded. 
P.  Davidsonii,  Gray.     Resembles  the  preceding,  but  more  hairy  and  hoary,  the  foliage 
with  strigose,  the  racemes  and  calyx  with  villous-hirsute  and  spreading  pubescence :  leaves 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  2  to  4  triangular  entire  lateral  lobes  and  a  much  larger  oblong  ter- 
minal one,  the  evident  veins  of  which  are  nearly  parallel  with  the  midrib  (in  the  manner 
of  P.  humilis  and  of  the  succeeding) ;  some  of  the  upper  leaves  occasionally  entire  :  pedi- 
cels seldom  longer  than  the  fructiferous  calyx,  in  age  inclined  to  be  recurved-ascending  or 
sigmoid  :  calyx-lobes  narrowly  spatulate  :  appendages  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla  semi-oval : 
ovules  to  each  placenta  8  or  10.— Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  324,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  510,  a  depau- 
perate and  small-flowered  form.  —  California,  in  Kern  Co.,  Prof.  Dam'dson,  the  small  form 
above  mentioned.     San  Bernardino  Co.,  a  larger  form,  with  flowers  fully  the  size  of  P. 
Douglasii,  and  limb  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  bright  purple,  Parry  and  Lemmon. 
^^  ^—  -)—  Leaves  entire  (or  the  lower  rarelv  1-2-lobed  or  toothed),  petioled,  not  fleshy  nor  cordate, 
the  veins  somewhat  parallel  or  converging:  pubescence  not  glandular:  flowers  spicate-racemose : 
calyx  hirsute  or  hispid  with  long  spreading  hairs:  appendages  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  broader 
at  base  and  united  with  the  base  of  the  (usually  pubescent  or  sparsely  bearded)  filaments:  capsule 
ovate,  acute  or  mucronate,  6-16-seeded,  much  shorter  than  the  linear  or  Imear-spatulate  enlarguig 
calyx-lobes :  seed  with  favose-pitted  or  scrobiculate  testa. 
++   Corolla  narrow,  somewhat  funnelform,  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  apparently  pale  or  white, 
much  exceeding  the  stamens. 
P.  circinatif ormis,  Gray,  1.  c.    Erect,  a  span  or  so  high,  hispid  and  puberulent :  leaves 
ovate  and  oblong-lanceolate,  parallel-veined,  somewhat  strigose-hispid  :  racemes  or  spikes 
dense :  style  2-cleft  above  the  middle :  ovules  4  (or  rarely  more)  to  each  placenta.  —  Eutoca 
phacelioides,  Benth.  1.  c.  —  California,  Douglas  (from  whose  collection  only  is  the  species  yet 
known),  probably  from  the  vicinity  of  Monterey.     Aspect  of  a  small  form  of  P.  ciranaia. 
Corolla  2^  to  3  Imes  long.    Fruiting  calyx  5  lines  long. 


168  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Phacelia. 

++  ++  Corolla  broadly  open-campauulate,  violet  or  blue,  not  rarely  nearly  equalled  by  the  stamens 
and  stj-Ie. 

P.  curvipes,  Torr.  Diffuse,  2  to  4  inches  high,  hirsute  and  puberulent:  leaves  from 
oval  to  lanceolate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  petiole:  racemes  simple,  at  length 
loose,  the  lower  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  style  cleft  to  the  middle  :  ovules  8  or  10  to 
each  placenta.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King,  252;  Gray,  I.e.  —  Foothills  of  the  desert  region, 
W.  Nevada  (Carson  City,  Watson),  and  Owens  Valley,  California,  Dr.  Horn.  Habit  of  P. 
humilis.  Blade  of  the  leaf  6  to  10  lines  long.  Corolla  barely  3  lines  high.  Hispid  calyx 
in  fruit  becoming  4  and  6  lines  long.  Pedicels  from  a  line  to  5  lines  long  in  fruit ;  the 
lowest  sometimes  sigmoid-curved  (deflexed  and  then  ascending) ;  and  petiole  sometimes 
"  more  or  less  abruptly  curved/'  whence  the  specific  name,  wliich  ordinarily  seems  rather 
inappropriate. 

P,  divaricata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  spreading,  a  span  high,  more  or  less  hirsute  and 
pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  longer  than  the  petiole,  occasionally  1-2-toothed 
or  lobed  at  base,  the  veins  curving  upwards  :  spikes  or  racemes  at  length  loose  ;  the  pedi- 
cels usually  much  shorter  than  the  calyx :  style  2-cleft  at  the  apex :  ovules  12  to  20  on 
each  placenta  (or  rarely  fewer  "? ).  — Eutoca  divaricata,  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1784  ; 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3706.  E.  Wrangeliana,  Fisch.  &  Meyer ;  Don,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2, 
t.  362,  a  form  (var.  Wrangeliana,  A.DC.)  with  leaves  inclined  to  be  lobed  or  1-2-toothed. 
—  California,  common  about  San  Francisco  Bay.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long.  Flowers 
pretty  large  ;  the  expanded  corolla  often  three-fourths  of  an  inch  broad. 

-H-  -i—  -1—  -1—  Leaves  entire  ov  somewhat  crenate-Iobed  or  toothed,  slender-petioled,  the  veins  di- 
vergent or  commonly  obsolete :  pubescence  viscid  or  glandular:  corolla  narrow-campanulate  or 
somewhat  funnelform,  the  appendages  of  the  tube  linear  or  oblong  and  nearly  free  from  -the 
unequal  glabrous  filaments:  style  2-cleft  only  at  the  apex.  (Species  peculiar  to  the  interior 
desert  region. ) 

++  Flowers  and  the  very  dense  short  spikes  closely  sessile :  calyx  equalling  the  narrow  corolla : 
leaves  thickish,  spatulate-oblong. 

P.  cephalotes,  Gray,  1.  c.  Divaricately  branching  from  the  very  base,  nearly  prostrate, 
more  or  less  viscid-pubescent  and  the  calyx,  &c.,  hispid-hirsute  :  leaves  chiefly  radical  and 
at  the  bifurcations,  apparently  fleshy-coriaceous,  nearly  veinless,  oblong  or  spatulate, 
entire  (about  half  an  inch  long  and  tapering  into  the  commonly  longer  petiole) :  sessile 
spikes  or  heads  radical  and  in  all  the  forks,  at  length  oblong  :  calyx-lobes  spatulate-linear, 
twice  the  length  of  the  oval  obtuse  8-10-seeded  capsule :  seeds  with  a  lax  cellular-reticu- 
lated pellicle.  —  P.  curvipes,  Parry  in  Am.  NaturaUst,  ix.  16,  not  Torr.  —  Southern  Utah, 
Bishop,  Mrs.  Thompson,  Parry.  Corolla  2  lines  long,  cylindraceous,  white  or  yellowish,  with 
the  short  limb  blue  or  purplish ;  the  internal  appendages  linear.  Earliest  spike  radical, 
much  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaves ;  the  first  internode  of  the  prostrate  branches 
2  to  4  inches  long. 

++  ++  Flowers  not  so  crowded,  more  or  less  racemose :  calyx  conspicuously  shorter  than  the  some- 
what open-funnelform  or  campanulate  corolla,  a  little  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule:  leaves 
thickish,  apparently  fleshy-coriaceous,  roundish  or  oval,  the  veins  mostly  obscure. 

P.  demissa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  less  than  a  span  high,  viscid- 
puberulent  or  glabrate :  leaves  from  orbicular  to  obscurely  reniform  or  subcordate,  entire 
or  repand,  half  inch  in  diameter :  flowers  rather  few  and  short-pedicelled  in  a  sessile  or 
very  short-peduncled  spike  which  is  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles  and  the  internodes  of 
the  branches  :  corolla  apparently  white,  barely  2  lines  long,  little  exceeding  the  linear 
calyx-lobes;  its  short  appendages  narrowly  oblong:  capsule  (2  lines  long)  short-oval,  very 
obtuse,  about  10-seeded :  seeds  oblong,  proportionally  large,  alveolate-reticulated.  -^  New 
Mexico,  Palmer. 

P.  pulchella.  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  branched,  barely  a  span  high,  merely  viscid-puberu- 
lent :  leaves  roundish-ovate  or  obovate,  entire  or  crenate-toothed,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  base, 
half  an  inch  or  less  in  length :  flowers  numerous  in  the  at  length  elongated  panicled 
racemes  :  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  corolla  deep  purple  (with  a  yellowish  base), 
commonly  thrice  the  length  of  the  spatulate  calyx-lobes  :  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  very 
obtuse,  about  30-seeded.  —  P.  crassifolia.  Parry  in  Am.  Naturalist,  I.  c.,  not  Torr.  —  Southern 
Utah,  on  gypseous  clay  knolls.  Parry.  A  showy  vernal  species.  Corolla  4  or  5  lines  long, 
with  an  ampler  limb  than  in  the  related  species  ;  the  appendages  conspicuous,  semi-oval. 
Seeds  not  half  the  size  of  those  of  the  preceding  species,  short-oval,  pitted. 


Phacelia.  HYDROPHYLLACEiE.  169 

P.  pusilla,  Torr.  Very  small,  not  over  3  inches  high,  simple  or  loosely  branching,  glan- 
dular-pubescent:  leaves  broadly  oval  or  oblong,  entire,  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long: 
flowers  few  in  a  loose  raceme,  on  filiform  pedicels  :  corolla  white,  not  twice  the  length  of 
the  narrow  linear  or  obscurely  spatulate  calyx-lobes  :  capsule  narrow-oblong,  obtuse  and 
mucronulate,  18-24-seeded.  —  Watson,  Bot.  Iving,  253;  Gray,  1.  c  — Western  part  of 
Nevada  to  the  borders  of  California,  "  under  sage-brush  and  junipers,"  Watson.  Corolla 
hardly  but  capsule  fully  2  lines  long.  Seeds  somewhat  pyriform,  roughish-scrobiculate. 
Pedicels  1  to  5  lines  long. 

■H-  'hi-  -i-i-  Flowers  loosely  racemose  in  fully  developed  inflorescence :  calyx  shorter  than  the  cam- 
panulate  corolla,  rather  longer  than  the  short-pointed  capsule  :  leaves  rouud-cordate  and  creuately 
lobed  or  repand,  obscurely  palmatelj'  veined. 

P.  rotundifolia,  Torr.  Diffusely  branched,  2  to  4  inches  high,  glandular-hirsute  :  leaves 
crenately  7-13-toothed  or  even  lobed,  mostly  with  a  deep-cordate  base  (a  quarter  to  a  full 
inch  long),  usually  niuch  shorter  than  the  petiole:  pedicels  shorter  than  thehnear-spatulate 
calyx-lobes  :  corolla  white  :  style  obscurely  2-cleft  at  apex  :  capsule  oval-oblong,  abruptly 
pointed,  60-100-seeded.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King,  253 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  ^  S.  E.  borders  of  Califorma, 
near  Fort  Mohave,  to  S.  Utah  and  Arizona,  Cooper,  Palmer,  Parry.  Corolla  2  lines  long. 
Capsule  2  lines  long.     Seeds  globular,  scrobiculate. 

§  7.  MiCROGENETES,  Gray.  Ovules  and  seeds  of  the  preceding  section ;  but 
the  latter  oblong  and  strongly  corrugated  transversely  (vermiculifoim  !)  :  style 
2-cleft  only  at  the  apex :  stamens  unequal,  included :  corolla  with  internal  appen- 
dages present  or  rarely  wanting :  low  annuals,  all  W.  American :  leaves  mostly 
piunatifid.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  326. 

*  Corolla  short,  almost  rotate ;  the  appendages  10  transverse  plicae  in  the  throat,  remote  from  the 
stamens  !  —  §  Helmintkospermum,  Torr.  in  herb. 

P.  micrantha,  Torr.  Slender,  paniculately  branched,  a  span  or  more  high,  minutely 
hirsute-glandular :  leaves  membranaceous,  pinnately  parted  into  5  to  9  obovate  or  oblong 
very  obtuse  and  mostly  entire  lobes ;  the  lower  with  margined  petiole,  the  upper  with 
dilated  and  sometimes  auriculate  partly  clasping  base:  racemes  geminate  or  panicled, 
very  loose :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx :  corolla  (bright  blue  with  a  yellowish  tube,  or 
sometimes  pale)  little  exceeding  the  obovate  or  spatulate  and  enlarging  calyx-lobes:  cap- 
sule globular,  obtuse,  20-24-sceded.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  144 ;  Gray,  1.  c,  &  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  511.  —  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  from  the  Rio  Grande  near  El  Paso  to  S.  Utah,  and  the 
borders  of  California.  Corolla  barely  2  lines  in  diameter  when  expanded :  no  vertical 
appendages  at  the  base  of  the  stamens  and  on  the  intermediate  veins,  but  a  pair  of  com- 
pletely transverse  short  and  narrow  folds  high  upon  the  short  tube,  stretching  from  the  mid- 
vein  of  each  lobe  nearly  to  the  lateral  vein  which  springs  from  near  its  base.  Style  short, 
glabrous.  Calyx  in  fruit  2  lines  long.  Seeds  cylindraceous,  incurved,  very  deeply 
rugose  transversely  and  tuberculate. 

*  *  Corolla  funnelform  or  cylindraceous ;  the  appendages  vertical,  long  and  narrow,  united  more 
or  less  to  the  base  of  the  "filaments  (in  the  Chilian  P.  Cuminyii  obsolete):  style  more  or  less 
hair_y  below  in  our  species  :  seeds  minutely  reticulated  as  well  as  coarselj'  coiTugated :  leaves  chiefly 
pinnatifid,  and  the  petioles  naked.  — Microgenetes,  A.DC.  Prodr.  ix.  292.  Phacelia  §  Euylypta, 
Watson,  Bot.  King,  1.  c. 

-1—  Corolla  white  or  pale  purple,  ^hghtly  longer  than  the  little-dilated  calyx-lobes,  2  or  at  most 
3  lines  long. 

P.  Ivesidna,  Torr.  About  a  span  high,  diffusely  much  branched  from  the  base,  hirsute- 
pubescent  and  glandular :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7  to  15  linear  or  oblong  and  entire 
or  incisely  few-toothed  lobes,  rarely  bipinnatifid:  racemes  loose,  6-20-flowered :  narrow 
appendages  of  the  corolla  adnate  to  the  filament  only  at  base:  capsule  oblong,  16-24- 
seeded.  —  Ives  Colorad.  Exped.  Bot.  21 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  254.  —  Utah,  Nevada,  and 
Arizona,  from  Salt  Lake  to  the  south-eastern  borders  of  California.  This  species  most 
resembles  P.  Cumingii,  the  Microgenetes  Ciuningii,  A.DC.  Narrow  calyx-lobes  becoming  3 
or  4  lines  long,  and  conspicuously  surpassing  the  capsule.  Seeds  over  half  hue  long, 
strongly  rough-corrugated. 

4_  ^_  Corolla  conspicuously  longer  than  the  caUTc;  the  limb  violet  or  blue-purple;  the  throat  and 
tube  yellow  or  whitish. 


170  HYDROPHYLLACEyE.  Phacelia. 

++  I>eaves  deeply  once  or  twice  pinnatifid:  short  fruiting  pedicels  erect:  corolla  half  inch  long: 
pubescence  minute,  more  or  less  viscid. 
P.  Fremontii,  Torr.  1.  c.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  much  branched  from  the  base :  leaves 
once  pinnatifid  into  7  to  15  oblong  or  obovate  entire  or  obtusely  2-3-lobed  divisions  :  flow- 
ers crowded  in  the  at  length  elongated  spiciform  raceme :  corolla  broadly  f unnelform, 
double  the  length  of  the  spatulate  calyx-lobes ;  the  long  and  narrow  appendages  united 
below  with  the  filament  or  almost  free  from  it :  capsule  oblong :  seeds  20  to  30,  strongly  and 
somewhat  evenly  corrugated.  —  Watson,  Bot.  Iving,  253;  Gray,  I.e.  —  S.Utah  and  Nevada 
to  W.  Arizona  and  Kern  Co.,  California. 
P.  bicolor,  Torr.  Lower  and  more  diffuse :  leaves  pinnately  parted  and  the  divisions  • 
again  irregularly  pinnatifid  into  small  nearly  linear  lobes  :  spiciform  racemes  loosely  10-20- 
flowered :  corolla  narrowly  funnelform  (sometimes  7  lines  long),  thrice  the  length  of  the 
narrowly  linear  and  obscurely  spatulate  calyx-lobes;  the  long  and  narrow  appendages 
united  for  more  than  half  their  length  with  the  filament,  forming  a  long  tubular  cavity 
behind  it:  capsule  ovaloblong:  seeds  about  16,  shorter,  minutely  corrugated.  —  Watson, 
Bot.  King,  255 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  ^W.  Nevada  and  adjacent  parts  of  California  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  first  collected  by  Anderson.     The  handsomest  of  the  section. 

++  ++  Leaves  merely  pinnatifid-dentate :  corolla  only  3  or  4  lines  long. 
P.  gymnoclada,  Torr.  Diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  a  span  or  less  high,  some- 
what viscid-pubescent ;  the  primary  branches  decumbent  and  with  long  naked  internodes : 
leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  coarsely  and  obtusely  toothed  (an  inch  or  less  long), 
mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole :  spike  several-flowered :  short-f unnelform  corolla  (rarely- 
white)  not  twice  the  length  of  the  linear  or  obscurely  spatulate-hirsute  calyx-lobes;  its 
appendages  united  with  the  lower  part  of  the  filament :  capsule  globose-ovate,  8-16-seeded. 
—  Watson,  1.  c. ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  W.  Nevada  and  E.  California,  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  Humboldt  Mountains,  Watson,  Lemmon. 
P.  crassifolia,  Torr.  Diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  3  or  4  inches  high,  viscid- 
pubescent:  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  oblong-ovate,  scabrous  (3  to  6  lines  long),  tapering  into 
a  short  petiole ;  the  lower  with  a  few  short  obtuse  teeth ;  the  cauline  entire :  racemes 
rather  loosely  few-flowered  ;  the  short  pedicels  spreading:  funnelform  corolla  fully  twice 
the  length  of  the  linear  calyx-lobes ;  the  obscure  appendages  free  from  all  but  the  very 
base  of  the  filament:  capsule  ovoid,  6-8-seeded.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King,  255.  —  Reese  River 
Valley,  Nevada,  Watson.     Seeds  rather  strongly  rugose,  oblong,  half  a  line  long. 

6.  EMMENANTHE,  Benth.  (From  l^niva,  I  abide,  and  avdog.,  flower, 
the  corolla  persisting.)  —  Low  annuals  (of  California  and  Nevada),  with  much 
the  habit  and  general  character  of  certain  sections  of  Phacelia,  but  the  yellow 
or  cream-colored  campanulate  corolla  persistent  (not  carried  off  by  the  enlarging 
capsule).  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am,  Acad.  x.  328,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  514. 

§  1.  MiLTi'xziA,  Gray.  Diffuse  or  depressed,  and  with  the  general  characters 
of  Phacelia  §  3ficrogenetes,  except  the  persistent  corolla  :  flowers  small :  calyx- 
lobes  broader  upward  :  seeds  more  or  less  rugose  transversely  or  obliquely,  as  well 
as  minutely  reticulated.  —  Miltilzia,  A.DC.  Prodr.  ix.  296. 

*  Corolla  bright  yellow,  merely  5-lobed,  exceeding  or  at  least  equalling  the  calj^x  both  in  blossom 
and  fruit,  withering  persistent  and  enclosing  the  capsule;  the  tube  within  mostly  with  10  narrow 
appendages :  style  persistent :  herbage  pubescent. 

E.  parviflora,  Gray.  Depressed,  densely  pubescent  and  viscid  :  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid : 
flowers  crowded  in  short  spikes  or  racemes,  on  very  short  pedicels  :  corolla  not  longer  than 
the  linear  obscurely  spatulate  calyx-lobes  :  style  hardly  longer  than  the  ovary  :  ovules  20 
to  40:  seeds  15  to  20.  — Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  85,  1. 15.  — Shores  of  mamath  Lake,  borders 
of  California  and  Oregon,  Newhen-y.  Specimen  poor.  Except  for  the  greater  number  of 
ovules  and  the  shorter  style  (which  may  be  inconstant),  this  would  be  referred  to  the  next. 

E.  llitea,  Gray.  Diffusely  branched,  decumbent-spreading,  more  minutely  pubescent, 
somewhat  viscid  but  hardly  or  slightly  glandular  :  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  incisely  few- 
lobed  or  toothed  or  pinnatifid :  flowers  rather  crowded  in  short  racemes ;  the  lower  pedi- 
cels often  longer  than  the  calyx  :  corolla  exceeding  the  spatulate-linear  calyx-lobes  :  style 


Conanthus.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  171 

filiform,  much  longer  than  the  ovary :  ovules  about  12.  —Eutoca  ?  lutea,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot. 
Beech.  373 ;  Hook.  Ic.  t.  354.  Miltltzia  lutea,  A.  DC  1.  c.  Emmenanthe  parvijlora,  Watson, 
Bot.  King,  257,  not  Gray.—  S.  E.  borders  of  Oregon  (Tolmie),  and  W.  Nevada  to  the  bor- 
ders of  California,  Anderson,  Watson,  Lemmon.  Corolla  nearly  3  lines  long :  the  linear 
appendages  (like  those  of  many  Phaceliae)  plainly  discernible  in  this  and  the  preceding, 
but  readily  overlooked,  slightly  confluent  below  with  the  adnate  base  of  the  filaments. 
Hypogynous  disk  conspicuous,  saucer-shaped,  much  larger  and  more  free  than  m  the  pre- 
ceding. 
E.  glandulifera,  Torr.  Very  slender,  3  or  4  inches  high,  diffusely  branched,  minutely 
glandular-pubescent  and  viscid:  leaves  small  (a  quarter  to  half  inch  long),  oblong  or  spat- 
ulate,  incisely  few-toothed  or  the  upper  entire :  flowers  numerous  in  slender  spikes  or 
racemes,  mostly  on  very  short  pedicels  :  corolla  narrow-campanulate,  exceeding  the  linear 
calyx-lobes:  style  filiform:  ovules  6  to  12.  — Watson,  Bot.  King,  1.  c  — W.  borders  of 
Nevada,  Anderson,  Watson.  Corolla  2  lines  long :  the  appendages  not  found.  Probably  a 
mere  form  of  the  preceding. 

*  *  Corolla  apparently  nearly  white,  5-cleft,  short-campanulate,  usually  shorter  than  the  calj'X 
and  capsule,  investing  the  base  of  the  latter  at  maturity ,  its  internal  appendages  not  manifest : 
leaves  mostly  entire  :  capsule  8-10-seeded. 

E.  glaberrima,  Torr.  Wholly  glabrous  and  glandless,  diffuse  or  decumbent,  a  span  or 
less  high,  much  branched :  leaves  thickish,  somewhat  succulent,  oblong-spatulate  or  obovate, 
entire,  or  the  lower  incisely  2-4-toothed  (half  an  inch  or  more  long),  tapering  into  the  pe- 
tiole :  flowers  few  or  several,  in  short  or  at  length  elongated  often  geminate  spikes  or 
racemes ;  the  short  pedicels  appressed ;  corolla  not  exceeding  the  spatulate  or  oblong  thick 
calyx-lobes:  style  not  longer  than  the  wholly  glabrous  ovary:  ovules  8  or  10:  capsule 
pointed  with  the  subulate  indurated  base  of  the  style.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King,  1.  c.  —  Nevada, 
in  the  lower  Humboldt  and  Reese  River  Valleys,  Watson.  Also  N.  Arizona,  Newberry,  being, 
according  to  Watson,  the  Eutoca  aretioides  of  the  botany  of  the  Ives  Expedition. 

E.  pusilla,  Gray.  Pubescent,  an  inch  or  two  high,  at  length  diffusely  branched  :  leaves 
spatulate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so  (2  to  5  inches  long),  tapering  into  a  peti- 
ole of  equal  length  :  peduncles  slender,  loosely  and  racemosely  3-7-flowered ;  the  earliest 
ones  scapiform :  pedicels  spreading :  corolla  about  half  the  length  of  the  linear  obscurely 
spatulate  calyx-lobes  and  of  the  ovoid  very  blunt  capsule :  style  very  short,  at  length 
deciduous. —Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  87,  &  Bot.  CaHf.  i.  515. — North-western  Nevada,  Watson, 
Lemmon.    Calyx  in  blossom  one  line,  in  fruit  2  lines  long. 

§  2.  Emmenanthe  proper.  Erect,  with  comparatively  large  and  very  broad 
cream-colored  corolla  :  divisions  of  tlie  calyx  ample  and  broader  downward  (ovate- 
lanceolate)  :  style  deciduous :  placentae  conspicuously  dilated  in  the  axis  :  seeds 
somewhat  rugosely  alveolate-reticulated. 

E.  pendtlliflora,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  Wgh,  villous-pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid : 
leaves  pinnatifid  into  numerous  short  and  somewhat  toothed  or  incised  lobes:  racemes 
panicled,  mostly  short  and  loose,  at  base  occasionally  bracteate :  pedicels  filiform,  as  long 
as  the  at  length  pendulous  flowers:  filaments  slightly  adnate  to  the  very  base  of  the 
broadly  campanulate  corolla:  ovules  about  16.  —  Linn.  Trans,  xvii.  281.  —  California,  not 
rare  from  Lake  Co.  to  San  Diego,  and  east  to  S.  Utah.  (South  to  Guadalupe  Island.) 
Corolla  5  lines  long,  with  short  rotmded  lobes,  and  no  trace  of  internal  appendages.  Seeds 
oblong-oval,  a  line  long. 

7.  CONANTHUS,  S.  Watson.  E^itocaH  Conanthus,  K.DC.  (Name  not 
happily  chosen,  formed  of  xcowg,  cone,  and  dvdog,  flower,  referring  to  the  elon- 
gated funnelform  corolla.)  — A  single  species,  which  would  be  referred  to  Nama 
except  for  the  united  styles ;  the  flowers  apparently  2-3-morphous  as  to  length 
and  insertion  of  style  and  stamens. 

O.  aretioides,  "Watson.  A  small  and  depressed  winter-annual,  2  or  3  inches  high, 
repeatedly  forked  from  the  very  base,  forming  a  matted  tuft,  hirsute-hispid,  copiously 
flowering  through  a  long  season :  leaves  spatulate-linear  :  flowers  comparatively  large  and 


172  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Tricardia. 

conspicuous,  sessile  in  the  forks,  fully  half  inch  long:  corolla  purple,  funnelform,  with 
rather  long  narrow  tube  and  ample  limb  :  calyx-lobes  filiform-linear,  not  widening  upward, 
hispid  with  long  spreading  hairs :  stamens  unequally  inserted ;  style  2-clef  t  at  the  apex, 
sometimes  only  slightly  so:  ovules  about  20:  seeds  usually  fewer;  the  testa  thin  and 
translucent,  smooth,  or  in  age  obscurely  and  sparsely  excavated.  —  Bot.  ICing,  256 ;  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  329,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  585.  Euioca  aretioides,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech. 
374;  Hook.  Ic.  t.  355.  E.  ?  (Conanthus)  aretioides,  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  295.  Nama  demissa, 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  283,  in  part.  —  Through  the  dry  interior  region,  from  Oregon 
to  Arizona  along  the  eastern  borders  of  California.  Style  and  filaments  sometimes  long 
and  sometimes  short  in  different  plants,  but  not  reciprocally  so. 

8.  TRICARDIA,  Torr.  (From  zqi-  three,  and  ytagSia,  heart,  referring  to 
the  shape  of  the  three  larger  sepals.)  Sepals  thin ;  the  three  exterior  much 
enlarging  after  flowering,  becoming  somewhat  scarious  and  finely  reticulate-veiny. 
Corolla  with  the  10  narrow  internal  appendages  free  and  rather  distant  from  the 
filaments.  —  A  single  (Nevadan)  species  :  — 

T.  "Watsoni,  Torr.  Perennial  herb,  branched  from  the  base  ;  the  ascending  stems  a 
span  high,  pubescent  with  long  and  soft  cottony  hairs,  more  or  less  glabrate  with  age : 
leaves  all  alternate,  glabrate,  entire ;  the  radical  and  lower  cauline  spatulate-lanceolate,  an 
inch  or  two  long,  and  tapering  into  a  conspicuous  margined  petiole;  the  upper  much 
smaller,  short-petioled  or  sessile  and  more  oblong:  flowers  rather  few,  loosely  racemose : 
short  pedicels  in  fruit  recurved  :  corolla  purplish,  about  3  lines  wide,  moderately  5-lobed : 
stamens  and  style  included  :  larger  sepals  of  the  fruiting  calyx  becoming  two-thirds  of  an 
inch  long  and  wide,  strongly  cordate,  much  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  incompletely  2- 
celled  capsule :  ovules  4  to  each  placenta :  "  seeds  a  line  long,  oblong,  slightly  roughened."  — 
Watson,  Bot.  King,  258,  t.  24.  —  Western  Nevada,  at  Truckee  Pass,  Watson.  Rio  Virgen, 
S.  Utah,  Parry. 

9.  R0MANZ6FFIA,  Cham.  (Dedicated  to  Count  Nicholas  Romanzoff, 
the  promoter  of  Kotzebue's  voyage,  in  which  the  original  species  was  discovered.) 
—  Low  and  delicate  perennial  herbs,  with  the  aspect-  of  Saxifrage  ;  the  leaves 
mainly  radical,  all  alternate,  round-cordate  or  reniform,  crenately  7-11-lobed,  long- 
petioled;  the  lobes  gland ular-mucronulate.  Scapes  or  flowering  stems  a  span  or 
less  in  length,  racemosely  or  sometimes  paniculately  several-flowered  ;  the  pedicels 
filiform.  Calyx-lobes  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate.  Corolla  pale  pink  or  purple, 
varying  to  white,  delicately  veiny.  Ovary  and  retuse  capsule  2-celled  or  nearly 
so  :  the  placentae  narrowly  linear,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oval :  the  testa  alveolate- 
reticulated. 

R.  Unalaschkensis,  Cham.  Loosely  somewhat  pubescent :  rootstock  not  tuberifer- 
ous  :  scape  erect,  3  to  5  inches  high  ;  the  erect  or  ascending  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flow- 
ers :  calyx-lobes  herbaceous,  a  httle  shorter  than  the  very  short-f unnelform  corolla  and 
equalling  or  surpassing  the  capsule  :  style  short.  —  Cham,  in  Hor.  Phys.  Berol.  71,  t.  14 ; 
Chois.  Hydrol.  t.  3;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  330.  Saxifraga  nutans,  Don.  —  Unalaska  and 
adjacent  islands,  Chamisso,  Nelson,  Harrington,  DaU,  &c. 

R.  Sitchensis,  Bongard.  Slightly  and  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrate :  slender  root- 
stocks  tuberiferous :  scapes  fihforni,  weak,  a  span  long;  the  spreading  pedicels  longer  than 
the  flowers:  calyx-lobes  very  glabrous,  much  shorter  than  the  funnelform  corolla,  and 
shorter  than  the  capsule :  style  long  and  slender.  —  Veg.  Sitk.  41,  t.  4 ;  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  iv.  t.  25 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6109 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Sitka  to  the  coast  range  of  California, 
as  far  south  as  Redwoods  occur,  viz.  to  Monterey  Co. 

10.  HESPEROCHlRON,  S.  Watson.  (Hesperus,  evening,  used  for 
western,  and  Chiron,  a  Centaur  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  plants,  i.  e. 
Western   Centaury,  the  plant  having  been  supposed  to  belong  to  the  Gentian 


Nama.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  173 

family).  —  Dwarf  stemless  perennials,  or  possibly  biennials  (W.  N.  American), 
soft-pubescent ;  with  entire  spatulate  or  oblong  leaves,  on  mostly  elongated  mar- 
gined petioles,  crowning  the  caudex  or  rootstock ;  and  from  their  axils  sending 
forth  naked  one-flowered  peduncles,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Parts 
of  the  flower  occasionally  in  sixes  or  sevens.  Corolla  purplish  or  nearly  white ; 
the  tube  and  the  base  of  the  subulate  filaments  more  or  less  hairy  or  hirsute  ;  the 
lobes  often  slightly  unequal.  Disk  none.  Base  of  the  calyx  obscurely  adnate  to 
the  broad  base  of  the  conical-ovate  ovary,  which  tapers  into  the  rather  stout  style  : 
stigmas  minute.  Ovary  1-celled ;  the  narrow  placentae  projecting  more  or  less  on 
incomplete  half-dissepiments :  ovules  20  or  more  to  each  placenta.  Capsule 
loculicidal,  15-20-seeded.  Seeds  pretty  large,  with  a  somewhat  fleshy  minutely 
reticulated  testa.  —  A  genus  of  doubtful  affinity,  but  most  probably  Hydrophyl- 
laceous.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King,  281  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  330,  &  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  516;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  829. 

H.  Californicus,  "Watson.  Leaves  copious  in  a  rosulate  radical  tuft :  corolla  some- 
what oblong-oampanulate  ;  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.  — Bot.  King,  281,  t.  30.  Ourisia 
Californica,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  327.  Hesperochiron  latifolius,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v. 
44,  a  large  form.  —  Hills  and  meadows.  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  from  the  Yosemite  north- 
ward to  Washington  Terr.,  and  east  to  the  mountains  of  Utah.  —  Leaves  an  inch  or  two 
long,  besides  the  petiole,  into  which  the  blade  abruptly  contracts  or  gradually  tapers. 
Corolla  from  nearly  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  in  the  largest  specimens;  the 
lobes  oblong.     Here  belongs  Nicotiana  nana,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  833. 

H.  pumilus,  T.  C.  Porter.  Leaves  fewer,  crowning  the  rather  slender  rootstock  : 
corolla  nearly  rotate ;  its  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  which  is  densely  bearded  within.  — 
Hayden,  Geol.  Rep.  1872,  768 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  330.  Villarsia  pumila,  Dougl. ; 
Griseb.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  70,  1. 157.  —  Springy  and  marshy  ground,  mountains  of  Idaho  to 
Oregon,  Douglas,  Geyer,  Hayden,  &c.     Also  Plumas  Co.,  California,  Mrs.  Austin. 

11.  LEMMONIA,  Gray.  (Named  after  John  Gill  Lemmon,  the  discoverer, 
a  most  ardent  and  successful  explorer  of  E.  Californian  and  Nevadan  botany.)  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  162.     Single  species. 

L.  Californica,  Gray,  1.  c.  Small  and  depressed  winter-annual,  canescently  pubescent, 
and  the  calyx  white-villous  :  stem  branched  from  the  base,  divergently  and  repeatedly 
dichotomous  :  leaves  alternate,  rosulate  at  base,  and  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  branches ; 
entire,  spatulate  and  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  nearly  veinless,  3  to  5  lines  long :  flow- 
ers sessile,  solitary  in  the  lower  forks,  cymose-glomerate  at  the  leafy  extremity  of  the 
branches :  sepals  very  narrowly  linear,  not  widening  upward,  in  fruit  2  lines  long  and 
exceeding  the  short-oval  retuse  capsule  :  corolla  apparently  white,  a  line  long,  not  surpass- 
ing the  calyx,  moderately  5-lobed  :  styles  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  ovary  :  placentae  or 
half-dissepiments  narrow,  adhering  to  the  valves  :  seeds  half  a  line  long,  somewliat  rugose- 
foveolate  in  the  manner  of  Conanthus.  —  Desert  region  of  San  Bernardino  Co.,  California, 
about  the  sources  of  the  Mohave  River,  May,  1876,  J.  G.  Lemmon. 

12.  NAMA,  L.  {Nuiia,  a  stream  or  spring,  in  allusion  to  supposed  place  of 
growth  of  the  original  species.)  —  Chiefly  low  herbs,  some  few  suffrutescent  or 
woody-based  (N.  &  S.  American  and  one  Hawaian),  of  various  habit;  the  corolla 
purple,  bluish,  or  white  ;  the  stamens  sometimes  equally,  oftener  unequally  adnate 
to  the  base  or  lower  part  of  the  tube.  (Besides  the  following  there  are  several 
species  in  the  bordering  parts  of  Mexico.)  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  337, 
viii.  282,  x.  330,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  517,  621. 

§  1.  Low  annuals,  merely  pubescent  or  hairy  :  leaves  entire  :  flowers  terminal 
or  lateral,  or  in  the  forks  of  the  stem. 


l>j^  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Nama. 

*  Leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem. 
N.  Jamaicense,  L.  Diffusely  spreading  or  prostrate,  soft-pubescent:  leaves  membrana- 
ceous (an  inch  or  two  long),  broadly  obovate  or  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  petiole-like  base 
which  is  continued  into  wing-like  margins  of  the  stem :  flowers  mostly  solitary,  terminal 
and  soon  extra-axillary,  short-pedicelled  :  corolla  white,  hardly  longer  than  the  narrow 
linear  sepals:  capsule  narrow  oblong.  — Lam.  111.  t.  184;  P.  Browne,  Jam.  t.  18. —Low 
grounds,  Texas,  Florida.    (W.  Ind.,  Mexico.) 

*  *  Leaves  not  decurrent. 
^-  Cauline  leaves  all  sessile,  the  upper  by  a  more  or  less  clasping  base :  villous-pubescent  and 
somewhat  viscid :  seeds  very  numerous. 
N.  undulatum,  HBK.  Erect,  diffusely  branched,  at  length  procumbent,  leafy :  branches 
a  span  to  a  foot 'long :  leaves  oblong  ;  the  upper  with  a  broad  sessile  base,  the  lower  spatu- 
late :  flowers  commonly  subsessile  :  corolla  funnelform,  somewhat  longer  than  the  linear- 
spatulate  sepals :  capsule  oblong,  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  sepals :  seeds  ov?.l,  with  a 
smooth  and  thin  diaphanous  coat,  which  is  obscurely  striate  lengthwise  and  minutely 
pitted  under  a  strong  lens.  —  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  ii.  130.     (Mexico.) 

Var.  macranthiun,  Chois.  (Hydrol.  18,  t.  2,  fig.  1) ;  a  looser  and  less  leafy  form, 
with  flowers  (solitary  or  2  and  3  together)  on  pedicels  which  vary  from  1  to  5  lines  long: 
corolla  (4  or  5  lines  long)  almost  twice  the  length,  and  capsule  only  about  half  the  length 
of  the  spatulate-tipped  sepals.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  330.  N.  Berlandieri,  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  282.  — Texas,  along  the  Rio  Grande  near  its  mouth,  and  on  the  Mexican 
side  of  the  river. 
N.  stenocarpum,  Gray.  Like  the  preceding,  or  sometimes  with  narrower  leaves  : 
pedicels,  if  any,  short  and  rigid  in  fruit:  capsule  cylindrical,  nearly  linear  (3  lines  long), 
nearly  equalling  the  narrow  linear  sepals  :  seeds  short,  angled  by  mutual  pressure,  with  a 
thickish  and  opaque  strongly  reticulated  and  somewhat  alveolate  coat  (only  a  quarter  of 
a  line  long).  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  331.  A^.  undulatum,  Gray,  1.  c.  viii.  282,  not  HBK.— 
Texas  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Berlandier.  Along  the  northern  borders  of 
Mexico  to  the  province  of  Sonora  on  the  borders  of  Arizona,  Palmer. 

^—  H—  Leaves  not  at  all  clasping,  more  or  less  tapering  at  base,  at  least  the  lower  petioled. 
++  Corolla  narrow-funnelform,  mostly  much  longer  than  the  calyx:  seeds  oval,  witli  a  thin  and 
diaphanous  close  coat:  flowers  subsessile  or  short-peduncled. 
N.  hispidum,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  repeatedly  forked,  liispid  or  hirsute : 
leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  linear-spatulate,  most  of  the  cauline  ones  sessile:  flowers 
lateral  and  solitary,  or  3  to  5  in  terminal  unilateral  nearly  bractless  clusters :  sepals  nar- 
rowly linear,  very  little  if  at  all  broadened  upwards :  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  30-40- 
seeded:  seeds  smooth,  very  obscurely  rugulose  when  highly  magnified.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
V.  339,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  517.  N.  Jamaicensis,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  PI.  Lindh.,  not  Linn.  N. 
dichotoma  &  N.  biflora,  var.  spatliulata,  partly,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound  147,  &c.  — Plains  and 
prairies,  Texas  to  Arizona,  and  south-eastern  borders  of  California.  The  extreme  western 
form,  with  softer  pubescence,  sometimes  has  3  or  4  styles  and  placentae. 
N.  demissum,  Gray.  Dwarf,  diffuse  or  depressed,  2  or  3  inches  high,  hirsute-pubescent, 
sometimes  hispid :  leaves  linear-spatulate,  all  or  most  of  them  tapering  into  a  petiole : 
flowers  subsessile  in  the  forks :  sepals  very  narrowly  linear,  not  at  all  broader  upwards  : 
capsule  short-oblong,  10-16-seeded :  seeds  much  larger  than  in  the  preceding  (oval  or 
oblong,  a  quarter  to  a  third  of  a  line  long).  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  283  (mainly)  ;  Watson, 
Bot.  King.  259,  460;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  517.  — Interior  desert  region,  Washington  Terr,  to 
Nevada,  and  Utah  (form  with  corolla,  only  3  lines  long) ;  also  S.  Utah,  Arizona,  and  the 
south-eastern  borders  of  California;  the  latter  forms  with  ampler  purple  or  crimson  corolla, 
4,  5,  or  nearly  6  lines  long.  Filaments  very  unequally  inserted,  their  adnate  bases  with 
somewhat  free  margins. 
N.  Coulteri,  Gray.  Diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  ascending,  a  span  high,  hirsute- 
pubescent,  somewhat  viscid  :  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole : 
flowers  mostly  in  the  forks  and  short-pedicelled :  sepals  with  spatulate-dilated  tips,  not 
half  the  length  of  the  narrow  funnelform  corolla  :  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  50-60-seeded  : 
seeds  short-oval,  obscurely  rugulose-pitted.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  283,  &  Bot.  Calif.  517. 
—  "California,"  Coulter.  But  probably  from  Arizona  or  the  adjacent  part  of  Mexico. 
Corolla  5  lines  long. 


Erlodictyon.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  175 

++  -H-  Corolla  short-fannelform,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx:  seeds' with  a  thickish  opaque  coat, 
coai'sely  pitted  or  sculptured. 

N.  dichotomum,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  A  Mexican  and  South  American  species,  with  oval  or 
oblong-lanceolate  leaves. 

Var.  angustif  olilim,  Gray.  Erect,  a  span  high,  minutely  pubescent,  glandular : 
stem  repeatedly  forked  and  with  a  nearly  sessile  flower  in  each  fork :  leaves  narrow,  linear 
or  nearly  so  (an  inch  or  less  long,  a  line  or  two  wide) :  sepals  narrowly  linear  and  slightly 
broadened  upwards:  capsule  oblong-oval  (nearly  glabrous):  seeds  oval-oblong,  marked 
with  about  5  longitudinal  rows  of  large  pits,  from  4  to  6  in  each  row.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
viii.  284.  —  New  Mexico,  Fendler,  Wright.  Also  Colorado,  Haydcn,  Rothrock,  Brandegee. 
Possibly  a  distinct  species.     Sometimes  a  weed  of  cultivated  ground. 

§  2.  Suffruticose  and  cespitose-procumbent,  silky-woolly  :  leaves  entire :  flowers 
thyrsoid-glomerate  :  ovary  and  styles  hirsute. 

N.  Lobbii,  Gray.  Leaves  linear  or  somewhat  spatulate,  tapering  to  the  base,  nearly 
sessile  (an  inch  or  two  long),  more  or  less  persistent;  the  older  with  revolute  margins  and 
becoming  glabrate  ;  the  younger  white  with  the  soft  villous  wool :  flowers  clustered  in  the 
upper  axils  and  at  the  summit,  nearly  sessile  :  sepals  subulate-linear,  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  narrow  funnelform  (purple)  corolla. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  37,  viii.  285,  & 
Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  Lobb,  Kellogg,  Mrs.  Pulsifer-Ames,  Lemmon,  &c. 
Forming  dense  and  broad  tufts,  the  older  stems  rigid  and  woody.  Corolla  half  an  inch 
long :  the  iilaments  unequally  adnate  high  up.     Fruit  not  seen. 

§  3.  Perennial  or  woody-stemmed,  erect,  hirsute  or  hispid :  leaves  sessile,  un- 
dulate or  sinuate-dentate  :  flowers  glomerate  or  spicate.  (Approaching  Wigandia, 
but  with  the  narrowly  funnelform  corolla  (also  the  capsule)  of  Nama.) 

N.  Rothrockii,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high  from  an  apparently  deep  perennial  root,  her- 
baceous, cinereous  with  a  fine  and  somewhat  viscid  roughish  pubescence,  at  least  tlie  inflores- 
cence and  calyx  hispid  with  sharp  spreading  bristles :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  almost 
pinnatifid  ;  the  pinnate  veins  running  straight  to  near  the  sinuses  between  the  strong  teeth, 
there  forking :  floM'ers  numerous  in  a  capitate  terminal  cluster :  sepals  hardly  dilated 
upward,  half  inch  long,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla :  ovary  and  capsule  slightly  hirsute : 
seeds  rather  few  (almost  a  line  long),  oval,  minutely  reticulate-pitted.  — Bot.  Calif,  i.  621; 
Rothrock  in  Wheeler  Rep.  t.  18.  —  Meadows  on  S.  Kern  River,  California,  Rothrock. 

N.  Parryi,  Gray,  1-  c.  Stem  6  feet  high !  below  woody,  over  half  inch  in  diameter  and 
with  a  large  brownish  pith:  leaves  (as  far  as  seen)  linear,  2  or  3  inches  long,  2  or  3  lines 
broad,  villous-hirsute,  numerously  pinnate-veined,  somewhat  bullate ;  the  margins  revolute 
and  undulate  or  repand:  flowers  unilateral  and  the  fruit  densely  spicate  on  the  few 
branches  of  the  compact  scorpioid  cyme :  sepals  nearly  filiform,  little  surpassing  the  oval 
capsule,  barely  2  lines  long:  seeds  oval  (half  line  long),  minutely  reticulated.  —  S.  E.  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Mohave  slope  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  (seen  only  in  winter  ves- 
tiges), Parry. 

13.  ERIODfCTYON,  Benth.  (Formed  of  f()<or,  wool,  and  di'/.rvor,  net- 
work, on  account  of  the  netted  veins  and  wooUiuess  of  the  under  surface  of  the 
leaves.)  —  Low  shrubs  (California  to  New  Mexico)  ;  with  alternate  pinnately 
veined  and  finely  reticulated  leaves,  of  firm  or  coriaceous  texture,  their  margins 
mostly  beset  with  rigid  teeth,  at  base  tapering  into  more  or  less  of  a  petiole ;  the 
flowers  scorpioid-cymose,  forming  a  terminal  usually  naked  thyrsus.  Sepals  nar- 
row, not  enlarging  upwards.  Corolla  violet  or  purple,  or  sometimes  white. 
Filaments  adnate  variably  and  sometimes  very  extensively  to  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  usually  sparsely  hirsute.  Ovary  nearly  or  completely  2-celled  by  the 
meeting  of  the  dilated  placentae  in  the  axis.  Capsule  small  (a  line  or  two  long), 
globose-ovate,  pointed.  —  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  35;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  313, 
331,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c. 


176  HYDROPHYLLACE.E.  Eriodlctyon. 

B.  tomentosum,  Benth.  1.  c.  White-tomentose  with  a  dense  coat  of  short  villous 
hairs,  sometimes  rusty-colored  with  age,  6  to  10  feet  high :  branches  leafy  to  the  top ; 
leaves  oblong  or  oval,  rigid,  obtuse  (2  to  4  inches  long) :  cymes  at  length  broad  :  calyx 
densely  and  corolla  slightly  villous,  the  latter  somewhat  salverform  and  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  former.  — Torr.  Mex.  Bound.  148,  &c.  E.  crassifolium,  Benth.  1.  c,  described 
from  flowers  with  imperfect  corollas.  —  Southern  part  of  California,  San  Gabriel  to  San 
Diego  and  Tejon. 

B.  glutinosum,  Benth.  1.  c.  Glabrate,  glutinous  with  a  balsamic  resin,  3  to  5  feet 
high :  leaves  lanceolate  (3  to  6  inches  long),  irregularly  more  or  less  serrate,  sometimes 
entire,  whitened  beneath  between  the  reticulations  by  a  minute  and  close  tomentum,  above 
glabrous  :  cymes  in  an  elongated  naked  thyrsus:  corolla  tubular-funnelform  (lialf  an  inch 
long),  thrice  the  length  of  the  slightly  and  sparsely  hirsute  calyx. —  Wigandia  Californica, 
Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  364,  t.  88.  —  Dry  hills,  rather  common  in  CaUfornia.  Infusion 
of  the  leaves  in  spirit  used  as  a  tonic,  under  the  name  of  Yerba  Santa. 

E.  angustifolium,  Nutt.  Glabrate  and  glutinous  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  narrowly 
lanceolate,  rigid,  and  the  margins  at  length  revolute  :  corolla  2  or  3  lines  long,  short-f  nnnel- 
form  or  approaching  campanulate  :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  —  PI.  Gamb.  181. 
E.  glutinosum,  var.  angustifolium,  Torr.  1.  c.  —  S.  Nevada,  Arizona,  and  adjacent  parts  of  New 
Mexico.     Leaves  1^  to  4  inches  long,  1  to  3  lines  wide. 

14.  HYDROLEA,  L.  {T8(oq,  water,  the  plants  inhabiting  wet  places.) 
—  Herbs,  or  rarely  suffruticose  plants  (widely  diffused  in  warm  climates)  ;  with 
ovate  or  lanceolate  pinnately  veined  entire  leaves,  numerous  on  the  stems,  often 
with  a  spine  in  the  axils,  and  clustered  blue  or  rarely  white  flowers.  Sepals  dis- 
tinct to  the  base.  Corolla  rotate  or  very  open  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Stamens 
about  the  length  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  dilated  at  the  insertion.  Capsule 
globular ;  the  fleshy  or  spongy  placentae  very  large.  Seeds'  minute,  generally 
striate-ribbed.  Styles  and  placentae  occasionally  varying  to  3.  —  Ours  appear  to 
be  perennials,  flowering  through  the  summer. 

H.  corymbosa,  Ell.  Spineless  or  nearly  so  :  stem  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high,  above 
minutely  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile  (an  inch  or  so  long),  glabrous: 
flowers  in'  a  terminal  corymbose  cyme:  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  villous-hispid ;  shorter 
than  the  corolla :  filaments  and  styles  long  and  filiform.  —  Sk.  i.  336 ;  A.  W.  Bennett  in 
Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  275.  —  Pine-barren  ponds,  S.  Carolina  to  Florida.  Expanded  corolla 
two-thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
H.  affinis,  Gray.  More  or  less  spiny,  glabrous  throughout  or  nearly  so :  stems  ascend- 
ing :  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  petioled  (2  to  5  inches  long)  :  flowers  in  short  axillary 
leafy -bracted  clusters  :  sepals  ovate,  equalling  the  corolla  :  styles  shorter  than  the  capsule. 
—  Man.  ed.  5,  p.  370.  H.  leptocauUs,  Featherman,  Louisiana  Univ.  Rep.  1871.  —  S.  Illinois 
to  Texas.  Often  confounded  with  the  next. 
H.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  More  or  less  spiny,  sparsely  villous-hispid  or  the  leaves 
nearly  glabrous :  stem  ascending :  leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled  (3  or  4  inches  long) : 
flowers  in  short  axillary  clusters,  or  solitary  in  the  upper  axils :  sepals  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  about  the  length  of  the  corolla:  styles  shorter  than  the  capsule.  —  Fl.  i.  177. 
H.  quadrivalvis,  Walt.  Car.  110,  an  older  but  fklse  and  deceptive  name.  H.  paniculata,  Raf. 
Neobot.  64.  —  N.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Louisiana  ?  (S.  Amer.?) 
H.  ovata,  Nutt.  Spiny,  minutely  soft-pubescent  and  above  slightly  hirsute:  stems  a 
foot  or  two  high,  paniculately  branched  at  summit :  leaves  ovate,  sometimes  ovate-lan- 
ceolate (8  to  20  lines  long)  :  flowers  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches  :  sepals  lanceolate, 
very  villous-hirsute,  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  this  an  inch  broad  when  expanded  :  filaments 
and  especially  the  styles  long  and  filiform.  —  Fl.  Arkans.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  ser.  2, 
V.  196;  Chois.  Hydrol.  t.  1 ;  A.  W.  Bennett,  1.  c.  270.  H.  ovatifoUa,  Raf.  Neobot.  (1836), 
64.  H.  Ludoviciana,  Featherman,  1.  c.  —  Margin  of  ponds,  Arkansas,  W.  Louisiana,  and 
Texas.     (S.  Amer.) 


BORRAGINACE^.  177 


Order  XCIII.  BORRAGINACE^. 

Mostly  scabrous  or  hispid-hairy  plants,  with  watery  juice,  entire  and  alternate 
(or  partly  opposite)  leaves,  no  stipules,  prevalently  scorpioid  inflorescence,  and 
regular  flowers  (in  Echium  the  corolla,  &c.,  irregular),  the  5  or  sonaetimes  4 
stamens  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes,  a  single  style  rising  between  the  divisions  of  a  deeply  4-parted  ovary,  or 
from  the  summit  of  an  undivided  one,  the  cells  or  lobes  of  which  contain  a  solitary 
ovule,  the  seed  with  little  or  no  albumen,  the  embryo  straight  or  rarely  curved, 
its  radicle  superior  or  centripetal.  Flowers  perfect,  generally  5-merous.  Calyx 
and  corolla  free ;  the  lobes  of  the  latter  imbricated,  convolute,  or  sometimes  plicate 
or  induplicate  in  the  bud.  Hypogynous  disk  usually  present,  but  inconspicuous. 
Pistil  of  2  biovulate  carpels,  although  seemingly  of  4  and  uniovulate.  Ovule 
anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  of  4  nutlets  (or  by  abortion  fewer),  or  a 
drupe  containing  2  to  4  nutlets  or  cells,  rarely  reduced  to  one.  —  Some  of  the 
first  great  division  have  serrate  and  even  incised  leaves,  and  are  trees  or  shrubs, 
of  tropical  or  subtropical  regions :  these  well  distinguished  from  related  orders 
by  the  superior  radicle.  The  true  BorraginacecB  are  almost  all  herbs,  mainly  of 
temperate  climates,  with  undivided  style  and  even  stigma,  surrounded  at  base  by 
the  four  distinct  divisions  of  the  ovary.  Inflorescence  and  its  nomenclature  as 
in  the  preceding  order. 

I.  Ovary  undivided  (or  only  laterally  4-Iobed)  and  surmounted  by  the  style. 

Tribe  I.  CORDIE^.  Style  twice  bifid:  stigmas  terminal,  not  annular.  Fruit 
drupaceous.  Cotyledons  longitudinally  plicate  or  corrugated.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  leaves  sometimes  dentate. 

1.  CORDIA.  Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  merely  toothed  or  lobed.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  or  salverform ;  the  lobes  and  stamens  sometimes  more  than  5.  Stigmas  clavate  or 
capitate.  Ovary  and  drupe  4-oelled,  4-seeded,  or  fewer  by  the  abortion  of  some  of  the 
cells  and  seeds  of  the  hard  stone. 

Tribe  II.  EHRETIEiE.  Style  once  bifid  or  2-pai-ted  (the  divisions  sometimes 
coalescent  to  the  top) :  stigmas  more  or  less  capitate.  Cotyledons  plane.  Trees, 
shrubs,  or  low  herbs. 

*  Fruit  drupaceous  :  ovules  mostly  amphitropous  :  trees  or  shrubs. 

2.  BOURRERIA.  Calyx  globular  or  ovoid,  closed  in  the  bud,  valvately  splitting  at  the 
summit  into  2  to  5  teeth.  Corolla  campanulate  or  short-funnelform.  Drupe  containing 
4  more  or  less  separable  one-seeded  nutlets. 

3.  EHRETIA.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  imbricated  or  open  in  the  bud.  Corolla  from 
short-funnelform  to  rotate.     Drupe  usually  containing  2  two-celled  two-seeded  nutlets. 

*   *  Fruit  dry :  ovules  anatropous,  pendulous :  herbaceous  or  suffruticulose  plants. 

4.  COLDENIA.  Calyx  5-parted,  or  in  original  species  4-parted;  the  divisions  narrow. 
Corolla  short-funnelform  or  nearly  salverform,  seldom  much  surpassing  the  calyx;  the 
lobes  rounded,  imbricated  or  sometimes  partly  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included. 
Style  2-cleft  or  2-parted.  Ovary  entire  or  laterally  4-lobed,  4-celled.  Fruit  separating  at 
maturity  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  or  in  one  species  by  suppression 
one-celled  and  one-seeded.     Cotyledons  thickish.    Albumen  none. 

Tribe  III.  HELIOTROPIEiE.  Style  entire,  sometimes  wanting  :  stigma  peltate- 
annular,  forming  a  complete  ring,  surmounted  usually  by  an  entire  or  2-lobed  (from 
hemispherical  to  subulate)  tip  or  appendage.  Ovules  pendulous.  Seeds  with  a 
straight  or  incurved  embryo,  in  sparing  or  copious  albumen.  Leaves  entire,  rarely 
denticulate.  Inflorescence  more  or  less  scorpioid. 
12 


178  BORRAGINACE^. 

5.  TOXJRNEFORTIA.    Fruit  drupaceous.     Shrubs  or  woody  twiners,  or  rarely  almost 
'  herbaceous.     Otherwise  nearly  as  Heliotropium. 

6  HELIOTROPIUM.  Calyx  deeply  6-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnel- 
'  form,  plaited  and  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included :  filaments  short  or 
none':  anthers  connivent,  sometimes  cohering  by  pointed  tips.  Ovary  4-celled,  4-ovuled. 
Fruit  dry,  2-  or  4-lobed,  separating  into  2  indurated  2-celled  and  2-seeded  closed  carpels,  or 
more  commonly  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets.  Seed  sometimes  with  rather  copious  albumen, 
and,  with  the  embryo,  curved.  —  Low  herbs  or  \mdershrubs;  the  flowers  almost  always 
small. 
11.  Ovary  4-parted  (rarely  2-parted)  from  above  into  one-celled  one-ovuled 

divisions  surrounding  the  base  of  the  undivided  (rarely  2-lobed)  style :  stigma 

not  annular,  terminal. 

Tribe  IV.  BORRAGE^.  Style  entire,  in  Echium  2-cleft  at  the  apex:  stigma  trun- 
cate or  depressed-capitate,  in  a  few  species  of  Lithospermum  tipped  with  a  rudi- 
mentary terminal  appendage.  Ovules  amphitropous  or  almost  orthotropous  and 
commonly  ascending  or  erect,  or  when  anatropous  mostly  pendulous.  Nutlets  4 
(or  by  abortion  fewer),  distinct,  or  sometimes  at  base  united  in  pairs.  Radicle 
superior  or  centripetal.  Albumen  none.  Chiefly  herbs,  with  somewhat  mucilagi- 
nous watery  juice  and  entire  leaves.  Flowers  mostly  near,  but  not  in  the  axil  of 
leaves  or  bracts,  or  bractless  in  scorpioid  so-called  spikes  or  racemes.  Estivation  of 
the  corolla  imbricated,  except  when  otherwise  indicated.  (The  depressed  or  elevated 
disk,  receptacle,  or  axis  on  which  the  nutlets  are  inserted,  and  from  which  they  fall 
away,  is  called  the  gynobase.) 

*  Corolla  and  stamens  regular :  style  entire,  or  sometimes  barely  2-cleft  at  the  very  apex. 
-1-  Ovary  only  2-parted :  fruit  involved  in  a  bur-like  transformed  portion  of  the  calyx. 

7.  HARPAGONELLA.  Calyx  at  first  slightly  but  in  fruit  exceedingly  unequal;  three 
of  the  lobes  nearly  distinct ;  the  remaining  two  more  united,  closely  enwrapping  the  fruit, 
and  becoming  cornute  with  7  to  9  divergent  long  and  uncinately  glochidiate  soft-spinous 
processes,  forming  a  bur.  Ovule  erect,  anatropous.  Nutlets  one  or  sometimes  both 
maturing,  obovoid-oblong,  thin-coriaceous,  very  smooth,  obliquely  fixed  by  the  narrowed 
base  to  the  small  depressed  gynobase.  Seed  filling  and  conformed  to  the  nutlet,  erect  or 
ascending.  Radicle  directed  to  the  gynobase.  Corolla,  stamens,  style,  &c.,  as  in 
Pectocarya. 

^_  ^  Ovary  4-parted  or  4-lobed :  fruit  of  4  nutlets,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  subtended 
or  surrounded  by  the  unchanged  or  merely  accrescent  calyx. 

++  Nutlets  divergent  or  divaricate  (either  radiately  or  in  pairs),  outwardly  or  backwardly 
extended  much  beyond  the  insertion  (which  is  by  a  roundish  or  oblong  areola  or  scar) : 
seed  accordingly  horizontal  or  obliquely  ascending,  with  radicle  centripetal :  _but  the 
anatropous  ovule  (and  ovary -lobes)  in  flower  erect  or  ascending.  (Calyx  deeply  o-cleft  or 
parted,  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit :  corolla  appendaged  with  strong  fornicate  processes 
almost  closing  the  throat:  stamens  short,  included.) 

8.  PECTOCARYA.  Nutlets  flat  and  thin  (depressed-obcompressed),  attached  at  the  inner 
end  underneath  to  the  small  depressed  gynobase.  either  winged,  laciniate-bordercd,  or 
pectinately  setose  around  the  thin  margin ;  tlie  bristles  or  prickles  simply  uncinate  at  tip. 
Style  short :  stigma  capitate.  Annuals,  with  minute  white  flowers  imperfectly  opposite 
the  leaves. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM.  Nutlets  equally  divergent,  horizonal  or  obliquely  ascending  on  a 
depressed  or  pyramidal  gynobase,  turgid,  wingless,  all  over  glochidiate-muricate,  mostly 
separating  (by  an  ovate  or  roundish  scar  at  the  upper  end  of  the  inner  face)  and  carrying 
away  an  exterior  portion  of  the  indurated  style  from  below  upward,  by  which  they  are 
for  a  time  pendulous.  Stigma  small,  on  a  comparatively  long  style.  Perennials  or  bien- 
nials, with  flowers  in  usually  bractless  racemes. 

++  ++  Nutlets  erect  and  parallel  with  the  style,  or  sometimes  incurved, 
=  Obliquely  attached  by  more  or  less  of  the  ventral  face  or  angle,  or  by  the  base  or  pro- 
longation of  it,  to 
a.  The  more  or  less  elevated  (from  low-conical  or  globular  to  subulate)  gynobase  which 
supports  the  style  (and  when  narrow  has  been  termed  the  base  of  the  style),  not  stipi- 
tate,  and  the  scar  not  excavated. 


BORRAGINACE^.  179 

1 0.  ECHINOSPERMUM.  Nutlets  armed  (either  along  a  distinct  margin  or  more  or  less 
over  the  whole  back)  with  glochidiate  prickles,  forming  burs.  Calyx  5-parted,  reflexed 
or  open  in  fruit.  Corolla  short-salverforra  or  somewhat  funnelform,  white  or  blue  ;  the 
throat  closed  with  prominent  fornicate  appendages. 

1 1.  ERITRICHIUM.  Nutlets  unarmed  or  rarely  with  a  row  of  (non-glochidiate)  prickles 
around  the  back,  very  rarely  wing-bordered.  Calyx  5-parted  or  deeply  cleft,  closed  or 
not  spreading  in  fruit  (rarely  circumscissile-deciduous).  Corolla  witii  or  occasionally 
without  fornicate  appendages  at  the  throat,  white  or  blue,  in  one  species  yellow  ! 

1 3.  AMSINOKIA.  Nutlets  crustaceous  or  coriaceous,  unappendaged,  triquetrous  or  ovate- 
triangular,  attached  below  the  middle  to  an  oblong-pyramidal  gynobase.  Corolla  salver- 
form  or  tubular-funnelform,  with  a  slender  tube  and  open  throat;  the  limb  sometimes 
plicate  at  the  sinuses,  yellow.  Style  fihform :  stigma  capitate  or  2-parted.  Cotyledons 
each  2-parted. 

b.  Nutlets  conspicuously  stipitate,  and  the  stipe  more  or  less  hollowed  at  the  insertion  upon 
the  broadly  pyramidal  or  globular  gynobase. 

13.  ECHIDIOCARYA.  Calyx  5-parted,  lax  in  fruit.  Corolla  between  8hor^salverform 
and  rotate,  slightly  constricted  at  the  more  or  less  appendaged  throat ;  the  tube  not 
exceeding  the  calyx,  shorter  than  the  roundish  lobes.  Filaments  very  short,  inserted  on 
the  middle  of  the  tube  :  anthers  oblong,  included.  Style  short :  stigma  capitate.  Nut- 
lets ovate-trigonous,  oblique,  acutely  cristulate-muricate  or  rugose,  dorsally  and  ventrally 
carinate,  incurved-ascending  on  a  stout  stipe ;  the  stipes  either  united  in  pairs  or  distinct. 
Leaves  all  alternate.    Flowers  white. 

c.  Nutlets  sessile  or  obscurely  stipitate  on  a  flat  or  merely  convex  receptacle. 

14.  ANTIPHYTUM.  Corolla  (short),  &c.,  of  Erilrichium.  Nutlets  crustaceous,  ovate, 
rounded  on  the  back  and  granulate  or  rugulose,  carinate  ventrally  down  to  the  flat 
roundish  scar  close  to  the  base,  which  is  either  slightly  protuberant  and  rather  large,  or 
smaller  and  somewhat  stipitate :  gynobase  plane  or  barely  umbonate  by  the  base  of  the 
style.     Flowers  racemose,  white,  mostly  bracteate.     Leaves  commonly  opposite! 

1 5.  MERTENSIA.  Corolla  from  tubular-funnelform  or  trumpet-shaped  to  almost  cam- 
panulate,  with  open  throat,  bearing  obvious  or  obsolete  transverse  folds  for  crests. 
Stamens  with  either  flattened  or  nearly  filiform  filaments.  Stjie  filiform  :  stigma  entire. 
Nutlets  from  somewhat  fleshy  to  coriaceo-membranaceous,  attached  hy  a  small  or 
short  scar  just  above  the  base  to  a  barely  or  sometimes  strongly  convex  gynobase.  Peren- 
nials, often  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  blue  or  rarely  white  flowers,  mostly  bractless. 

=  =  Nutlets  sessile  and  directly  (usually  centrally)  attached  by  the  very  base  to  a  plane 
gynobase ; 
a.  The  flat  scar  not  excavated  or  perforate  and  bordered  with  a  ring,  mostly  small. 

16.  MYOSOTIS.  Corolla  short-salverform  or  almost  rotate;  its  throat  contracted  by 
transverse  crests ;  the  rounded  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud  !  Anthers  ovate  or  oblong. 
Nutlets  small,  ovoid,  smooth  and  shining,  thin-crustaceous ;  the  scar  small.  Racemes 
mainly  ebracteate. 

17.  LITHOSPERMUM.  Corolla  salverform,  funnelform,  or  sometimes  approacliing 
campanulate,  either  naked  or  with  pubescent  lines  or  intruded  gibbosities  or  low  trans- 
verse crests  at  the  throat.  Filaments  mostly  very  short :  anthers  short,  included.  Style 
slender  :  stigma  mostly  truncate-capitate  or  2-lobed.  Nutlets  ovoid,  bony,  either  polished 
and  wliite  or  dull  and  rough.     Flowers  all  subtended  by  leaves  or  bracts. 

18.  ONOSMODIUM.  Corolla  tubular  or  oblong-funnelform,  with  open  and  wholly 
unappendaged  throat ;  the  lobes  erect  or  hardly  spreading,  mostly  triangular  and  acute  ; 
the  sinuses  more  or  less  inflexed.  Stamens  not  surpassing  the  corolla-lobes :  filaments 
flat  or  dilated :  anthers  oblong-linear  or  sagittate,  erect  (sometimes  in  Mexican  species 
becoming  transverse).  Style  filiform  or  capillary,  very  long :  stigma  small  and  truncate, 
exserted  before  the  corolla  opens.  Nutlets  ovoid  or  globular,  bony,  smooth  and  polished, 
white.    Flowers  all  subtended  by  leafy  bracts. 

h.  The  scar  large  and  excavated,  bordered  by  a  prominent  margin.     (Old  World  plants.) 

1 9.  SYMPHYTUM.    Corolla  oblong-tubular,  ventricose  above  the  insertion  of  the  sta- 
"  mens,  or  with  campanulate-dilated  limb,  and  with  5  short  nearly  erect  lobes  or  teeth  ; 

the  throat  closed    by  5  prominent  lanceolate  or  linear  papillose-margined   scale-like 
appendages.     Anthers  lanceolate,  more  or  less  included.     Style  filiform :  stigma  small. 
Nutlets  obliquely  ovoid,  crustaceous  or  coriaceous,  the  cartilaginous  prominent  ring  den- 
ticulate at  the  edge. 
*  *  Corolla  irregular  with  limb  oblique  and  lobes  unequal.     (Old  World  genera.) 
20    LYCOPSIS     Corolla  somewhat  salverform ;   the  tube  curved   at   the  middle ;   the 
'  more  or  less  spreading  lobes  rather  unequal ;  the  oblique  throat  closed  with  hispid  for- 


180  BORRAGINACE^.  Cordia. 

nicate  scales.     Stamens  and  style  included:   stigma  2-lobed.     Nutlets  ovoid,  oblique, 
coriaceous,  coarsely  reticulate-rugose,  erect,  almost  laterally  attached  to  a  thickened 
protuberant  gynobase ;   the  scar  large,   oval,  excavated   or  perforate,   bordered  by  a 
thickened  cartilaginous  ring. 
2 1 .  ECHIUM.     Corolla  f  unnelform,  with  dilated  throat  oblique  and  not  at  all  appendaged  ; 
*  the  lobes  unequal,  roundish,  erect  or  slightly  spreading.     Stamens  unequal  and  exserted  : 
filaments  filiform.     Style  long  and  filiform,  2-cleft  at  apex  :  stigmas  small.     Nutlets  car- 
tilaginous, rough  or  rugose,  ovoid,  acute,  erect,  fixed  to  the  flat  gynobase  by  a  plane  and 
marginless  scar. 
BorrAgo  officinalis,  L.  (Borage),  with  very  rotate  blue  corolla,  is  a  not  uncommon 
annual  in  country  gardens,  but  does  npt  run   wild.     Omphalodes  linifolia,  Moench,  of 
S.  Europe,  is  given  in  Hooker's  Flora  Boreali-Americana,  on  the  strength  of  a  specimen  re- 
ceived from  Newfoundland,  to  which  it  cannot  be  native,  and  the  plant  is  rare  in  gardens, 
in  which  0.  vekna  is  a  hardy  perennial,  but  it  does  not  escape. 

1.  CORDIA,  Plumier,  L.    (Valerius  Cordus,  a  German  botanist  of  the  IGth 

century.)  — Tropical  or  subtropical  trees  or  shrubs,  the  greater  portion  American. 

—  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  838. 

§  1.  Corolla  large,  an  inch  or  two  long,  f unnelform,  deciduous  ;  the  tube  longer 

than  the  cylindraceous  calyx;  its  lobes  and  the  stamens  5  to  12:  drupe  enclosed 

in  the  enlarged  calyx:  inflorescence  open-cymose.  —  §  Sebestenoides,  DC. 

C.  Sebestena,  L.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  scabrous-pubescent  or  smoothish :  leaves 
ovate  (4  to  8  inches  long):  flowers  pedicelled :  calyx  not  striate;  the  teeth  irregular  and 
obtuse  :  corolla  varying  from  orange  to  flame-color,  5-8-lobed.  —  Bot.  Rep.  t,  167.  C.  speciosa, 
Willd.,  DC.  —  Keys  of  Florida.     ( W.  Indies,  &d.) 

C.  Boissieri,  A.DC.  Soft-tomentose :  leaves  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  when  old  minutely 
rugose  and  somewhat  scabrous  above :  calyx  not  pedicelled,  somewhat  campanulate  and 
striate;  the  teeth  often  acute:  corolla  white  with  a  yellow  centre,  5-lobed,  externally 
downy.  — DC.  Prodr.  xi.  478;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  135.  —  Southern  frontier  of  Texas 
and  New  Mexico,  Berlandier,  Gregg,  Schott,  &c.  (Mex.) 
§  2.  Corolla  small  or  proportionally  large,  salverform  or  funnelform,  deciduous  : 

calyx  short,  not  sulcate-striate  ;  its  lobes  and  those  of  the  corolla  as  well  as  stamens 

no  more  than  5,  sometimes  4 :  flowers  in  our  species  capitate-glomerate,  and  the 

leaves  serrate  !  —  §  Myxa,  Endl. 

C.  globosa,  HBK.  Shrub  hirsute  or  somewhat  hoary :  branches  slender,  spreading : 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtusely  serrate  (an  inch  or  two  long),  the  pinnate  veins  rather  con- 
spicuous and  the  upper  surface  often  rugose :  peduncle  mostly  short :  calyx-teeth  nearly 
filiform,  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla  funnelform,  white  (2  to  4  lines  long),  about  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx. —Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  76.  Varronia  globosa,  L.,&  V.  hullata  in 
part.  Cordia  hullata,  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  496 ;  Chapm.  Fl.  329.  —  Keys  of  Florida,  Blodgett,  &c. 
(W.  Ind.  to  Isthmus.) 

C.  podocephala,  Torr.  A  foot  or  two  high,  woody  only  at  base,  minutely  strigose- 
hirsute,  scabrous  :  branches  slender,  erect :  leaves  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole,  coarsely  serrate  (an  inch  or  two 
long) :  peduncles  filiform,  2  to  4  inches  long,  bearing  a  small  and  very  dense  head :  calyx- 
teeth  triangular-subulate  or  ovate,  very  much  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla  broadly  fun- 
nelform, white  or  pale  purple  (half  inch  or  more  long),  its  narrow  tube  hardly  exceeding 
the  calyx.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  135. —  Lower  Rio  Grande,  Texas  to  the  borders  of  New 
Mexico,  Wright,  Bigelow,  Schott,  &c.  (Adjacent  Mex.) 
C.  Greggii,  Torr.  1.  c,  which  is  hardly  of  this  section,  is  a  Mexican  species,  found  only  at 

a  considerable  distance  from  our  frontiers. 

2.  BOURRERIA,  P.  Browne.  (Named  after  one  Bourrer,  a  Nuremberg 
apothecary,  not  Beurrer,  therefore  the  orthography  Beurreria,  Jacquin  and  others, 
is  not  to  prevail  over  the  original  form.)  — Tropical  American  trees  and  shrubs  ; 


Coldenia.  BORRAGINACE^.  181 

with  white  flowers  in  open  terminal  cymes.  Lobes  of  the  style  not  rarely  coales- 
cent  even  to  the  stigma.  —  Beuth,  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  840,  excl.  syn.  Hymen- 
esthes,  Miers,  which  is  a  Gordia.  Bourreria  &  Crematomia,  Miers,  Bot.  Contrib- 
ii.  230,  242. 

B.  Havanensis,  Miers.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  leaves  mostly 
obovate-oblong  and  acute  at  base  (about  2  inches  in  length),  bright  green  and  shining 
above,  coriaceous,  entire :  cyme  loose :  calyx  at  length  campanulate,  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lent,  a  little  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  style  cleft  only  at  the  apex,  or  even  quite 
entire  :  drupe  as  large  as  a  pea,  orange.  — Bot.  Contrib.  ii.  238,  t.  36  (Ehreiia  Havanensis, 
Willd.),  with  B.  recurua  &  B.  ovata,  Miers,  1.  c.  B.  tomentosa,  var.  Havanensis,  Griseb. 
(Ehretia  tomentosa,  Lam.),  is  probably  a  pubescent  form  of  the  same  species.  Pittonia  similis, 
Catesb.  Car.  ii.  t.  79.  Ehretia  Beurreria,  Chapm.  Fl.  329,  not  L.  (the^.  succulenta,  Jacq.).  — 
Keys  of  Florida,  Blodgett,  &c.,  a  glabrous  and  smooth  form.     (W.  Ind.) 

Var.  radula.  Upper  face  of  the  leaves  tuberculate-scabrous  or  hispidulous  from 
papillosities,  the  lower  and  the  branchlets  either  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent.  — 
B.  radula,  Don,  Syst.  iv.  390;  Chapm.  I.e.;  Miers,  1.  c.  B.  virgata,  Griseb.,  not  Swartz,  ex 
Miers.    Ehretia  radula,  Poir.,  ex  Miers.  —  Keys  of  Florida,  Blodgett,  Palmer,  &c.     (W.  Ind.) 

3.  EHR^ITIA,  L.  ( George  Dionysius  Ehret^  a  gifted  botanical  painter  of 
the  18th  century.) — Trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  tropical;  with  small  white  flowers 
in  open  cymes  or  panicles,  or  rarely  almost  solitary.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c. 

Ej.  elliptica,  DC.  Tree  15  to  50  feet  high  :  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  sometimes  serrate, 
nearly  smooth  and  glabrous  or  (with  the  branchlets  and  open  cymes)  minutely  hirsute-pu- 
bescent and  the  upper  face  very  scabrous  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  broadly  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla :  drupes  yellow,  globose,  of  the 
size  of  small  peas  (the  thin  pulp  edible).  —  Prodr.  ix.  603;  Torr.  Mex.  Bound.  136  ;  Miers, 
Contrib.  ii.  228,  t.  85.  —  River-bottoms  South-western  Texas,  Berlandier,  Lindheimer,  &c. 
(Adjacent  Mex.) 

4.  COLDfiNIA,  L.  (Dr.  Cadwallader  Colden,  Colonial  Lieut.-Governor 
of  New  York,  a  correspondent  of  Linnaeus.)  —  Low  herbaceous  or  suffrutesceut 
plants,  canescent  or  hispid ;  with  small  and  mostly  white  flowers  sessile  and 
usually  in  clusters;  the  original  species  a  prostrate  annual,  with  usually  4-merous 
flowers  and  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  the  strong  simple  veins  of  which  run  to  the 
sinuses.  (Lam.  111.  t.  89  ;  Gsertn.  Fruct.  t.  68,  embryo  wrongly  figured.)  Genus 
extended  by  the  addition  of  several  North  and  W.  South  American  species, 
diverse  in  habit  and  minor  characters,  which  might  well  form  more  than  half  as 
many  subgenera  as  there  are  species,  but  may  be  ranked  under  three.  (Insertion 
of  stamens  probably  both  high  and  low  in  the  same  species.)  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  V.  340,  viii.  292,  x.  48,  &  Bot.  CaUf.  i.  520  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.'Gen.  ii.  841. 

§1.  EucoLDENiA,  Benth.  Fruit  merely  4-sulcate;  the  nutlets  with  plane 
contiguous  sides  and  thick  crustaceous  walls,  or  in  one  species  reduced  by  abortion 
to  a  single  cell :  corolla  not  appendaged  within :  stamens  equally  inserted :  veins 
of  the  leaves  straight  and  simple.  —  Stegnocarpus  &  PtilocaJyx,  Torr. 

C.  canescens,  DC.  Prostrate  or  procumbent,  with  somewhat  ligneous  perennial  base, 
white-sericeous  or  tomentose :  leaves  (barely  half  inch  long)  ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  petioled, 
obscurely  veined :  flowers  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  at  the  axils  or  forks :  calyx-lobes 
linear-lanceolate  :  fruit  depressed-globose ;  the  four  thick-walled  nutlets  smooth  and  rounded 
on  the  back,  obscurely  rugose  on  the  plane  sides,  pointless :  embryo  slightly  curved.  — 
Prodr.  ix.  559  (§  Stegnocarpus) ;  Gray,  1.  c.  Stegnocarpus  canescens,  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep. 
ii.  169,  t.  7.  —  S.  Texas  to  Arizona,  Berlandier,  Wright,  &,c.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 


282  BORRAGINACE^.  Coldenia. 

C.  Greggii,  Gray.  Suffruticulose,  a  foot  or  two  high,  tomentose-canescent :  leaves  ovate 
or  oval  (2  'to  4  Unes  long),  short-petioled,  almost  veiiiless,  entire,  the  margins  revolute : 
flowers  capitate-glomerate  at  the  summit  of  the  branches:  calyx-lobes  filiform  from  a 
broader  base,  elongated-plumose  with  long  villous  hairs  :  ovary  obscurely  4-lobed ;  but  tlie 
fruit  even,  ovate-oblong,  by  abortion  1-celled  and  1-seeded,  the  walls  comparatively  thin, 
showing  m'ere  vestiges  of  three  abortive  cells :  embryo  straight.  —  Ptilocalyx  Greggii,  Torr. 
1.  c.  170^  t.  8.  —  Rocky  ravines,  New  Mexico,  and  south-western  borders  of  Texas,  Gregg, 
Wright,  &c.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

§  2.  Eddya,  Gray.  Fruit  deeply  4-lobed  ;  the  mature  nutlets  rounded  and 
only  ventrally  united,  thin-walled  but  crustaceous,  rough-granulate:  corolla  not 
appendaged :  stamens  unequally  inserted :  narrow  leaves  with  very  thick  midrib, 
veinless.  —  Eddya,  Torr.  1.  c. 

C.  hispidissima,  Gray,  1-  c.  Suffruticulose,  diffuse,  soon  procumbent,  a  span  or  two 
higii;  very  setose-liispid,  and  with  some  minute  cinereous  pubescence :  leaves  fascicled, 
rigid,  lanceolate,  soon  linear  or  acerose  by  strong  revolution  of  the  margins,  dilated  at 
b^se ;  the  lower  or  primary  ones  petioled  :  flowers  scattered  :  calyx-lobes  linear,  resembling 
the  leaves:  embryo  straight.  —  £c?c?iya  hispidissima,  Toir.  I.e.  170,  t.  9.  — Dry  hills,  &c., 
W.  Texas  ( Wright,  &c.)  to  Arizona  and  S.  Utah. 

§  3.  TiQUiLiA,  DC.  Fruit  deeply  4-lobed  (or  by  abortion  occasionally  fewer) ; 
the  thin-walled  nutlets  rounded  and  united  only  at  the  centre,  smooth  and  shining  : 
stamens  equally  inserted  :  leaves  entire,  petioled,  veined.  —  Tiquilia,  Pers.  Gala- 
pagoa,Uook.  f.  — In  our  species  (§  Tiquiliopsis,  Gray,  1.  c),  the  corolla  is  appen- 
daged within,  and  the  cotyledons  either  4-parted  around  or  incumbent  upon  the 
radicle. 

C.  Nuttallii,  Hook.  Prostrate  annual,  repeatedly  and  divergently  dichotomous,  canes- 
cently  pubescent,  also  sparsely  hirsute  or  hispid :  leaves  ovate  or  rhomboid-rotund,  2  to  4 
lines  long  and  on  longer  petioles,  with  two  or  at  most  three  pairs  of  strong  and  somewhat 
curving  veins,  and  margins  somewhat  revolute :  flowers  densely  clustered  in  the  forks  and 
at  the  ends  of  the  naked  branches  :  calyx-lobes  Unear,  sparsely  hispid,  equalling  the  tube 
of  the  pink  or  whitish  corolla :  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers,  inserted  nearly  in  the 
throat  of  the  corolla,  the  tube  of  which  bears  5  short  obtuse  scales  near  the  base  :  nutlets 
oblong-ovate,  marked  with  a  linear  and  rhaphe-like  ventral  scar  :  embryo  straight :  cotyle- 
dons very  deeply  horseshoe-form,  their  elongated  bases  almost  enclosing  the  radicle.  — Kew 
Jour  Bot.  iii.  296;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  248 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  520.  Tiquilia  hrevifolia 
Nutt  •  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  136,  &  Wilkes  Exped.  xvii.  417,  t.  12,  under  the  name  of 
T.  Oregana.  — Axi^  plams,  Arizona  through  Utah  and  E.  California  to  Wyoming  and 
Washington  Terr. 
C  Palmeri  Gray.  Apparently  perennial  or  even  suffruticulose  at  base,  less  prostrate, 
more  canescent  but  not  hispid  or  even  hirsute  :  leaves  obovate  or  ovate,  about  the  length 
of  then-  petiole,  plicate-lineate  by  about  6  pairs  of  straight  and  strong  veins :  flowers  fewer 
in  the  clusters :  calyx  less  deeply  cleft ;  the  lanceolate  lobes  about  half  the  length  of  the 
bluish  corolla,  which  bears  5  salient  plates  above  the  base  of  the  tube,  extendmg  to  the 
insertion  of  the  slender  filaments  :  nutlets  only  one  or  two  maturing,  globular,  with  an 
orbicular  scar:  cotyledons  very  thick,  somewhat  hemispherical,  not  even  cordate,  incum- 
bent on  the  radicle.  -  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  292,  &  x.  49 ;  Watson,  1.  c.  Tiqmlia  brev,fol,a, 
var.  plicata,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  136.  —  SandhUls  on  the  Mohave  and  Colorado, 
E.  California  and  W.  Arizona,  Emory,  Schott,  Cooper,  Palmer. 

5,  TOURNEFORTIA,  L.  (Joseph  Pitton  de  Tournefort,  of  France,  the 
great  botanist  of  the  17th  century.)  —  Shrubby,  arborescent,  or  rarely  nearly 
herbaceous  plants  ;  a  rather  large  genus  all  round  the  world  in  and  near  the 
tropics,  one  or  two  extratropical.  Flowers  white,  small,  unilateral  and  as  it  were 
spicate  on  the  scorpioid  cyme-branches,  usually  destitute  of  bracts.  A  polymor- 
phous and  artificial  genus,  in  a  few  species  too  nearly  approaching  the  next. 


Heliotropium.  BORRAGINACE^.  183 

*  Lobes  of  the  small  white  corolla  slender-subulate,  valvate-induplicate  in  the  bud. 

T.  Volubilis,  L.  Slender  shrub,  with  filiform  sarmentose  more  or  less  twining  branches, 
and  minute  usually  rusty  pubescence  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
slender-petioled  :  spikes  of  the  loose  cyme  filiform  and  divaricate  :  slender  flowers  merely 
2  lines  long :  drupe  1-3-seeded.  —  Messersmidtia  volubilis,  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  iv.  644 ;  Miers 
Contrib.  ii.  210.  —  Keys  of  Florida.     ( W.  Ind.,  &c.) 

*  *   Lobes  of  the  white  corolla  broad,  more  or  less  plicate  in  the  bud  and  undulate. 

T.  mollis,  Gray.  Erect  from  a  suffrutescent  base,  a  foot  or  less  in  height,  branching, 
canescently  silky-tomentose :  leaves  deltoid-  or  rhombic-ovate,  obtuse,  and  with  undulate 
margins,  rather  long-petioled  :  flowers  middle-sized,  crowded  in  a  pair  of  naked  peduncled 
spikes :  tube  of  the  corolla  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  longer  than  the  rounded  un- 
dulate or  crenulate  lobes  :  drupe  globose-ovate,  minutely  tomentose,  excavated  at  base, 
by  abortion  about  2-seeded.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  50.  Heliophytum  molle,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  138.  —  On  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  at  or  opposite  Presidio  del  Norte,  Bigelow.  Leaves 
about  2  inches  long,  including  the  petiole.  Corolla  apparently  white,  3  lines  long,  the 
limb  rather  ample.    Fruit  probably  fleshy  in  the  living  plant. 

T.  gnaphalodes,  R.  Br.  Somewhat  fleshy  shrub,  very  white  silky-tomentose  through, 
out,  thickly  leafy :  leaves  spatulate-linear,  obtuse  :  flowers  densely  clustered :  corolla 
fleshy,  downy  outside :  drupe  ovate-conical,  deeply  excavated  at  base,  with  thin  flesh, 
and  2  two-seeded  nutlets.  —  Heliotropium  gnaphalodes,  Jacq.  Amer.  25,  t.  173.  (Pluk.  Aim. 
t.  193,  fig.  5.)  —  Coast  of  Florida.     (W.  Ind.) 

6.  HELIOTROPIUM,  Tourn.  Tournsole,  Heliotrope.  (Ancient 
Greek  name,  not  indicating  that  the  flowers  turn  to  the  sun,  but  that  they  begin 
to  appear  at  the  summer  solstice.)  —  Herbs,  or  low  more  or  less  shrubby  plants, 
belonging  mainly  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world,  represented  in  cultivation  by 
the  vanilla-scented  H.  Peruvianum,  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States 
by  several  indigenous  and  two  or  three  naturalized  species:  fl.  all  summer. — 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  49  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  843. 

§  1.  EuPLOCA,  Gray,  1.  c.  Fruit  didymous,  solid  ;  the  two  carpels  each  split- 
ting into  two  almost  hemispherical  one-seeded  nutlets,  their  internal  face  flat  and 
smooth  :  embryo  semicircular  in  rather  copious  albumen  :  corolla  large,  naked 
arid  not  appendaged,  strongly  plicate  in  sestivation :  anthers  slightly  cohering  by 
their  minutely  bearded  tips :  style  long  and  filiform :  cone  of  the  stigma  truncate 
and  bearded  with  a  penicillate  tuft  of  strong  bristles :  flowers  scattered.  —  Eu- 
ploca,  Nutt. 

H.  COnvolvulaceura,  Gray.  Low  spreading  annual,  strigose-hirsute  and  hoary,  much 
branched :  leaves  lanceolate,  or  sometimes  nearly  ovate  and  sometimes  linear,  short-peti- 
oled :  flowers  generally  opposite  the  leaves  and  terminal,  short-peduncled :  limb  of  the 
bright  white  corolla  ample,  angulate-lobed  ;  the  strigose-hirsute  tube  about  twice  the  length 
of  the  linear  sepals:  anthers  inserted  at  or  above  its  middle. —  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  403, 
&  Proc.  V.  340.  Euploca  convohmlacea,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Pliil.  Soc.  ser.  2,  v.  189  ;  Hook.  Ic. 
t.  651 ;  Torr.  in  Marcy  Rep.  t.  15.  E.  grandiflora,  Torr.  in  Emory  Rep.  147.  —  Sandy  plains, 
Nebraska  to  W.  Texas.  Soda  Lake,  S.  E.  California,  Dr.  Cooper.  A  showy  plant ;  the 
sweet-scented  flowers  opening  at  sunset  (Nutlall),  in  cultivation  open  nearly  all  day  :  tube 
of  corolla  (including  the  abruptly  somewhat  dilated  throat,  constricted  at  orifice)  4  hues 
long;  the  rotate  border  about  half  an  inch  broad  ;  the  wide  sinuses  not  produced  into  teeth 
or  appendages,  but  obscurely  emarginate.  Style  fully  thrice  the  length  of  the  ovary : 
annular  stigma  obscurely  4-lobed  ;  its  strongly  bearded  terminal  appendage  rather  longer, 
truncate  or  obscurely  2-lobed.  Fruit  somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy. 
§  2.  EuHELiOTROPiuM.  Fruit  4-lobed  and  separating  at  maturity  into  4  one- 
celled  one-seeded  nutlets :  style  usually  short :  cone  or  tip  of  the  stigma  slightly 
bearded  or  naked,  rarely  obsolete :  corolla  plicate  or  induplicate  in  the  bud ;  the 


184  BORRAGINACE^.  Heliotropium. 

lobes  obtuse  (with  one  exception)  and  usually  broad  :  inflorescence  in  most  species 
either  distinctly  or  indistinctly  scorpioid.  —  §  Euheliotropium  &,  Orthostachys, 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  844.  Heliotropium  &  Schleidenia  (Endl.),  Fresenius  m 
Fl.  Bras.  viu.  31,  33. 

*   Flowers  all  or  some  of  them  accompanied  bj'  bracts  or  leaves;  when  spicate,  the  so-called  spikes 
not  naked,  nor  conjugate  or  forking  to  form  a  cyme,  nor  strongly  coiled:  anthers  generally  with 
tips  connivent  or  cohering  over  the' stigma..  —  ^  07'thostachys,  K.  Br.;  A. DC;  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Freslea,  Mart.     Schleidenia,  Endl. 
•i-  Stigma-tip  elongated  (sometimes  2-cleft):  anther-tips  lightly  or  only  at  first  cohering:  corolla 
with  naked  and  open  throat,  white:  leaves  narrowly  linear:  nutlets  globular,  beakless,  externally 
hispid  or  pubescent. 
++    Divisions  of  the  calyx  similar,  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla:  nutlets  with  a 
pair  of  pits  on  the  inner  face. 
H.  Greggii,  Torr.     A  span  high,  diffusely  spreading  from  a  slightly  woody  base,  strigose- 
cinereous  :  slender  branches  leafy  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat,  about  an  inch  long  and  a 
line  wide:  flowers  short-pedicelled  or  almost  sessile  in  an  at  first  crowded  and  short  scor- 
pioid spike,  with  or  often  mainly  without  bracts  :  corolla  with  an   ample  and  slightly 
6-lobed  limb:   anthers   long,  acuminate,  minutely  bearded   at   tip:    stigma-tip   subulate- 
conical,  much  thicker  than  the  very  short  style,  as  well  as  much  longer.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
137  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  49.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  western  borders  of  Texas,  New- 
Mexico,  and  adjacent  part  of  Mexico,  first  collected  by  Dr.  Gregg.    Flowers  very  fragrant : 
corolla  a  third  to  nearly  half  an  inch  broad  when  expanded. 
H.  angustifolium,  Torr.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  erect  and  densely  branched  from  a 
woody  base,  strigose-canescent :  branches  rigid,  very  leafy :   leaves  very  narrowly  linear, 
with  revolute  margins,  almost  filiform  when  dry  (4  to  9  lines  long)  :  spike  few-flowered,  at 
length  slender,  nearly  straight,  bracteate  at  base  or  without  bracts  :  flowers  small,  short- 
peduncled :  corolla  salverform,  with  narrow  canescent  tube  and  5-parted  limb ;  the  lobes 
ovate-lanceolate  (acute!) ;  hardly  a  line  long,  or  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  anthers  with 
mucronate  glabrous  tips  :  stigma-tip  slender-subulate,  longer  and  hardly  broader  than  the 
rather  long  style.— Bot.   Mex.  Bound.  137.  —  South-western  borders  of  Texas,  Wright. 
(Adjacent  Mex.,  Gregg,) 

++  ++  Divisions  of  the  calyi  very  unequal,  the  larger  about  the  length  of  the  corolla :  nutlets 
without  pits  on  the  inner  face:  inflorescence  not  in  the  least  scorpioid. 
H.  tenellum,  Torr.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  erect  from  an  annual  root,  paniculately 
branched,  slender,  strigose-canescent :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  with  more  or  less  revolute 
margins  (about  an  inch  long  and  a  line  wide) :  flowers  scattered,  terminal,  becoming  lateral 
and  axillary,  on  rather  slender  peduncles,  many  of  them  bractless  :  limb  of  the  corolla 
rather  shorter  than  the  narrow  canescent  tube;  the  lobes  oblong  or  obovate,  a  line  long: 
anthers  oblong  and  with  nearly  naked  blunt  tips  scarcely  at  all  cohering :  stigma-tip  nar- 
rowly subulate,  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  short  style.  —  Torr.  in  Marcy  Rep.  t.  14,  & 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  138.  Lithospermum  lenellum,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  ser.  2,  v.  189. 
L.  angustifolium,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  ii.  225,  not  Michx.  — Open  dry  ground,  Kentucky  to 
Alabama,  west  to  Kansas  and  throughout  Texas. 

^_  ^_   Sti"-ma-tip  conical  or  more  slender:  anthers  cohering  by  minutely  bearded  tips:  corolla 

appendaged  and  throat  sometimes  almost  closed  by  a  pubescent  projection  or  gibbosity  at  or  below 

the  base  of  each  fold  of  the  sinuses:  divisions  of  the  calyx  usually  of  unequal  breadth:  nutlets 

in  our  species  beakless. 

++  Diffuse  or  tufted,  a  span  or  less  high :  internal  appendages  of  the  corolla  small  roundish  puber- 

ulent  gibbosities  low  in  the  throat. 

H.  confertifolium,  Torr.     Suffruticulose,  very  much  branched  and  tufted,  silvery-white 

with  a  dense  silky-hirsute  pubescence :  leaves  crowded  throughout  and  imbricated  along 

the  upper  part  of  the  branches,  from  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  2  or  3  lines  long,  equally 

white  both  sides,  the  margins  somewhat  revolute  :  inflorescence  not  in  the  least  scorpioid  : 

flowers  sessile  among  the  leaves,  mainly  glomerate  with  them  at  the  end  of  the  branches 

and  hardly  surpassing  them:  corolla  pale  purple;  its  silky-hairy  tube  hardly  longer  than 

the  calyx ;  limb  angulate-5-lobed,  only  2  lines  in  diameter :   style  thrice  the  length  of  the 

ovary  :  annular  stigma  much  broader  than  the  subulate-conical  tip.  —  Herb.  Torr.    H.  hm- 

batum  &  var.  confertifolium,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  138,  not  H.  limhatim,  Benth.— Sonth- 

western  borders  of  Texas,  Berlandier,  Wright,  &c.-    (Adjacent  Mex.) 


Heliotropium.  BORRAGINACEiE.  185 

H.  phyllo^tachyum,  Torr.  Annual,  diffusely  spreading,  strigulose-hirsute :  leaves 
oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  plane  (3  to  7  lines  long),  obtuse,  contracted  abruptly  at  base 
into  a  short  petiole,  those  subtending  flowers  similar:  flowers  small,  loosely  unilateral- 
spicate  along  the  branches,  very  short-peduncled,  some  bractless,  others  at  the  axils  of 
leaves :  calyx-divisions  unequal,  lanceolate,  in  fruit  one  of  them  mostly  ovate-lanceolate 
and  larger:  corolla  white,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  its  lobes  ovate  and  the  folds  at  the 
sinuses  sometimes  more  or  less  extended  into  teeth  :  style  very  short :  nutlets  with  2  deep 
pits.  — Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1.  c,  in  part  (1859).  H.  myosotoides,  Chapm.  Fl.  330(1860).— 
Rocky  hills,  southeastern  part  of  Arizona,  Wright.  Key  West,  Florida,  Blodgett,  Palmer. 
Flowers  barely  a  line  long.  Fruiting-calyx  becoming  2  lines  long,  the  larger  sepal  fully 
twice  the  length  of  the  depressed-globose  fruit.  The  Mexican  specimens  of  Berlandier 
referred  to  this  by  Dr.  Torrey  seem  rather  to  belong  to  H.  hispidum,  HBK. 

'^de'fl^x^d'^''  ^^°"*  ^^°°*  ^'^'  "^^^"""^^  appendages  of  the  throat  of  the  corolla  prominent  and 
H.  polyph:^lluni,  Lehm.  Many-stemmed  from  a  ligneous  base  or  root,  minutely  stri- 
gulose-cinereous :  stems  very  leafy  throughout:  leaves' linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  3  to  7 
lines  long,  very  short-petioled  or  sessile :  flowers  approximate  in  a  leafy  slightly  scorpioid 
spike :  divisions  of  the  calyx  broadly  lanceolate  or  one  lanceolate-ovate  :  tube  of  the 
(mostly  white)  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  equalling  the  moderately  5-lobed 
limb  (this  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter) ;  the  strong  folds  of  the  sinuses  produced  at  base  into 
conical  and  pouch-like  appendages  :  style  short :  nutlets  2-pitted  on  the  inner  face.  —Lehm. 
Asper.  63,  &  Ic.  t.  8 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  H.  glomeratum,  A.DC.  Prodr.  ix.  550  ?  H.  bursiferum, 
C.  Wright  in  Griseb.  Cat.  Cub.  211.  Schleidenia  polyphylla,  Fresen.  in  Fl.  Bras.  1.  c  — 
E.  Florida,  Buckley,  Palmer,  &c.     (W.  Ind.  to  Brazil.) 

Var.  Leavenworthii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  the  larger  plants  de- 
cidedly shrubby :  corolla  golden  yellow  !  —  H.  Leavenworthii,  Torr.  ined.,  at  least  as  to  the 
original  specimen.  —  Everglades  of  S.  Florida,  Leavenworth,  Palmer,  Garber.  Appears  to 
differ  only  in  the  yellow  color  of  the  corolla,  which  is  remarkable. 

#  *  Flowers  bractless,  in  distinct  unilateral  scorpioid  spikes,  which  are  commonly  in  pairs  or 
once  or  twice  forked,  forming  the  scorpioid  cyme  of  this  and  related  orders:  anthers  free.  (Style 
none  and  the  corolla  mainly  white  in  our  species.)  —  §  Euheliotropium,  DC,  &c.  Heliotropium 
Fresenius,  1.  c.  ' 

+-  Pubescent  annuals,  not  fleshy :  anthers  pointless  or  mucronulate. 

H.  EDROP.EUM,  L.  A  foot  or  so  high,  cinereous-pubescent,  loosely  branched :  leaves  oval 
or  obovate,  long-petioled  :  spikes  in  pairs  or  single,  becoming  slender :  flowers  small,  scent- 
less :  stigma-tip  long  and  slender-subulate,  2-cleft  at  apex.  Waste  grounds  of  Southern 
and  rarely  in  Northern  Atlantic  States  :  nat.  from  Eu. 

H.  inundatum,  Swartz.  A  foot  or  two  high,  strigose-cinereous,  branching  from  the 
base :  leaves  spatulate-oblong,  varying  to  oblanceolate  (commonly  an  inch  long),  rather 
slender-petioled :  spikes  2  or  4  in  a  cluster,  filiform,  hirsute :  flowers  very  small,  crowded 
(corolla  barely  a  line  or  so  long):  stigma  thick,  surmounted  by  a  short  obtuse  cone. — 
Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i.  343 ;  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  539.  H.  procumbens,  canescens,  &  cinereum,  HBK.  Nov. 
Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  t.  206.  —  Texas  to  the  frontiers  of  California  {Coulter).  (S.  Am.  &  W. 
Ind.)  The  stems  may  become  indurated,  but  the  root  is  annual. 
■i—  -)—  Wholly  glabrous  perennial  (or  sometimes  annual?),  fleshy  and  glaucous:  anthers  acuminate. 

H.  Curassavicum,  L.  Diffusely  spreading,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  succulent, 
oblanceolate,  varying  on  the  one  hand  to  nearly  linear,  on  the  other  to  obovate  (an  inch  or 
two  long) :  spikes  mostly  in  pairs  or  twice  forked,  densely  flowered :  corolla  with  a  rather 
ample  5-lobed  limb  (3  lines  broad)  and  open  throat  (white,  with  a  j^ellow  eye,  sometimes 
changing  to  blue  !) ;  the  lobes  round-ovate,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube :  stigma  umbrella- 
shaped,  as  wide  as  the  glabrous  ovary,  flat,  not  surmounted  by  a  cone !  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  2669.  —  Sandy  seashore  from  "Virginia  (or  farther  north  as  a  ballast-weed),  and  from 
Oregon  southward  ;  also  in  the  interior,  chiefly  in  saline  soils.  (Widely  distributed  over 
most  warmer  parts  of  the  world.) 

§  3,  TiARiDiUM.  Fruit  at  maturity  more  or  less  2-lobed,  and  separating  into 
2  two-celled  and  two-seeded  (or  by  abortion  one-seeded)  carpels,  which  may  at 
length  each  split  into  2  nutlets,  with  or  without  empty  cavities  or  false  cells : 


186  BORRAGINACE^.  Heliotropium. 

style  very  short  or  none :  flowers  in  bractless  scorpioid  spikes,  which  are  ■either 
solitary,  geminate,  or  collected  in  a  cyme. — Tiaridium,  Lehm.  Asper.  13  (1818)  ; 
Cham.  Beliophytum,  DC.  Heliotropium  §  Heliophytum  with  Gochranea  (Miers), 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  844. 

*  Fruit  didymous ;  the  nutlets  parallel. 
H.  ANCHUSiEF^LiDM,  Poir. ;  Fresen.  in  Fl.  Bras.  viii.  46  (which  is  Toumefortia  heliotropioides, 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3096,  and  probably  also  Heliophytum  sidcefolium,  DC),  is  a  low  perennial, 
with  oblong  or  lanceolate  repand  leaves,  and  a  pedunculate  close  cj'me  of  3  or  4  spikes  of 
bright  violet-blue  flowers,  much  resembling  those  of  the  Sweet  Heliotrope  (H.  Peruvianum), 
but  not  sweet-scented,  and  the  nutlets  when  fresh  with  a  thin  fleshy  exocarp :  stigma  sessile 
and  with  a  depressed  cone.  It  is  a  native  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  S.  Brazil,  is  cultivated  for 
ornament,  occasionally  appears  among  ballast-weeds  at  Philadelphia,  and  is  becoming  spon- 
taneous in  East  Florida. 

"FT,  parviflorum,  L.  Annual,  or  becoming  woody  at  base,  more  or  less  pubescent,  a  foot 
or  two  high :  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
pinnately  veined,  slender-petioled,  some  of  them  opposite :  spikes  single  or  sometimes  in 
pairs,  filiform,  2  to  6  inches  long :  flowers  small  and  crowded  (a  line  long),  white  :  fruit 
hardly  a  line  long,  blunt,  commonly  with  no  distinct  empty  cell.  —  Heliophytum  parvifiorum, 
DC. ;  Fresen.  1.  c.  45,  t.  10,  fig.  6.  —  Keys  of  Florida  and  southern  borders  of  Texas. 
(Mex.,  Trop.  Amer.) 
H.  glabriusculum,  Gray.  A  span  high,  diffusely  branching  from  a  perennial  and  per- 
haps rather  woody  base,  minutely  and  sparsely  strigulose-pubescent :  branches  slender, 
leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  green  and  except  the  midrib  beneath  nearly  glabrous  (an  inch  or 
less  long),  rather  obtuse  and  sometimes  undulate,  hardly  veiny,  short-petioled  :  spikes 
rather  short,  solitary  or  forking :  corolla  M'hite  with  a  green  eye ;  its  tube  longer  than  the 
calyx  and  about  the  length  of  the  oval  lobes  (these  a  line  long)  :  fruit  cinereous-pubes- 
cent ;  the  nutlets  turgid,  by  abortion  often  only  1-seeded,  3-4-toothed  at  summit,  commonly 
with  3  empty  cells  or  spaces. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  50.  Heliophytum  glabriusculum,  Tott. 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  139.  —  W.  borders  of  Texas,  Wright,  Bigelow.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

*   *   Fruit  mitre-shaped  (whence  the  name  Tiaridium,  founded  on  the  following  species);  its  two 
lobes  diverging :  style  deciduous. 

H.  Indicum,  L.  Coarse  annual,  hirsute,  erect:  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  sometimes  rather  cor- 
date, on  margined  petioles,  obscurely  serrate  or  undulate :  spikes  mostly  single,  densely- 
flowered  (becoming  a  span  to  a  foot  long) :  corolla  bluish,  the  limb  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter : 
fruit  glabrous  ;  the  nutlets  acutely  ribbed  on  the  back,  within  a  pair  of  large  empty  cells.  — 
Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1837.  Tiaridium  Indicum,  Lehm. ;  Cham,  in  Linn.  iv.  452,  t.  5.  Helio- 
phytum Indicum,  DC;  Fresen.  I.  c,  1. 10,  f.  4.'— Waste  grounds  of  the  Southern  Atlantic 
States,  reaching  to  Illinois  along  the  great  rivers.     (Nat.  from  India,  &c.) 

7.  HARPAGONfiLLA,  Gray.  (Diminutive  of  harpago^  a  grappling- 
hook.)  —  Single  species  with  the  aspect  of  Pectocarya,  in  company  with  which  it 
grows.  Corolla  only  a  line  long,  white ;  the  rounded  lobes  imbricate-convolute 
in  the  bud.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  88,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  531 ;  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Gen.  ii.  846. 

H.  Palmeri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Small  and  insignificant  annual,  diffusely  and  rather  simply 
branched  from  the  base,  strigulose-hirsute :  leaves  linear ;  the  upper  or  bracts  lanceolate  : 
flowers  soon  lateral  and  scattered,  a  little  above  and  partly  opposite  the  leaf,  on  short  at 
length  strongly  recurved  and  rigid  peduncles :  body  of  the  bur-like  fruiting  calyx,  oblong 
or  fusiform,  completely  enclosing  the  solitary  nutlet,  or  sometimes  a  pair.  —  (Guadalupe 
Island,  off  Lower  California,  Palmer.)  Arizona,  near  Tucson,  .S.  Z.  Greene.  The  two  globu- 
lar lobes  of  the  ovary  are  unilateral,  on  the  side  of  the  style  next  the  enveloping  calyx- 
lobes,  and  distinct ;  they  apparently  belong  to  different  carpels,  each  of  which  wants  the 
other  half.  Both  carpels  uniovulate  and  alike  in  flower,  and  both,  according  to  Bentham, 
are  sometimes  fertile  and  enclosed  together  in  the  calyx.  Sometimes  one  is  excluded  and 
naked,  but  falls  away  without  maturing. 


Cynoglossum.  BORRAGINACE^.  187 

8.  PECTOCARYA,  DC.  (Compounded  of  ntmog,  combed,  and  xagva, 
in  place  of  adgvov,  nut,  referring  to  the  pectinate  border  of  the  nutlets.)  —  Dim- 
inutive annuals,  of  the  western  coast  of  America,  diffuse,  strigose-hirsute  or  canes- 
cent  ;  with  narrow  linear  leaves,  and  small  and  scattered  flowers  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  stem,  on  very  short  and  sometimes  recurved  pedicels :  corolla  white, 
minute.  —  Meisn:  Gen.  279  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  847. 

§  1.  KTENOSPiRMUM.  Nutlets  bordered  with  a  coriaceous  undulate  or  laciniate 
wing,  geminately  divergent.  —  Ktenospermum,  Lehm.  Del.  Sem.  Hort.  Hamb. 
1837,  without  char.     Pectocarya,  DC.  Prodr.  x.  120. 

P.  linearis,  DC.  Diffuse :  nutlets  with  narrowly  oblong  body  (one  or  two  lines  long), 
surrounded  by  a  broad  wing,  which  is  pectinately  or  lachnately  and  often  irregularly  parted 
or  cleft  into  subulate  teeth,  ending  in  a  delicate  miciuate-tipped  bristle :  cotyledons  ob- 
long.—Benth.  Gen.  1.  c.  P.  linearis  &  P.  Chilensis,  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  P.  Chilensis,  C.  Gay, 
Fl.  Chil.  t.  52,  bis,  fig.  2.  P.  Chilensis,  var.  Cali/ornica,  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  124.  P. 
laterijiora,  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  531,  &c.,  not  DC.  Cynoglossum  lineare,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Fl.  ii.  6. — 
Dry  gravelly  soil,  southern  part  of  Cahfornia,  Utah,  and  Arizona.  (Chih.)  One  form, 
answering  to  P.  linearis,  DC,  has  coarsely  cleft  nearly  plane  wings  ;  another,  answering  to 
P.  Chilensis,  DC,  has  narrower  and  more  pectinate  teeth  to  a  somewhat  incurved  wing, 
and  the  nutlet  arcuate-recurved  in  age. 

P.  penicillata,  A.DC,  1.  c.  Very  diffuse  and  slender :  nutlets  with  oblong  body  (aline 
long)  surrounded  by  a  merely  undulate  or  pandurate  wing  (incurved  in  age),  its  rounded 
apex  thickly  and  the  sides  rarely  or  not  at  all  beset  with  slender  uncinate  bristles  :  cotyle- 
dons oblong-obovate.  —  Cynoglossum  penicillatum,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  371.  —  British 
Columbia  (Macoun)  to  California  and  W.  Nevada.  (The  Missouri  habitat  and  the  syn. 
of  Nuttall,  cited  by  A.  DeCandolle,  belong  to  Echinospermum  Redowskii.) 
P.  LATERIFLORA,  DC,  of  Peru,  has  broadly  obovate  and  less  geminate  nutlets,  as  noted  by 

Bentham,  with  the  wing  dentate  in  the  manner  of  P.  linearis. 

§  2.  Gruvelia.  Nutlets  broadly  obovate  and  equably  divergent  (a  line  long), 
the  wing  or  margin  entire  :  cotyledons  broadly  obovate.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xii.  81.      Gruvelia,  A.DC.  Prodr.  x.  119. 

P.  setosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Hispid,  as  well  as  minutely  strigose-pubescent,  rather  stout ; 
calyx-lobes  armed  with  3  or  4  very  large  divergent  bristles  :  nutlets  bordered  by  a  broadish 
(entire  or  obscurely  undulate)  thin-scarious  wing;  the  faces  as  well  as  margins  beset  with 
slender  uncinate-tipped  bristles.  —  S.  E.  California,  on  the  Mohave  desert.  Palmer. 

P.  pusilla,  Gray,  1.  c.  Strigulose-canescent,  slender :  nutlets  cuneate-obovate,  wingless, 
and  with  a  carinate  mid-nerve  on  the  upper  face,  the  acute  margin  beset  with  a  row  of 
slender  uncinate-tipped  bristles. —  Gruvelia  pusilla,  A.DC.  Prodr.  x.  119;  C.  Gay,  Fl.  Cliil. 
1.  c.  fig.  3.  —  Common  about  Yreka,  in  the  northern  part  of  California,  apparently  native, 
Greene.     (Chili.) 

9.  CYN0G-L6SSUM,  Tourn.   Houndstongue.    (Kvav,  dog,  and  ylw  a  an, 

tongue,  from  the  shape  and  soft  surface  of  the  leaves  of  the  commonest  species.) 

—  Mostly  stout  and   coarse  herbs  ;  with  a  heavy  herbaceous  scent,  and  usually 

broad  leaves,  the  lower  petioled.     Flowers  in  panicled  mostly  bractless  racemes 

(purple,  blue,  or  white),  in  summer. 

*  Biennial  weed  of  the  Old  World :  nutlets  with  somewhat  depressed  back  surrounded  bv  a  slightly 
raised  margin,  ascending  on  the  pyramidal  g^vnobase,  and  after  separation  hanging  by  the  splitting 
from  the  base  of  exterior  portions  of  the  long-subuiate  indurated  style. 

C.  OFFICINALE,  L.  Common  Houndstongue.  About  2  feet  high,  soft-pubescent,  some- 
what canescent,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  oblong :  flowers  rather 
large:  corolla  rotate-campanulate,  dull  red  purple  (and  a  white  variety),  little  exceeding 
the  calyx  — Fl.  Dan.  t.  1147;  Schk.  Handb.  t.  30.  —  Pastures  and  waste  grounds,  Atlantic 
States  :  burs  adhering  to  fleece,  &c.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


188  BORRAGINACEiE.  Cynoglossum. 

#   it^  Perennial  and  indigenous:   racemes  elevated  on  a  naked  terminal  peduncle:   nutlets  hori- 
zontal or  nearly  so,  tumid,  not  margined, 
+-  Separating  from  the  low-pyramidal  gynobase  and  usually  carrying  away  portions  of  the  rather 
short  slender-subulate  style. 
C.  Virginiciim,  L.     About  2  feet  high,  hirsute,  few-leaved :  radical  and  lowest  cauline 
leaves  oval  or  oblong  (4  to  10  inches  long)  and  rather  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long 
margined  petiole ;  the  upper  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  cordate-clasping : 
common  peduncle  half  a  foot  or  so  in  length :  tube  of  the  corolla  hardly  longer  than  the 
calyx-lobes  (1  or  2  lines  long)  and  not  longer  than  the  comparatively  ample  (pal6  blue) 
lobes.—  C.  amplexicaule,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  132.  —  Open  woods,  Upper  Canada  and  Saskatchewan  ■ 
to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

+1  ^_  Nutlets  horizontal  on  a  very  depressed  gynobase,  at  separation  free  from  the  long  and  slen- 
der style :  Pacific  species,  with  violet  or  blue  and  rather  large  paniculate-racemose  flowers. 
C.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  Hirsute-pubescent  or  in  age  almost  hispid,  about  a  foot  high : 
lower  leaves  spatulate,  tapering  gradually  into  winged  petioles  ;  the  upper  from  lanceolate 
to  ovate  and  partly  clasping  :  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes, 
and  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  its  own  roundish  lobes  :  style  wholly  filiform :  nutlets 
very  tumid,  almost  globular,  4  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  58,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  531.  — 
California  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Plumas  Co.  northward.  Burgess,  Lemmon,  Mrs.  Austin. 
C.  grande,  Dougl.  Soft-villous-pubescent,  hardly  hirsute  below,  becoming  glabrate  in 
'age,  about  2  feet  high  :  lower  leaves  ovate-  or  subcordate-oblong  and  acute  or  acuminate, 
4  to  8  inches  long,  on  margined  petioles  of  about  the  same  length ;  the  upper  smaller,  from 
ovate  to  lanc^eolate,  abruptly  contracted  into  shorter  winged  petioles :  tube  of  the  corolla 
slightly  exceeding  the  ovate  calyx-lobes,  and  hardly  longer  than  its  own  ample  lobes  (these 
2  or  3  lines  long) :  slender  style  thicker  towards  the  base:  mature  fruit  unknown.  —  Hook. 
Fl.  ii.  85  ;  DC.  Prodr.  x.  153 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  C.  officinale,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  152,  not  L. 
—  In  woods,  from  Monterey,  California,  to  "Washington  Terr. 
C.  laeve.  Smooth  and  glabrous,  except  some  soft  and  apparently  deciduous  pubescence  on 
the  lower  face  of  the  leaves  (which  otherwise  resemble  those  of  C.  grande),  and  more  on 
the  lanceolate  divisions  of  the  calyx:  flowers  few:  lobes  of  the  corolla  (1  or  2  lines  long) 
about  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  filiform  style  hardly  thickened  downward;  fruit  not 
seen.  —  Plumas  Co.,  California,  Mrs.  Pulsifer-Ames. 

*   *   *   Perennials  of  doubtful  genus  (fruit  unknown),  with  linear  sessile  leaves,  bracteate  racemes, 
rotate  blue  corolla,  and  short  st3'le. 
C.  Ciliatum,  Dougl.     A  foot  or  more  high,  canescently  hirsute,  the  hairs  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem  retrorse :  leaves  tomentose-hirsute,  ciliate,  3-nerved ;  the  lower  4  inches 
long  and  2  lines  wide,  the  upper  an  inch  long  :  racemes  subcorymbose  :  calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late, obtuse:  stigma  capitate. —Lehm.  Pug.  ii.  24,  &  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  85,  from  which  the 
above  description  has  been  compiled.  —  "  Dry  banks  of  mountain  streams.  Little  Falls  of 
the  Columbia  and  upwards  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Douglas." 
C.  Howardi.     Depressed-cespitose,  sericeous-canescent  with  appressed  pubescence  :  leaves 
mainly  crowded  on  the  tufted  branches  of  the  caudex,  5  to  8  lines  long,  spatulate-linear : 
flowering  stems  an  inch  or  two  high,  3-4-leaved,  densely  few-flowered  at  the  summit :  bracts 
linear,  equalling  the  linear  calyx-lobes  :  corolla  with  rounded  lobes  (a  line  and  a  half  long) ; 
fornicate  appendages  large  ;  the  tube  very  short :  stigma  truncate.  —  Rocky  Mountains  in 
Montana,  Winslow  J.  Howard.    In  flower  only  :  apparently  related  to  the  preceding. 

10.  ECHINOSPidlRMUM:,  Swartz.  Stickseed.  (Formed  of  f/a'c?,  a 
hedgehog,  and  amg^a,  seed,  referring  to  the  prickly  bur.)  —  Annuals,  biennials, 
or  occasionally  perennials  (the  greater  part  of  the  Old  World),  either  pubescent 
or  hispid ;  with  racemose  or  spicate  flowers,  usually  small,  blue  or  whitish ;  the 
inflorescence  either  bracteate  or  nearly  bractless.  The  nutlets  are  troublesome 
burs. 

§  1.  LjCppula.  Prickles  of  the  fruit  glochidiate-barbed  at  the  apex,  naked 
below  (when  only  marginal  sometimes  confluent  by  their  bases  into  a  wing.)  — 
Lappiila,  Moench.     Echinospermum  §  Homalocaryum  &  §  Lappula,  A.DC. 


Echinospermum.  BORRAGINACEiE.  189 

#  Racemes  panicled,  leafy-bracteate  only  at  base,  minutely  bracteate  or  bractless  above :  slender 
pedicels  recurved  or  deflexed  in  fruit:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sborter  than  the  fruit, 
and  at  length  reflexed  under  it:  scar  of  the  nutlets  ovate  or  triangular,  medial  or  infra-medial: 
gynobase  short-pyramidal :  biennials  or  annuals,  some  perhaps  perennials,  pubescent  or  hirsute, 
not  hispid. 

+-  Corolla  short-funnelforra  (blue) ;  the  tube  surpassing  the  calyx,  about  the  length  of  the  lobes. 

E.  diffdsiim.,  Lehm.  A  foot  or  so  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  or  the  lowest  spatu- 
late,  narrowed  at  base  into  long  wing-margined  petioles  ;  the  upper  sessile,  from  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  ovate  or  cordate,  passing  into  small  bracts  :  racemes  commonly  loose  and 
spreading :  fruiting  pedicels  3  to  5  lines  long :  limb  of  the  bright  blue  corolla  from  half 
inch  in  diameter  to  much  smaller  :  style  slender  :  fruit  a  globose  bur ;  the  nutlets  3  lines 
long,  densely  muriculate-scabrous,  rather  sparsely  armed  throughout  with  long  and  flat- 
tened prickles ;  the  scar  large  and  broadly  ovate :  gynobase  broadly  pyramidal.  —  Pug. 
ii.  23,  &  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  83.  E.  nervosum,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  146,  fig.  42.  E. 
dpjlexum,  y&r.  floribundum,  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  641,  in  part.  — Open  woods,  &c.,  Oregon,  and 
California,  along  the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  it  is  common. 
.^^  4_  Corolla  rotate  (from  blue  to  nearly  white);  its  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  and  the  lobes. 

B.  floriblindum,  Lehm.,  1.  c.  Rather  strict,  2  feet  or  more  high,  or  sometimes  smaller  : 
leaves  from  oblong-  to  linear-lanceolate ;  the  lowest  tapering  into  margined  petioles : 
racemes  numerous,  commonly  geminate  and  in  fruit  rather  strict :  nutlets  with  elongated 
triangular  back  naked  (2  lines  long),  merely  scabrous  ;  and  the  margin  armed  with  a  close 
row  of  flat  subulate  prickles,  their  bases  often  confluent ;  scar  smaller  and  narrowly  ovate. 
—  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  84,  1. 164.  E.  deflexum,  var.  floribundum,  Watson,  Bot.  King,  246 ;  Gray, 
1.  c,  mainly.  E.  subdecumbens,  Parry  in  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  i.  148,  a  small  form,  said  to 
be  perennial.  —  Lake  Winnipeg  to  British  Columbia,  and  south  to  New  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia.    Limb  of  corolla  varying  from  2  to  5  lines  in  diameter. 

E.  deflexum,  Lehm.  Diffusely  branched,  a  foot  or  so  high  :  leaves  from  oblong  to 
lanceolate  :  racemes  lax,  loosely  paniculate  :  flowers  soon  sparse,  smaller  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding :  nutlets  smaller,  and  the  mostly  naked  back  (a  line  long)  broader.  —  Asper.  120,  & 
in  Hook.  I.e.  Myosotis  deflexa,  Wahl.  Act.  Holm.  1810,  113,  t.  4;  Fl.  Dan.  1. 1568.  — Sas- 
katchewan, and  Winnipeg  Valley,  Druvimond,  Bourgeau.  Brit.  Columbia,  Lyall.  Habit 
intermediate  between  the  preceding  and  following  ;  the  American  specimens  having  occa- 
sionally some  few  prickles  developed  from  the  rough-granulate  dorsal  face  of  the  nutlets. 
Fruit  as  well  as  flowers  about  half  the  size  of  that  of  E. floribundum.     (Siberia  to  Eu.) 

E.  Virginicum,  Lehmi.,  1.  c.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  erect,  with  long  and  widely  spread- 
ing branches  :  radical  leaves  round-ovate  or  cordate,  slender-petioled ;  cauline  (3  to  8  inches 
long)  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends ;  uppermost  passing  into 
lanceolate  bracts  :  loosely  paniculate  racemes  divaricate,  filiform  :  pedicel  and  flower  each 
about  a  line  long  :  corolla  slightly  surpassing  the  calyx,  pale  blue  or  white  :  fruit  globular, 
2  lines  in  diameter,  armed  all  over  with  short  prickles.  —  Myosotis  ^^rginiana,  L.  Spec.  189. 
M.  Virginica,  L.  Spec.  ed.  2,  189  (Moris.  Hist.  iii.  449,  sect.  11,  t.  30,  fig.  9).  Cynoglossum 
Morisoni,  DC.  Prodr.  x.  155.  —  Borders  of  woods  and  thickets,  Canada  to  Alabama  and 
Louisiana. 

*  *  Spikes  leafy-bracteate :  pedicels  erect  or  merely  spreading,  stout,  shorter  than  the  calyx : 
lobes  of  the  latter  little  shorter  than  the  small  corolla,  becoming  foliaceous  and  often  unequal, 
mostlv  exceeding  the  fruit:  scar  of  the  nutlets  long  and  narrow,  occupj'ing  most  of  the  ventral 
angle>orrespondmg  with  the  subulate  gynobase:  annuals,  with  rough  or  hispid  pubescence: 
leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  somewhat  spatulate. 

E.  Lappula,  Lehm.,  I.e.  Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  branched  above;  nutlets  rough-granu- 
late or  tuberculate  on  the  back,  the  margins  with  a  double  row  of  slender  and  distinct 
prickles,  or  these  irregular  over  most  of  the  back.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  692.  —  Waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds,  from  the  Middle  Atlantic  States  to  Canada.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

E.  Redowskii,  Lehm.,  i.e.  Erect,  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  paniculately  branched :  nut- 
lets irregularly  and  minutely  muricately  tuberculate ;  the  margins  armed  with  a  single 
row  of  stout  flattened  prickles,  which  are  not  rarely  confluent  at  base.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Acad. 
Philad.  1862,  165 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  246,  t.  23,  fig.  9-12.  Myosotis  Redowskii,  Hornem. 
Hort.  Hafn.  i.  174.    E.  intermedium,  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  &  Ic.  ii.  t.  180.     (N.  Asia.) 

Var.  OCCidentale,  Watson,   1.  c,  the  American  plant,  is   less  strict,  at  length 
diffuse  and  the  tubercles  or  scabrosities  of  the  nutlet  are  sharp  instead  of  blunt  or  round- 


190  BORRAGINACE^,  Echinospermum. 

ish,  as  in  the  Asiatic  plant.  —  E.  patulum,  Lehra.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  84  ;  Terr,  in  Wilkes  Exp. 
xvii.  418.  E.  Lappula,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.,  not  Lehm.  E.  pilosiim,  Buckley  in  Proc. 
Acad.  Philad.  1861.  Cynoglossum  pilosum?  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  114.  — Plains,  Saskatchewan  and 
Minnesota  to  Texas,  and  west  to  Arizona  and  Alaska. 

Var.  cupulatum,  Gray.  Prickles  of  the  nutlet  broadened  and  thickened  below 
and  united  into  a  wing  or  border,  which  often  indurates  and  enlarges,  forming  a  cup  (the 
disk  becoming  depressed),  with  margin  more  or  less  incurved  at  maturity,  sometimes  only 
the  tips  of  the  prickles  free.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  530.  E.  strictum,  Nees  in  Neuwied,  Trav.  App. 
17  ;  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  15,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1.  c,  not  Ledeb.  E.  Redowskii,  var. 
strictum,  Watson,  1.  c.     E.  Texanum,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxv.  260.     E.  scahvosum,  Buckley,  1.  c. 

—  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  Nevada,  with  the  common  form,  into  which  it  passes. 

§  2.  EcHiNOGLOCHiN,  Gray.  Prickles  of  the  marginless  nutlets  (disposed 
without  order  over  the  back)  beset  for  their  whole  length  with  short  retrorse 
barbs;  the  scar  next  the  base,  ovate:  calyx  open  but  not  reflexed  in  fruit:  aesti- 
vation of  the  white  corolla  between  convolute  and  imbricate  (i.  e.  convolute  ex- 
cept that  one  lobe  is  wholly  interior)  ;  the  fornicate  appendages  small :  pedicels 
of  the  partly  bracteate  raceme  erect,  apparently  articulated  with  the  axis. —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xii.  163. 

B.  Greenei,  Gray,  1.  c.  Annual,  with  the  habit  of  Eritrichiumfulvum,  i\Suse\y  branched 
from  the  base,  a  span  high  or  more,  strigulose-pubescent  with  whitish  hairs,  and  the  calyx 
silky-hirsute  with  fulvous-yellow  hairs  :  leaves  linear  (a  line  or  more  wide,  the  lower  an  inch 
or  two  long),  obtuse:  racemes  simple  or  forked,  rather  loose,  leafy  or  bracteate  at  base  and 
occasionally  above  :  flowers  2  lines  long :  calyx-lobes  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  nearly  equaUing 
the  corolla :  dUated  Umb  of  the  latter  2  lines  wide  or  nearly :  stamens  low  on  the  tube : 
nutlets  a  line  and  a  half  long,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  ovate-trigonous,  obtusely  carinate  on 
the  back,  acutely  carinate  ventrally  down  to  the  low  scar,  minutely  tuberculate-scabrous 
throughout ;  the  scattered  barbed  prickles  terete,  rather  slender,  a  third  to  half  line  long. 

—  Northern  part  of  California,  common  about  Yreka,  E.  L.  Greene.  An  additional  link 
between  Echinospermum  and  Eritrichium,  perhaps  deserving  the  rank  of  a  genus. 

11.  ERITRICHIUM,  Schrader.  (Composed  of  ^oi-,  wool,  and  tqix'ov, 
small  hair,  the  original  species  being  woolly -hairy.)  — Now  a  large  genus  of  wide 
distribution,  but  most  largely  W.  N.  American,  between  Myosotis  on  one  hand 
and  Echinospermum  on  the  other,  not  quite  definitely  distinguished  from  the 
latter.  Lower  leaves  not  rarely  opposite.  Flowers  (spring  and  summer)  white, 
in  a  few  blue,  only  in  the  last  species  yellow.  Calyx  circumscissile  and  deciduous 
from  the  fruit  in  a  few  species,  otherwise  persistent.  —  A.DC.  Prodr.  x.  124,  excl. 
spec. ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  55  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  850.  Krynitzkia, 
Plagiohothrys,  &c.,  Fisch.  &  Meyer. 

§  1.  EuERiTRiCHiUM,  Gray,  1.  c.  Nutlets  obliquely  attached  by  the  base  of 
inner  angle  to  a  low-conical  or  pyramidal  gynobase ;  the  scar  roundish  or  oblong, 
small :  seed  amphitropous,  ascending  :  tube  of  the  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx  : 
pedicels  not  articulated  with  the  rachis. 

*  (EcHiNOSPERMOiDEA.)  Nutlets  with  a  pectinate-toothed  or  spinulose  dorsal  border:  cespitose 
dwarf  perennials.  —  Eritrichium,  Schrader. 
E.  nanum,  Schrader.  Cespitose  in  pulvinate  tufts,  rising  an  inch  or  two  above  the 
surface,  densely  villous  with  long  and  soft  white  hairs :  leaves  oblong,  3  to  5  lines  long : 
flowers  terminating  very  short  densely  leafy  shoots,  or  more  racemose  on  developed  few- 
leaved  stems  of  an  inch  or  more  in  height,  short-pedicelled,  some  of  them  bracteate : 
corolla  with  limb  very  bright  caerulean  blue,  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter :  crest-like  or  wing- 
like border  of  the  nutlet  various,  mostly  cut  into  slender  teeth  or  lobes.     (Alps  of  Eu.) 

Var.  aretioid.es,  Herder.     More  condensed :  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late :  long  villous  hairs  sometimes  with  papillose-dilated  base.  —  Radde,  Riesen,  iv.  253 ; 


Eriinchium.  BORRAGINACEiE. 


191 


Gray,  1.  c.  E.  aretioides,  DC.  Prodr.  x.  125;  Seemann,  Bot.  Herald,  37,  t.  8.  E.  villosum. 
var.  amtoides,  Gr^ymFrocAc^d.  Philad.  1863,  73;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  241.  Myosotis 
nana  Torr.  m  Ann  Lye  N.  Y.  ii.  225.  M.  aretioides,  Cham,  in  Linn,  iv  443.  -Highest 
Rocky  Mountains  of /Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming,  and  north-west  arctic  coast  and 
islands.  Teeth  or  spines  of  the  nutlets  not  rarely  with  a  few  bristly  points  so  that  they 
would  be  glochidiate  in  the  manner  of  Echinospermum  if  retrorse.  The  Rocky  Mountain 
plant  is  very  near  the  European,  but  whiter-villous.  The  form  on  the  N.  W.  coast  more 
sparsely  and  less  softly  villous,  passing  into 

Var.  Chamissonis,  Herder,  l.  c.    A  stouter  form,  with  broader  leaves  imbricated 

on  the  stems,  and  the  grey  hairs  commonly  with  papillose-dilated  base. —£.  Chamissonis 

DC.  1.  c.    Myosotis  villosa,  Cham.  1.  c.  —  Island  of  St.  Paul.     (Adjacent  Asia.) 

*   *    (Myosotidea.)    Nutlets  not  appendaged,  ovate,  oblong,  or  trigonous :  low  and  mostlv  diffuse 

or  spreading  annuals  (in  South  America  some  perennials),  sparsely  or  minutely  hirsute:  leaves 

hnear ;  the  lower  commonly  opposite  :  flowers  white,  some  bracteate,  others  racemose  or  spicate 

and  bractless.  *^ 

■h-  Flowers  very  small:  corolla  only  a  line  long;  the  folds  or  appendages  in  its  throat  inconspic- 
uous and  smooth :  stems  diffuse  or  decumbent,  a  span  or  so  in  length. 

E.  plebeium,  A.DC.  Sparsely  and  minutely  hirsute  or  glabrate  :  leaves  lax  (the  larger 
2  inches  long  and  2  lines  wide)  :  flowers  scattered,  on  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
which  is  open  in  fruit  and  the  divisions  foliaceous-accrescent :  nutlets  ovate-trigonous,  a 
line  long,  coarsely  rugose-reticulated,  glabrous,  sharply  carinate  ventrally  down  to  the 
large  ovate  scar  and  dorsally  only  along  the  narrowish  apex.  —  Gray,  1.  c.  Lit/iospermum 
plebeium,  Chaxa.  &  Schlecht.  in  Linn.  iv.  446.  —  Aleutian  Islands,  Chamisso,  Harrington. 
E.  Calif ornicum,  DC.  Slender,  more  or  less  hirsute :  leaves  mostly  smaller  and  nar- 
rower :  stems  flowering  from  near  the  base :  flowers  almost  sessile,  most  or  all  the  lower 
accompanied  by  leaves  or  bracts,  at  length  scattered :  calyx  lax  or  open  in  fruit :  nutlets 
ovate-oblong,  transversely  rugose  and  minutely  scabrous  or  smooth,  small ;  the  scar  almost 
basal.  —Prodr.  x.  130  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  242.  Myosotis  Californica,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind. 
Sem.  Petrop.  1835.  —  Springy  or  muddy  ground,  through  California  and  Oregon  to  New 
Mexico  and  Wyoming.     Passes  into 

Var.  SUbglochidiatum,   Gray.      Slightly  succulent:    lower  leaves  inclined  to 
spatulate:  nutlets  when  young  minutely  more  or  less  hirsute  or  hispid,  especially  on  the 
crests  of  the  rugosities,  some  of  these  little  bristles  becoming  stouter  and  appearing  glo- 
chidiate under  a  lens !  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  526.  —  E.  California  to  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 
-K-  -i—  Corolla  surpassing  the  calyx,  with  comparativelv  ample  limb  2^  to  4  or  even  5  lines  in 

diameter,  therefore  appearing  rotate;   the   appendages  in  its   throat   conspicuous  and  yellow- 

puberulent:    inflorescence  more  racemose:  most  of  the  lower  leaves  opposite,  merely  sparsely 

hirsute :  calyx  when  young  often  ferrugineous-hirsute. 

E.  Scoiileri,  A.DC.  Slender,  mostly  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  linear 
(an  inch  or  two  long)  :  flowers  in  geminate  or  sometimes  paniculate  slender  naked  spikes, 
most  of  them  bractless  :  pedicels  erect  or  ascending,  from  very  short  to  at  most  a  line 
long:  calyx  erect  in  fruit:  nutlets  rugulose,  glabrous,  half  line  long;  the  scar  small.— 
Gray,  1.  c.  Myosotis  Chorisiana,  Lehm.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  83,  not  Cham.  M.  Scouleri,  Hook.  & 
Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  370.  Eritrichium  plebeium,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  124,  not  DC.  E. 
Chorisianum,  plebeium,  &  part  of  Californicum,  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  397.  —  Compara- 
tively dry  soil,  W.  Oregon  and  California.     Seems  to  pass  into  the  next. 

E.  Chorisianum,  DC.  At  first  erect,  soon  diffusely  spreading  or  decumbent:  larger 
leaves  2  to  4  inches  long:  flowers  in  lax  usually  solitary  racemes,  many  of  them  leaf.v- 
bracted :  pedicels  spreading,  sometimes  filiform  and  2  to  9  lines  long,  sometimes  even 
shorter  than  the  calyx  :  corolla  more  funnelform,  its  ample  limb  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter  : 
nutlets  (half  line  long)  minutely  rugose-tuberculate ;  the  scar  narrow.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  56,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  525.  E.  connatifolium,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  103, 
fig.  51.  Myosotis  Chorisiana,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  1.  c.  —  AVet  ground,  California  along  the 
coast  and  the  bays  of  Monterey  and  San  Francisco. 

§  2.  Plagiobothrts,  Gray,  1.  c  Nutlets  broadly  ovate-trigonous,  incurved 
(the  narrowed  tips  conniving  over  the  short  style),  rugose,  attached  by  the  middle 
of  the  concave  or  seemingly  hollowed  ventral  face  to  a  globular  or  short-conical 
gynobase,  by  means  of  a  salient  caruncle-like  portion,  which  at  maturity  separates 


192  BORRAGINACEiE.  Eritrichium. 

from  a  corresponding  deep  cavity  of  the  side  of  the  gynobase,  and  persists  on  the 
nutlet  in  place  of  the  ordinary  areola  or  scar  (when  only  one  nutlet  matures  it 
becomes  incumbent)  :  seed  amphitropous,  attached  above  the  middle  of  the  cell : 
herbage  villous-hirsute :  calyx  in  the  original  species  at  length  circumscissile 
above  the  base  !  —  Plagiobothrys,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  1835,  46; 
not  vs^ell  characterized,  the  fruit  being  probably  immature. 

#   (Genuina.)    Mature  nutlets  very  concave  ventrally ;  the  caruncle  narrow  and  projecting,usuallr 
oval,  each  fitting  into  an  orbicular  cavity  of  the  globular  gynobase:    low  annuals,  with  small 
flowers,  and  villous  or  silky-hirsute  but  not  hispid  calyx. 
^—  Nutlets  dull  or  slightly  shining,  cartilaginous  or  coriaceous;  the  lines  or  ribs  narrow  and  ele- 
vated, bounding  depressed  areolae;  the  dorsal  keel  more  or  less  salient. 
E.  fulvuxn,  A.  DC.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  slender,  branched  from  the  leafy  base,  loosely 
hirsute  or  merely  pubescent :  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  and  larger  lanceolate  or  spatulate ; 
the  upper  sparse  and  small:  spikes  at  maturity  nearly  filiform,  bracteate  only  at  base: 
calyx,  &c.,  densely  clothed  with  dark-ferruginous  and  some  merely  fulvous  hairs,  circum- 
scissile from  the  mature  fruit;   the  lobes  narrow-lanceolate:  limb  of  corolla  2  lines  in 
diameter :  nutlets  (a  line  long)  rugose  with  broad  and  shallow  areolations.  —  Prodr.  x.  132  ; 
Gray,  1.  c.  57.     Myosotis  fulva,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  38  (the  Chilian  plant,  which  has 
rather  longer  and  narrower  calyx-lobes),  &  369.    Plagiobothnjs  nifescens,  Fisch.  &  Meyer, 
1. c  ;  A.DC.  1.  c.  134.     P.  canescens,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  397  (no.  411,  Hall).— O^en 
grounds,  California  and  Oregon,  toward  the  coast.     (Chili.) 
B.  canescens,  Gray,  1.  c.     Stouter  and  generally  larger  than  the  preceding,  leafy,  vil- 
lous-hirsute ;  the  pubescence  whitish,  even  that  of  the  calyx  barely  fulvous  :  leaves  linear: 
calyx  larger  and  with  broader  lanceolate  lobes,  less  closed  over  the  fruit  and  hardly  if  at  all 
circumscissile:   nutlets  usually  with  more  prominent  transverse  ribs.  —  Plagiobothrys  ca- 
nescens, Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  326.  — W.  California  and  north  to  the  Columbia  River. 
.(_   +_  Nutlets  crustaceous,  vitreous-shining  or  enamel-like  at  maturity ;  the  lines  bounding  the 
long  transverse   and  closely  packed  rugae  very  slender  and  impressed:    low  plants,   seldom  a 
span  high:  limb  of  corolla' a  line  or  two  in  diameter:  calyx  hardly  if  at  all  circumscissile  at 
maturity. 
E.  tenellum,  Gray,  1.  c.     Hirsute  with  rather  soft  hairs  ;  those  of  the  calyx  more  or  less 
fulvous  or  rusty -yellowish :  stems  slender  and  erect:  radical  leaves  in  a  rosulate  tuft, 
oblanceolate  or  broadly  linear;  the  cauHne  rather  few  and  small:  spike  few-flowered  and 
interrupted,  leafy  only  at  base:  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate:  nutlets  (a  line  long) 
very  shining,  somewhat  cruciate  from  the  abrupt  contraction  at  both  base  and  apex,  hol- 
lowed on  the  ventral  face,  the  close  and  straight  transverse  wrinkles  either  smooth  or 
sparsely  and  sharply  muvic^tG.  —  E.fulmm,  Watson,  Bot.  King,  243  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
viii.  397,  not  A.DC.     Myosotis  {Dasymorpha)  tenella,  Nutt.  in  Hook.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  v.  295. 
—  Northern  California  ta  British  Columbia,  Nevada,  and  Idaho. 
E.  Torreyi,  Gray,  1-  c.     More  hispidly  hirsute,  the  hairs  even  of  the  calyx  greyish,  much 
branched  from  the  root :  stems  diffuse  or  decumbent,  leafy  ;  the  flowers  mainly  leafy- 
bracteate:  leaves  broadly  oblong:  nutlets  rather  larger  than  in  the  preceding  and  less 
shining,  broadly  ovate,  not  cruciate  nor  muricate  but  smooth  (or  next  the  margins  obscurely 
tuberculate),  the  straight  wrinkles  rather  broader;  caruncle  not  projecting.  — California, 
Sierra  Nevada,  near  Yosemite  Valley,  Torrey.     Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon ;  the  latter  a  de- 
pressed and  very  leafy  form,  with  scattered  flowers,  accompanied  throughout  by  leaves. 
*   *    (Ambigua.)    Mature  nutlets  moderately  incurved,  affixed  to  the  obtusely  conical  or  pyra- 
midal gynobase  by  a  vertical  narrow  crest  (answering  to  the  caruncle)  which  occupies  the  middle 
third  of  the  concave  face  of  the  nutlet  (terminating  above  in  the  sharp  ventral  keel  which  ex- 
tends to  the  apex);  the  cavities  of  the  gynobase  oblong-ovate  in  outline:  calyx,  &c.,  more  or  less 
setose-hispid. 
E.  Kingii,  Watson.     Apparently  biennial,  villous-hirsute  and  more  or  less  hispid  :  stems 
a  span  or 'so  high,  rather  stout:  leaves  from  spatulate  or  oblong  to  spatulate-linear :  inflo- 
rescence at  first  thyrsoid  ;  the  flowers  in  short  spikes  or  clusters  which  are  commonly  leafy 
at  base  :  tube  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes  ;  its  limb  4  hues  in 
diameter,  or  sometimes  one-half  smaller :  nutlets  coriaceous,  dull,  irregularly  rugose,  not 
distinctly  carinate  on  the  back,  fully  a  line  long.  — Bot.  King,  243,  t.  23  (in  flower) ;  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  60,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  528.  —  Eastern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  va.  Ne- 


EritricMum.  BORRAGIXACE^.  I93 

7t^t^lotlT^  ^""""^T  ^-T'  ^"^""'  "  larger-flowered  form.    Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon, 
sectTon  ^''^  '""'  ^''^'-    Connects  Pla^ioMhrys  with  the  following 

§  3.  Krtnitzkia,  Gray.  Nutlets  ventrally  attached  from  next  the  base  to 
the  middle  or  to  the  apex  to  the  pyramidal  or  columnar  or  subulate  gynobase ; 
the  scar  mostly  sulcate  or  slightly  excavated:  seed  from  amphitropous  to  nearly 
anatropous,  commonly  pendulous  :  corolla  (except  in  the  last  species)  white  • 
calyx  5-parted,  closed  in  hmt.  —  Kryniizkia,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop. 
1841,  52.     §  Krynitzkia  &  §  Piptocalyx,  Gray,  1.  c. 

*  rounck7-Toro'^L'';\o=^"'^!!'  iT'^l^r*.  r ^'  }^'^'^^  «"f^'^^  «'•  ™«^-^'°«'  ^^e  sides  more  commonlv 
ova":  root  annual  ^  '  surpassing  the  mostly  setose-hispid  calyx :  anthers 

■^.oSSh.f^v'Lt''"''"'"'-'''''?^'  *^^  ^-'^^^^^  "PP"  P""'""  f^"''"?  away,  leaving  a  membranaceous 
aXTs  mncrnn.T'^fl''''""^  base  persjstent  around  the  fruit:  corolla  with  naked  and  open  throat: 
anthers  mucronate :  flowers  all  leafy-bracteate  and  sessile.  —  Piptocalyx,  Torr. 

E.  Circumsclssum,  Gray.     Depressed-spreading,  very  much  branched  from  the  annual 
root,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  whitish-hispid  throughout:  narrow  linear  leaves  (a  quarter  to 
half  mch  long)  and  very  small  flowers  crowded,  especially  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
branches :  nutlets  oblong-ovate,  smooth  or  minutely  puncticulate-scabrous,  attached  by  a 
narrow  groove  (with  transverse  basal  bifurcation)  for  nearly  the  whole  length  to  the  pyra- 
midal-subulate gynobase.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  58,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  527.    Lithospermuvi  cir- 
cumsassuvi,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  370.    Piptocalyx  circumscissus,  Torr.  in  Wilkes  Exp. 
xvu.  414.  t.  12.  —  Desert  plains,  E.  California  to  Utah,  Wyoming,  and  Washington  Terr. 
''~uT~  ^^'7^  neither  circumscissile  nor  disarticulating  from  the  axis  in  age;  the  lobes  linenr- 
oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  nerveless ;  the  bristles  short  and  even,  not  setose  or  pungent :  corolla  with 
minute  if  any  appendages  at  the  throat:    nutlets  attached  for  the  whole   length  to  a  slender 
columnar  gynobase  by  a  groove  which  does  not  bifurcate  nor  sensibly  enlarge  at  base :  flowers  all 
leafy-bracteate,  short-pedicelled :  style  at  length  tWckened ! 

E.  micranthum,  Torr.  Hirsute-canescent,  slender,  2  to  5  inches  high,  at  length  dif- 
fusely much  branched  :  leaves  linear,  only  2  to  4  lines  long:  flowers  in  the  forks,  and  much 
crowded  in  short  leafy  spikes,  about  equalling  the  upper  bracts  :  corolla  barely  a  line  high, 
and  its  lobes  one  to  two-thirds  of  a  line  long,  obscurely  appendaged  at  the  throat :  nutlets 
oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  smooth  and  shining  or  dull  and  puncticulate-scabrous  (half 
to  two-thirds  of  a  line  long) :  style  becoming  thicker  than  the  gynobase,  or  even  pyramidal. 
-^Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  141;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  244.  — Dry  plains,  western  border  of  Texas 
through  Utah  and  Arizona  to  E.  California,  where  larger  flowered  specimens  connect  with 
_  Var.  lepidmn.  Less  slender  and  more  hirsute :  corolla  larger,  its  expanded  limb  2  or  3 
lines  in  diameter ;  the  appendages  or  folds  in  the  throat  very  manifest :  nutlets  nearly  a 
line  long,  puncticulate-scabrous.  —  California,  in  San  Diego  Co.,  D.  Cleveland. 
••"  1-  ,•»-  Calyx  not  circumscissile,  5-parted,  conspicuously  and  often  pungentlv  hispid  with  Inrge 

stiff  bristles,  and  the  lobes  usually  with  a  stout  midnerve;  the  whole  calyx  (or  short  pedicel)  in. 

several  species  inclined  to  disarticulate  at  maturity  and  to  form  a  sort  of  bur,  loosely  enclosing 

the  nutlets :  inflorescence  scorpioid-spicate,  without  or  partly  with  bracts. 
•H-   Gynobase  slender  and  naiTOw :  nutlets  with  narrow  grooved  scar,  or  continued  into  a  groove 

above  the  attachment  and  so  running  the  whole  length  of  the  ventral  face :  spikes  when  developed 

mainly  bractless :  leaves  in  all  linear. 

=  Lobes  of  the  fructiferous  calyx  very  narrow;  the  strong  bristles  below  reflexed  and  partly  unci- 
nate: appendages  in  the  throat  of  the  small  corolla  obsolete  or  wanting:  only  cue  nutlet 
usually  maturing. 

E.  oxycaryum,  Gray.  Somewhat  canescently  strigulose-pubescent  or  above  hirsute, 
slender,  6  to  20  inches  high :  leaves  narrow :  spikes  dense  in  age,  but  slender,  becoming 
strict,  and  with  the  sessile  fruiting  calyx  appressed :  this  at  most  2  lines  long,  tliickly  beset 
toward  the  base  with  stout  reflexed  bristles  (of  a  line  or  less  in  length),  the  tips  of  some 
of  them  curving:  nutlet  ovate-acuminate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  very  smooth  and  shining, 
fully  a  line  long,  much  surpassing  the  subulate  gynobase  and  style,  affixed  to  the  latter 
only  by  the  lower  half  or  third  of  the  narrow  ventral  groove.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  58,  & 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  526.  Myosotis  flaccida,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  369,  ex  Benth.,  not  Dougl. 
Krynitzkia  leiocarpa,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  (no.  1872),  326,  not  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  —  Common  in 
W.  California.     (Not  seen  from  Oregon.) 

13 


194  BORRAGINACE^.  Eritriclium. 

=  =  Lobes  of  fructiferous  calyx  very  narrowly  linear,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  nutlets, 
armed  with  remarkably  long  an'd  straight  spreading  bristles :  appendages  in  throat  of  corolla  evident. 
E.  angustifolium,  Torr.     Hispid  with  spreading  bristles,  a  span  high,  diffuse :  leaves 
narrowly  linear:  spikes  often  geminate,  dense  and  slender:  corolla  barely  a  line  long  and 
with  a  small  limb :  calyx-lobes  almost  filiform  in  age,  seldom  over  a  line  long,  beset  with 
divaricate  bristles  of  the  same  length :  nutlets  half  a  line  long,  ovate-triangular,  with  mi- 
nutely granulate  surface,  all  four  maturing,  little  longer  than  the  conical-subulate  gyno- 
base,  to  which  they  are  attached  by  a  narrow  grooved  scar  with  somewhat  broader  base. 
—  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  363,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  141.  — South-eastern  California  and  Western 
Arizona.     (Lower  Calif.) 
E.  barbigerum.     Hispid  and  hirsute,  stouter,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  freely  branching : 
leaves  broader :  spikes  solitary  or  paniculate,  elongating ;    the  flowers  at  length  rather 
sparse  and  less  secund :  limb  of  the  corolla  sometimes  3  lines  in'diameter :  calyx-lobes 
linear-attenuate,  in  fruit  3  or  4  lines  long,  thickly  beset  with  long  shaggy  bristles  (of  1^  to 
2  lines  length),  which  are  sometimes  accompanied  with  long  white-villous  hairs:  nutlet 
commonly  by  abortion  solitary,  and  a  line  or  more  in  length,  surpassing  the  style,  ovate- 
trigonous  and  somewhat  acuminate,  muricate-papillose,  attached  by  the  lower  half  and 
more  to  the  subulate-columnar  gynobase,  the  scar  dilated  at  base  (infertile  ovary-lobes 
remaining  on  the  gynobase,  attached  for  almost  their  whole  length).  —  S.  California,  from 
Santa  Barbara  Co.  to  S.  Utah  and  Arizona,  Parry,  Palmer,  Smart,  Rothrock,  &c.     Has  been 
confounded  in  imperfect  specimens  with  the  preceding  and  some  of  the  following. 
:=  =  =  Lobes  of  the  fructiferous  caljTc  less  attenuated,  and  the  bristles  less  elongated:  appen- 
dages of  the  throat  of  the  corolla  conspicuous:  all  four  nutlets  usually  maturing. 
E.  leiocarpum,  "Watson.     Roughish-hirsute  or  hispid,  with  mostly  ascending  hairs,  a 
span  to  a  foot  high,  usually  branching  freely :  spikes  when  elongated  becoming  rather 
loosely-flowered :  limb  of  corolla  2  lines  or  less  in  diameter :  fructiferous  calyx-lobes  sel- 
dom over  2  lines  long,  from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  narrow-linear :  nutlets  ovate  and  oblong- 
ovate,  very  smooth  and  shining,  a  line  or  less  long,  somewhat  surpassing  the  persistent 
style,  attached  from  the  middle  downward  to  the  subulate  gynobase  by  a  very  slender  scar 
which  is  divergently  bifurcate  at  the  very  base. — Bot.  King,  244;  Gray,  1.  c.—Echim- 
spermiim  leiocarpum,  Fisch.  &   Meyer,   Ind.    Sem.  Petrop.  1835,  36.      Krynitzkia  leiocnrjia, 
Pisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  1841,  52;  A.DC.  I.e.     Myosotis flaccida,  Dougl.  in  Hook. 
Fl.   ii.  82.  —  Calif ornia  to  borders  of  British  Columbia,  and  east   to  New   Mexico   and 
Saskatchewan.     A  wide-spread  and  also  variable  species. 
E.  muriculatuin,  A.DC.     Stouter,  leafy,  more  hirsute-hispid   with  spreading  hairs,  a 
foot  or  two  high  :  spikes  often  geminate  or  collected  in  a  3-5-radiate  pedunculate  cyme  : 
limb  of  corolla  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  in  fruit  only  H  to  2  lines 
long  and  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the  nutlets:  these  ovate-triangular,  obtuse,  a  line 
long,  not  equalling  the  style,  dull  or  nearly  so,  muricate-papillose  on  the  back  and  some- 
times on  the  inner  faces  also,  attached  to  the  subulate  gynobase  for  two-thirds  of  their 
length  by  a  grooved  scar  which  widens  downward  and  is  transversely  dilated  at  base.  — 
Prodr.   ix.  132.     Myosotis  muricata.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  369.  —  California,  Douglas 
(specimen,  in  flower  only,  wrongly  referred,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  59,  to  E.  canescens),  Brewer, 
Palmer  (in  fruit,  San  Buenaventura  and  back  of  San  Simeon  Bay),  Coulter,  Xantus,  &c. 

Var.  ambiguum.  Fruit  of  E.  mwiculatum,  or  usually  sparsely  and  more  minutely 
muriculate,  equally  dull,  equalling  and  usually  somewhat  surpassing  the  persistent  style, 
yet  occasionally  shorter :  in  whole  habit,  sparse  spikes,  and  generally  the  longer  and  nar- 
rower calyx-lobes  agreeing  with  E.  leiocarpum,  of  which  there  is  also  a  form  with  lanceolate 
and  shorter  calyx-lobes. —  £■.  viuriculalum,  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  xvii.  416,  t.  13;  Gray, 
1.  c,  mainly.  E.  angustifolium,  Watson,  Bot.  King,  241,  not  Torr.,  at  least  not  the  original 
plant.  —  California  and  Nevada  to  Washington  Terr. 

++  ++  Gynobase  broader,  pyramidal  or  conical :  nutlets  with  a  corrcspondingh'  broader  scar 
{E.  Texanum  excepted):  corolla  small  or  minute  (the  limb  only  a  line  or  two  in  diameter): 
calyx  very  hispid  with  yellowish  or  fulvous  bristles:  rough-hispid  annuals,  with  spikes  loose  m 
fruit,  and  mostly  leafy-bracteate  at  base. 

=  Nutlets  all  fertile  and  alike,  small:  midrib  of  calyx-lobes  not  thickened. 
E.  pusillum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Low   (2  or  3  inches  high)   and  slender:    linear  leaves 
mainly  clustered  at  the  root :  flowers  rather  crowded  in  small  spikes :  calyx-lobes  ovate- 


EritricUum.  BORRAGINACE^.  195 

lanceolate :  crests  in  throat  of  corolla  inconspicuous :  nutlets  half  a  line  long,  ovate-tri- 
angular, strongly  muricate-granulate  on  the  rounded  back,  which  is  bordered  by  acute 
angles  ;  the  inner  faces  very  smooth  and  concave  when  dry  ;  the  ventral  angle  beveled  by 
the  deltoid-lanceolate  scar  which  terminates  below  the  apex  in  a  narrow  groove :  gynobase 
subulate-pyramidal.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  171.  —  North-western  borders  of  Texas  and  adjacent 
New  Mexico,  Pope,  Wright.  Calyx  in  fruit  about  a  line  long,  apparently  not  'deciduous 
with  the  fruit. 
B.  hispidum,  Buckley.  A  span  or  more  high,  greyish-hispid,  diffusely  much  branched, 
even  the  loose  paniculate  spikes  mostly  leafy :  leaves  linear :  flowers  rather  scattered : 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate  :  crests  in  throat  of  the  corolla  rather  conspicuous  :  nutlets  half 
to  two-thirds  of  a  line  long,  triangular-ovate,  without  lateral  angles,  coarsely  granulate 
(sometimes  almost  smooth)  round  to  the  deltoid  or  triangular-lanceolate  excavated  scar. 
—  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1861, 462 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  59.  E.  heliotropioides,  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  140,  mainly,  excl.  syn.  DC.  —  Plains  and  sandy  banks,  AV.  Texas  to  New 
Mexico,  extending  into  Mexico.  Calyx  a  line  long,  closed  at  maturity,  and  deciduous  with 
the  enclosed  fruit,  like  a  bur. 

=  =  Nutlets  either  solitary  or  dissimilar:  calyx-lobes  linear,  obtuse,  thickish,  closed  over  the 
fruit  (2  or  3  lines  long) ;  the  midrib  below  becoming  much  thickened  and  indurated. 

E.  Texanum,  A.DC.  About  a  foot  high,  loosely  branching,  rough-hispid  :  leaves  obovate- 
oblong  or  spatulate,  or  the  uppermost  linear :  spikes  mostly  leafless  :  flowers  nearly  sessile : 
calyx  in  fruit  separating  by  an  articulation :  nutlet  usually  only  one  maturing,  fully  a  line 
long,  oblong-ovate,  rounded  on  the  back,  smooth  and  even,  but  minutely  puncticulate,  fixed 
by  a  narrow  scar  from  base  to  below  the  middle  to  a  small  conical-columnar  gynobase.  — 
Gray,  1.  c.  —  Texas,  about  Austin,  &c.,  Drummond,  Wright,  E.  Hall.  Flowers  smaller  and 
midrib  of  the  sepals  less  thickened  than  in  the  next. 

B.  crassisepalum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  span  high,  diffusely  much  branched  from  the 
base,  very  rough-hispid  :  leaves  oblanceolate  and  linear-spatulate  :  flowers  short-pedicelled, 
many  or  "most  of  them  bracteate  :  lobes  of  the  persistent  calyx  greatly  thickened  below  in 
fruit :  nutlets  ovate,  acute,  rounded  on  the  back,  dissimilar,  three  of  them  muricate-granu- 
late and  one  larger  and  smooth  or  nearly  so  (fully  a  line  long),  fixed  to  the  conical-pyra- 
midal gynobase  from  base  to  middle  by  an  ovate-lanceolate  excavated  scar.  —  Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  ii.  171 ;  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  —  Plains,  Western  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  Nebraska  and 
Saskatchewan.  The  larger  and  smooth  nutlet,  like  the  similar  and  only  fertile  one  of  E. 
Texanum,  appears  to  be  unusually  persistent.  Short  pedicel  thickened  and  indurated  with 
the  calyx  at  maturity,  disposed  to  separate  tardily  by  an  articulation. 

*  *  (Ptkrygium.)  Nutlets  and  flowers  of  the  foregoing  subsection;  but  the  former  (either  all  or 
three  of  them)  surrounded  by  a  conspicuous  firm-scarious  crenate  or  lobedwing:  crests  in  the 
throat  of  the  corolla  rather  small. 

E.  pterocaryum,  Torr.  Annual,  slender,  loosely  branching,  hirsute :  leaves  linear,  or 
the  lowest  spatulate,  often  hispid  :  inflorescence  at  first  cymose-glomerate,  usually  develop- 
ing a  pair  of  short  spikes,  mostly  bractless :  calyx-lobes  oblong  and  in  fruit  ovate,  erect, 
and  with  rather  prominent  midrib:  corolla  very  small  (its  limb  less  than  a  line  in  diam- 
eter) :  nutlets  oblong-ovate,  rough  or  granulate-tuberculate  on  the  rounded  back,  aflSxed 
for  nearly  the  whole  length  to  the  filiform-subulate  gynobase  by  a  narrow  groove  which 
widens  gradually  to  the  base ;  one  of  them  commonly  wingless  and  rounded  at  the  sides  ; 
the  others  with  lateral  angles  extended  into  a  broad  radiately  striate  wing  with  toothed  or 
crenulate  margins.  —  Wilkes  Exp.,  vii.  415,  1. 13  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  245  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Dry 
interior  region,  from  the  plains  of  the  Columbia  River,  Washington  Territory,  through 
Nevada  and  the  borders  of  California  to  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  the  borders  of  Texas. 
Fruiting  calyx  2  lines  long,  rather  sparsely  hispid,  very  short-pedicelled,  apparently  not 
falling  with  the  fruit.  Nutlets  a  line  and  a  half  long,  including  the  surrounding  broadly 
ovate  wing.  ,        ,   ,        .  •        i 

Var.  pectinatum,  Gray,  1.  c,  has  all  the  nutlets  winged,  and  the  wmgs  pectmately 
cleft  half  way  down.  —  S.  Utah  and  Arizona,  Parri/,  Palmer. 

*  *  *  (Pseudo-Myosotis.)  Nutlets  triangular  or  triquetrous,  with  acute  or  even  winged  lateral 
andls  attached  bv  half  or  nearlv  their  whole  length  to  the  subulate  or  slender-pyramidal  gyno- 
bafe  the  scar  ve.T  slender  and  usuallv  with  transversely  dilated  base :  corolla  w,th  prominent 
fornicate  crests  at  the  throat,  and  near  the  base  within  annulate:  biennials  or  perennials,  mostly 
with  thyrsiform  and  leafy-bracteate  infiore.=;cence. 


jgg  BORRAGINACE.E.  Eriirichium. 

H_  Tube  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx  and  little  if  any  longer  than  the  lobes ;  a  ring  of 
10  small  scales  or  glands  above  the  base  within:  anthers  oval  or  oblong:  style  rather  short. 
++  Nutlets  margined  all  round  with  a  firm. entire  wing :  plant  setose-hispid :  corolla  small. 
E.  holopterum,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high,  perhaps  from  an  annual  root,  loosely  pan- 
iculate-branched,' rather  slender :  leaves  linear,  an  inch  or  so  long,  very  rough  with  the 
papilliform  bases  of  the  rigid  short  bristles  •  paniculate  spikes  rather  few-  and  at  length 
loosely  flowered  :  calyx  and  corolla  about  a  line  (and  the  former  becoming  2  lines)  long: 
immature  nutlets  ovate-trigonous,  a  line  long,  muriculate  on  the  convex  back,  abruptly 
wing-margined  (the  wing  nearly  the  breadth  of  the  dorsal  disk),  attached  for  nearly  the 
whole  length  to  the  conical-subulate  gynobase.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  81.  — Ehrenberg, 
Arizona,  Palmer. 
E.  setosissimiun,  Gray.  Stem  robust,  2  feet  or  more  high  from  an  apparently  biennial 
root,  nearly  simple,'  very  hispid  (as  is  the  whole  plant)  with  long  and  stiff  but  slender 
spreading  bristles  (with  or  without  papilliform  base),  also  cinereous  with  fine  spreading 
hairs  :  leaves  lanceplate-spatulate,  the  lower  4  or  5  inches  long  (including  the  tapering  base 
or  margined  petiole) :  spikes  in  fruit  elongated  (3  or  4  inches  long),  dense  and  strict  in  a 
naked  thyrsus :  corolla  2  or  hardly  .3  lines  long  :  anthers  on  short  and  thickened  inflexed 
filaments  :  fructiferous  calyx  fully  3  lines  long ;  the  lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  carinate  by  a 
strong  midrib :  nutlets  obcompressed,  almost  3  lines  long,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  dull, 
merely  scabrous  on  the  back ;  the  conspicuous  wing  much  narrower  than  the  disk  and  ex- 
tended round  the  base  ;  the  scar  narrow  at  base  :  gynobase  elongated-subulate.  — -  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  1.  c  — Shores  of  Fish  Lake,  Utah,  at  the  elevation  of  8,700  feet,  L.  F.  Ward. 
Known  only  in  fruiting  specimens,  which  so  much  resemble  E.  glomeratum,  var.  virgatum, 
that  intermediate  forms  may  occur,  and  the  great  size,  flatness,  narrow-based  scar,  and  con- 
spicuous wing  of  the  nutlets  may  prove  inconstant. 

'  ++  ++  Nutlets  acutely  triangular,  wingless. 

E  Jamesii  Torr.  A  span  or  two  high  from  a  perennial  root,  rather  stout,  branched 
from  the  hard  or  lignescent  base,  canescently  silky-tomentose  and  somewhat  hirsute,  be- 
coming strigose-hirsute  or  even  hispid  in  age :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  the  upper  linear, 
obtuse  :  spikes  somewhat  panicled  or  thyrsoid-crowded,  moderately  elongating,  bracteate : 
limb  of  the  short  and  broad  corolla  about  3  lines  wide  :  fruiting  calyx  mostly  closing  over 
the  depressed-globular  fruit,  which  consists  of  4  closely  fitting  very  smooth  and  shining 
broadly  triangular  nutlets  (hardly  higher  than  wide).—  Marcy  Rep.  294,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
140 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  E.  multicaule,  Torr.  1.  c,  a  more  hispid  form.  Myosotis  suffruticosa,  Torr. 
in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  225.  —  Plains  and  sandj^  shores,  western  borders  of  Texas  and  New 
Mexico  to  Arizona  and  Wyoming. —Nutlets  almost  exact  quarters  of  a  sphere,  or  with 
angles  more  acute  and  sides  rather  concave,  attached  by  the  inner  angle,  also  with  a 
short  transverse  scar  at  base. 
E  glomeratum  DC.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  from  a  biennial  root,  greyish-hirsute 
"and  hispid  •  leaves  spatulate  or  linear-spatulate  :  inflorescence  thyrsiform  and  mostly  dense ; 
the  short  and  often  forked  lateral  spikes  at  length  commonly  exceeding  the  subtendmg 
leaves  •  calyx  very  setose-hispid  :  limb  of  the  corolla  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter :  the  crests 
truncate :  nutlets  forming  an  ovoid-pyramidal  fruit ;  each  triangular-ovate,  sparsely  more 
or  less  tuberculate-rugose  on  the  back  (a  line  long),  with  sharp  lateral  edges,  and  sulcate 
ventral  angle  extending  into  a  broad  basal  scar.  -  Watson,  Bot  King,  242,  t  23 ;  Gray  L  c. 
Cynonhssum  glomeratum,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  729.  Myosotis  glomerate,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  112  ;  Hook.  Fl. 
ii  82  t  162.  Rochelia  glomerata,  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1.  c. ;  Nutt.  m  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vn. 
45  'e  qlomeratum,  var.  hispidissimum,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  140,  may  be  taken  for  nearly 
the  original  of  Nuttall  and  Bradbury,  of  the  Upper  Missouri. -Plains  of  Saskatchewan 
to  New  Mexico  and  Utah.     Two  varieties  mark  the  opposite  extremes. 

Var  humile  Gray.  Barely  a  span  high,  often  tufted  on  an  apparently  perenmal 
root:  pubescence 'less  hispid  and  generally  canescent,  at  least  the  lower  leaves;  these 
spatulate,  an  inch  or  more  long:  thyrsus  spiciform:  pubescence  and  bristles  of  calyx 
either  whitish  or  tawny  yellow. -Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  61. -Rocky  Mountams  from  the 
British  Boundary  to  Utah,  at  8000  feet,  and  higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California. 
Passing  on  one  hand  into  the  typical  form,  on  the  other  approaching  the  next  species. 

Var  virgatmn,  Porter.  Very  hispid,  not  at  all  canescent:  stem  strict,  a  foot  or 
two  high  flowering  for  most  of  its  length  in  short  and  dense  nearly  sessile  clusters,  which 


Amsinckia.  BORRAGINACEiE.  197 

are  generally  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  linear  subtending  leaves  and  forming  a  long 
virgate  leafy  spike  :  nutlets  less  or  slightly  rugose  on  the  back,  at  most  a  line  and  a  lialf 
long.  —  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado,  102  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  E.  glomeraium,  Gray  in  Am..  Jour. 
Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiv.  225.  E.  viryatum,  Porter  in  Hayden  Rep.  1870,  479.  —  Along  the  base  and 
eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  up  to  8000  feet,  Colorado,  Parry,  Hall,  Porter,  &,c.  A 
well  marked  form,  clearly  biennial. 

H—  ^—  Tube  of  the  salverform  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  twice  or  thrice  the  lenijth  of  the 
lobes;  the  ring  within  (at  base  of  the  tube;  inconspicuous  and  truncate,  its  glands  indistinct; 
crests  of  the  throat  large,  of  ten  elongated :  anthers  linear-oblong:  stvle  long  and  filifonn:  silky- 
canescent  perennials,  with  contracted  thyrsoid  inflorescence.  —  §  Psendomyusutis,  A.DC. 

E.  fulvocanescens,  G-ray.  A  span  or  so  high,  cespitose :  leaves  linear-spatulate  or 
oblanceolate,  silky-strigose  or  even  tomentose ;  the  lower  with  bright  white  and  soft  hairs ; 
the  upper  and  the  thyrsoid  glomerate  inflorescence  and  calyx  with  fulvous-yellow  more 
hirsute  hairs  and  some  hispid  bristles :  corolla  white :  nutlets  roughish  or  granulated.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  91,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  E.  glomeratum,  var.  1  fulvocanescens,  Watson,  But. 
IGng,  t.  23,  fig.  7.  —  Mountains  of  New  Mexico  (Fendler,  &c.)  to  those  of  Nevada,  and  north 
to  Wyoming.  Habit  of  the  dwarf  and  hoary  forms  of  the  preceding  species,  with  longer 
corolla,  style,  and  anthers  of  the  next. 

B.  leucophseum,  A.DC.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  many-stemmed  from  the  lignescent 
base  or  root :  leaves  silky-strigose  and  silvery-canescent,  lanceolate  and  linear,  acute : 
spicate-glomerate  inflorescence  and  calyx  hirsute  and  hispid  with  spreading  whitish  or  yel- 
lowish hairs  and  slender  bristles  :  corolla  cream-colored  or  yellow  :  style  very  long :  nutlets 
ovate-triquetrous,  smooth  and  polished,  ivory-like,  large  (1|  or  2  lines  long)  :  gynobase  very 
slender.  —  Gray,  1.  c.  Myosotis  leucophma,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  82,  t.  163.  —  Barren  grounds, 
interior  of  British  Columbia  and  Oregon,  Southern  Utah,  and  near  Mono  Lake,  E.  Cali- 
fornia. Anthers  (always  ?)  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  close  below  the  throat. 
RocHELiA  PATENS,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  44,  founded  on  a  specimen  collected  by 

Wyeth  on  "  Flat-Head  River  "  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  would  seem  to  be  an  Eritrichium,  but 

has  not  been  identified,  nor  is  the  specimen  to  be  found  in  the  Academy's  herbarium. 

12.  AMSiNCKIA,  Lehm.  (In  memory  of  Wm.  Amsinck,  a  burgomaster 
of  Hamburg  and  benefactor  of  the  botanic  garden.)  —  Rough-hispid  annuals  (W. 
N.  American  and  one  Chilian)  ;  with  oblong  or  linear  leaves,  and  scorpioid-spicate 
flowers,  sometimes  the  lowest  and  rarely  (in  the  last  species)  all  leafy-bracteate  ; 
the  corolla  yellow,  slender,  with  open  throat,  either  wholly  naked  or  with  minute 
bearded  crests.  Stout  bristles  of  the  herbage  commonly  with  pustulate-dilated 
base.  Calyx-lobes  in  several  species  disposed  to  be  occasionally  united  2  or  3 
together  almost  to  the  top.  Flowers  in  most  species  all  heterogone-dimorphous,  at 
least  in  the  insertion  of  the  stamens  ;  when  these  are  high  the  throat  of  the  corolla 
is  quite  naked.  — Lehm.  Del.  Sem.  Hamb.  1831,  7  ;  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem. 
Petrop.  1835,  (1)  26  ;  DC.  Prodr.  x.  117;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  851. 

§  1.  Nutlets  (resembling  those  of  Eritrichium  leucophcemn,  which  is  peculiar  in 
its  long  and  yellow  corolla)  ovate-triquetrous,  straight,  at  maturity  very  smooth 
and  polished,  attached  at  the  lower  part  of  the  sharp  inner  angle  by  a  narrow 
scar,  all  three  faces  plane  or  nearly  so. 

A.  vernicosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  foot  or  more  high,  erect,  sparsely  setose-hispid  : 
leaves  from  linear  to  ovate-lanceolate :  tube  of  the  light  yellow  corolla  slightly  longer 
than  the  calyx.  —  Bot.  Beech.  370 ;  DC.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  54,  &  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  525.  —  California,  near  the  coast,  Douglas,  Coulter,  &e.  Nutlets  almost  2  lines  long,  in 
shape  resembling  a  grain  of  buckwheat. 

Var.  grandiflora,  Gray.  Robust,  strongly  setose-hispid,  remarkably  large-flowered, 
the  more  exserted  and  funnelform  tube  of  the  corolla  almost  half  an  inch  long,  and  the 
limb  ample :  nutlets  broader,  rather  concave  on  the  back.  —  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Lower 
Sacramento,  at  Antioch,  Kellogg. 


198  BORRAGINACEiE.  A^nsincHa. 

§  2.  Nutlets  (not  unlike  those  of  EritricMum  §  Plagiohothrys)  rugose  or 
muricate,  dull,  ovate-trigonous  and  somewhat  incurved,  carinate  ventrally  down 
to  the  short  and  broad  usually  somewhat  protuberant  scar. 

*  Nutlets  crustaceous,  tessellate-rugose:  calyx-lobes  obtuse. 
A.  tessellata,  Gray.  Coarsely  and  strongly  hispid,  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves 
from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong,  mostly  obtuse :  tube  of  the  orange-yellow  corolla  some- 
what longer  than  the  ferrugineous-hispid  calyx  (about  3  lines  long)  and  much  longer  than 
the  lobes  :  nutlets  very  broadly  ovate,  with  narro\ved  apex  and  flattish  back,  thickly 
covered  with  granulate-warty  projections  which  fit  together  in  age,  forming  more  or  less 
conspicuous  transverse  lines  or  wrinkles ;  the  scar  toward  the  middle  of  the  ventral  face. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  A.  lycopsoides,  Watson,  Bot.  King,  240,  partly.  — 
Dry  grounds,  California  from  the  Contra-Costa  range  through  the  interior  to  Nevada  and 
S.  Utah.     Calyx-lobes  either  narrowly  or  rather  broadly  lanceolate. 

*   *   Nutlets  muricate  or  sharply  scabrous,  in  age  sometimes  loosely  rugose.     (Species  difficult  to 
discriminate.) 

H—  Calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  acutish,  all  over  hispid  and  hirsute :    leaves 
linear  or  lanceolate. 

A.  echinata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Stem  strict,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  corolla  light  yellow,  about  twice 
the  length  of  the  fulvous-hispid  calyx,  little  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  2  or  3  lines  in 
diameter :  immature  nutlets  with  the  strongly  convex  and  carinate  back  muricate  with 
soft  slender  prickles  and  intermediate  scabrous  points,  not  rugose.  —  S.  E.  California  in  the 
Mohave  region.  Cooper. 

A.  intermedia,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  branching:  bristles  even 
of  tiie  calyx  whitish  or  barely  fulvous  :  leaves  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear :  corolla 
not  above  3  lines  long,  little  exceeding  the  calyx;  the  small  limb  hardly  at  all  plaited: 
nutlets  very  convex  and  carinate  on  the  back,  muricate-scabrous  and  at  maturity  obliquely 
more  or  less  rugose.  — DC.  I.e.;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  I.e.  A.  lycopsoides,  Gray,  Proc.  Am, 
Acad.  X.  54,  in  part;  and  of  gardens.  Benthamia  lycopsoides,  Lindl.  (Introd.  Nat.  Syst.)  in 
Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  1828,  &c.,  thence  becoming  A.  lycopsoides  of  cultivation,  but  probably  not 
of  Lehm.  —  California  and  W.  Nevada  to  the  borders  of  Brit.  Columbia;  a  common  and 
variable  species. 

A.  spectabilis,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  1.  c.  Mostly  slender,  a  span  (when  depauperate)  to 
a  foot  high :  leaves  mostly  linear :  tube  of  the  bright  orange  corolla  twice  or  thrice  the 
length  of  the  linear  lobes  of  the  ferrugineous-hispid  calyx,  nearly  half  inch  long,  or  some- 
times shorter ;  the  throat  enlarging,  and  the  limb'conspicuously  plaited  in  the  bud  (a  third 
to  half  inch  wide) ;  anthers  when  high  protruded  from  the  throat :  nutlets  granulate-rugose, 
carinate  and  roundish  on  the  back.  —  A.  spectabilis  &  A.  Douglasiana,  DC.  1.  c.  —  Open 
groimd,  California  from  San  Diego  to  Plumas  Co. 

.j—  4_   Calyx  loosely  enclosing  the  fruit,  more  sparsely  setose-hispid,  greener  and  soft-herbaceous 
in  texture';  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  2  or  3  of  the  lobes  not  rarely  united. 

A.  lycopsoides,  Lehm.  Loosely  branched,  soon  spreading,  sometimes  decumbent, 
sparsely  but  strongly  setose-hispid,  the  bristles  on  the  foliage  at  length  with  very  pustulate 
base  :  leaves  greener,  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  the  margins  commonly  undulate-repand : 
upper  flowers  mainly  bractless :  corolla  light  yellow,  about  4  lines  long,  with  tube  little 
or  considerably  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  throat  little  enlarged  and  limb  2  or  3  lines  in 
diameter :  anthers  short,  included  :  nutlets  reticulate-rugose.  —  Del.  Sem.  Hamb.  1.  c,  name 
only  ;  DC.  Prodr.  x.  117  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  524. —  Coast  of  California,  from  San  Simeon 
Bay  northward  to  Oregon.     Passes  into 

Var.  bracteosa,  a  smaller-flowered  and  more  decumbent  form  (corolla  2  or  3  lines 
long  and  the  limb  a  line  or  two  broad),  with  most  of  the  flowers  subtended  by  a  foliaceous 
bract.  —  Lithospermum  lycopsoides,  Lehm.  Pug.  ii.  28,  &  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  89,  therefore  properly 
the  original  of  AmsincJcia  lycopsoides,  Lehm.  I.  c.  —  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Puget  Sound. 

13.  ECHIDIOCARYA,  Gray.  ('i<://5fOJ',  a  diminutive  viper,  and  xdgvov, 
nut,  the  nutlets  with  the  stalk  resembling  the  head  and  neck  of  a  snake  or  other 
reptile.)  —  Annuals  or  biennials  of  two  species,  with  the  habit  of  Eritrichium 


Mertensia.  BORRAGINACE^.  199 

§  Plagiobothrys,  intermediate  between  tliat  group  and  Antiphytum,  hirsute,  hardly 
hispid,  branched  from  the  base ;  the  stems  or  branches  diffuse,  a  span  or  two 
high  ;  leaves  spatulate-linear,  all  alternate  ;  scovpioid  spikes  slender  and  at  length 
remotely  flowered,  bractless,  or  with  some  scattered  foliaceous  bracts  :  white  corolla 
with  lobes  sometimes  almost  convolute  in  the  bud.  —  Gray  in  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Gen.  ii.  854 ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  89,  xii.  163. 

E.  Arizonica,  Gray,  1.  c.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  a  line  or  less  long ;  the  throat  somewhat 
narrowed  by  very  small  and  rather  obscure  intrusive  folds  :  nutlets  attenuate  and  much 
compressed  at  apex,  sparsely  cristate-muricate,  hardly  longer  than  their  thick  basal  stipes, 
which  are  united  at  base  in  pairs  over  the  prominent  receptacle,  the  pair  with  a  very  large 
excavated  scar.  —  Arizona,  on  the  Verde  Mesa,  Dr.  Smart.     Also  near  Tucson,  Greene. 

E.  Calif ornica,  Gray.  Corolla  larger ;  the  orbicular  lobes  a  line  or  two  in  length  ;  the 
throat  closed  by  strong  andpuberulent  intrusive  appendages  :  nutlets  smaller  (a  hne  long), 
less  acute,  coarsely  rugose-alveolate  and  the  sharp  elevated  rugosities  often  echinulate ; 
the  stipes  supra-basal,  all  four  wholly  distinct,  laterally  compressed,  shorter  than  the 
diameter  of  the  nutlet ;  the  small  caruncular  scar  concave.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  164.  — 
San  Bernardino  Co.,  S.  E.  California,  Parry  &  Lemmon,  no.  278,  coll.  1876. 

14.  ANTlPHYTUM,  DC,  partly.  {Avxi,  op^Dosite,  and  cpvrov,  plant; 
the  leaves  in  the  typical  species  being  all  opposite,  in  this  unlike  most  of  the 
order.)  —  Restricted  in  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  ii.  859  to  Brazilian  species,  all 
suffruticose  and  opposite-leaved,  with  short-stipitate  areola  to  the  nutlets.  But 
the  subjoined  species  exhibit  the  characters  of  the  genus  in  a  lesser  degree.  — 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  54.  (In  separating  from  the  insertion,  a  delicate 
funicle-like  process,  which  penetrated  a  minute  central  perforation  of  the  scar, 
persists  on  the  flat  gynobase.) 

A.  heliotropioides,  A.DC.  Woody  perennial  ?  a  foot  or  two  high,  paniculately  much 
branched,  softly  strigose-hirsute  and  at  least  when  young  canescent :  leaves  linear,  an  inch 
or  less  long ;  the  lower  mainly  opposite :  flowers  rather  small  and  scattered,  on  filiform 
pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  of  which  are  oblong-linear  :  corolla  almost 
rotate,  with  conspicuous  crests  in  the  open  throat :  stigma  capitate :  scar  of  the  nutlets 
large  and  sessile,  but  edged  with  an  acute  salient  margin ;  the  minute  perforation  above 
its  centre.  —  Prodr.  x.  122  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  Eritrichium  heliotropioides,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
140,  as  to  the  plant  of  Berlandier  only.  —  San  Carlos,  on  the  Mexican  side  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  close  to  Texas.  Turgid  nutlets  only  half  a  Hne  long,  not  (as  in  the  next)  con- 
tracted behind  the  scar. 

A.  floribundum,  Gray,  1-  c.  Herbaceous  from  a  "perennial"  or  perhaps  biennial  root, 
a  foot  or  two  high,  paniculately  branched  above,  cinereous  with  fine  and  close  and  with  a 
coarser  nearly  hispid  pubescence :  leaves  perhaps  all  alternate,  narrowly  linear,  an  inch  or 
so  long ;  the  upper  gradually  diminished  to  linear-subulate  bracts :  flowers  very  short- 
pedicelled,  in  short  panicled  racemes  or  spikes  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate:  corolla  rotate-campanulate  (8  lines  in  diameter),  not  appendaged  in  the  throat: 
filaments  longer  than  the  anthers  :  stigma  2-lobed :  nutlets  granulate,  acute ;  the  salient 
ventral  edge  terminated  a  little  above  the  base  of  the  nutlet  by  the  small  and  protuberant 
or  slightly  stipitate  scar. — Eritrichium  Jloribundum,  Torr.  I.e.  —  South-western  Texas,  on 
or  near  the  Rio  Grande,  in  the  mountains  of  Puerte  de  Paysano,  Bigelow.  Flowers  some- 
times 6-merous. 

15.  MERTENSIA,  E-oth.  {Francis  Charles  Mertens,  a  German  botanist, 
1797.)  —  Perennials,  of  the  cooler  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  either  gla- 
brous and  remarkably  smooth,  or  with  some  soft  or  moderately  scabrous  pubes- 
cence;  the  leaves  commonly  broad,  and  the  lowermost  petioled;  the  flowers 
commonly  handsome,  blue,  purple,  or  rarely  white,  paniculate-racemose  or  cymose, 


200  BORRAGrN-ACE^.  Mertensia. 

all  pedicellate,  the  lowest  occasionally  leafy-bracteate.  Fl.  spring  and  summer. 
—  DC,  Prodr.  x.  87  ;  Gray  in  Am,  Jour.  Sci,  ser.  2,  xxxiv.  339,  &  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  52 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c.  (Stamens,  in  all  but  one  of  our  species,  pro- 
truding from  the  throat,  but  shorter  than  the  limb  of  the  corolla.) 

§  1.  StenhammjCria.     {Sieenhammera,  Reichenb.,  wrongly  written.)     Nutlets 
very  smooth  and  shining,  acute,  fleshy-herbaceous,  in  age  becoming  utricular ;  the 
scar  small :  corolla  short,  o-lobed ;  the  crests  in  the  throat  evident. 
M.  maritima,  Don.     Very  smooth,  pale  and  glaucous,  much  branched  and  spreading : 
leaves  fleshy,  ovate,  obovate,  or  spatulate-oblong,  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  upper  surface 
sometimes  becoming  pustulate:  flowers  small  (3  or  4  lines  long)  on  long  and  slender  pedi- 
cels :  tube  of  the  blue  or  whitish  corolla  hardly  as  long  as  the  limb  and  shorter  than  the 
ovate-triangular  lobes  of  the  calyx:  filaments  rather  narrower  and  much  longer  than  the 
anthers.  —  Syst.  iv.  320.     Cerinthe  maritima,  Dill.  Elth.  t.  65.      Pulmonaria    maritima,  L. ; 
Lightfoot,  Fl.  Scot.  i.  134,  t.  7 ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  65.    P.parvijlora,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  132.    Lithospermum 
viaritimum,  Lehm.  Asper.  291.     Steenhammera  maritima,  Reich.  Fl.  Excurs.  i.  387.    Stenham- 
maria  maritima,  Fries,  Summa,  12  &  192.   Hippoglossum  maritimum,  Hartw.  ex  Lilja  in  Linnaea, 
xvh.  111.  —  Sea-shore,  Cape  Cod  to  Hudson's   Bay,  and  Puget   Sound  to  Polar  coasts- 
(Greenland,  N.  Eu.,  &  Asia.) 

§  2.  EuMERTENSiA.  Nutlets  dull  and  with  obtuse  angles  if  any,  wrinkled  or 
roughish  when  dry.  (Corolla  commonly  villous  inside  near  the  base,  and  below 
sometimes  with  a-lO-toothed  ring.) 

*  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  with  spreading  border  nearly  entire;  the  plicate  crests  in  the  throat 
obsolete :  tilaments  slender,  much  longer  than  the  oblong-linear  anthers :  hypogynous  disk  pro- 
duced into  two  opposite  narrow  lobes  which  become  as  high  as  the  ovary. 

M.  Virginica,  DC.  Very  smooth  and  glabrous,  pale,  a  foot  or  two  high  ;  leaves  obovate 
or  oblong,  veiny,  or  the  lowest  large  and  rounded  and  long-petioled :  racemes  at  first  short 
and  corymbose :  flowers  on  nodding  slender  pedicels :  corolla  purple  and  blue,  an  inch 
long,  between  trumpet-shaped  and  salverform,  many  times  exceeding  the  short  calyx. — 
M.  pulmonarioides,  Roth,  Cat.  Pulmonaria  Virginica,  L. ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  160.  (Trew, 
PI.  Sel.  t.  42.) — Alluvial  banks.  New  York  to  Minnesota,  S.  Carolina  in  the  mountains, 
and  Tennessee  :  fl.  spring ;  not  uncommon  in  gardens. 

*  *  Corolla  (blue,  rarely  white)  with  conspicuously  5-Iobed  limb,  which  above  the  throat  (i.  e. 
the  whole  expanded  upper  portion)  is  usually  opeu-campanulate ;  the  small  crests  in  the  throat 
obvious  and  commonly  puberulent  or  pubescent. 

•i—  Filaments  enlarged,  as  broad  as  the  anthers  and  shorter  or  only  a  little  longer,  always  inserted 
in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  nearly  in  line  with  the  crests :  style  long  and  capillary,  generally 
somewhat  exserfed.  (There  are  traces  of  some  dimorphism  as  to  reciprocal  length  of  filaments 
and  style,  at  least  in  one  species.) 

++  Tube  of  the  corolla  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  hmb  and  of  the  calj-x. 
M.  oblongifolia,  Don,  1.  c.  A  span  or  so  high,  smooth  or  almost  so  :  leaves  mostly 
oblong  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  rather  succulent,  and  veins  very  inconspicuous :  flowers  in 
a  somewhat  close  cluster  :  lobes  of  the  5-parted  or  deeply  5-cleft  calyx  lanceolate  or  linear, 
mostly  acute  :  tube  of  the  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  narrow  ;  the  moderately  5-lobed  limb 
barely  2  lines  long.  —  Hook.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  295  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  238.  Pulmonaria 
oblongifolia,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  43.  Lithospermum  marginatum,  Lehm.  in  Hook. 
Fl.  K  86.  —  Mountains  of  Montana  to  the  borders  of  British  Columbia,  and  south  to 
Nevada,  Utah  and  Arizona,  at  6-9,000  feet.    On  moist  slopes  ;  flowering  early. 

++  ++   Tube  of  the  corolla  little  or  not  twice  longer  than  the  throat  and  limb. 

=  Stems  mostly  tall,  1  to  5  feet  high:  leaves  ample  and  mainly  broad,  veiny:  the  upper  with 

very  acute  or  acuminate  apex;  the  lowest  ovate  or  subcordate  (usually  3  or  4  inches  long  and 

long-petioled):  calyx  deeply  5-parted. 

M.  Sibirica,  Don,  1.  c.    Pale  and  glaucescent,  glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so,  very 

leafy  :  cauline  leaves  oblong-  or  lanceolate-ovate,  hirsuto-ciliolate  :  short  racemes  panicled: 

calyx-lobes   oblong   or  oblong-linear,  obtuse,   commonly  ciliolate,  half  or  a  quarter    the 

length  of  the  tube  of  the  bright  light-blue  corolla  (this  and  the  limb  each  about  3  lines 

long).  —  Gray,  1.  c.    Pulmonaria  Sibirica,  L.  Spec.  i.  135,  not  Pall.     P.  denticidata,  Roera.  & 


M^rtensia.  BORRAGINACE^.  201 

Kellogg  in  Proe.  CaHf.  Acad.  ii.  147.  fig.  \^:'^li^,''^o:::Z- ^..'L  tlZ^t'^; 
wa'rT    rE.lst  r        '"        '''''"  '"''  ''  '^'  ^'^"*  ^«^*^*'  California,  and  far  norrh^ 

abIfa'n?n'"T'^°''?H'^  ^T^^'  ^••'-  ^"'"'^'  ^  ^^^^  ^^^^ -^  ^'^^'^  ^^^'^S'  ^^ssile,  only 
about  an  inch  long  with  barely  denticulate-scabrous  margins  and  obsolete  veins :  corolla 

o?  [he  nZ  ?^'  if'  T^  ''T  f  '°"^^^  *'^"  ^'^^  ^""^  ^"^  hardly  twice  the  length 
li  26  &  ,-n  S  l""S.'  ««  °^'''^  the  calyx. -Z.-.Aospem«.,  Z^rum^^eon^^u,  Lehm.  Fulfill. 
11.  26,  &  m  Hook.  F  .  ii.  86.    Mertensia  Drummondii,  Don.  Syst.  iv.  319.-Arctic  sea-shore. 

oiM^'sZ'ica   ^^  '"'''"^'^  "'^"'""^  ^"^  ^-  "'^'""'  ^"^  ^PP^^^^tly  an  arctic  variet; 

M.  paniculata  Don,  1.  c.  Greener,  roughish  and  more  or  less  pubescent :  cauline  leaves 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate:  racemes  loosely  panicled:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  linear  and 
mostly  acute,  hispid-ciliate  or  throughout  hirsute,  equalling  or  only  half  shorter  than  the 
tube  of  the  purple-blue  (6  or  7  lines  long)  corolla.  -  Gray.  1.  c.  Puimonaria  paniculata,  Ait. 
Sn:,  V  ^^^'  ^°"^-  ^''*'  ^^^-  *•  ^^^^-  ^-P'^"'^'  Cham.in  Linn,  iv.49.  P.pnbescens 
Willd.  m  Kcem.  &  Sch.  iv.  744  ?  Lithospermum  Kamtschatiaim,  Turcz.  in  Bull.  Mosc.  1840 
75.^  Mertensia  paniculata,  pilosa,  puhescens  ?  &  Kamtschatica,  DC.  1.  c.  M.  Sibirica,  Torr.  in 
Wilkes  Exp.  xvii.  412.  Lithospermum  corymbosum,  Lehm.  Pugill.  ii.  27,  therefore  M.  corym- 
bosa,  Don,  1.  c.  (Some  forms  connect  with  the  preceding  species,  which  is  on  the  whole 
quite  distinct.)  —  Hudson's  Bay  and  Lake  Superior,  thence  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  (south 
to  Utah  and  Nevada),  Alaska,  Behring  Straits.    (N.  E.  Asia.) 

Var.  nivalis,  Watson,  an  alpine  form,  a  span  or  so  high,  with  thicker  leaves  only 
an  inch  long,  and  rather  slender  tube  to  the  corolla:  ambiguous  between  this  "species 
if.  oblongifolia,  and  the  next.  —  Bot.  King.  239.  —  High  mountains  of  Utah,  up  to  12  000  feet' 
Watson.  '  ' 

=  =  Stems  from  a  foot  down  to  a  span  high :  leaves  smaller  (one  or  two  inches  long),  nearly 
veniless,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  pale  or  glaucescent. 

M.  lanceolata,  DC.  Either  glabrous  or  hirsute-pubescent,  simple  or  paniculately 
branched  :  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to  lanceolate-linear :  racemes  at  length  loosely 
panicled :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  sometimes  obtuse,  ciliate  or  hirsute,  or  rarely  gla- 
brous, more  or  less  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  blue  (5  or  6  lines  long)  corolla,  which  is 
hairy  near  the  base  within :  filaments  generally  longer  than  the  anthers.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  53.  Puimonaria  lanceolata,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  729,  rather  large  form.  P.  marginata, 
Nutt.  Gen.  i.  115.  Lithospermum  marginatum,  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  547.  Mertensia  alpina,  Gray  in 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  in  part ;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6178.  —  Hillsides,  along  tlie  lower 
Rocky  Mountains  and  their  eastern  base,  from  Dakota  and  Wyoming  to  northern  New 
Mexico.  A  variable  species ;  the  largest  forms  approaching  too  near  the  preceding ;  the 
smaller  extremely  different  in  appearance.  Seemingly  occurs  in  two  forms  as  to  length 
of  style  and  filaments,  the  latter  conspicuous  in  both  forms. 

Var.  Fendleri,  Gray,  1.  c,  is  a  (commonly  hirsute)  state,  with  calyx  5-cleft  only  to 
the  middle.  —  M.  Fendleri,  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  —  New  Mexico  {Fendler,  Palmer)  and 
Colorado. 

•J-  •)—  Filaments  extremely  short  and  naiTOwer  than  the  anthers,  inserted  either  on  the  margin  of 
the  throat  or  about  the  middle  of  the  tube  (evidently  heterogone-dimorphous):  style  in  both  kinds 
inchided. 

M.  alpina,  Don,  1.  c.  A  span  or  more  high,  either  nearly  glabrous  and  smooth  or  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse ;  the  cauline  sessile 
(1  or  2  inches  long) :  flowers  in  a  close  or  at  length  loose  cluster:  calyx  5-parted  or  deeply 
5-cleft ;  its  lanceolate  lobes  equalling  or  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  which 
hardly  ever  exceeds  its  limb :  anthers  nearly  sessile,  in  the  low-inserted  form  scarcely 
equalling  the  conspicuous  crests  of  the  corolla :  style  in  this  form  reaching  only  to  about 
the  base  of  the  anthers,  in  the  other  reaching  almost  to  the  mouth  of  the  tube. —  Gray  in 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c,  mainly,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  53.  Puimonaria  alpina,  Torr.  in  Ann. 
Lye.  1.  c.  Mertensia  brevistyla,  Watson,  Bot.  King.  239.  t.  23.  fig.  1,  2,  the  form  with  low 
anthers  and  short  style.  —  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  at  9-11,000  feet,  and  at  lesser  eleva- 
tion in  those  of  Utah.    Corolla  3  or  4  lines  long. 


202  BORRAGINACE^.  Myosotii. 

16.  MY0S6TIS,  L.  Forget-me-not.  (From  jm4',  mouse,  and  ovt,-,  coTOt,-, 
ear,  i.  e.  mouse-ear,  to  which  the  leaves  of  some  species  are  likened.)  —  Low  and 
small  or  spreading  herbs,  usually  soft-hairy  ;  with  sessile  cauline  leaves,  and  small 
mostly  blue  flowers  in  at  length  elongated  racemes,  destitute  of  bracts.  Stamens 
and  style  in  the  genuine  species  included.     Fl.  summer  or  spring. 

*   Calvx  open  in  fruit,  beset  with  fine  and  short  appressed  hairs,  none  of  them  hooked  or  glandular- 
tipped:    racemes  very  loose,  with  widely  spreading  pedicels:  herbage  green;   the  pubescence 
being  rather  sparse  and  short. 
M.  PALUSTRis,  Withering.     (Forget-me-not.)     Perennial  by  subterranean  stolons:  stems 
soon  decumbent,  rooting  at  base :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong :  calyx-lobes  triangular,  much 
shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  with  flat  limb  (3  or  4  lines  in  diameter),  sky-blue  with  yel- 
lowish throat:  nutlets  somewhat  angled  or  carmate  ventrally.—  Koch,  Germ.  504;  Syme, 
Engl.  Bot.  ed.  3,  t.  1104.    M.  scorpioides,  var.  palustris,  L.  &c.  —  In  wet  ground,  probably 
only  where  it  lias  escaped  from  cultivation,  and  not  indigenous.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
M.  laxa   Lehm.     Perennial  from  filiform  subterranean  shoots,  or  perhaps  annual :  stems 
very  slender,  decumbent :  pubescence  all  appressed  :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  somewhat 
spatulate  :  pedicels  usually  double  the  length  of  the  fruiting  calyx  :  lobes  of  the  latter  as 
long  as  the  tube  :  limb  of  the  corolla  rather  concave  (2  or  3  lines  broad,  paler  blue) :  nut- 
lets about  equally  convex  both  sides.  —  Asper.  83  ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  338.    M.  caspilosa,  var. 
laxa,  DC.  Prodr.  x.  105.     M.  palustris,  var.  micrantha,  Lehm.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  81.     M.  palustris, 
xa.TJaxa,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  365.    M.  lingulata,  Lehm.  Asper.  110 ;  Hook.  f.  Fl.  Brit.  Isl.  252 
(M.  ccBsp'itosa,  Schultz;  Syme,  Engl.  Bot.  1.  c.  t.  1103),  a  European  form.  — In  water  and 
wet  ground.  New  York  and  Canada  to  Newfoundland.     (N.  Asia,  Eu.) 
*  *   Calvx  closed  or  with  lobes  erect  in  fruit,  beset  with  looser  and  some  bristly  hairs  having 
minutely  hooked  tips. 
M.  sylvatica,  HofEm.     Perennial,  not  stolonifero^js,  hirsute-pubescent,  either  green  or 
cinereous:  stems  erect:   leaves   oblong-linear   or   lanceolate;   the    radical  conspicuously 
petioled  :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  longer :  calyx  almost  5-parted,  hirsute  with  erect 
hairs  mixed  near  the  base  with  some  more  spreading  and  hooked  ones ;  the  lobes  merely 
erect  or  slightly  closing  in  fruit :  corolla  with  (blue  or  at  first  purple)  flat  limb,  3  or  4  lines 
in  diameter :  nutlets  more  or  less  margined  and  carinate  ventrally  at  the  apex.  —  Perhaps 
none  of  the  typical  form  in  N.  America.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

Var.  alp^stris,  Koch.  Stems  tufted,  3  to  9  inches  high  :  racemes  more  dense : 
pedicels  shorter  and  thicker,  ascending,  seldom  longer  than  the  calyx:  nutlets  larger. — 
M.  alpestris,  Schmidt ;  Lehm.  Asper.  86  &  in  Hook.  Fl.  I.  c. ;  Syme,  Engl.  Bot.  ed.  3,  t. 
1106.  M.  rupicola,  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2559.  — Rocky  Mountains,  from  Colorado  (in  the 
higher  alpine  regions)  and  Wyoming  (mainly  with  short  pedicels)  northward,  and  north- 
west to  Kotzebue  Sound.  (N.  Asia,  Eu.) 
M.  arvensis,  Hoffm.  Annual  or  sometimes  biennial,  loosely  hirsute  :  stem  erect,  loosely 
branching,  often  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate :  racemes  loose,  naked  and 
peduncled :  pedicels  spreading  in  fruit,  longer  or  twice  longer  than  the  equal  5-cleft  calyx, 
which  is  copiously  beset  with  spreading  hooked  hairs  :  corolla  blue  (rarely  white)  ;  the  con- 
cave limb  a  line  or  so  m  diameter :  calyx  closed  in  fruit.  —  Lehm.  Asper.  1.  c. ;  Syme,  I.  c. 
t.  108.  M.  scorpioides,  var.  arveiisis,  L.  3f.  intermedia.  Link.,  DC.  —Fields  in  low  grounds, 
New  Brunswick  to  Louisiana  (?),  rare,  perhaps  not  native.  (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 
M.  VERsfcoLOR,  Pers.  Annual,  slender,  hirsute :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  :  racemes  slender, 
mostly  naked  at  base :  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  deeply  and  equally  5-cleft  calyx : 
corolla  yellowish,  then  blue,  at  length  violet,  not  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species, 
which  it  otherwise  resembles.  —  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.  t.  480;  Syme,  1.  c.  t.  1110,  not  Lehm.  in 
Hook.  Fl.  — Fields,  sparingly  introduced  (Delaware,  Canhy).  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
M.  verna,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  roughish-hirsute  or  hispid :  stems  erect,  3  to  9 
inches  high  :  leaves  spatulate  or  linear-oblong :  racemes  strict,  leafy  at  base :  pedicels 
erect  or  appressed  below  but  spreading  toward  the  apex,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
5-cleft  hispid  unequal  calyx:  corolla  white,  small. —Gen.  ii.  in  addit.  unpaged;  Gra.y, 
Man.  ed.  5,  365.  Lycopsis  Virginica,  L.  Spec.  i.  139,  the  plant  of  Gronov.  Virg.  M'/osotis 
striata.  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  not  Link.  M.  inflexa,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlvi.  98.  — 
Dry  ground,  E.  New  England  to  Florida,  Texas,  Missouri,  &c. 


Lithospermum.  BORRAGINACE^.  203 

Var.  macrosperma,  Chapm.  Taller,  looser,  often  a  foot  high :  pedicels  rather 
more  spreading:  flowers  larger:  the  calyx  sometimes  3  lines  long,  with  lower  calyx-lobes 
twice  the  length  of  the  upper :  nutlets  larger  in  proportion.  —  Fl.  333.  M.  macrosperma, 
Engelm.  1.  c.  M.  versicolor,  Lehm.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  81.  —  Florida  to  Texas  :  also  W.  Idaho, 
Oregon,  and  British  Columbia  ;  sometimes  passing  into  the  typical  form. 

17.  LITHOSPi&RMUM,  Tourn.  Gromwell.  (From  lidog,  a  stone, 
aud  an^Q^a,  seed.)  —  Chiefly  herbs  ;  with  reddish  roots,  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary 
or  subaxillary  or  leafy -bracted  flowers,  developed  in  spring  and  summer,  sometimes 
dimorphous  as  to  length  of  style  and  height  of  insertion  of  anthers  reciprocally. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  in  our  species  with  very  short  filaments.  Stigma  com- 
monly single  and  truncate-capitate,  sometimes  as  in  §  3,  capitate-2-lobed ;  in  L. 
orvense  there  is  a  pair  of  stigmas  below  a  slender  bifid  apex,  a  transition  toward 
the  mode  in  Heliotropiece. 

§  1.  Annuals,  with  small  at  length  widely  scattered  flowers  :  corolla  white  or 
whitish,  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

L.  ARVENSE,  L.  Slightly  canescent  with  minute  appressed  hairs :  stem  loosely  branching 
from  the  base,  erect,  a  span  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  with  prominent 
midrib  and  obsolete  lateral  ribs  :  corolla  f unnelform,  about  3  lines  long ;  the  throat  with 
puberulent  lines :  nutlets  dull,  coarsely  wrinkled  and  pitted,  brownish.  —  Spec.  132 ;  Fl. 
Dan.  t.  456;  Engl.  Bot.  123.  —  Waste  sandy  grounds,  not  rare  from  Canada  southward. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  Matamorense,  DC.  Hirsute  or  hispid :  stems  much  branched  from  the  base  and 
diffusely  spreading,  slender :  leaves  oblong,  very  obtuse  (an  inch  or  so  long),  at  length 
rough :  pedicels  very  short :  corolla  almost  campanulate,  2  lines  long,  a  prominent  trans- 
verse crest  at  base  of  each  lobe:  nutlets  at  length  shining  but  usually  brownish  and 
uneven,  also  coarsely  pitted.  —  Prodr.  x.  76.  L.  prostratum,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1861.  —  Plains  and  river-banks,  Texas,  Berlandier,  Wright,  &c. 

§  2.  Perennials,  with  small  or  rather  small  flowers  :  corolla  greenish-white  or 
pale  yellow,  short ;  its  tube  hardly  if  at  all  longer  than  the  calyx :  mature  nutlets 
bony,  white  and  polished. 

*   Corolla  with  intruded  crests  in  the  throat:  flowers  sparse,  or  at  least  the  fruits  scattered :  nutlets 
apt  to  be  solitary. 

-i—  Pubescence  soft,  fine,  and  short,  only  the  upper  face  of  the  leaves  becoming  scabrous. 

L.  OFFICINALE,  L.  Copiously  branching,  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acute,  pale  (2  inches  or  less  long) ;  a  pair  of  lateral  ribs  more  or  less  manifest: 
tube  of  the  dull-white  corolla  considerably  longer  than  the  limb :  style  nearly  equalling 
the  stamens  :  nutlets  less  than  2  lines  long.  —  Engl.  Bot.  t.  134 ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1034.  —  Road- 
sides, Canada  and  New  England.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  latifolitim,  Michx.  More  sparingly  and  loosely  branched :  leaves  greener,  ovate 
and  broadly  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  all  acute  and  the  lower  tapering  at 
base  (2  to  6  inches  long),  with  2  to  4  pairs  of  ribbed  veins  :  tube  of  the  corolla  little  longer 
than  the  limb  :  style  shorter  than  the  stamens :  nutlets  globose-ovate,  over  2  lines  long.  — 
Fl.  i.  131 ;  Jacq.  Eclog.  t.  1.36.  L.  officinale,  var.  latifolium,  Willd.,  &c.  —  Open  ground  and 
borders  of  thickets,  Upper  Canada  to  Wisconsin  and  south  to  Virginia  and  Tennessee. 
Flowers  yellowish-white,  or  sometimes  light  yellow,  when  it  is  L.  lutescens  of  N.  Coleman 
in  Cat.  PI  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  1874,  29. 

-(—  -I—  Pubescence  hispid  or  rough-hirsute. 

L.  tuberosum,  Rugel.  Stem  at  first  low,  in  age  often  more  than  2  feet  high,  with  some 
spreading  branches  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  large  radical  ones  obovate- 
oblong,  mostly  obtuse ;  the  upper  triple-ribbed,  the  others  nervose-veined ;  bristles  of  the 
upper  and  even  of  the  lower  face  at  length  with  pustulate  base :  flowers  short-pedicelled  : 
corolla  "yellowish-white,"  2  or  3  lines  long:  nutlets  globular,  much  shorter  than  the  at 


204  BORRAGINACEiE.  Lithospermum. 

length  elongated-linear  calyx-lobes:  "roots  bearing  oblong  tubers."  — DC.  Prodr.  x.  76; 
Chapm.  Fl.  332. — Florida,  on  rocky  river-banks,  Ritgel,  Chapman.  Texas,  Wright,  Lind- 
keimer,  only  in  fruit.  Larger  leaves  at  length  4  to  6  inches  long,  and  calyx-lobes  in  the 
Texan  plant  becoming  almost  half  inch  long. 

*  *  Corolla  nearly  naked  at  the  throat,  but  obscurely  puberulent  and  thickened  under  each  lobe: 
inflorescence  dense  and  very  foliose. 
Li.  pilosum,  Nutt.  Soft- hirsute  and  pubescent,  pale  or  canescent :  stems  numerous  from 
a  stout  root,  a  foot  high,  strict,  mostly  simple,  very  leafy  :  leaves  linear  and  linear-lanceo- 
late, 2  to  4  inches  long,  mostly  tapering  from  near  the  base  to  apex ;  the  lateral  ribs  oir 
veins  obscure  :  flowers  densely  crowded  in  a  leafy  thyrsus :  corolla  campanulate-funnel- 
form,  almost  half  an  inch  long,  silky  outside,  dull  greenish-yellow  :  style  slender:  nutlets 
broadly  ovate,  acute,  smooth  and  polished,  2  to  2-^  lines  long.  —  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad. 
Philad.  vii.  43 ;  Wats.  Bot.  King,  238.  L.  Torreyi,  Nutt.  1.  c.  L.  ruderale,  Dougl.  in  Hook. 
Fl.  ii.  89.  —  Hills  and  canons,  Montana  and  British  Columbia  to  Utah  and  the  eastern  bor- 
ders of  California. 

§  3.  BXtschia,  Endl.  (Puccoon.)  Perennials,  with  long  and  deep  red 
roots  (filled  with  dyeing  matter),  very  leafy  stems,  and  mostly  showy  flowers: 
corolla  yellow,  much  exceeding  the  calyx  (except  in  cleistogenous  or  depauperate 
blossoms),  more  or  less  appressed-pubescent  outside;  the  lobes  commonly  undulate 
or  crenulate  and  sinuses  plicate-mfolded  :  pubescent  crests  in  the  throat  apparent : 
stigma  capitate-2-lobed :  nutlets  white,  smooth  and  polished,  the  inner  face  rather 
conspicuously  carinate. — Batschia,  Gmelin. 

*  Corolla  light  yellow,  rather  small;  later  floral  leaves  reduced  to  bracts,  not  surpassing  the  calyx. 
L.  multiflorum,  Torr.  Minutely  strigose-hispid :  stems  virgate,  of  ten  paniculate  at  sum- 
mit, a  foot  or  two  liigh  :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  :  flowers  numerous,  short-pedicelled, 
the  later  spicate  :  corolla  narrow  (5  or  6  lines  long),  with  very  short  rounded  lobes  and 
tube  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  the  crests  or  folds  in  the  throat  inconspicuous.  — 
Watson,  Bot.  King,  238  (remark) ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  51.  L.  pilosum,  Gray  in  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiv.  256,  not  Nutt.  —  Lower  Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  to  Arizona 
and  W.  Texas.  Expanded  hmb  of  corolla  5-cleft,  the  minutely  undulate  rounded  lobes 
only  a  line  and  a  half  long :  ring  at  base  of  the  tube  sparingly  bearded.  Anthers  in  all 
known  specimens  inserted  high  in  the  throat  and  the  style  only  half  the  length  of  the 
corolla ;  but  a  counterpart  form  may  be  expected. 

*  *  Corolla  bright  and  deep  yellow  or  orange  ;  the  tube  from  one  half  to  twice  longer  than  the 
calyx,  and  the  crests  at  the  throat  little  if  at  all  projecting  or  arching;  the  lobes  barely  undulate 
or  entire  :  floral  leaves  or  foliaceous  bracts  large,  much  surpassing  the  calyx.  (Dimorphism  as  to 
height  of  insertion  of  stamens  and  length  of  style  manifest.) 

L.  Calif ornicum,  Gray.  Soft-hirsute,  a  foot  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong:  corolla 
hardly  an  inch  long ;  its  proper  tube  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  its  funnelforra 
throat  considerably  longer  than  the  very  short  lobes,  almost  destitute  of  crests  ;  tlie  glan- 
dular ring  at  base  of  the  tube  inconspicuous  and  naked.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c,  &  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  522.  L.  canescens,  Torr.  in  Pacif .  R.  Rep.  iv.  124,  not  Lehm.  —  California,  in 
Nevada  and  Plumas  Counties,  Bigelow,  Lemmon,  Mrs.  Austin.  Short-styled  and  high-sta- 
mened  form  only  known. 

L.  canescens,  Lehm.  (Puccoon  of  the  Indians.)  More  or  less  canescent  when  young: 
stem  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  the  upper  varying  to 
ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  softly  silky-pubescent,  greener  with  age  but  not  rough  :  corolla 
orange-yellow,  with  rather  ample  deeply  5-cleft  limb,  prominent  crests  in  the  throat,  and 
glandular  ring  at  the  base  naked:  flowers  nearly  sessile.  — Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  L.  canescens, 
&  L.  sericeum,  Lehm.  Asper.  305,  306.  Batschia  canescens,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  130,  t.  14  ;  Barton,  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  t.  58.  Anchusa  canescens,  Muhl.  Cat.  —  Plains  and  open  woods,  in  sandy  soil, 
Upper  Canada  and  Saskatchewan  to  Alabama,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona.  Tube  of  the 
corolla  3  or  4  lines  long;  the  well-developed  limb  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  in  one 
form  style  about  the  length  of  the  tube  and  stamens,  inserted  below  its  middle.  —  To  this 
species  also  belongs  L.  sericeum,  Lehm.,  but  not  Anchusa  Virginica,  L.,  which  as  to  the  Lin- 
naean  herbarium  is  not  identified,  as  to  the  plant  of  Clayton's  herb,  is  an  Onosmodium,  as  to 
Morison's  is  probably  L.  hirtum,  and  as  to  Plukenet's  may  be  either  of  the  Puccoons. 


Onosmodium.  BORRAGINACE^.  205 

L.  hirtum,  Lehm.,  1.  c.  Hispid  or  hirsute,  and  at  length  rough,  a  foot  or  two  hidi  • 
leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  linear  and  floral  ovate-oblong:  cofol  a  brig'  t  orange  with 
ample  and  rotate  deeply  5-cleft  Ihnb  and  prominent  crests  in  the  throat;  the  ri^g  It 
base  withmbearmg  10  very  hirsute  lobes  or  teeth:  flowers  mostly  pedicelled  and  lin'e ar 
lanceolate:  calyx-lobes  elongated. -^a^.c/^.a  Ca,-./<nen«5,  Gmel.  Syst.  i.  315.  S VS 
ti-  r-  p  ""  t?  f""^^-  ^^'-  Lithospennum  decumbens,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
n  225.  Z.  Bejanense  DC  1.  c.  79. -Pine  barrens,  &c.,  Michigan  to  Minnesota,  Virginia, 
Flonda,  Texas  and  Colorado. -Tube  of  the  intense  orange  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long  the 
outspread  limb  sometimes  almost  an  inch  in  diameter,  but  often  half  smaller.  In  some 
specimens,  the  stamens  are  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  corolla  and  the  style  rises  to 
the  throat ;  in  others,  the  style  rises  only  to  the  middle  and  the  stamens  are  in  the  throat. 

*  J  thP  £r"\'il'''^''^  r"°T,'  ^^b'^^'-fo'-m ;  its  tube  in  well-developed  flowers  2  to  4  times  the  length 
of  the  calyx ;  the  crests  in  the  throat  consp  cuous  and  arching;  the  lobes  undulate  and  more  or  less 
erose :  later  flowers  cleistogenous.  —  Pen^d/opAiw,  A.DC.  "'"le  ur  iess 

L.  angustif olium,  Michx.  Erect  or  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  a  span  to  a  foot 
or  more  high,  minutely  scabrous-strigose  and  somewhat  cinereous:  leaves  all  linear: 
flowers  pedicelled,  leafy-bracted,  of  two  sorts ;  the  earlier  and  conspicuous  kind  with  tube 
of  the  corolla  an  inch  or  less  in  length  and  the  rounded  lobes  commonly  crenulate-erose ; 
later  ones,  and  those  of  more  diffusely  branching  plants,  with  mconspicuous  or  small  and 
pale  corolla,  without  crests  in  the  throat,  probably  cleistogenous,  the  style  shorter  than  the 
nutlets ;  in  these  the  pedicels  are  commonly  recurved  in  fruit :  nutlets  usually  copiously 
impressed-punctate,  conspicuously  carinate  ventrally.  —  Michx.  Fl.  i.  130  (the  state  with 
inconspicuous  flowers) ;  Bebb  in  Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  691.  L.  linear  if  olium,  Goldie  in  Edinb. 
Phil.  Jour.  1822,  319,  the  same  state  (unless  possibly  Goldie's  plant  is  L.  aruense).  L.  brevi- 
fiorum,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  PI.  Lindh.  i.  44,  a  similar  state.  Long-flowered  plant  is  Baischia 
longifiora  (Pursh,  Fl.  i.  132),  &  B.  decumbens,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  114.  Lithospermum  longiflomm, 
Spreng.  L.  incisum,  Lehm.  1.  c. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  t.  165.  L.  Mandanense,  Spreng. ;  Hook.  1.  c. 
t.  166,  a  small  and  smaller-flowered  form.  Pentalophus  longijloms  &  P.  Mandanensis,  A.DC. 
Prodr.  X.  87.  — Dry  and  sterile  or  sandy  soil,  prairies  and  banks  of  streams,  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin  to  Saskatchewan  and  Dakota,  south  to  Texas,  and  west  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 
Root  thick  and  deep,  abounding  in  violet-colored  dye.  Glandular  ring  at  base  of  corolla 
naked.  In  the  state  with  large  and  showy  flowers,  as  far  as  known,  the  stamens  are 
always  borne  at  the  upper  part  of  the  tube,  and  the  filiform  style  is  slightly  exscrted : 
but  perhaps  there  is  some  heterogone-dimorphism.  There  are  seemingly  all  stages 
between  these  conspicuous  and  the  cleistogenous  blossoms  which  are  produced  through 
the  season. 

18.  ONOSMODIUM,  Michx.  ("OvoGfia,  and  ddog,  likeness,  from  the  re- 
semblance to  the  Old- World  genus  Onosma.)  —  Perennials  (of  the  Atlantic  States 
and  Mexico,  «S:c.),  rather  stout  and  coarse,  rough-hispid  or  hirsute;  with  nervose 
or  costate-veined  leaves,  and  leafy-bracteate  flowers  crowded  in  scorpioid  spikes 
or  racemes,  when  fruiting  more  separated;  the  bracts  resembling  the  leaves. 
Fl.  spring  and  summer,  strongly  proterogynous,  the  style  early  exserted.  Corolla 
greenish-white  or  yellowish-green:  a  glandular  10-lobed  ring  adnate  to  the  base 
of  the  tube  within.  Nutlets  as  in  most  Lithosperma.  —  Michx.  Fl.  i.  132. 
Onosmodium  and  Macromeria  in  part,  Don  ;  DC.  Prodr.  x.  68  ;  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Gen.  ii.  859.  True  Macromeria  (exserta)  has  versatile  anthers  on  capillary  and 
long  exserted  filaments. 

§  1.  Macromerioides.  Corolla  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx,  narrow  ; 
the  sinuses  plane :  filaments  slender,  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  obtuse  anthers. 
—  Macromeria,  Don,  &  DC.  partly.  (One  or  two  Mexican  species  have  the 
anthers  promptly  versatile  or  transverse ;  in  ours  they  remain  erect.) 

O.  Thlirberi.  Somewhat  sparsely  strigose-liispid  with  short  bristles  (at  least  on  the 
foliage)  and  minutely  appressed-pubescent  or  when  young  canesccnt :  stem  simple,  2  or  3 
feet  high:  leaves  pinnately  5-7-ribbed ;  the  cauline  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong  (4  or  6 


206  BORRAGINACE^.  Omsmodium. 

inches  long),  passing  into  ovate  bracts  (at  length  an  inch  or  two  long)  :  leafy-racemose  inflo- 
rescence in  age  elongated,  many-flowered  :  pedicels  4  or  6  lines  long :  calyx  parted  to  the  base 
into  narrow  linear  lobes  (often  an  inch  long)  :  corolla  narrowly  trumpet-shaped,  2  inches 
long,  whitish  and  densely  villous  outside,  yellow  inside ;  the  lobes  oblong-ovate,  obtuse, 
nearly  equalled  by  the  erect  anthers.  —  Macromeria  viridijlora,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  139, 
not  DC,  according  to  Ic.  Mex.  t.  904,  which  has  broadly  subcordate-ovate  and  acute  corolla- 
lobes,  giving  the  appearance  of  "  excised  sinuses,"  shorter  and  versatile  anthers,  &c.  —  New 
Mexico,  Thurber,  Bigelow,  Wright.     Arizona,  in  dry  woods,  Rothrock.     The  portions  of  base 
of  the  corolla  lobes  which  are  interior  in  the  bud  are  rouadish-auriculate. 
§  2.  Onosmodium  proper.     Corolla  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  the 
lobes  somewhat  conduplicate  in  the  bud ;  the  sinuses  gibbous-inflexed :  filaments 
shorter  (in  our  species  very  much  shorter)  than  the  mostly  sagittate  glandular- 
mucronulate   or   acuminate   anthers :    leaves   pinnately  nervose-ribbed.  —  Onos- 
modium, Michx. 

O.  Bejariense,  DC.  Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  rather  stout,  hispid  with  spreading  bristles  : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  5-7-ribbed  (the  lower  obtuse,  upper  acutish);  upper  surface 
appressed  strigose-hispid,  the  lower  more  or  less  canescent  with  fine  and  soft  pubescence  : 
flowers  short-pedicelled :  corolla  funnelform  (6  to  9  lines  long),  about  twice  the  length  of 
the  calyx,  white ;  the  greenish  ovate-triangular  acuminate  lobes  about  one  quarter  the 
length  of  the  tube,  minutely  pubescent  externally  and  with  some  long  hirsute  hairs.  — 
Prodr.  X.  70.  0.  Carolinianum,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1.  c,  not  DC.  —  Border  of  thickets, 
nearly  throughout  Texas  ;  first  coll.  by  Berlandier. 
O.  Carolinianum,  DC,  1-  c.  Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  shaggy-hispid  :  leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  5-9-ribbed,  generally  hairy  both  sides  :  flowers  nearly 
sessile  :  corolla  short  (4  or  6  lines  long),  yellowish-white,  oblong-funnelform  ;  its  ovate- 
triangular  acute  lobes  very  hairy  outside,  and  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  tube.  —  Litho- 
spermum  Carolinianum,  Lam.  111.  &  Diet.  Suppl.  ii.  837.  Purshia  mollis,  Lehra.  Asper.  383.  — 
Alluvial  grounds,  Upper  Canada  to  Georgia  and  Texas. 

Var.  molle.  A  foot  or  two  high  ;  the  pubescence  shorter  and  less  spreading  or 
appressed  :  leaves  mostly  smaller  (about  2  inches  long),  when  young  softly  strigose-canes- 
cent  beneath.—  Onosmodium  molle,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  133,  t.  15 ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  302.  Purshia 
mollis,  Lehm.  Asper.  382. —  Illinois  to  Saskatcliewan,  Utah,  and  Texas. 
O.  Virginianum,  DC,  1-  c.  Strigulose-hispid  throughout  with  mostly  appressed  short 
bristly  hairs :  stems  rather  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high,  often  paniculate  :  leaves  narrowly 
oblong  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  obtuse  (1  to  2|  inches  long),  3-5-ribbed  :  corolla  yellowish, 
small  (4  lines  long)  ;  the  lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  sparingly  long-bristly  outside,  little 
shorter  than  the  cylindraceous  tube.  —  0.  hispidum,  Michx.  1.  c.  Purshia  hispida,  Lehm.  1.  c. 
Lithospermum  Virginianum,  L.  —  Hillsides  and  banks,  New  England  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
The  specific  names  conferred  by  Michaux  on  this  and  the  preceding  species  were  replaced 
in  the  Prodromus  by  earlier  ones  under  Lidwspermum ;  which  may  be  agreed  to,  Michaux's 
0.  hispidum  being  far  less  hispid  than  0.  Carolinianum,  and  0.  molle  is  a  misnomer  except  for 
the  western  variety  (which  cannot  be  separated)  on  which  Michaux's  specieS  is  founded. 

19.  S^^MPHYTUM,  Tourn.  Comfret.  (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin 
name.)  —  Coarse  perennial  herbs  ;  with  large  and  thick  bitterish  roots,  mucilagi- 
nous juice,  and  loose  or  nodding  racemose  flower-clusters :  bracts  small  or  none. 
Fl.  early  summer.     All  of  the  Old  World. 

S.  OFFICINALE,  L.  (Comfret.)  Two  or  3  feet  high  from  very  thick  roots,  branching, 
rather  soft-hirsute :  cauline  leaves  long-decurrent  on  the  branches,  ovate-lanceolate  and 
narrower,  large  :  corolla  yellowish-white,  half  inch  long :  style  exserted  :  nutlets  wrinkled 
or  almost  smooth.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  into  moist  grounds  sparingly  in  N.Atlantic 
States.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

S.  ASPERRiMUM,  Sims,  a  Caucasian  species,  with  almost  prickly  stems,  very  scabrous  leaves, 
and  blue-purple  flowers,  is  cultivated  both  as  an  ornamental  and  as  a  forage  plant,  and  is  not 
unlikely  to  run  wild. 


Echium.  CONVOLVULACE^.  207 

20.  LYCOPSIS,  L.  BuCxLOSS.  (y/t;x6i,',  wolf,  and  o;f(?,  face  or  likeness ; 
from  some  fanciful  resemblance.)  —  Coarse  setose-hispid  annuals,  of  the  Old 
World,  small-flowered  and  leafy-bracted,  one  species  sparingly  introduced  into 
the  Eastern  Atlantic  States. 

L.  ARVENSis,  L.  Rough  and  inelegant  weed,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  spreading  bristly- 
hairs  at  length  pustulate  at  base  :  leaves  lanceolate,  undulate-margined  :  flowers  more  or 
less  racemose  :  corolla  blue,  or  at  first  purple ;  the  tube  not  longer  than  calyx  ;  lobes  barely 
a  line  long.  —  Dry  waste  grounds,  Canada  to  Virginia :  scarce.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

21.  ECHIUM,  Tourn.  Viper's  Bugloss,  Blueweed.  (Old  Greek  name, 
from  fug,  a  viper  ;  the  shape  of  the  nutlets  likened  to  a  snake's  head.)  —  Bien- 
nials (or  rarely  shrubs),  of  the  Old  World ;  flowering  in  summer.  One  species 
an  introduced  weed. 

E.  vulgAre,  L.  Rough-hispid  herb,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  upper 
linear,  sessile :  flowers  in  short  lateral  spikes  disposed  in  a  raceme-like  tiiyrsus  :  corolla 
almost  an  inch  long,  showy,  purple  changing  to  deep  blue  (rarely  pale).  —  Roadsides  and 
meadows  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  States.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


Order  XCIV.   CONVOLVULACEiE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  stems  generally  twining  or  trailing,  and  many  with  milky' 
juice ;  the  leaves  alternate  and  petioled,  destitute  of  stipules ;  peduncles  truly 
axillary,  1 -flowered  or  cymosely  3-many-flowered ;  flowers  regular  and  perfect, 
5-merous  or  rarely  4-merous,  except  as  to  the  gynoecium  which  is  almost  always 
2-carpellary  ;  calyx  mostly  of  distinct  and  imbricated  sepals,  persistent ;  corolla 
either  plicate  and  the  plaits  convolute,  or  induplicate-valvate,  or  sometimes  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  the  limb  either  lobed  or  entire  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the 
corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with  them,  usually  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  ; 
hypogynous  disk  commonly  annular  and  manifest;  ovary  2-celled  or  rarely 
3-celled,  with  a  pair  of  erect  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell,  or  spuriously 
4-6-celled  (each  cell  being  more  or  less  divided  into  a  pair  of  1-ovuled  half-cells 
by  a  false  partition),  or  rarely  2-4-parted  from  above  around  tlie  style  in  the 
manner  of  Borraginacece  ;  style  single  or  once  or  twice  divided  ;  stigmas  terminal 
or  introrse ;  fruit  capsular  or  sometimes  fleshy ;  seeds  comparatively  large,  filled 
by  a  crumpled  or  plaited  embryo  involving  or  partly  surrounded  by  a  little  muci- 
laginous or  fleshy  albumen,  its  cotyledons  ample  and  foliaceous,  or  in  Cuscuta 
a  spiral  embryo  and  no  cotyledons.  Cuscuta  moreover  is  leafless.  JVolanecs  form 
an  exceptional  tribe  with  several  or  many  indehiscent  carpels,  narrow  cotyledons, 
&c.,  but  are  all  South  American,  and  connect  with  the  following  order.  The 
present  large  order  is  well  distinguished  from  all  its  allies  by  the  character  of  the 
solitary  or  geminate  seeds,  size  and  nature  of  the  embryo,  and  inferior  radicle, 
along  with  the  usually  twining  or  trailing  growth,  alternate  leaves,  &c. 

Tribe  I.  DICHONDRE^.  Ovary  divided  into  2  or  4  carpels  or  almost  separate 
lobes,  surrounding  a  pair  of  basilar  styles. 

1.  DICHONDRA.  Corolla  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  not  plicate;  the  lobes  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Filaments  and  anthers  short.  Ovary  2-parted,  forming  2  indeliiscent  or  irreg- 
ularly bursting  utricles  in  fruit :  styles  2  or  at  base  united  into  one,  filiform :  stigmas 
capitate.  Seed  by  abortion  solitary,  globular,  smooth.  Embryo  biplicate :  cotyledons 
elongated-oblong.     Creeping  herbs. 


208  CONVOLVULACEiE.  Dichondra. 

Tribk  II.  CONVOLVULE^.  Ovary  entire.  Plants  with  ordinary  foliage,  not 
parasitic. 

*  Corolla  plicate  at  the  sinuses  and  the  plaits  dextrorsely  convolute  :  cotyledons  broad, 
often  emarginate. 

2.  IPOMCEA.  Style  undivided,  terminated  by  a  single  capitate  or  2-3-globose  stigma. 
Corolla  from  salverform  or  f unnelform  to  nearly  campanulate.  Capsule  globular,  4-6-  (or 
by  abortion  fewer-)  seeded,  2-4-valved. 

3.  JACQUEMONTIA.  Style  undivided  :  stigmas  2,  ovate  or  oblong,  thick  but  somewhat 
flattened.     Otherwise  as  Ipomaa  and  Convolvulus,  and  intermediate  between  tlie  two. 

4.  CONVOLVULUS.     Style  undivided  or  2-cleft  only  at  the  apex  :  stigmas  2,  from  linear- 
'  filiform  to  subulate  or  ovate,  when  broad  always  thin  and  flat.    Stamens  included.   Corolla 

from  funnelform  to  campanulate.  Capsule  globose,  2-celled,  or  sometimes  imperfectly 
4-celled  by  spurious  partitions  between  the  two  seeds,  or  by  abortion  1-celled,  mostly 
2-4-valved. 

5.  BRE  WERIA.  Style  2-cleft  or  2-parted  ;  the  divisions  simple,  each  bearing  a  capitate 
stigma.     Corolla,  stamens,  and  capsule  of  Convolvulus. 

6.  EVOLVULUS.     Styles  2,  distinct  or  sometimes  united  below,  each  2-cleft:  stigmas 
*  linear-filiform  or  somewhat  clavate.   Corolla  from  funnelform  to  almost  rotate.    Otherwise 

like  Convolvulus  on  a  small  scale,  not  twining. 

*  *   Corolla  not  plicate  in  the  bud,  6-cleft  :  cotyledons  linear,  biplicate,  entire. 

7.  CRESSA.  Styles  2,  distinct,  entire  :  stigmas  capitate.  Calyx  of  5  nearly  equal  sepals, 
equalling  the  oblong-campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla ;  the  limb  of  the  latter  5-parted  into 
oblong-ovate  lobes,  lightly  convolute-imbricaie  and  somewhat  induplicate  in  the  bud. 
Filaments  filiform,  exserted  from  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2-celled,  4  ovuled. 
Capsule  by  abortion  often  1-seeded.     Stems  not  twining. 

Tribe  III.  CUSCUTE^.  Ovary  entire.  Leafless  parasitic  twining  herbs,  destitute 
of  foliage  and  of  all  green  color;  the  spirally  coiled  filiform  embryo  even  destitute 
of  cotyledons.     Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  appendaged  below  the  stamens. 

8.  CUSCUTA.    The  only  genus. 

1.  DICHONDRA,  Forst.  (Formed  of  dig,  double,  and  xovdQog,  grain  or 
roundish  mass,  from  the  twin  fruit.)  —  Small  prostrate  and  creeping  perennials 
(found  almost  all  round  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world,  but  most  in  America)  ; 
with  filiform'stems,  slender  petioles  to  the  reniform  or  round-cordate  entire  leaves, 
and  naked  peduncles  bearing  a  single  small  flower.  Corolla  greenish  or  yellowish- 
white.  Carpels  pubescent.  —  Char.  Gen.  39,  t.  20.  The  following  may  be  the 
only  species. 

D.  repens,  Forst.  Soft-pubescent  or  slightly  sericeous,  but  green  or  greenish :  leaves 
mostly  with  a  deep  basal  sinus :  sepals  obtuse,  at  length  obovate  with  narrowed  base  or 
spatulate :  corolla-lobes  ovate,  nearly  glabrous.  —  Lam.  111.  t.  183 ;  Smith,  Ic.  Ined.  t.  8. 
D.  sericea,  Swartz,  Prodr.  54,  &  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  t.  11,  a  small  and  silky  form.  D.  Carolinensis, 
Michx.  Fl.  i.  1-36,  a  large  and  greener  form.  D.  repens,  macrocalyx,  &  sericea,  Meissn.  in  Mart. 
Fl.  Bras.  vii.  357.  —  "Wet  ground,  Virginia  to  Texas,  near  the  coast,  and  Arizona.  (Trop. 
&  S.  Am.,  Asia,  Oce'anica,  Australia,  S.  Africa.) 

D.  argentea,  'Willcl.  Canescently  sericeous  and  silvery  :  leaves  mostly  with  a  shallow- 
sinus  or  even  truncate,  and  with  comparatively  short  petioles  :  sepals  from  oblong-oval  to 
lanceolate  :  corolla-lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish,  villous  outside.  —  Hort.  Berol.  297, 
t.  81 ;  Meissn.  1.  c.  —  S.  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Mex.,  S.  Amer.) 

2.  IPOMC&A,  L.  Morning  Glory.  (According  to  Linnaeus,  composed 
of  <>,  iTtog,  and  Ofiotog,  like ;  but  ixp  is  a  worm.)  —  A  large  genus,  mainly  of 
twining  herbs,  some  prostrate,  diffuse,  or  even  erect:  fl.  summer.  Calyx  not 
bracteate  at  base,  but  the  outer  sepals  commonly  larger.  Limb  of  the  corolla 
entire  or  barely  5-angulate,  or  slightly  5-Iobed.  Valves  of  the  capsule  usually 
septifragal.      Cotyledons  broad,  commonly  2-lobed.     Genus  here  taken  in  the 


Ipomcea.  CONVOLVULACE^.  209 

extended  sense,  as  in  Meissn.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  vii.  215,  &  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen. 
ii.  870. 

I.  LEUCANTHA,  Jacq.,  a  South  American  species,  is  mentioned  by  Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  as 
having  been  collected  by  Charpentier  in  Arkansas  ;  but  we  have  it  not. 

I.  Carolina,  L.  (Catesb.  Car.  ii.  t.  91),  belongs  to  the  Bahamas  and  other  West  Indies, 
not  Carolina. 

Aniseia  aurea,  Kellogg,  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  229,  with  plate,  is  a  5-foliolate  Ipomcea 
of  Lower  California,  perhaps  undescribed,  and  the  same  as  no.  81  in  the  collection  of  Xan- 
tus,  in  the  same  district,  wliich  was  referred  to  /.  sinuata,  \ar.foliis  integris,  in  P^oc.  Am.  Acad. 
V.  165. 

§  1.  Calonyction,  Griseb.  Corolla  salverform,  ample,  with  very  long  tube, 
flat  limb,  and  throat  not  dilated;  in  aestivation  contorted:  sepals  herbaceous, 
becoming  coriaceous,  the  outer  sometimes  cornute-tipped  :  style  capitate-didyraous  : 
ovules  4,  geminate  in  2  cells,  or  commonly  solitary  in  4 :  flowers  white,  opening 
at  evening  and  for  one  night,  fragrant.  —  Calonyction,  Choisy. 

I.  Bona-nox,  L.  Extensively  twining,  glabrous  :  stem  lactescent,  usually  becoming 
muricate-tuberculose :  leaves  from  ovate-cordate  to  hastate,  entire  or  3-5-lobed,  acuminate  : 
peduncles  1-7-flowered  :  outer  sepals  commonly  with  an  infraterminal  cusp  or  horn  :  corolla 
with  slender  tube  3  or  4  inches  long  and  limb  4  or  5  inches  wide,  green  externally  between 
the  plaits  :  stamens  and  style  short-exserted  ;  capsule  ovate-conical,  acute  :  seeds  glabrous. 
—  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  40-3 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  752.  Calonyction  speciosum,  Choisy,  Convolv.  59,  &  in 
DC.  Prodr.  ix.  345.  —  S.  Florida,  perhaps  indigenous  :  cult,  for  ornament,  especially  south- 
ward.    (Mex.,  W.  Ind.,  S.  Araer.,  and  scattered  through  most  tropical  regions.) 

§  2.  QuiMOCLiT,  Meissn.,  &c.  Corolla  salverform  or  with  somewhat  funnelform 
but  narrow  tube ;  the  limb  not  contorted  in  the  bud :  sepals  membranaceous  or 
herbaceous  :  stamens  and  style  more  or  less  exserted :  ovules  solitary  in  the 
4  cells,  i.  e.  the  2  cells  bilocellate  by  a  spurious  partition  :  flowers  red,  opening  by 
day.     (Ours  glabrous  annuals.)  —  Quamoclit,  Tourn.,  Choisy. 

I.  QuAMOCLiT,  L.  (Cypress- Vine.)  Slender:  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear-filiform 
divisions,  short-petioled  or  sessile :  peduncles  few-flowered  :  corolla  over  an  inch  long, 
scarlet-red ;  the  tube  narrowly  funnelform  above ;  lobes  ovate  :  sepals  merely  mucronate 
or  blunt.  (Hybridizes  with  the  following.) — Lam.  111.  t.  104;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  214.  Quamo- 
clit vulgaris,  Choisy ,  &c. — Cult,  and  sparingly  spontaneous  in  S.Atlantic  States.  (Trop. 
Amer.,  &c.) 

I.  coccinea,  L.  Rather  tall-climbing  :  leaves  slender-petioled,  cordate,  or  with  somewhat 
sagittate  or  hastate  base,  conspicuously  acuminate,  entire,  or  angulate,  or  3-5-tootlied: 
peduncles  few-several-flowered  :  corolla  9  to  20  lines  long,  scarlet  or  verging  to  orange ; 
the  tube  clavate ;  limb  obscurely  lobed,  half  to  two-thirds  inch  wide :  sepals  mostly  with 
slender  appendage  below  the  tip.  —  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  221 ;  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  499.  /.  luteola, 
Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  t.  35,  with  orange-colored  corolla.  Quamoclit  coccinea,  Mcench,  Mcth.  453 ; 
Choisy  in  DC.  —  River-banks,  &c..  Middle  and  S.  Atlantic  States  (apparently  introduced, 
but  well  naturalized),  and  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  where  it  is  probably  indigenous. 
(Trop.  Amer.,  &c.) 

Var.  hederifolia.  Leaves  from  angulate  (or  the  earlier  quite  entire)  to  3-lobed  or 
even  3-parted,  or  sometimes  pedately  5-parted  :  corolla  usually  rather  larger.  — /.  hederifolia, 
L.;  Meissn.  in  Fl.  Bras.  vii.  t.  76,  fig.  1.  /.  sanguinea,  Vahl,  Symb.  iii.  33 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  9; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  1769.     Quamoclit  hederifolia,  Choisy.  — W.  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

§  3.  EuiPOMCEA.  Corolla  funnelform  or  nearly  campanulate  :  stamens  and 
style  not  exserted.  —  Ipomcea,  Batatas,  Pharhitis,  &  Aniseia,  Choisy.  Ipomcea  & 
Pharbitis,  Meissn. 

*  (Morning  Glory.)  Lobes  of  the  stigma  and  cells  of  the  ovary  3  (rarely  varyincr  to  2):  sepals 
long  and  nan-ow,  acuminate  or  attenuate  upward,  herbaceous,  mostly  hispid  or  hirsute  below: 
corolla  funnelform,  purple,  blue,  and  white :  seeds  glabrous.  —  Pharbitis,  Choisy. 

14 


210  CONVOLVULACE^.  lpom<za. 

-I—  Eoot  annual:  flowers  opening  early  in  the  morning,  soon  closing  under  sunshine.  (All  in- 
cluded under  Convolvulus  hederaceus,  L.,  Hort.  Cliff.  &  Spec.  ed.  1.) 

I.  hederacea,  Jacq.  Leaves  deeply  3-lobed  and  deeply  cordate ;  the  lobes  ovate  or 
ovate-lauceolate,  and  the  middle  one  narrowed  at  base,  lateral  ones  sometimes  repand  - 
2-lobed :  peduncles  either  short  or  very  short,  1-3-flowered :  pedicels  none  or  hardly  any  : 
sepals  (two-thirds  to  near  an  inch  long)  linear-attenuate  from  a  dilated  and  densely  long 
villous-hirsute  base,  in  age  the  upper  part  recurved-spreading:  corolla  short-funnelforni, 
sky-blue  with  whitish  tube,  less  than  2  inches  long.  —  Ic.  Rar.  t.  36 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  85 ;  Meissn. 
I.e.  228;  but  not  the  Convolvulus  hederaceus,  L.  Spec.  ed.  2,  219,  at  least  as  to  the  cited 
figures  of  Dill.  Elth.,  but  clearly  C.  N'il,  L.  1.  c,  as  to  the  lower  figure  cited  (fig.  92),  and 
therefore  of  Amer.  authors.  I.  harbata,  Roth,  Cat.  i.  37.  Pharbitis  hederacea,  Choisy,  1.  c. 
—  Waste  and  cult,  grounds,  Penn.  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  barely  naturalized  northward, 
perhaps  indigenous  far  southward.  (Trop.  Amer.  and  now  widely  dispersed.) 
I.  Nil,  Roth,  Cat.  i.  16,  and  of  most  botanists  who  distinguish  /.  hederacea,  ( Convolvulus  Nil, 

L.  1.  c,  only  as  to  fig.  91  in  Dill.  Elth.,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  188,  and  doubtless  C.  hederaceus,  L.,  as 

to  Dill.  Elth.  t.  81,  fig.  93),  is  an  Old  World  species  with  larger  and  longer  corolla  (2  or  3 

inches  long),  attenuate  and  erect  calyx-lobes  an  inch  long,  the  peduncle  and  pedicels  short 

but  distinct,  the  leaves  less  lobed,  &c.     To  this  belongs  Pharbitis  triloba,  Miq.,  and  P.  Nil,  var. 

limbata,  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5720,  a  cultivated  plant.     To  it  properly  belongs  the  Oriental 

name  Nil. 

I.  Mexicana.  Slender :  earlier  leaves  angulate-3-lobed  or  some  entire ;  the  others  as  in 
/.  hederacea,  or  the  middle  lobe  often  broadest  at  base:  peduncles  slender  (from  half  inch 
to  3  inches  long),  commonly  equalling  or  even  surpassing  the  petiole :  fruiting  pedicels  (1  to 
3)  as  long  as  the  caly.x  :  sepals  (only  half  inch  long)  lanceolate,  rather  sparsely  hirsute  or 
hispid  with  comparatively  short  hairs,  erect :  corolla  violet-purple,  only  an  inch  long,  and 
limb  an  inch  or  so  in  diameter.  —  Convolvulus  Jlore  purpurea,  &c..  Dill.  Elth.  t.  83,  fig.  96, 
therefore  in  part  C.  hederaceus,  L. :  it  might  have  taken  this  specific  name  had  not  another 
of  the  confused  species  been  early  taken  up  by  Jacquin  in  Ipomcea.  I.  Nil,  var.  diversifolia, 
Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  343,  viz.  Pharbitis  diversifolia,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1988.  I.  Nil, 
Meissn.  in  Fl.  Bras.  1.  c.  228,  in  part,  &  t.  79,  fig.  1.  —  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  Fendler, 
Wright,  Thurber,  &c.     (Mex.,  &c.)     Nearer  to  the  following  than  to  the  preceding. 

I.  purpiirea,  Lam.  (Common  Morning  Glory.)  Leaves  cordate,  entire:  peduncles 
elongated  (2  to  5  inches  long),  1-5-flowered  :  umbellate  pedicels  fully  twice  the  length  of 
the  calyx,  thickened  and  usually  refracted  in  fruit :  sepals  lanceolate,  half  inch  long,  less 
hirsute  :  corolla  about  2  inches  long,  violet,  purple,  or  pink,  varying  to  white  and  diversely 
variegated. —  Convolvulus  purpureus,  L.  ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  113, 1005,  1682.  Pharbitis  his- 
pida,  Choisy,  1.  c.  —  Cult,  grounds,  an  escape  from  cultivation  in  the  Atlantic  States. 
Texas,  Berlandier.  San  Diego  Co.,  California  {Cleveland),  where  it  may  be  indigenous. 
(Mex,,  &c.,  and  widely  dispersed.) 

-»—  •)—  Root  perennial :  flowers  more  diurnal? 

I.  Lindheimeri.  Finely  appressed-pubescent  (the  stem  retrorsely  so),  when  young 
canescent :  leaves  deeply  5-clef t  or  5-parted,  all  or  the  3  interior  lobes  ovate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate with  a  much  contracted  base,  the  contracted  portion  often  half  the  length  of  the 
dilated  lobe:  peduncle  slender,  1-2-flowcred  (1  to  3  inches  long)  :  pedicels  a  quarter  to  half 
inch  long :  sepals  lanceolate-linear  from  an  at  length  broadish  base,  fully  an  inch  long, 
erect,  sparsely  hirsute  (all  alike)  :  corolla  light  blue,  elongated-funnelform  with  narrow 
tube,  about  ^  inches  long.  —  I.  heterophylla,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  149,  not  Ortega.— 
Rocky  soil,  W.  Texas  to  New  Mexico,  Lindheimer,  Wright.     (Adjacent  Mex.,  Gregg.) 

I.  cathartica,  Poir.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  even  to  the  calyx :  leaves  cordate,  acu- 
minate, entire,  or  some  of  them  3-lobed  or  deeply  cleft :  peduncles  eq,ualling  the  petiole, 
1-5-flowered :  outer  sepals  larger  and  ovate-lanceolate,  the  inner  narrowly  lanceolate,  all 
long-acuminate  :  corolla  2|  or  3  inches  long,  pink-purple  or  crimson.  —  Diet.  Suppl.  iv.  633; 
Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  473.  /.  fastigiata,  Chapm.  Fl.  433,  not  Sweet.  Convolvulus  pudibundus, 
Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  999.  Pharbitis  cathartica,  Griseb.  1.  c.  —  S.  Florida,  Blodgett,  Palmer.  Per- 
haps introduced.     (Bahamas  to  Brazil.) 

*  *  Stiscnia  2-lobed  or  entire :  ovules  only  4  and  proper  cells  of  the  ovary  only  2 ,  but  these  in 
some  divided  by  cellular  matter  forming  an  additional  partition  between  the  two  seeds :  sepals 
membranaceous",  or  rather  fleshy,  or  becoming  coriaceous,  mostly  very  much  imbricated. 


Ipomaa.  CONVOLVULACEiE;  211 

-I-  Creeping  (or  at  least  prostrate  and  not  twining)  perennials,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  flowers  rather 
large,  opening  at  morning. 

I.  Pes-caprSB,  Sweet.  Herbage  succulent :  leaves  orbicular,  mostly  emarginate  at 
both  ends,  2-glandular  at  base,  fleshy,  pinnately  raany-veined,  2  or  3  inches  long,  about 
ecLualled  by  the  petiole :  sepals  oval,  obtuse  :  corolla  (nearly  2  inches  long)  broadly  short- 
funnelform,  purple:  mature  capsule  2-celled :  seeds  rusty-pubescent. —  "  Hort.  Lond. 
ed.  2,  289 ; "  Roth,  Nov.  PI.  109  ;  Desc.  Ant.  u.  t.  130.  /.  maritima,  R.  Br. ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  319. 
I.  orbicularis,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  257.  Convolvulus  Pes-caprce  &  Brasiliensis,  L.— Drifting  sands  of 
the  coast,  Georgia  to  Texas.  (Most  tropical  coasts.) 
I.  acetosaefolia,  Rcem.  &  Sch.  Stem  slender,  extensively  creeping  and  freely  rooting : 
leaves  slightly  succulent,  slender-petioled,  exceedingly  various ;  the  earlier  oblong  or  sub- 
cordate,  or  emarginate  at  both  ends,  either  entire  or  panduriform  or  3-lobed ;  the  others 
sometimes  linear,  sometimes  deeply  3-5-lobed  or  parted,  and  the  lobes  narrowed  at  base ; 
lobes  obtuse':  peduncles  1-flowered  :  sepals  oblong,  mucronate  or  acuminate  :  corolla 
oblong-f unnelform,  white  with  yellowish  throat,  IJ  to  2  inches  long :  capsule  globose,  thin- 
walled,  half  inch  broad,  4-celled  :  seeds  densely  villous-woolly,  globular.  —  Syst.  iv.  246 ; 
Desc.  Ant.  ii.  1. 145  ;  Meissn.  in  Fl.  Bras.  vii.  255,  t.  94.  7.  camosa,  R.  Br.  Prodr.,  ex  Benth. 
Fl.  Austr.  iv.  420.  Convolvulus  littoraUs,  L.  C.  acetoscef alius,  Vahl,  Eel.  i.  18.  C.  stoloniferus, 
Desr.  in  Lam.  Diet.  iii.  550 ;  Cyr.  Pi.  Rar.  i.  14,  t.  5.  C.  obtusilobus,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  139 ;  Ell. 
1.  c.  Batatas  acetoscefolia  &  littoraUs,  Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  338,  excl.  syn.  /.  longijblia, 
Benth.  —  Sandy  sea-coast,  S.  Carolina  to  Texas.  (Most  tropical  shores.) 
I.  longifolia,  Benth.  Prostrate  stems  stout,  6  to  10  feet  long:  leaves  thickish,  short- 
petioled,  pinnately-veined,  from  linear-  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  merely  obtuse  at-  base, 
mucronate  at  tip,  2  to  5  inches  long :  peduncle  1-flowered  :  sepals  broadly  oblong  or  oval, 
very  obtuse :  corolla  very  broadly  open-f unnelform,  white  with  purple  throat,  4  inches 
long,  or  when  widely  expanded  3  or  4  inches  in  diameter :  capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  with 
firm-coriaceous  valves,  an  inch  long :  seeds  oblong,  rather  minutely  hairy  at  the  angles.  — 
PI.  Hartw.  16  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxvi.  t.  21 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  149.  I.  Shumardi, 
Torr.  in  Marcy  Rep.  191.  —  S.  E.  Arizona,  Thurber,  C.  Wright.  (Adjacent  Mex.) 
I.  BatAtas,  Larn.,  the  Sweet  Potato  of  cultivation,  belongs  here,  although  it  has  the 
fleshy  roots  of  the  following,  and  the  stems  trail  rather  than  creep  :  the  leaves  vary  from 
cordate-hastate  to  deltoid,  and  from  nearly  entire  to  laciniate-lobed  or  parted.  Origin  un- 
known, unless  from  I.fastigiata  of  Trop.  Amer. 

-I—  -1—  Twining,  or  at  fii-st  trailing,  but  not  creeping :  leaves  cordate  or  sagittate,  or  with  divisions 
broader  than  linear. 

•H-  Perennials,  with  immense  fleshy-farinaceous  roots:  leaves  cordate,  entire,  or  some  of  them  -3-5- 
lobed :  peduncles  one  several-flowered  :  sepals  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  merely  mucronate,  over 
half  inch  long :  corolla  over  2  inches  long. 

I.  Jalapa,  Pursh.  Freely  twining  from  a  napiform  or  thick  fusiform  root  (white,  some- 
times weighing  40  or  50  pounds),  tomentulose-pubescent,  at  least  the  lower  face  of  the 
shallow-cordate  plicate-veinj'  repand  or  sometimes  lobed  leaves  (these  3  to  5  inches  long)  : 
corolla  "  opening  at  night,"  3  or  4  inches  long,  white  or  light  pink-purple ;  the  narrow  tube 
and  throat  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx  and  deep  purple  :  ovary  imperfectly  4-celled  : 
seeds  densely  clothed  with  long  villous  wool.  —  Fl.  i.  146 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  342,  621 ;  Griseb  1.  c. 
Convolvulus  Jalapa,  L.  Mant.  43  ;  Desf.  in  Ann.  Mus.  Par.  ii.  126,  t.  40,  41  ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  1572.  Ipomaa  macrorhiza,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  141.  Conrolmdiis  macrorhizus,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  352. 
Ipomcea  Mechoacan,  Nutt.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  v.  289.  /.  Michauxii,  Sweet,  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  Fl. 
343.  I.  Purshii,  Don,  Syst.  1.  c.  Batatas  Jalapa,  Choisy,  Convolv.  &  DC.  1.  c.  338.  —  Light 
sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  S.  Carolina  to  Florida.  (Mex.,  W.  Ind.,  &c.)  Apparently  same 
as  the  Mexican  false  or  Mechoacan  Jalap,  but  root  of  the  U.  S.  plant  hardly  purgative. 

I.  pandurata,  Meyer.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so :  stems  trailing  or  twining :  root  very 
long  and  large  (at  length  weighing  10  to  20  pounds)  :  leaves  (2  to  4  inches  long)  usually 
cordate  and  entire,  or  some  of  the  later  angulate  or  panduriform-cordate,  occasionally 
hastate-3-lobed  :  corolla  rather  broadly  funnelform,  2  or  3  inches  long,  white  with  a  dark- 
purple  throat:  ovary  only  2-celled:  seeds  woolly  on  the  angles. —  Esseq.  100,  as  to  name 
only;  Ker,  Bot.  Reg.  t.  588;  Choisy,  1.  c.  381.  Convolvulus  megalorhizos,  etc..  Dill.  Elth.  100, 
t.  85,  fig.  99.  C.  panduratus,  L. ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1939 ;  Ell.  1.  c. ;  Barton,  Med.  t.  23. 
C.  candicans,  Solander  in  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1603,  with  some  minute  pubescence  of  leaves.     Var. 


212  CONVOLVULACE^.  Ipom<£a. 

rubescens,  Choisy,  I.e.,  is  merely  a  longer-flowered  form,  from  Kentucky;  and  Convolvulus 
ciUolatus,  Michx.  1.  c,  from  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  is  probably  the  game.  —  Dry  ground, 
Upper  Canada  to  Florida  and  Texas.     There  is  a  double-flowered  state. 
++  ++   Perennial  with  a  thick  root:  leaves  all  sagittate:  peduncle  mostly  l-flowered:  sepals  as  of 
the  preceding  but  barely  half  inch  long:  corolla  proportionally  very  large. 

I.  sagittata,  Cav.  Glabrous  :  stems  slender  :  leaves  deeply  sagittate,  otherwise  entire, 
acute  or  acuminate ;  some  with  linear-lanceolate  lobes ;  some  (at  least  the  earlier)  larger 
and  broader,  with  ovate-lanceolate  outline  and  oblong  obtuse  basal  lobes :  corolla  pink- 
purple,  2  or  3  inches  long;  the  tube  with  the  narrowish  throat  very  much  exceeding  the 
calyx :  seeds  somewhat  villous  on  the  back  or  sides.  — Ic.  ii.  4,  t.  107  ;  Desf.  Fl.  Atl.  i.  177. 
/.  sagitti/olia,  Ker,  Bot.  Reg.  t.  437 ;  Chapm.  Fl.  344.  Convolvulus  CaroUnensis,  &.C.,  Catesb. 
Car.  i.  35,  t.  35.  C.  speciosus,  Walt.  Car.  9-3.  C.  sagittifoUus,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  138. —  Salt 
marshes  on  the  coast,  N.  Carolina  to  Texas.  (Cuba,  Spain  and  Barbary.) 
++++++  Perennials  with  roots  not  very  large  and  thick,  or  annuals :  corolla  an  inch  and  a  half 
long  or  smaller. 

=^  Calyx  almost  an  inch  long,  large  for  the  size  of  the  corolla. 

I.  sinuata,  Ortega.  Root  perennial :  stem  (rather  woody  at  base)  and  petioles  hirsute 
with  long  spreading  hairs  from  a  papillif orm  base  :  leaves  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  7-parted  ; 
the  divisions  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  sinuately  and  laciniately  pinnatifid  or  incised  : 
calyx  equalling  the  throat  of  the  open-funnelform  corolla  (white  with  purple  eye) :  seeds 
glabrous.  —  Dec.  vii.  84  ;  Choisy,  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  1.  c.  /.  dissecta,  Pursh,  not  Willd.  Convol- 
vulus dissectus,  L.  Mant.  204 ;  Jacq.  Obs.  iv.  t.  28,  &  Vind.  ii.  1. 159.  —  Near  the  coast  in 
Georgia  to  Texas.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

=  =  Cal^-x  in  fruit  over  half  inch  long,  setose-hispid. 

I.  barbatisepala.  Apparently  annual,  glabrous  except  the  calyx :  leaves  pedately  5-7- 
parted ;  the  divisions  lanceolate  with  narrowed  base,  an  inch  or  two  long,  or  the  lateral 
ones  mostly  short,  entire  :  peduncles  1-2-flowered,  not  longer  than  the  petiole  :  sepals 
attenuate-linear  from  a  broader  base,  nearly  equal,  in  fruit  7  or  8  lines  long,  a  third  longer 
than  the  2-celled  4-seeded  globular  capsule,  the  back  strongly  hispid  with  long  and  stout 
spreading  bristles  :  corolla  purple,  less  than  an  inch  long :  stigmas  2,  globose :  seeds  gla- 
brous or  minutely  scurfy.  —  W.  borders  of  Texas ;  declivity  of  mountain  near  El  Paso, 
Wright  (1849,  no.  507).  Calyx  nearly  as  of  /.  hederacea,  Jacq.,  but  with  stififer  beard. 
==  =  ==  Calyx  5  to  9  lines  long,  completely  glabrous  :  root  perennial. 

I.  Thlirberi.  Glabrous  throughout,  apparently  with  only  low  twining  stems  from  a  thick- 
ened root  or  tuber :  leaves  palmately  or  pedately  and  deeply  5-7-cleft  (an  inch  or  more  in 
diameter)  ;  the  widely  divergent  lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  or  the  one  or  three  middle 
ones  somewhat  caudately  prolonged,  the  narrow  tip  obtuse :  peduncle  short,  l-flowered, 
clavate  in  age :  corolla,  &c.,  not  seen  :  sepals  in  fruit  8  or  9  Hnes  long,  lanceolate-attenuate 
from  a  broader  base,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  4-celled  4-valved  globular  coriaceous 
capsule  :  seeds  clothed  with  fine  brownish  somewhat  furfuraceous  pubescence.  —  South- 
eastern border  of  Arizona,  near  Santa  Cruz,  Thurber  (no.  966),  Wright. 

I.  trifida.  Don.  Much  resembles  /.  commutata ;  but  the  root  perennial,  the  pubescence 
shorter  and  softer,  peduncles  longer,  and  calyx  glabrous.  —  Convolvulus  trijidus,  HBK.  Nov. 
Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  107.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

Var.  Torreyana.  Nearly  glabrous  throughout,  freely  twining :  leaves  cordate,  about 
2  inches  long ;  some  entire  or  merely  angulate  :  most  3-cleft,  with  ovate  lobes,  the  lateral 
externally  rounded :  peduncles  surpassing  the  leaves,  umbellately  3-10-flowered :  pedicels 
in  age  muriculate-scabrous  :  sepals  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate-acurainate, 
chartaceous,  5  lines  long,  not  at  all  ciliate :  corolla  f unnelform,  pink  or  lilac-purple,  over 
an  inch  long  :  capsule  globular,  chartaceous,  simply  2-celled,  either  glabrous  or  sparingly 
pilose  at  tip,  about  equalling  the  calyx:  seeds  glabrous  and  very  smooth.—/,  commutata, 
Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  149,  not  Roem.  &  Sch.  I.  fastlgiata  1  Torr.  1.  c,  not  Sweet.  —  W. 
and  S.  Texas,  Wright,  Bigelow,  Lindheimer,  Schott. 

Var.  Berlandieri.  Perhaps  only  a  depauperate  form  :  leaves  smaller  and  deeper 
cleft,  some  almost  3-parted  ;  the  middle  lobe  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  longer, 
giving  a  somewhat  hastate  outline  ;  the  lateral  divisions  often  2-lobed  or  2-3-cleft  and 
their  lobes  acute:  peduncles  only  an  inch  long.  —  Bejar,  Texas,  Berlandier.  Referred  by 
Choisy  to  /.  commutata. 


Ipomoea.  CONVOLVULACE^.  213 

=  ==  =  =  Cal^'x  3  to  6  lines  long,  thinnish,  pilose  or  at  least  ciliate  with  some  long  and  soft 
hairs  rising  from  a  more  rigid  or  papilliform  base,  more  or  less  longer  than  the  small  and  thin- 
walled  globuhir  'i-cclled  capsule,  which  is  sparsely  pilose  but  sometimes  glabrate  at  the  upper 
part:  seeds  glabrous :  stems  freely  twining:  root  annual. 

I.  COmmutata,  Roem.  &  Sch.  Hirsute-pubescent  or  glabrate :  leaves  (2  or  3  inches 
long),  cordate,  some  entire,  some  strongly  3-lobed  with  middle  lobe  ovate-lanceolate  and 
acuminate  ;  the  lateral  usually  shorter  and  broader,  sometimes  again  2-lobed :  peduncles 
slender,  1^  to  3  inches  long,  1-3-flowered :  sepals  oblong,  acuminate,  5  lines  long :  corolla 
an  inch  or  more  long,  purple  or  pink.  — Syst.  iv.  228  ;  Choisy,  1.  c.  Convolvulus  Carolinus, 
L.  Spec.  i.  154  (Dill.  Elth.  100,  t.  84,  fig.  98)  ;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  139.  Ipomcea  Carolina,  Pursh, 
Fl.  i.  145,  not  L.,  which  is  W.  Indian.  /.  trichocarpa,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  258,  which  slightly  antedates 
the  name  commutata,  but  is  misleading,  the  fruit  being  not  rarely  glabrate  or  glabrous.  — 
Dry  or  low  grounds,  S.  Carolina  to  Texas. 

I.  lacunosa,  L.  Slightly  pubescent  or  hirsute,  or  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  as  the  pre- 
ceding or  less  lobed,  more  commonly  ovate-cordate  and  entire,  conspicuously  acuminate : 
peduncles  shorter :   sepals  commonly  broader  and  mostly  naked,  except  the  long-ciliate 

.  margins :  corolla  half  inch  or  so  in  length,  narrow-funnelform,  white  or  with  a  purple 
acutely  5-angulate  border  :  globose  capsule  more  turgid  and  pilose.  —  Spec.  i.  161  (Dill.  1.  c. 
t.  87,  fig.  102) ;  Michx.  1.  c. ;  Ell.  1.  c.  Convolvulus  micranlhus,  Riddell,  Syn.  Fl.  W.  States, 
70.  —  River  banks  and  low  grounds,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  S.  Carolina,  and  Texas. 

I.  triloba,  L.  Stems  slender,  sparsely  pubescent :  leaves  usually  glabrous,  very  deeply 
3-lobed  or  almost  3-parted;  the  divisions  mostly  entire;  the  middle  ovate  or  lanceolate- 
ovate  with  narrowed  base ;  the  lateral  semicordate :  peduncles  usually  elongated  :  sepals 
3  lines  long,  oblong-ovatc :  corolla  narrow,  two-thirds  inch  long,  resembling  that  of  the 
preceding,  but  purple.  — Choisy,  1.  c.  383;  Chapm.  Fl.  343.  — Key  West,  Florida;  perhaps 
introduced.     (Trop.  Amer.) 


=  =  =  =  ==  Calyx  only  2  lines  long,  naked  and  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  glabrous  simply 

2-celled  thin-walled  capsule:  herbage  glabrous  throughout:  root  not  seen. 

I.  "Wrightii.  Stems  very  slender:  leaves  all  digitately  divided  into  5  narrowly  lanceolate 
entire  leaflets  (all  12  to  18  lines  long,  or  the  lateral  shorter,  obtuse  or  acutish  and  mucro- 
nulate) :  peduncles  slender,  1-flowered,  not  exceeding  the  petiole  :  sepals  ovate,  very  obtuse^ 
equal:  corolla  pink  or  purple,  narrowly  furmelform,  half  inch  long:  capsule  ovoid,  4  lines 
long :  seeds  globular,  minutely  and  densely  puberulent.  —  Texas,  Wright,  probably  from 
the  southern  part  of  the  State.  Habit  of  /.  quinquefolia,  but  leaves,  corolla,  &c.,  different. 
A  plant  resembling  it  was  collected  by  Dr.  Palmer  on  the  Yaqui  River,  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Mexico,  in  which  the  leaves  seem  to  be  pedate,  and  the  long  filiform 
peduncles  coil  in  the  manner  of  tendrils. 

I.  cardiophyila.  Very  glabrous  :  leaves  broadly  cordate  and  with  basal  lobes  somewhat 
incurved,  entire,  acuminate,  an  inch  or  two  long :  peduncles  mostly  1-flowered  and  shorter 
than  the  slender  petiole :  sepals  ovate,  acute,  thickish  but  scarious-margincd,  more  or  less 
muriculate-glan^ular  on  the  back :  corolla  purple,  three-fourths  inch  long,  campanulate- 
funnelform  above  the  narrow  tube,  which  barely  equals  the  calyx :  capsule  ovoid,  half 
inch  long  ;  the  thin  valves  finely  lineolate  :  seeds  oval,  brownish-puberulent.  —  Western 
borders  of  Texas,  in  the  mountains  near  El  Paso,  Wright.  In  calyx  and  foliage  considerably 
resembling  /.  violacea. 
^_  ^   H_  stems  erect  or  diffuse,  feebly  if  at  all  twining,  never  creeping  or  even  prostrate :  leaves 

or  their  divisions  all  linear  or  narrower  and  entire. 
++   Leaves  simple  and  entire :  flowers  large :  root  perennial,  immense,  weighing  from  10  to  100 
pounds. 

I.  leptoph:^lla,  Torr,  Very  glabrous:  stems  erect  or  ascending  (2  to  4  feet  high),  and 
with  recurving  slender  branches  :  leaves  linear  (2  to  4  inches  long,  2  or  3  lines  wide),  short- 
petioled,  acute :  peduncles  short,  1-2-flowered :  calyx  3  or  4  lines  long ;  the  sepals  broadly 
ovate,  very  obtuse,  outer  ones  shorter :  corolla  pink-purple,  funnelform,  about  3  inches 
long :  capsule  ovate,  an  inch  long :  seeds  rusty-pubescent.  —  Frem.  Rep.  95,  &  Emory  Rep. 
148,  t.  11.  Convolvulus  Caddoensis,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1862.  —  Plains  of  Ne- 
braska and  Wyoming  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico :  a  striking  and  showy  species,  first  col- 
lected, in  Long's  Expedition,  by  Dr.  E.  James,  who  singularly  mistook  it  for  an  annual. 
Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  223.    ( Convolvulus.) 


214  CONVOLVULACEiE.  Ipomcza. 

++  ++  Leaves  palmately  or  pedately  divided  or  parted, 
=  Almost  sessile  and  the  divisions  all  simple:  root  perennial,  an  oblong  tuber. 

I.  muricata,  Cav.  A  span  or  two  high,  erect,  loosely  branched,  glabrous,  slender  :  leaves 
of  5  (or  sometimes  pedately  7)  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  raucronate-acute  divisions  or 
leaflets  (6  to  10  lines  long)  :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1-flowered :  sepals  lanceo- 
late-ovate, tuberculate-muricate  on  the  back  or  midrib:  corolla  narrowly  funnelform, 
crimson-purple,  an  inch  long :  capsule  globose,  nodding,  hardly  3  lines  long  :  seeds  almost 
glabrous.  —  Ic.  v.  52,  t.  478,  fig.  2 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  150.  Convolvulus  capUlaceus, 
HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  97.  —  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.     (Mex.,  &c.) 

=  =  Leaves  distinctly  petiolate :  root  annual :  stems  diffuse,  filiform. 

I.  leptotoma,  Torr.  Diffuse  or  procumbent  and  feebly  twining,  a  foot  or  two  long, 
glabrous  up  to  the  pedicels :  leaves  pedately  5-7-parted  into  narrowly  linear  attenuate- 
acuminate  or  acute  divisions ;  the  middle  and  longer  one  an  inch  or  two  long  :  peduncles 
slender,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaf,  1-2-flowered :  pedicels  and  lanceolate  attenuate- 
acuminate  3-nerved  sepals  hirsute :  corolla  funnelform,  purple,  over  an  inch  long :  capsule 
globose-ovoid,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  seeds  glabrous.  —Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  150.  —  Arizona, 
Thurber,  Wright,  Palmer. 

I.  COStellata,  Torr.  1.  c.  Erect  and  diffuse,  at  length  procumbent  or  slightly  twining, 
glabrous  or  minutely  hirsute  :  leaves  pedately  7-9-parted  into  linear  or  somewhat  spatulate 
(or  the  upper  into  filiform)  divisions  of  somewhat  equal  length  (half  to  an  inch  long)  : 
peduncles  filiform,  surpassing  the  leaf,  1-3-flowered :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
acute,  glabrous  (as  is  the  pedicel),  carinately  l-nerved  or  obscurely  3-nerved;  the  keel  of 
the  outer  ones  salient  and  often  undulate-cristate  or  tuberculate  :  corolla  narrowly  funnel- 
form, approaching  salverform,  a  third  or  hardly  half  inch  long,  twice  or  thrice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  pink-purple  or  paler,  with  5  short  mucronate-pointed  lobes  :  capsule  globular, 
as  long  as  the  calyx  :  seeds  minutely  puberulent.  —  S.  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Mex.) 

3.  JACQUEM6NTIA,  Choisy.  (  Victor  Jacquemont,  a  French  naturalist 
and  traveller,  died  in  India.)  —  A  rather  small  genus,  tropical  or  subtropical, 
mostly  with  the  aspect  of   Convolvulus.     Fl.  summer.     Seeds  in  ours  roughish. 

J.  ABDTiLofDES,  Benth.,  to  which  belongs  Dr.  Kellogg's  Aniseia  azurea,  is  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia.    It  is  doubtful  if  either  of  the  following  are  indigenous. 

J.  violacea,  Choisy.  Twining,  pubescent  or  almost  glabrous  :  leaves  cordate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  cuspidate-acuminate:  peduncles  slender,  umbellately  or  cymosely  several- 
flowered  :  sepals  ovate,  acuminate ;  the  outer  larger  and  subcordate  :  corolla  short-funnel- 
form,  half  inch  long,  violet.  —Chapm.  Fl.  344.  Convolvulus  violaceus,  Vahl.  C.  pentanlhos, 
Jacq.  Ic.  Ear.  ii.  t.  316 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2151.  —  Key  West,  Florida,  Blodgett:  (Trop.  Amer.) 
J.  tamnif  olia,  Griseb.  Erect  or  at  length  twining,  fulvous-hirsute  :  root  annual :  leaves 
cordate  and  ovate,  long-petioled,  pinnately  veiny :  peduncles  elongated,  capitately  many- 
flowered  :  glomerate  cluster  involucrate  with  foliaceous  bracts  :  sepals  subulate-linear,  fer- 
rugineous-hirsute,  5  lines  long,  nearly  equalling  the  violet  corolla. —  Fl.  W.  Ind.  474; 
Meissn.  in  Fl.  Bras.  vii.  302.  Ipomcea  tamnifolia,  L.  (Dill.  Elth.  t.  318,  fig.  414.)  Convolvulus 
ciliatus,  Vahl.  C.  tamnifolius,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  258.  —Cult,  and  waste  grounds,  from  S.  Carolina 
and  Arkansas  southward.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

4.  CONVOLVULUS,  L.  Bindweed.  (From  convolvo,  I  entwine.)  — 
Herbs  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants  (of  many  species,  most  of  them  in  the  Old 
World),  either  twining,  erect,  or  prostrate ;  with  small  or  rather  large  flowers  (in 
summer),  some  opening  at  dawn,  some  in  bright  sunshine. —  Convolvulus  &  Caly- 
stegia,  R.  Br. ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  874. 

§  1.  Calystegia.  Stigmas  from  ovate  or  oval  to  oblong,  very  flat:  solitary 
flower'  involucellate  by  a  pair  of  persistent  membranaceo-foliaceous  broad  bracts, 
which  are  close  to  the  calyx  and  enclose  or  exceed  it :  corolla  open  in  sunshine  : 
ovary  and  capsule  commonly  somewhat  one-celled  by  the  imperfection  of  the  par- 


Convolvulus.  CONYOLVULACE^.  215 

tition :  perennials,  with  filiform  creeping  rootstocks.  —  Calystegta,  R.  Br.,  Hook. 
&  Benth.,  &c. 

Calystegia  paradoxa,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  729,  which  was  described  from  Sherard's  herbarium, 
and  supposed  to  come  from  Virginia  or  Carolina,  is  not  recognizable,  and  is  certainly  no  true 
Calystegia. 

C.  Soldanella,  L.  Glabrous,  fleshy  :  stems  low  and  mostly  short,  creeping  or  trailing  : 
leaves  reniform,  entire  or  obscurely  angulate,  often  emarginate,  an  inch  or  two  wide,  long- 
petioled  :  bracts  roundish  and  obscurely  cordate,  not  longer  than  the  se.pals  :  corolla  pink- 
purple,  12  to  18  lines  long,  short-f unnelform  :  stigmas  ovate.  —  Spec.  i.  159 ;  Engl.  Bot. 
t.  314 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  533.  Calystegia  Soldanella  &  C.  reniformis,  R.  Br.  Prodr.  433.  — 
Sands  of  the  Pacific  coast,  Puget  Sound  to  California.     (Most  Pacific  shores,  Eu.,  &c.) 

C.  spithameeus,  L.  Soft-pubescent  or  tomentose:  stem  erect  or  ascending,  or  sometimes 
decumbent,  a  span  to  2  feet  long,  mostly  simple  and  not  twining :  leaves  short-petioled, 
oblong,  with  rounded  or  subcordate  or  sometimes  short-sagittate  base :  bracts  ovate,  not 
auricled  at  base :  corolla  white,  campanulate-f  unnelform,  1|  to  2  inches  long :  stigmas  oval. 
—  Spec.  i.  158 ;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  251.  C.  stans,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  136.  Calystegia  spithamcea  &  C.  tomen- 
tosa,  Pursh,  Fl.  1.  434.  C.  spithamcea,  Hook.  Exot.  t.  97,  but  stigihas  too  narrow.  —  Dry  and 
sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Canada  to  Wisconsin  and  south  to  Florida. 

C.  sepium,  L.  Glabrous,  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  freely  twining  :  leaves  slender-petioled, 
deltoid-hastate  and  triangular-sagittate  (2  to  6  inches  long),  acute  or  acuminate;  the  basal 
lobes  or  auricles  either  entire  or  angulate-2-3-lobed  :  peduncles  mostly  elongated  :  bracts 
cordate-ovate  or  somewhat  sagittate,  commonly  acute  :  corolla  broadly  f unnelform,  2  inches 
long,  white  or  tinged  with  rose-color :  stigmas  from  oval  to  oblong.  —  Curt.  Fl.  Lond. 
t.  32  ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  318 ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  458.  Calystegia  sepium,  R.  Br.  Prodr.  483 ;  Reichenb. 
Ic.  Germ,  xviii.  t.  1340.  —  Moist  alluvial  soil,  or  along  streams,  Canada  and  N.  Atlantic 
States  to  Utah.     (Eu.,  &c.) 

Var.  Americanus,  Sims.  Corolla  pink  or  rose-purple:  bracts  obtuse. -:- Bot. 
Mag.  t.  732.  C.  sepium  of  Am.  authors  in  large  part.  Calystegia  sepium,  var.  rosea,  Choisy 
in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  433.  —  Canada  to  Carolina  and  Oregon.     (N.  Asia.) 

Var.  repens.  Corolla  from  almost  white  to  rose-color :  bracts  from  very  obtuse  to 
acute:  herbage  from  minutely  to  tomentose-pubescent :  sterile  and  sometimes  flowering 
stems  extensively  prostrate  :  leaves  more  narrowly  sagittate  or  cordate,  the  basal  lobes 
commonly  obtuse  or  rounded  and  entire.  —  Convolvulus  repens,  L.  Spec.  i.  158  (as  to  pi. 
Gronov.,  excl.  syn.  Plum.  &  Rheede) ;  Michx.  1.  c.  Calystegia  sepium,  var.  pubescens,  Gray, 
Man.  ed.  5,  376.  C.  Catesheiana,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  729  ;  Choisy,  1.  c.  —Canada  ?  to  Texas,  and 
west  to  Dakota  and  New  Mexico,  on  banks  and  shores.  Sometimes  with  almost  glabrous 
and  thickish  leaves ;  Calystegia  sepium,  var.  maritima,  Choisy,  in  part.  (The  species  widely 
diffused  over  the  world  and  variable.) 

§  2.  Stigmas  linear  or  oblong-linear,  flat :  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  calyx  as  in 
the  preceding  section  or  smaller,  or  various  at  the  base  of  a  short  pedicel.  Cali- 
fornian  species. 

C  OCcidentalis,  G-ray.  Glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent :  stems  freely  twining  :  leaves 
slender-petioled,  from  angulate-cordate  with  a  deep  and  narrow  sinus  to  sagittate  or  tlie 
upper  hastate  ;  the  posterior  lobes  often  1-2-toothed  :  peduncles  elongated,  surpassing  the 
leaf,  sometimes  proliferously  1-3-flowered  :  bracts  at  base  of  calyx  ovate  or  obscurely  cor- 
date, membranaceous,  equalling  it  or  rather  longer,  mostly  obtuse  :  corolla  campanulate- 
f unnelform,  white  or  pinkish,  12  to  18  Hnes  long:  stigmas  linear.— Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi.89, 
&  Bot.  Calif,  i.  533.  —  Dry  hills,  W.  California,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  to  San  Diego. 

Var.  tenuissimus,  Gray,  1.  c,  a  form  with  narrowly  hastate  or  sagittate  leaves 
(only  an  inch  or  two  long),  the  middle  and  mostly  the  basal  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate  : 
bracts  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate.  —  Santa  Barbara  and  San 
Diego,  Nuttall,  Cooper,  &c. 

C.  Californicus,  Choisy.  Minutely  and  often  densely  pubescent :  stems  very  short 
and  erect  from  filiform  rootstocks,  flowering  close  to  the  ground,  or  at  length  witli  prostrate 
branches  a  span  or  even  a  foot  long  :  leaves  slender-petioled,  from  ovate  or  round-obovate 
to  deltoid  or  subcordate  and  obtuse,  or  the  later  somewhat  sagittate  or  hastate  and  acute 


216  CONVOLVULACE^.  Convolvulus. 

(an  inch  or  so  long)  :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petiole  :  bracts  at  base  of  calyx  oblong, 
obtuse,  about  equalling  and  somewhat  resembling  the  outer  very  obtuse  sepals  :  corolla 
broadly  funnelform,  li  to  2  inches  long,  white,  cream-color,  or  flesh-color  :  stigmas  linear- 
oblong. —  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  405;  Gray,  1.  c.  Calystegia  subacaulis,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech. 
363.  —  W.  California,  on  hills,  &c.,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  southward. 

C.  villosus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Densely  velvety-tomentose  throughout,  mostly  silvery-white, 
low  :  steins  decumbent  or  prostrate,  feebly  if  at  all  twining :  leaves  slender-petioled,  from 
reniform-hastate  to  sagittate,  an  inch  or  less  long  ;  the  basal  lobes  often  angulate-toothed : 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaf :  bracts  at  base  of  and  equalling  the  calyx,  oval  or  ovate, 
white-tomentose  :  corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  cream-color,  an  inch  long :  stigmas  nar- 
row-linear. —  Calystegia  villosa,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  17.  —  Dry  and  sandy  soil, 
California,  Monterey  Co.,  and  Plumas  Co.  to  Tejon. 

C.  luteolus.  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  soft-pubescent :  stems  a  span  or  two  long  and 
ascending  or  more  elongated  and  twining  :  leaves  slender-petioled,  from  triangular-  or  del- 
toid-hastate to  sagittate,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  peduncles  equalling  or  surpassing  the  leaves : 
bracts  about  their  own  length  distant  from  the  calyx,  narrowly  oblong  varying  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  2  to  4  lines  long,  much  smaller  than  the  chartaceo-coriaceous  very  obtuse 
unequal  sepals,  a  second  flower  rarely  in  the  axil  of  one  of  them  (occasionally  the  bracts 
alternate) :  corolla  12  to  18  lines  long,  campanulate-funnelform,  pale  yeUow  (sometimes 
purplish  or  fading  to  purple  1):  stigmas  linear.  —  Ipomcea  sagittifolia,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot. 
Beech.  151  (as  to  Calif,  plant) ;  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  127,  the  stigmas  certainly  linear ! 
Convolvulus  Californicus,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  326,  not  Choi&y.  —  California,  from  around  San 
Francisco  Bay  northward,  and  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Var.  f ulcratus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Soft-pubescent :  bracts  foliaceous,  hastate  or  sagittate, 
and  short-petioled,  resembling  diminutive  leaves,  3  to  6  lines  long,  about  their  length  dis- 
tant from  the  calyx  or  sometimes  closely  subtending  it. —  Convolvulus  arvensis,  var.  villosus, 
Torr.  1.  c.  — ^Foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Stanislaus  southward. 

§  3.  Stigmas  filiform  or  narrowly  linear  :  no  bracts  at  or  near  the  base  of  the 
calyx. 

*   Procumbent  or  low-twining  perennials:  bracts  of  the  1-3-flowered  peduncle  small  or  minute  and 

subulate:  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long,  broadly  short-funnelform. 

^—  Introduced  species,  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  broad  and  entire. 
C.  ARVENSIS,  L.  Mostly  procumbent :  leaves  oblong-sagittate  or  somewhat  hastate,  an  inch 
or  two  long ;  the  basal  lobes  short  and  acute  :  bracts  a  pair  at  the  base  of  the  pedicel, 
small,  subulate:  corolla  white,  commonly  tinged  with  rose:  stigmas  filiform. —  Fl.  Dan. 
t.  459  ;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ,  xviii.  1. 1337.  —Old  fields,  N.  Atlantic  States.  (Sparingly  nat. 
from  Europe.) 
-t—  -1—  Indigenous  Texan  species,  cinereous-pubescent  or  canescent :  leaves  commonly  lobed  or 

dentate :  flowers  opening  in  afternoon  sunshme :  corolla  ferrugineous-silky-hirsute  outside  in  the 

bud. 
C.  hermannioides.  Sericeous-tomentulose  :  stems  3  to  5  feet  long,  mainly  procumbent : 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  and  with  sagittate  or  narrowly  cordate  base, 
1|  to  3  inches  long,  repand-  or  sinuate-dentate,  sometimes  obsoletely  so,  rather  short- 
petioled  ;  the  veins  not  plicate-impressed  above  nor  prominent  beneath  :  peduncles  rather 
longer  than  the  leaves,  1-2-flowered :  sepals  half  inch  long  or  nearly  so,  oval-oblong, 
mucronate  and  obtuse  or  barely  acute  :  corolla  white,  an  inch  long,  the  border  merely 
angulate.  —  C.  Hermannice,  Choisy  in  DC.  1.  c.  as  to  Texan  plant;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
148,  not  of  L'Her.,  which  is  Peruvian  and  Chilian.  —  Texas,  in  dry  prairies.  Narrow-leaved 
forms  approach  the  next. 
C.  incanus,  Vahl.  Cinereous  or  canescent  with  a  close  and  short  silky  pubescence 
(rarely  greener  and  glabrate) :  stems  filiform,  1  to  3  feet  long,  mainly  procumbent :  leaves 
polymorphous  ;  some  simply  lanceolate-  or  linear-sagittate  or  hastate  (1  or  2  inches  long, 
2  or  3  lines  wide,  obtuse  and  mucronate,  entire,  and  with  the  narrow  elongated  basal  lobes 
entire  or  2-3-toothed) ;  some  pedate,  having  narrowly  2-3-cleft  lateral  lobes  or  divisions, 
some  more  coarsely  3-5-parted,  with  lobes  entire  or  coarsely  sinuate-dentate ;  some  of  the 
early  ones  ovate-  or  oblong-cordate  and  merely  sinuate-dentate  :  peduncles  1-2-flowered, 
as  long  as  the  leaf :  sepals  a  quarter  inch  long,  oval,  obtuse,  or  merely  mucronate-tipped : 


Breweria.  CONVOLVULACE^.  217 

corolla  white  or  tinged  with  rose,  half  inch  long,  the  angles  salient-acuminate.  — Symb. 
iii.  23  (1790).  C.  Bonariensis  &  C.  dissectus,  Cav.  Ic.  v.  t.  480  (1799).  C.  equitans,  Benth.  PI. 
Hartw.  16.  C.  kastatus,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  ser.  2,  v.  194.  C.  lobatus,  Engelm.'& 
Gray,  PL  Lindh.  i.  44.  C.  glaucifoUus,  Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  412,  but  probably  not  IpomvEa 
glauci/olia,  L.,  viz.  Dill.  Elth.  t.  87,  fig.  101,  which  is  "glaucous  and  glabrous."  — Dry 
prairies  and  hills,  Arkansas  and  S.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona.  (Mex.,  Extra-trop. 
S.  Amer.) 

*  #  Erect  and  much  branched  feebly  twiaing  perennial,  glabrous  throughout,  small-leaved. 
C.  longipes,  Watson.  Stems  slender,  loosely  much  branched,  a  foot  to  a  yard  high : 
leaves  mostly  linear-hastate,  short-petioled  (an  inch  or  two  long,  a  line  or  two  wide), 
thickish,  veinless,  entire,  cuspidate-mucronate,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  linear- 
subulate  bracts  ;  these  on  the  l-flowered  peduncles  mostly  alternate  :  sepals  ovate,  obtuse, 
often  mucronulate,  the  outer  shorter:  corolla  fully  an  inch  long,  broadly  funnelforra, 
glabrous  throughout,  white  or  cream-color  :  stigmas  very  narrowly  linear :  seeds  globular, 
minutely  tuberculate.  —  Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  302;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  534;  Rothrock  in 
Wheeler  Rep.  t.  20.  —  Arid  desert  region,  S.  Nevada  and  S.  E.  California,  Lieut.  Wheeler, 
Dr.  Horn,  Palmer. 

5.  BREWERIA,  R.  Br.  (Samuel  Brewer,  an  English  Botanist  or  ama- 
teur of  the  ISth  century.)  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  some  suffruticose,  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  the  world,  resembling  Jpomoea  and  Convolvulus;  with  simple 
entire  and  usually  short-petioled  leaves,  and  the  corolla  mostly  silky-pubescent  or 
silky-hirsute  outside  in  the  bud,  with  angulate  or  obscurely  lobed  border:  fl. 
summer  and  autumn.  —  Prodr.  487;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  877.  Stylisma, 
Raf.  in  Ann.  Sci.  Phys.  viii.  268  ;  Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  450.  Bonaniia, 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  336,  &  Man.  ed.  5,  376,  not  Thouars,  in  which  the 
corolla  is  lobed  and  not  plicate. 

*   Procumbent:  peduncles  very  short  and  l-flowered:  capsule  large:  seed  glabrous. 
B.  ovalif olia.     Sericeous-canescent :    leaves   ovate  or  oval,  mostly  subcordate,  an   inch 

long :  style  2-clef t  above  the  middle  :  capsule  globose,  half  inch  in  diameter,  about  the 

length  of  the  broadly  ovate  sepals,  by  abortion  1-seeded.  —  Evolvulus  ?  oualifolius,  Torr.  Bot. 

Mex.  Bound.  150.  —  S.  W.  borders  of  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande  (the  Mexican  side)  below 

San  Carlos,  Parri/.    Corolla  not  seen. 

*   *   Procumbent  slender  perennials:  peduncles  slender  and  elongated,  1-5-flowered:  flowers  small: 
corolla  almost  campanulate:  capsule  small.  —  Stylisina,  Raf.,  &c. 

B.  huraistrata.  Sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrate  :  leaves  from  elliptical  and  subcordate 
to  narrowly  linear  (an  inch  or  two  long),  mucronate,  and  the  broader  emarginate :  peduncles 
1-7-flowered:  bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels  :  sepals  glabrous  or  almost  so,  oblong-ovate, 
acuminate:  corolla  white,  half  inch  long:  filaments  hairy:  styles  united  at  base. —  Con- 
volvulus humistratus,  Walt.  Car.  94.  C.  patens,  Desr.  in  Lam.  Diet.  iii.  547.  C.  trichosanthes, 
Michx.  Fl.  i.  137,  partly.  C.  Sherardi,  Pursh.  Fl.  ii.  730  ?  C.  tenellus.  Lam.  111.  i.  459 ; 
Ell.  Sk.  i.  250.  Ecolvulus  ?  Sherardi,  Choisy.  *  Sti/lisma  evolmdoides,  Choisy,  1.  c,  in  part. 
S.  humistrata,  Chapm.  Fl.  346.  Bonamia  humistrata,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  6,  376.  —  Dry  pine  bar- 
rens, Virginia  to  Louisiana. 

B.  aquatica.  Soft-pubescent  or  cinereous-tomentulose :  leaves  from  elliptical  to  subcor- 
date-lanceolate,  very  obtuse,  seldom  over  an  inch  long :  peduncles  1-3-flowered  :  sepals 
strongly  sericeous-pubescent,  acute  or  acuminate  :  corolla  rose-purple  :  filaments  glabrous  : 
styles  distinct  nearly  to  base. —  Convolvulus  aquaticus,  Walt.  1.  c. ;  Ell.  1.  c.  C.  trichosanthes, 
Michx.  1.  c,  partly.  C.  erianthus,  Willd.  in  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  610.  Sti/lisma  aquatica,  Chapm. 
1.  c.  Bonamia  aquatica,  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Wet  pine  barrens  and  margin  of  ponds.  North  Carolina 
to  Texas. 

B.  Pickeringii.  Pubescent,  or  the  leaves  glabrate :  these  from  narrowly  spatulate- 
linear  with  acute  and  subsessile  base  to  filiform-linear :  peduncles  seldom  surpassing  the 
leaves,  1-3-flowered  :  bracts  foliaceous  and  exceeding  the  flowers :  sepals  vilioussericeous, 
ovate,  obtuse,  half  the  length  of  the  ovate-conoidal  capsule :   corolla  white,  a  tlurd  of 


218  CONVOLVULACE^.  E  volvulus. 

an  inch  long,  equalled  by  the  almost  glabrous  filaments  and  the  moderately  2-cleft  style. 
—  Convolvulus  Pickerinffii,  ToTT. ;  M.  A.  Curtis  in  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  i.  129;  Gray,  Man. 
ed.  1,  349.  Stylisma  evolvuloides,  var.  angustifulia,  Choisy  in  DC.  1.  c.  S.  PicJceringii,  Gray, 
Man.  ed.  2,  335;  Chapra.  I.e.  Bonamia  Pickeringii,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,376.  —  Dry  pine 
barrens  and  prairies,  New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina;  Louisiana  and  Texas;  also  W. 
Illinois,  H.  N.  Patterson. 

6.  EVOLVULUS,  L.  (From  evolvo,  I  unroll,  the  name  a  counterpart  of 
Convolvulus.)  —  Low  and  small  herbaceous  or  sufErutescent  plants  (of  the  warm 
parts  of  the  world,  largely  American)  ;  with  erect  or  commonly  diffuse  or  pros- 
trate stems,  not  twining,  entire  leaves,  one-few-flowered  and  sometimes  paniculate 
peduncles,  and  small  flowers,  produced  in  summer  and  autumn.  Corolla  in  ours 
almost  rotate,  white,  rose-colored,  or  blue. 

E.  Mdhlenbergii,  Spreng.  Pugill.  i.  27,  habitat  not  given,  is  something  not  identified,  and 
by  "peduncles  opposite  the  leaves"  not  of  this  order. 

*  Peduncles  filiform,  1-3-flowered,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves:  either  perennials  or  annuals  '? 
E.  alsinoides,  L.  Villous  of  hirsute,  commonly  with  some  long  and  spreading  hairs : 
stems  slender,  ditf use  or  decumbent,  a  foot  or  two  long :  leaves  from  oval  or  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  somewhat  petioled:  pedicels  at  length  nodding  or  refracted  on  the  peduncle: 
corolla  about  3  lines  broad.  —  (Founded  on  the  Asiatic  plant,  Burm.  Zeyl.  ii  t.  6,  fig.  1,  & 
t.  9,  fig.  1,  and  Rheede,  Malab.  xi.  t.  64,  apparently  also  indigenous  to  the  New  World, 
and  diverse.)  E.  alsinoides,  var.  fuTticaulis,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound  150.  E  diffusus,  Chapm. 
Fl.  345.  —  S.  Florida  and  Texas,  Blodgett,  Berlandier,  Wright^,  &c.  (All  trop.  regions  ?) 
E.  linifolius,  L.  Too  like  narrow-leaved  and  slender  forms  of  the  preceding,  but  the  fine 
sericeous  pubescence  all  appressed :  leaves  small  and  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile :  blue 
corolla  only  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Spec.  ed.  2,  1  392,  founded  on  Convolvulus  herhaceus, 
erectus,  &c.,  P.  Browne,  Jam.  152,  1. 10,  fig.  2,  not  Choisy  in  DC.  —  S.  Arizona,  near  Tucson, 
Greene.  (Hex.,  W.  Ind.,  &c.) 
E.  Arizonicus.  Minutely  sericeous  or  cinereous  with  fine  appressed  pubescence,  pani- 
culately  branched  :  stems  very  slender,  erect  and  diffuse  or  decumbent-spreading :  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  subsessile  or  short-petioled  (6  to  12  lines  long,  2  or  3  wide) ; 
the  upper  reduced  to  bracts  so  that  the  inflorescence  becomes  paniculate :  peduncles  mostly 
1-flowered :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute :  corolla  blue  or  bluish,  half  inch  in  diameter 
when  expanded.  —  E.  alsinoides,  Torr.  1.  c,  partly.  E.  holosericeus,  var.  obtusatus,  Torr.  1.  c, 
partly,  excl.  syn.  —  Sandy  or  dry  prairies,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico ;  a  common  species 
of  the  region.  (Adjacent  Mex.) 
B.  mucronatus,  Swartz.  Glabrate  and  green,  or  when  young  sparsely  villous-seri- 
ceous  with  appressed  pubescence  :  stems  decumbent  or  prostrate :  leaves  thickish,  oval  or 
round-obovate  (about  half  inch  long),  short-petioled,  the  obtuse  or  retuse  apex  mucronate  : 
peduncles  barely  surpassing  or  some  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  corolla  pale  blue  or  wliite, 
4  lines  in  diameter.  — Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  475;  Meissn.  I.e.  345.  E.  glabriusculus,  Choisy, 
Conv.  156,  &  in  DC.  1.  c.  448  ;  Chapm.  1.  c.  —  South  Florida,  Blodgett.  Perhaps  E.  nummu- 
larius,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  174  (not  L.),  on  the  Mississippi  below  New  Orleans.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

*   *   Peduncles  or  rather  pedicels  (bibracteolate  at  base,  solitary  and  one-flowered)  short,  usually 
verv  short;  the  lower  sometimes  half  the  length  of  the  leaf,  recurved  in  fruit:  very  low  peren- 
nials. 
H—  Upper  surface  of  the  leaves  green  and  glabrous,  otherwise  sericeous :  corolla  white  or  pale 
blue. 
E.  sericeus,  Swartz.     Stems  slender  or  filiform,  a  span  or  two  high :  leaves  subsessile, 
•     lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  (6  to  10  lines  long),  erect  or  ascending,  mucronate-acuminate 
or  acute ;  silky  pubescence  fine  and  close-pressed,  sometimes  short,  whitish  or  fulvous : 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate  :  corolla  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter.  —  Prodr.  55,  &  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i.  676 ; 
Nutt.   Gen.  i.  174;  Chapm.  1.  c. ;  Choisy,  1.  c. ;  Meissn.  in  Fl.  Bras.  vii.  353.     Convolvulus 
erectus,  herhaceus,  &c.,  P.  Browne,  Jam.  153,  t.  10,  fig.  3.     E.  holosericeus,  Torr.  1.  c.  partly, 
not  HBK. — Pine  woods,  &c.,  Florida  to  Louisiana,  Texas,  and  Arizona.     The  western 
forms  with  looser  and  longer  hairiness.     (Mex.,  W.  Ind.,  S.  Amer.) 


■Cuscuta.  CONVOLVULACE^.  219 

E.  DfscoLOR,  Benth.  {E.  holosericeus,  var.  obtusatus,  Clioisy,!.  c),  of  Mexico,  with  shorter  and 
procumbent  or  prostrate  stems,  ovate  or  oblong  obtuse  leaves,  more  villous  pubescence  and 
larger  corolla,  seems  to  be  a  good  species,  as  Meissner  also  supposes ;  but  is  not  found  on  our 
immediate  borders.     Dr.  Torrey's  plant  so  referred  is  mainly  E.  Arizonicus. 

-t—  -t—  Both  sides  of  the  leaves,  steins,  and  calyx  densely  silky-villous. 
E.  argenteus,  Pursh.  Stems  numerous  from  a  lignescent  base,  rather  stout  and  rigid, 
erect  or  ascending,  a  span  or  so  high,  very  leafy  :  dense  pubescence  sometimes  silvery- 
canescent,  usually  fulvous  or  ferruginous  :  leaves  from  spatulate  and  obtuse  to  linear- 
lanceolate  and  acute  (a  quarter  to  half  inch  long) :  pedicels  very  short :  sepals  lanceolate- 
subulate  :  corolla  purple  or  blue  (not  "  yellow  "  as  says  Pursh),  3  to  6  lines  in  diameter. — 
Fl.  i.  187,  not  R.  Br.  ;  Choisy,  1.  c. ;  Torr.  1.  c.  E.  pilosus,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  174  (as  additional 
name),  &  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  ser.  2,  v.  195,  not  Lam.  E  NuttalUanus,  Roem.  &  Sch. 
Syst.  vi.  198.  —  Sterile  plains  and  prairies,  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  west  to  Arizona.  Pine 
Key,  Florida,  Blodgett,  in  small  and  insufficient  specimens.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

7.  CRESSA,  L.  (Greek  name  for  a  female  Cretan.)  —  Genus  apparently 
of  a  single  but  very  variable  and  widely  diffused  species. 

C.  Cretica,  L.  Low  canescent  perennial,  much  branched  from  a  lignescent  base,  erect  or 
diffuse,  a  span  or  two  high,  very  leafy :  leaves  entire,  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate, 
sessile,  2  to  4  lines  long :  flowers  subsessile  or  short-pedicelled  in  the  upper  axils,  or  the 
upper  crowded  as  if  in  a  leafy-bracteate  spike  :  corolla  white,  2  or  3  lines  long,  sericeous- 
pubescent  outside.  — Lam.  III.  t.  183;  Sibth.  Fl.  Grasca,  t.  256.  (S.  Eu.,  Air.,  8.  Asia, 
Australia,  &c.) 

Var.  Truxillensis,  Choisy.  A  more  silky-villous  and  stouter  form,  mostly  larger- 
leaved:  capsule  larger,  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  Choisy  in  DC.  1.  c.  440;  Torr.  1.  c.  C.  Truxil- 
lensis, HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  119.  —  On  or  near  the  sea-shore  or  in  saline  soil,  Cali- 
fornia, and  from  Arizona  to  S.  Texas.     (Hawaian  Islands,  S.  Amer.,  &c.) 

8.  CtJSCUTA,  Tourn.*  Dodder.  (Name  said  to  be  of  Arabic  derivation.) 
' —  Flowers  5-merous,  rarely  4-merous,  white  or  whitish,  small,  in  loose  or  dense 
cymose  clusters,  usually  produced  late  in  the  season.  Calyx  cleft  or  parted. 
Corolla  from  campanulate  or  somewhat  urceolate  to  short-tubular,  with  the 
mostly  spreading  lobes  between  convolute  and  imbricated  in  the  bud,  not 
plicate,  marcescent-persistent  either  at  base  or  summit  of  the  capsule.  Sta- 
mens inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  above  as  many  scale-like  lacerate 
appendages  (scales)  ;  these  rarely  absent.  Ovary  globular,  2-c6]led,  4-ovuled. 
Styles  distinct,  or  rarely  united,  persistent:  stigmas  globose,  or  in  Old- World 
species  filiform.  Capsule  1-4-seeded,  circumscissile  or  transversely  bursting, 
or  indehiscent.  Seeds  large,  globular,  or  angular  by  mutual  pressure.  Embryo 
filiform,  spirally  coiled  in  the  firm-fleshy  albumen,  wholly  destitute  of  cotyledons, 
but  the  apex,  or  plumule,  often  bearing  a  few  alternate  scales,  germinating  in  the 
soil,  but  not  rooting  in  it,  developing  into  filiform  and  branching  annual  stems 
of  a  yellowish  or  reddish  hue,  which  twine  dextrorsely  upon  herbs  or  shrubs, 
and  become  parasitic  by  means  of  suckers  which  penetrate  the  bark  in  contact, 
the  base  soon  dying  away.  Small  scales  of  the  same  color  as  the  stem  take 
the  place  of  leaves  and  bracts.  —  Choisy  in  Mem.  Genev.  1841  (cited  "  Cusc")  & 
DC.  Prodr.  ix.  452  (1845)  ;  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xliii.  (1842),  333,  Gray, 
Man.,  &  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  i.  453  (1859),  here  cited  as  "  Cusc." 

§  1.  GrXmmica,  Engelm.  1.  c.  Styles  (more  or  less  unequal)  terminated  by 
peltate-capitate  stigmas.  —  Grammica,  Loureiro.  (Comprises  the  greater  part 
of  the  species  of  this  large  genus,  almost  all  of  them  American  and  Polynesian.) 

*  Contributed  by  Dr.  George  Engklmann. 


220  CONVOLVULACE^.  Cuscuta. 

(Clistogrammica,  Kngelm.  1.  c.)    Capsule  indehiscent. 
■*—   Calyx  gamosepalous. 
++   Ovary  and  capsule  depressed-globose. 
=  Flowers  in  dense  or  globular  clusters:  corolla  with  short  and  wide  tube,  in  age  remaining  at 
base  of  the  capsule:  styles  mostly  shorter  than  the  ovary. 
C.  obtusiflora,  HBK.      Stems   orange-colored,   coarse :    lobes   of    calyx    and    corolla 
rounded,  as  long  as  the  tube  :  scales  various.  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec  iii.  122  ;  Engelm.  Cusc. 
491.     (Cosmop.) 

Var.  glandulosa,  Engelm.  1.  c,  the  only  form  in  our  flora,  has  all  parts  of  the 
flower  (1  to  li  lines  long)  dotted:  scales  large,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  tube,  deeply 
fringed. —  Wet  places,  Georgia  to  Texas,  on  Polygonum,  &c.  (W.  Ind.) 
C.  chlorocarpa,  Engelm.  Stems  coarse,  orange-colored  :  lobes  of  calyx  and  corolla 
acute,  often  longer  than  the  tube:  scales  small,  2-cleft,  often  reduced  to  a  few  teeth. — 
Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  350,  ed.  5,  378 ;  &  Cusc.  494.  C.  Polygonorum,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
xliii.  342,  t.  6,  fig.  20-29.  —  Wet  places  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  from  Arkansas  to  Wis- 
consin ;  also  in  Penn.  and  Delaware,  often  on  Polygonum.  Flowers  white,  1  to  li  lines 
long ;  the  thin  capsule  pale  greenish-yellow. 
C.  arvensis,  Beyrich.  Stems  pale  and  slender,  low  :  flowers  smaller  (scarcely  a  line 
long)  :  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  mostly  very  broad:  those  of  corolla  acuminate,  longer  than  the 
tube,  with  inflexed  points:  scales  large,  deeply  fringed.  —  Engelm.  in  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2, 
336,  ed.  5,  378,  Cusc.  494,  &F1.  Calif,  i.  535.  Calyx  often  large  and  angled  (var. pentagona, 
Engelm.  1.  c,  &  C.  pentagona,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  340,  t.  6,  fig.  22-24),  sometimes 
smaller  and  papillose  or  glandular- verrucose  (var.  verrucosa,  &  C.  verrucosa,  Engelm.  1.  c. 
fig.  25),  and  in  a  western  form  (var.  calycina,  Engelm.  I.e.)  larger-flowered,  approaching 
the  preceding  species.  —  Rather  dry  soil,  on  various  low  plants.  New  York  to  Florida  and 
Texas,  Illinois  and  Missouri,  California  and  Oregon :  the  varieties  principally  in  Texas. 
(Mex.,  S.  Amer.) 

==  ==  Flowers  in  paniculate  often  compound  cymes :  styles  slender,  mostly  longer  than  the  ovary. 
C.  tenuiflora,  Engelm.  Stems  coarse  and  yellow,  usually  rather  high-climbing : 
flowers  (a  line  or  less  long)  on  short  thick  pedicels,  often  4-merous  :  lobes  of  calyx  and 
corolla  oblong,  obtuse ;  the  latter  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  deeply  campanulate 
tube  :  scales  shorter  than  the  tube,  fringed  :  marcescent  corolla  capping  the  large  capsule. 
—  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  350,  ed.  5,  378,  &  Cusc.  497.  C.  Cephalanthi,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  1.  c.  fig.  1-6.  — On  tall  herbs  or  shrubs,  such  as  Cephalantlws,  in  wet  places,  Penn. 
(Porter)  to  Wisconsin,  north  to  Saskatchewan,  and  south  to  Texas  and  Arizona.  Readily 
distinguished  from  small-flowered  forms  of  C.  Gronovii  by  the  depressed  capsule  covered  by 
the  corolla. 
C.  Californica,  Choisy.  Capillary  stems  low  :  flowers  rather  small,  delicate,  in  loose 
cymes  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  acute  :  those  of  corolla  lanceolate-subulate,  as  long  as  the  cam- 
panulate tube  or  longer  :  scales  none  or  rudimentary.  —  Cusc.  183  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech. 
364 ;  Engelm.  Cusc.  498,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  535.  (Independently  published,  in  the  same  year, 
1841,  by  Choisy  and  by  Hook.  &  Am.)  —California,  on  arid  herbs,  Eriogonum,  &c.,  in  dry 
soil.     Among  various  forms  the  following  are  the  extremes. 

Var.  breviflora,  Engelm.  1.  c.  Flo<\-ers  scarcely  over  a  line  long,  on  shorter 
pedicels :  calyx-lobes  acuminate,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  filaments 
and  anthers  short:  style  hardly  longer  than  ovary:  corolla  marcescent  at  base  of  or 
around  the  2-4-seeded  capsule.  —  From  the  coast  at  Monterey,  &c.,  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Var.  longiloba,  Engelm.  1.  c.     Flowers   longer-pedicelled    and   larger   (U  to   2^ 
lines  long) :  calyx-lobes  often  with  recurved  tips  :  corolla-lobes  often  twice  the  length  of 
the  tube:  filaments  and  anthers  more  slender:  styles  much  longer  than  ovary :  capsule 
mostly  1-seeded,  enveloped  by  the  corolla.  —  Principally  S.  California  and  Arizona. 
++  ++  Ovary  and  capsule  pointed ;  the  latter  enveloped  or  capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla. 
=  Flowers  short-pedicelled  or  clustered. 
C.  salina,  Engelm.     Stems  slender,  low:  flowers  (H  to  2|  lines  long)  delicate  white; 
calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  similar  but  mostly  broader  and  over- 
-  lapping  denticulate  lobes  and  as  the  shallow-campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla  :  filaments 
about  as  long  as  the  oval  anthers :  fringed  scales  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube,  sometimes 


Cuscuia.  CONVOLVULACEiE.  221 

incomplete:  styles  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  ovary:  capsule  surrounded  (not  covered) 
by  the  marcescent  corolla,  mostly  1-seeded.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  536.  C.  subinclusa,  var.  ab- 
breviata,  &  C.  Californica,  var.  1  squamigera,  Engelm.  Ousc.  499,  500.  —  Saline  or  brackish 
marshes  of  the  Pacific  coast,  on  Salicornia,  Suceda,  &c.,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia,  and 
eastward  to  Arizona  and  Utah.  Intermediate  between  the  preceding  and  following,  distin- 
guished from  the  former  by  larger  flowers  and  the  presence  of  infra-stamineal  scales; 
from  the  latter  by  less  crowded  flowers,  more  open,  and  of  more  delicate  texture. 

C.  subinclusa,  Durand  &  Hil^ard.  Stems  rather  coarse :  flowers  sessile  or  short- 
pedicelled,  at  length  in  large  (half  to  full  an  inch  thick)  and  compact  clusters,  2i  to  3^  or  4 
lines  long:  calyx  cupijlate,  fleshy ;  its  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  overlapping,  mucii  sliorter 
than  the  cylindrical  tube  of  the  corolla :  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate-lanceolate,  minutely 
crenulate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube :  oval  anthers  nearly  sessile :  scales  narrow,  fringed, 
reaching  only  to  the  middle  of  the  tube :  slender  styles  longer  than  the  ovary  :  capsule 
capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla,  mostly  1-seeded.  —  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  ser.  2,  iii.  42,  & 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  11 ;  Engelm.  Cusc.  500,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c  — California,  the  most  common 
species  throughout  the  State,  on  shrubs  and  coarse  herbs.  The  long  and  narrow  tube  of 
the  corolla,  only  partially  covered  by  the  thick  and  mostly  reddish  calyx,  readily  distin- 
guishes this  species. 

C.  denticulata,  Engelm.  Low  stems  capillary :  flowers  (about  a  line  long)  on  short 
pedicels,  in  small  clusters  :  tube  of  the  broadly  campanulate  corolla  included  in  the  round- 
lobed  denticulate  calyx,  and  as  long  as  its  round-ovate  lobes  :  oval  anthers  on  very  short 
filaments :  scales  reaching  to  the  base  of  the  stamens,  denticulate  at  the  rounded  tip  : 
styles  as  long  as  tlie  ovary  :  stigmas  very  small,  not  much  thicker  than  the  style :  capsule 
covered  by  the  marcescertt  corolla,  1-2-seeded.  —  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  348,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i. 
636.  —  South-western  Utah,  in  dry  soil,  on  herbs  and  low  shrubs,  Pmry. 
=  =  Flowers  more  pedicelled,  in  paniculate  cymes. 
a.  Acute  tips  of  corolla-lobes  inflexed  or  corniculate. 

C.  decora,  Choisy  (but  name  altered).  Stems  coarse:  flowers  fleshy  and  more  or  less 
papillose  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular,  acute ;  those  of  the  broadly  campanulate  corolla 
ovate-lanceolate,  minutely  crenulate,  spreading:  scales  large,  deeply  fringed:  capsule 
enveloped  by  the  remains  of  the  corolla:  seeds  usually  4.  —  Engelm.  Cusc.  502;  Gray, 
Man.  ed.  5,  378,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c. ;  the  negative  prefix  in  C.  indecora,  Choisy,  omitted. 
(U.  S.  to  Brazil.) 

Var.  pulch^rrima,  Engelm.  1.  c.  The  larger  form,  with  coarser  stems,  and  con- 
spicuous flowers  li  to  2^  lines  long  and  wide :  anthers  and  stigmas  yellow  or  deep  pur- 
ple. —  C.  pulcherrima,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  750.  C.  neuropetala,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
xlv.  75.  —  W^  prairies,  on  herbs  and  low  shrubs,  principally  LeguminosK  and  Composite  (the 
largest-flowered  forms  in  brackish  soil  on  the  Texan  coast),  Florida  and  especially  in 
Texas,  north  to  Illinois,  and  west  to  Arizona  and  California.     (W.  Ind.,  Mex.,  Brazil.) 

Var.  indecora,  Engelm.  1.  c.  Stems  lower  and  more  slender :  flowers  smaller,  in 
looser  paniculate  clusters,  often  warty  ( C.  verrucosa,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  xliii. 
341,  fig.  25)  or  papillose-hispid  (C.  hispidula,  Engelm.  1.  c.  xlv.  75).  C.  indecora,  Choisy, 
Cusc.  182,' t.  3,  fig.  3,  &  DC.  1.  c.  457.  — Texas,  &c.,  first  collected  by  Bcrlandier. 

C.  inflexa,  Engelm.  Similar  to  the  preceding :  flowers  of  the  same  structure,  but 
smaller  (only  a  line  long),  generally  4-merous :  corolla  deeper,  witli  erect  lobes,  finally 
capping  the  capsule:  scales  reduced  to  a  few  teeth.  —  Cusc.  502,  &  Gray,  Man.  cd.  5. 
C.  Coryli,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xliii.  337,  fig.  7-11.  C.  umbrosa,  Beyrich,  in  part ; 
Engelm.  in  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  351.  —  Open  woods  and  dry  prairies,  on  shrubs  (hazels,  &c.) 
or  coarse  herbs,  S.  New  England  to  Arkansas,  and  Nebraska. 

C.  RACBMOSA,  Martius,  var.  Chiliana,  Engelm.  Stems  coarse:  flowers  (H  to  2  lines  long) 
in  loose  panicles,  thin  in  texture  :  tube  of  corolla  deeply  campanulate,  widening  upward  ; 
the  spreading  lobes  shorter,  acutish  :  scales  large,  deeply  fringed. — Cusc.  505,  &  in  Bot. 
Gazette,  ii.  69.  C.  suaveolens,  Seringe  ;  Gay,  Fl.  Chil  iv.  448.  C.  corymbosa,  Choisy,  Ciisc. 
180,  not  R.  &  P.  C.  Hassiaca,  Pfeiffer  in  Bot.  Zeit.  i.  705.  —  Introduced  into  California  with 
seeds  of  Medicayo  satica,  as  also  40  years  ago  into  Europe,  whence,  after  causing  much 
damage  for  several  years,  it  has  now  disappeared.  (Adv.  from  Chili.) 
b.  Obtuse  lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading. 

C.  Gronovii,  Willd.  Stems  coarse,  often  climbing  high  :  corolla-lobes  mostly  shorter 
than  the  deeply  campanulate  tube  :  scales  copiously  fringed :  capsule  globose,  umbonate. 


222  CONVOLVULACE^.  Cuscuta. 

—  Willd.  Rel.  ex  Roera.  &  Sch.  vi.  205;  Choisy,  Cusc.  t.  4,  fig.  1;  Engelm.  Cusc.  507,  &  in 
Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  379.  C.  Americana,  L.  Spec.  i.  124,  as  to  pi.  Gronov.  Virg.  C.  vulgivaga, 
Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xliii.  338,  t.  6,  fig.  12-16.     C.  umbrosa,  Beyrich,  ex  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  78. 

Wet  shady  places,  Canada  to  Iowa  and  south  to  Florida  and  Texas  ;  the  commonest 

and  most  diffused  Atlantic  species.  Flowers  sometimes  4-merous  (from  less  than  a  line  to 
2  lines  long,  usually  about  1^  lines) :  calyx  usually  thick  and  warty,  and  corolla  glandular- 
dotted,  very  variable  in  size  and  compactness  of  clusters  (sometimes  2  inches  thick),  and 
size  of  capsule  (mostly  2  lines,  sometimes  3  lines  in  diameter). 

Var.  latiflora,  Engelm.  1.  c,  is  a  form  with  flowers  of  more  delicate  texture,  and 
shorter  tube  and  longer  lobes  to  the  corolla.  —  C.  Saururi,  Engel,m.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c. 
fig.  17-21.  —  Common  northward. 

Var.  calyptrata,  Engelm.  1.  c,  distinguished  by  the  corolla  eventually  capping 
the  capsule.  —  Louisiana  and  Texas. 

Var.  curta,  Engelm.  1.  c.,  perhaps  a  distinct  species,  representing  C.  Gronovii  west 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  imperfectly  known,  has  smaller  flowers,  with  broad  lobes  of 
the  corolla  and  calyx  half  the  length  of  its  tube,  very  short  bifid  scales,  and  styles  much 
shorter  than  the  ovary.  —  C.  umbrosa,  Hook.  1.  c,  in  part. 
C.  rostrata,  Shuttleworth.  Similar  to  the  preceding :  flowers  larger  (2  or  3  lines 
long),  more  delicate  and  whiter:  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  calyx  shorter  than  its  tube: 
slender  styles  longer  :  ovary  bottle-shaped  :  capsule  long-pointed.  —  Engelm.  in  Bost.  Jour. 
Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  225,  Cusc.  508;  &  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  379.  — Shady  valleys  in  the  AUe- 
ghanies,  from  Maryland  and  Virginia  southward,  on  tall  herbs,  rarely  on  shrubs. 

,,,  ^_  Calj'x  of  5  distinct  and  largely  overlapping  sepals,  surrounded  by  2  to  5  or  more  similar 
bracts:  styles  capillary,  scales  of  coVoUa  large  and  deeply  fringed:  capsule  mostly  1-seeded, 
capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla. 

++  Flowers  on  bracteolate  pedicels,  in  loose  panicles. 
C.  CUSpidata,  Engelm.  Stems  slender:  flowers  (1^  to  2i  lines  long)  thin,  membra- 
naceous when  dry  :  bracts  and  sepals  ovate-orbicular  and  oblong  lobes  of  the  corolla  cuspi- 
date or  mucronate,  rarely  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  cylindrical  tube :  styles  many  times 
longer  than  the  ovary,  at  length  exserted.  —  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  224,  &  Cusc.  1.  c. 
"Wet  or  dry  prau'ies,  on  Ambrosia,  Iva,  some  Leguminosa,  &c.,  Texas  to  Nebraska,  occa- 
sionally straying  down  the  Missouri  as  far  as  St.  Louis  (H.  Eggerl).  The  northern  form  has 
laxer  inflorescence  and  fewer  bracts  under  the  calyx. 

++  ++  Flowers  closely  sessile  in  densely  compact  clusters. 
=  Bracts  and  sepals  concave  and  appressed. 
C.  squamata,  Engelm.  Orange-colored  stems  slender:  glomerules  few-flowered, 
often  contiguous  :  flowers  white,  membranaceous  when  dry  (2^  to  3  lines  long),  cuspi- 
date or  obtuse  sepals  and  lanceolate  acute  lobes  of  the  corolla,  both  shorter  than  the 
cylindrical  upwardly  widening  tube :  styles  many  times  longer  than  ovary.  —  Cusc.  510. 
—  W.Texas  and  New  Mexico.  Common  in  the  bottomlands  on  the  Rio  Grande  from  El 
Paso  to  Presidio  del  Norte.  —  Similar  to  the  last,  but  the  larger  and  whiter  flowers  are 
closely  sessile. 
C.  compacta,  JUSS.  Stems  coarse  :  flowers  (nearly  2  lines  long)  at  length  in  continuous 
and  often  very  thick  clusters  :  orbicular  bracts  and  sepals  crenulate,  nearly  equalling  or 
shorter,  and  ovate-oblong  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  cylindrical  tube  of  the  corolla  : 
styles  little  longer  than  the  ovary.  —  Choisy,  Cusc.  t.  4,  fig.  2,  &  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  458; 
Engelm.  1.  c.  C.  remoti flora  &  C.fridicitm,  Bertol,  Misc.  x.  29.  —  Canada  to  Alabama  along 
and  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  west  to  Missouri  and  Texas,  in  damp  woods,  almost 
always  on  shrubs.  The  original  C.  compacta  of  Jussieu's  herbarium  is  a  slender  form,  with 
smaller  flowers  and  more  exserted  corolla  :  it  is  found  from  N.  New  York  southward  along 
the  Alleghanies.  The  var.  adpressa,  Engelm.  Cusc.  511  (Lepidanche  adpressa,  Engelm.  in 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlv.  77,  and  probably  C.  acaulis,  Raf.  Ann.  Nat.  1820,  13),  is  the  common 
form  westward. 

=  =  Bracts  (8  to  15)  and  sepals  with  recurved-spreading  and  crenate  tips. 
C.  glomerata,  Choisy.     Stems   coarse,  orange-colored,  soon  withering  away,  leaving 
'dense  flower-clusters  closely  encircling  in  rope-like  masses  the  stems  of  the  foster  plant : 
sepals  nearly  equalling  and  its  oblong  obtuse  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  cylindrical  up- 
wardly widening  tube  of  the  corolla:  styles  several  times  longer  than  the  ovary.  — Cusc. 


Cuscuta.  CONVOLVULACE^.  223 

184,  t.  4,  fig.  1,  &  DC.  1.  c. ;  Engelra.  Cusc.  610.  C.  paradoxa,  Raf .  1.  c.  ?  Lepidanche  com- 
positarum,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xliii.  344,  fig.  30-35.  —  Wet  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin, 
Kansas  and  Texas,  mostly  on  HeUanthus,  Vernonia,  and  other  tall  Composiice.  The  rope-like 
twists,  half  to  three-fourths  inch  thick,  of  white  flowers  with  golden  yellow  anthers  im- 
bedded in  a  mass  of  curly  bracts,  have  a  singular  appearance  and  justify  Rafinesque's 
name,  which  probably  belongs  here. 
*     *    (EuGRAMMiCA,  Engelm.  Cusc.  476  )    Capsule  more  or  less  regularlv  circumscissile,  usually 

capped  by  the  remanis  of  the  corolla:  styles  capillary  and  mostly  much  longer  than  the depressecl 

ovary. 

•i~-  Lobes  of  the  corolla  acute. 
C.  odontolepis,  Engelm.  Stems  slender:  flowers  conspicuous  (2|  to  3  lines  long), on 
short  pedicels  in  large  clusters  :  lobes  of  the  campanulate  calyx  and  of  the  tubular  corolla 
ovate,  acute,  rather  shorter  than  the  cylindrical  tube:  scales  hardly  reaching  to  the  base 
of  the  anthers,  incisely  dentate  toward  their  rounded  apex.  —  Cusc.  486.  —  Arizona, 
Wright,  on  Amaranthus.  A  large-flowered  species,  distinguished  from  the  large-flowered 
Mexican  forms  of  C.  corymbosa  by  its  circumscissile  capsule. 
C.  leptantha,  Engelm.  1.  c.  Stems  low  and  capillary :  flowers  (2  to  2J  lines  long), 
4-merous,  on  slender  fascicled  pedicels :  papillose  calyx  and  lanceolate  lobes  of  the 
corolla  mucli  shorter  than  the  slender  tube :  scales  incisely  dentate  and  much  shorter  than 
the  tube.  —  Mountains  of  W.  Texas,  on  a  prostrate  Euphorbia  (albo-marginatd),  Wright. 
The  only  N.  American  species  (as  far  as  known)  with  uniformly  4-merous  flowers. 
C.  umbellata,  HBK.  Stems  low  and  capillary  :  flowers  (li  to  2  lines  long)  few  together 
in  umbel-like  clusters,  usually  shorter  than  their  pedicels :  acute  calyx-lobes  and  lance- 
olate-subulate lobes  of  the  corolla  longer  than  its  shallow  tube  :  scales  deeply  fringed  and 
exceeding  the  tube  :  styles  mostly  little  longer  than  the  ovary.  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  121 ; 
Engelm.  Cusc.  487.  —  Dry  places,  on  low  herbs  (Portulaca,  &c.),  from  S.  E.  Colorado  to 
Texas  and  Arizona.     (Mex.,  &c.) 

-t—  -f—  Lobes  of  the  corolla  broad  and  obtuse. 
C.  applanata,  Engelm.     Stems  low  and  slender :   flowers  (a  line  or  rather  more  in 
length)  clustered  on  sliort  pedicels:  rounded  lobes  of  calyx  and  corolla  thin  in  texture,  as 
long  as  the  wide  and  shallow  tube :  scales  deeply  fringed,  often  exceeding  tlie  tube  :  styles 
scarcely  longer  than  the  ovary  :  marcescent  corolla  enveloping  the  depressed  capsule.  — 
Cusc.  479.  —  On  weeds,  such  as  Ambrosia,  Mirabilis,  &c.,  S.  Arizona,  Wright.     Glomerules 
3  or  4  lines  tliick,  often  strung  together  like  beads.     Capsule  much  broader  than  high. 
C.  AmericAna,  L.     (Sloane,  Jam.  85,  &  Hist.  i.  201,  t.  128,  fig.  4,  and  the  plant  in  herb.  L.) 
Coarse  stems  climbing  high  :  flowers  (a  line  or  two  long)  very  abundant,  on  short  pedicels  in 
globose  clusters :  calyx  globular-cupulate,  almost  enclosing  the  corolla;  the  lobes  of  which 
are  much  shorter  than  the  slender  tube :  anthers  globular  and  almost  sessile :  scales  short, 
more  or  less  dentate :  seed  usually  solitary.     This  S.  American  and  West  Indian  species, 
easily  known  by  its  proportionally  large  calyx  and  small  corolla,  is  here  characterized  be- 
cause it  may  be  looked  for  in  South  Florida. 

§  2.  MoNOGYNELLA,  Engelm.  1.  c.  ,  Styles  united  into  one :  stigmas  capitate  : 
capsule  circumscissile.  — Monogijnella,  Desmoulins.  (Consists  of  few  species,  of 
the  largest  size,  mostly  Asiatic,  extending  to  Europe,  S.  Africa  and  N.  America.) 

C.  exaltata,  Engelm.  Stems  thick,  climbing  high  :  lobes  of  the  fleshy  calyx  and  corolla 
orbicular,  the  former  covering  and  the  latter  half  the  length  of  the  corolla-tube :  anthers 
sessile :  scales  small,  bifid  or  reduced  to  a  few  lateral  teeth :  styles  two-thirds  united.  — 
Cusc.  513.  — S.  W.  Texas,  from  the  Colorado  to  the  Rio  Grande,  on  trees,  such  as  Dioxpyros 
Texana,  Ulmus  crassifolin,  Live  Oak,  &c.  Stems  a  line  or  two  thick,  climbing  10  to  20  feet 
high.     Elower  2  lines  long.     Capsule  3^  to  5  lines  long. 

§  3.    Edcuscuta,   Engelm.    1.  c.       Styles    distinct,  equal,    bearing   elongated 

stigmas:  capsule  circumscissile.     (Old- World  species.) 

C.  EpfLiNUM,  Weihe.  Stems  slender,  low:  globular  flowers  (half  line  long)  sessile  in  dense 
heads :  corolla  short-cylindrical,  scarcely  exceeding  the  broadly  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes, 
surrounding  the  capsule,:  scales  short  and  broad,  denticulate:  stigmas  longer  than  the 


224  SOLANACE.E. 

styles. —Archiv.  Apoth.  viii.  54;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Crit.  t.  693;  Choisy,  I.e.  C.  densifiora, 
Soyer-Willem.  in  Act.  Soc.  Linn.  Par.  iv.  28L  —  Flax-fields  of  Europe,  doing  much  injury, 
occasionally  appearing  in  those  of  the  Atlantic  States.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Oeder  XCV.   SOLANACE^. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  even  trees,  commonly  rank-scented,  with  watery  juice,  alternate 
leaves  and  no  stipules ;  the  inflorescence  properly  terminal  and  c3'mose,  but 
variously  modified,  sometimes  scorpioid-racemiform  in  the  manner  of  Borraginacea 
and  Hydrophyllacece,  the  pedicels  either  not  accompanied  by  bracts  or  not  in  their 
axils ;  flowers  perfect  and  regular  (or  only  slightly  irregular)  and  5-4-merous ; 
the  stamens  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes;  these  induplicate- 
valvate  or  plicate  (rarely  merely  imbricate)  in  the  bud ;  ovary  wholly  free,  nor- 
mally 2-jcelled  with  Indefinitely  many-ovuled  axile  placentae,  and  surmounted  by 
an  undivided  style :  stigma  entire  or  sometimes  bilamellar ;  ovules  anatropous  or 
amphitropous  ;  fruit  either  capsular  or  baccate  ;  embryo  terete  and  incurved  or 
coiled,  or  sometimes  almost  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen,  the  cotyledons  rarely 
much  broader  than  the  radicle.  The  leaves,  although  never  truly  opposite,  are 
often  unequally  geminate,  so  as  to  appear  so.  Obviously  distinguished  from  Con- 
voh'ulacece  by  the  greater  number  and  the  character  of  the  seeds,  less  definitely  so 
from  ScrophulariacecB  by  the  regular  flowers  with  isomerous  stamens  and  plicate 
or  valvate  testivation  of  the  corolla,  and  centrifugal  inflorescence,  but  in  the  last 
tribe  nearly  confluent  with  that  order  by  the  imperfection  or  abortion  of  one  or 
three  of  the  stamens,  and  some  obliquity  and  bilabiate  imbrication  of  the  limb  or 
lobes  of  the  corolla.  Nicandra  has  a  regularly  3-5-celled  ovary  ;  that  of  Lycoper- 
sicum,  &c.,  becomes  several-celled  in  cultivation  ;  that  of  Datura  is  spuriously 
4-celled. 

Bassovia  1  HEBEPODA,  Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii.  407,  characterized  from  a  specimen  com- 
municated to  De  Candolle  by  Teinturier  of  New  Orleans,  in  fruit  only,  is  a  mere  riddle.  It  is 
said  to  resemble  Bassovia  lucida. 

WiTHANiA  MoRisoNi,  Dunal,  1.  c,  is  doubtless  not  a  Virginian  or  even  a  Mexican  plant. 
From  the  figure  it  is  likely  to  have  been  W.  somnifera,  as  Dunal  suggested. 
Tribe  I.     SOLANE^E.     Corolla  (mostly  short)  with  the  regular  limb  plicate  or  val- 
vate in  the  bud,  usually  both,  i.e.  the  sinuses  or  what  answers  to  them  plicate  and  the 
edges  of  the  Igbes  induplicate.     Stamens  (normally  5)  all  perfect.     Fruit  baccate 
or  at  least  indehiscent,  sometimes  nearly  dry.     Seeds  flattened:  embryo  cun-ed  or 
coiled,  slender  ;  the  semiterete  cotyledons  not  broader  than  the  radicle. 
*   Anthers  longer  than  their  filaments,  either  connivent  or  connate  into  a  cone  or  cylinder : 
corolla  rotate:  calyx  mostly  unchanged  in  fruit:  parts  of  the  flower  5  or  varymg  to 
more,  especially  in  cultivation. 

1.  LYCOPERSICUM.  Anthers  connate  into  a  pointed  cone,  tipped  with  an  empty  closed 
acumination  ;  the  cells  dehiscent  longitudinally  down  the  inner  face.  Otherwise  as  m  the 
next,  but  leaves  always  pinnately  compound. 

2.  SOLANUM.  Anthers  connivent  or  lightly  connate  :  tlie  cells  opening  at  the  apex  by  a 
pore  or  short  slit,  and  sometimes  also  longitudinally  dehiscent  even  to  the  base;  the  con- 
nective inconspicuous  or  obsolete. 

m  *   Anthers  unconnected,  mostly  shorter  than  their  filaments,  destitute  of  terminal  pores, 
dehiscent  longitudinally. 

H-  Calyx  not  investing  the  fruit,  nor  much  changing  under  it. 

3.  CAPSICUM.  Calyx  short,  either  truncate  or  merely  5-6-dentate.  Corolla  rotate, 
deeply  5-6-cleft,  valvate  in  the  bud,  not  plicate.  Anthers  oblong  or  somewhat  cordate. 
Berry,  or  juiceless  and  thin-coriaceous  pericarp,  acrid-pungent,  girt  only  at  base  by  the 
nearly  unchanged  calyx. 


SOLANACE^.  225 

4.  SALPICHROA,  Calyx  5-parted  or  6-cleft;  the  divisions  narrow,  herbaceous.  Corolla 
from  tubular  to  (in  ours)  short-urceolate,  5-lobed;  the  lobes  short,  valvate-induplicate  in 
the  bud.     Stamens  inserted  high  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla !     Berry  globular  or  oblong. 

5.  ORYCTES.  Calyx  deeply  6-cleft ;  the  lobes  narrow,  herbaceous.  Corolla  short-tubu- 
lar or  oblong,  5-toothed;  the  triangular  lobes  plicate  in  the  bud,  apparently  erect.  Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  included :  filaments  filiform,  unequal :  anthers 
didymous.  Berry  apparently  dry,  globose,  10-20-seeded.  Embryo  apparently  of  this 
tribe,  but  not  seen  mature. 

H-  -i-  Calyx  herbaceous  and  closely  investing  the  fruit  or  most  of  it,  not  angled. 

6.  CHAM^SARACHA.  Corolla  rotate,  5-angulate,  plicate  in  the  bud.  Filaments  fili- 
form :  anthers  oblong.  Berry  globose,  filUng  the  investing  calyx,  and  its  summit  usually 
more  or  less  naked.    Pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils,  refracted  or  recurved  in  fruit. 

H—  -J—  -1—  Calyx  becoming  much  enlarged  and  meinbranaceous-inflated,  enclosing   the 
fruit,  reticulate-veiny, 

++  Five-toothed  or  lobed,  vesicular  in  fruit :  ovary  2-celled. 

7.  PHYSALIS.  Corolla  rotate  or  rotate-campanulate,  plicate  in  the  bud,  5-angulate  or 
obscurely  6-lobed.  Stamens  not  connivent.  Calyx  in  fruit  6-angled  or  10-costate,  and 
the  teeth  or  short  lobes  connivent,  completely  and  loosely  enclosing  the  juicy  berry. 
Pedicels  solitary. 

8.  MARGARANTHUS.  Corolla  urceolate-globose  and  5-angular-gibbou8  above  a  short 
narrow  base,  and  with  minutely  5-toothed  contracted  orifice,  including  the  connivent 
stamens.    Otherwise  as  Physalis. 

•H-   ++  Five-parted  calyx  connivent-vesicular  in  fruit :  ovary  3-5-celled. 

9.  NICANDRA.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  with  entire  or  obscurely  lobed  border, 
strongly  plicate  in  the  bud.  Filaments  filiform,  included,  dilated  into  a  pubescent  scale 
at  base.  Calyx  strongly  5-angled  ;  the  scarious-membranaceous  and  reticulated  divisions 
cordate-sagittate,  the  deflexed  auricles  at  the  sinuses  acuminate.  Fruit  globose,  dry  or 
nearly  so  at  maturity.    Pedicels  solitary,  recurved. 

Tribe  II.  ATROPE^.  Corolla  with  the  regular  limb  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the 
sinuses  little  or  not  at  all  plicate.  Stamens  (4  or  5)  all  perfect.  Baccate  fruit 
and  seeds  as  in  the  preceding. 

10.  LYCIUM.  Calyx  campanulate,  irregularly  3-5-toothed  or  cleft,  or  somewhat  truncate, 
valvate  or  nearly  so  in  the  bud.  Corolla  from  campanulate  to  tubular-funnelform  or 
salverform ;  the  lobes  oblong  or  roundish,  plane.  Stamens  often  exserted :  filaments 
filiform :  anthers  short.  Style  filiform :  stigma  capitate  or  broadly  2-lobed.  Berry 
globular  or  oblong,  subtended  by  the  calyx,  few-many-seeded,  rather  dry.  Seeds  reni- 
form  or  rounded,  flattened.    Flowers  either  5-merous  or  4-merous. 

Tribe  III.  HYOSCYAME^.  Corolla  with  the  limb  either  plicate  or  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  (5)  all  perfect.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Seeds  and  embryo  as  in  the 
preceding  tribes. 

1 1 .  DATURA.  Calyx  prismatic  or  tubular,  5-toothed,  in  ours  at  length  circumscissile  near 
the  base,  the  base  remaining  as  a  peltate  border  under  the  fruit  (rarely  splitting  length- 
wise). Corolla  funnelform,  with  ample  spreading  border  5-10-toothcd,  convolute-plicate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  included  or  slightly  exserted  :  filaments  long  and  filiform.  Style 
long:  stigma  bilamellar.  Capsule  muricate  or  prickly  (rarely  smooth),  commonly  firm 
and  4-valved  from  the  top,  sometimes  fleshy  and  bursting  irregularly  at  the  top,  2-celled  ; 
the  large  many-seeded  placentae  projecting  from  the  axis  into  the  middle  of  the  cells 
and  connected  with  the  walls  by  an  imperfect  false  partition,  so  that  the  ovary  and  fruit 
are  4-celled  except  near  the  top,  and  the  placentae  as  if  borne  on  the  middle  of  the 
abnormal  partitions.     Seeds  large,  reniform-orbicular. 

12.  HYOSCYAMUS.  Calyx  urceolate  or  tubular-campanulate  with  a  5-lobed  limb,  en- 
larged and  persistent,  becoming  many-costate  and  reticulate-veiny,  enclosing  the  capsule. 
Corolla  short-funnelform,  with  an  oblique  5-lobed  limb,  plicate-imbricated  in  the  bud ; 
the  lobes  sometimes  conspicuously  unequal,  those  of  one  side  being  smaller !  Stamens 
more  or  less  exserted  and  declined.  Style  filiform:  stigma  capitate-dilated.  Cap- 
sule membranaceous,  circumscissile  towards  the  summit,  which  separates  as  a  lid.  Seeds 
less  flattened. 

Tribe  IV.  CESTRINE^.  Corolla  (usuaUy  elongated)  with  the  regular  limb  in- 
duplicate-valvate  or  induplicate-imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  (mostly  5)  all 
perfect.     Fruit  either  baccate  or  capsular.     Seeds  little  or  not  at  all  flattened.    Em- 


226  SOLANACE^.  Lycopersicmi. 

bryo  either  straight  or  only  slightly  curved  ;  the  cotyledous  usually  broader  than 
the  radicle. 

1 3.  OESTRUM.  Corolla  salverform  or  tubular-f unnelform ;  the  short  lobes  induplicate- 
valvate  in  the  bud.  Filaments  filiform :  anthers  short,  explanate  after  dehiscence. 
Dvary  usually  short-stipitate,  few-ovuled.  Fruit  a  rather  dry  globular  berry.  Seeds 
few,  or  by  abortion  solitary,  with  a  smooth  testa :  cotyledons  usually  broad  and  flat. 

14.  NICOTIANA.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  plicate  and  somewhat  imbricate  in 
the  bud.  Filaments  filiform,  mostly  included  :  anthers  ovate  or  oblong,  often  explanate 
after  dehiscence.  Ovary  normally  2-celled,  with  large  and  thick  placentae,  bearing  very 
numerous  ovules  and  seeds.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  depressed-capitate  and  often  2-lobed. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  more  or  less  invested  by  the  persistent  calyx,  septicidal  and  also  usually 
loculicidal  at  summit;  the  valves  or  teeth  thus  becoming  twice  as  many  as  the  cells,  i.e. 
usually  4.  Seeds  very  small,  with  granulate  or  rugose-foveolate  testa :  cotyledons  little 
broader  than  the  radicle. 

Tribe  V.  SALPIGLOSSIDE^.  Corolla  with  lobes  (either  regular  or  somewhat 
irregular)  plicate  or  iiiduplicate  and  also  more  or  less  hilabiately  imbricated,  the  two 
superior  external.  Stamens  5,  conspicuously  unequal,  four  being  didynamous  and 
the  fifth  smaller,  the  latter  (and  even  one  pair  of  the  others)  sometimes  imperfect 
or  abortive.  Seeds  globular  or  angular,  not  compressed.  Embryo  curved  or  nearly 
straight,  with  cotyledons  usually  broader  than  the  radicle.  (Transition  to  Scrophula- 
riaceoe.^ 

*  Stamens  all  five  perfect  (or  rarely  the  fifth  wanting),  inserted  low  down  on  the  funnel- 
form  or  salverform  corolla,  included. 

15.  PETUNIA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Anther-cells  distinct.  Hypogynous  disk  fleshy.  Stigma 
dilated-capitate,  unappendaged.  Capsule  with  2  undivided  valves,  parallel  with  and  sepa- 
rating from  the  placentiferous  dissepiment. 

16.  BOUCHETIA.  Calyx  oblong-campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  narrow  lobes.  Corolla  short- 
funnelform.     Anthers  connivent ;   their  cells  somewliat  confluent  at  summit.     Hypogy- 

•nous  disk  none  or  obscure.     Stigma  transversely  dilated,  somewhat  reniform.     Capsule 
at  length  4valved.     Seed-coat  minutely  reticulated. 

*  *   Stamens  4,  didynamous,  the  fifth  a  sterile  filament,  included  in  the  throat  of  the  long- 
tubed  corolla. 

17.  LEPTOGLOSSIS.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  6-toothed.  Corolla  salverform,  with  slendpr 
tube  and  more  or  less  gibbous  ventricose  throat,  at  base  of  which  the  stamens  are  in- 
serted. Anthers  somewhat  reniform,  confluent  at  summit;  the  upper  pair  much  smaller, 
sometimes  imperfect.  Stigma  or  the  style  under  it  petaloid-dilated.  Capsule  membra- 
naceous, 2-valved ;  the  valves  at  length  2-cleft. 

1.  LiYCOP^lRSICUM,  Tourn.  Tomato,  &c.  (Jmog,  wolf,  nsgoiHov, 
peach.)  —  Chiefly  annuals,  natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America ;  with  once 
or  twice  pinnate  leaves,  rounded  petiolulate  leaflets,  racemes  (so  called)  of  small 
flowers  becoming  lateral  or  opposite  the  leaves,  articulated  pedicels  reflexed  in 
fruit,  and  red  or  yellow  pulpy  berries,  in  cultivation  esculent  and  often  becoming 
several-celled, 

L.  ESCULENTUM,  Mill.,  var.  cerasif6rme.  (Cherrt-Tomato.)  Annual,  hirsute  on  the 
branches  and  more  or  less  glandular:  leaves  interruptedly  1-2-pinnate;  the  larger  leaflets 
incised  and  toothed,  the  interposed  small  ones  rounder  and  often  entire  :  calyx  little  shorter 
than  the  yellow  corolla :  inflorescence  bractless  :  berry  globose  and  even,  small.  —  L.  cerasi- 
forme,  Dunal.  Solamim  Lycopersicum,  var.,  L.  S.  Pse.udo-Lycopersicum,  Jacq.  Vind.  t.  11. — 
The  normal  form,  probably,  of  the  Tomato  of  the  gardens  :  spontaneous  on  the  southern 
borders  of  Texas  (Berlandier,  &c.) :  introduced  from  Trop.  Amer. 

2.  SOLANUM,  Tourn.  Nightshade,  &c,  (Late  Latin  name  of  Night- 
shade, probably  from  solamen,  solace.)  —  Herbs  or  sometimes  shrubs,  of  various 
habit;  with  the  leaves  (as  in  many  other  genera  of  the  order)  often  geminate, 
the  proper  leaf  being  accompanied  by  a  smaller  lateral  or  extra-axillary  (rameal) 


Solanum.  SOLANACE^.  227 

one,  and  the  peduncles  also  extra-axillary  or  lateral.  Flowers  cymose,  mostly 
after  the  scorpioid  manner,  or  by  unilateral  suppression  in  appearance  racemose, 
or  rarely  solitary,  sometimes  polygamous  through  the  abortion  of  the  pistil  of 
many  of  the  flowers.  A  vast  genus,  generally  diffused  over  the  temperate  and 
warmer  parts  of  the  world,  but  sparingly  represented  in  North  America. 

S.  VikginiAnum,  L.  (founded  on  Dill.  Elth.  t.  267,  and  Pluk.  Aim.  t.  62,  fig.  3),  is  some 
one  of  the  very  prickly  exotic  species  and  not  of  Virginian  origin. 

S.  MAMMOSUM,  L.,  a  West  Indian  species,  attributed  to  Virginia  by  Linnaeus  and  succeed- 
ing authors,  is  unknown "  in  the  country.  The  less  hairy  5.  aculeatissimum  may  sometimes 
have  been  taken  for  it.     In  Chapman's  Flora  a  form  of  S.  Melongena  seems  to  represent  it. 

S.  TexAnum,  Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii.  359,  is  probably  not  Texan,  although  raised  from 
seed  said  to  have  been  collected  there.  It  is  a  plant  of  the  Melongena  (Aubergine  or  Egg- 
Plant)  type,  and  is  probably  S.  integrifolium,  Poir.  (S.  uEthiopicum,  Jacq.  Vind.  t.  2,  not  L.), 
and  according  to  Tenore  his  S.  Lobelii.  It  has  a  7-8-clef t  calyx,  and  the  fruit  (from  a  solitary 
fertile  flower)  5-10-ceIled. 

S.  FloridAnum,  Dunal,  1.  c.  306,  taken  up  from  an  imperfect  specimen  so  named  by  Shut- 
tleworth  in  herb.  DC,  collected  by  Rugel  at  St.  Mark's,  Florida,  is  not  identified,  is  prob- 
ably some  waif  of  ballast  ground,  and,  having  long-hairy  and  retrorse-prickly  stems  and 
pinnately  parted  leaves,  cannot  be  a  variety  of  S.  Carolinense,  to  which  Chapman  referred  it. 

§  1.  Fruit  naked,  i.  e.  not  enclosed  in  the  accrescent  calyx  (in  one  species 
somewhat  so)  :  stamens  all  alike. 

*   Tuberiferous-perennial,  pinnate-leaved :  anthers  blunt. 

S.  tuberosum,  L.  (Potato-plant),  var.  boreale.  Low,  more  or  less  pubescent :  tubers 
about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  sending  off  long  creeping  subterranean  stolons :  leaflets 
5  to  7,  ovate  or  oval,  and  with  only  one  or  two  interposed  small  ones,  or  sometimes  none 
at  all:  peduncle  few-flowered:  corolla  blue  or  sometimes  white,  angulate-5-lobed.  —  S. 
Fendleri,  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser..2,  xxii.  285;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  151.  —  New 
Mexico,  especially  in  the  mountains,  and  southward :  apparently  not  specifically  distinct 
from  the  Potato-plant,  which  extends  along  the  Andes  to  Chili  and  Buenos  Ayres. 

S.  Jamesii,  Torr.  Low,  a  span  or  so  in  height:  leaflets  5  to  9,  varying  from  lanceolate 
to  ovate-oblong,  smoothish ;  the  lowest  sometimes  much  smaller,  but  no  interposed  small 
ones :  peduncle  cymosely  few-several-flowered :  corolla  white,  at  length  deeply  5-cIeft : 
otherwise  as  in  the  last.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  227;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado 
to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  (Mexico,  probably  under  several  names.)  Seems  on  the 
whole  distinct ;  but  Fendler's  no.  669  belongs  here,  at  least  in  part. 

*   *   Annuals  (at  least  in  our  climate),  simple-leaved,  never  prickly,  but  the  angles  of  the  stem 

sometimes  minutely  denticulate-asperate :    anthers  blunt:    pubescence  when  present  simple: 

flowers  and  globose  berries  small. 

^—  Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid. 
S.  triflorum,  Nutt.  Green,  slightly  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous,  low  and  much  spreading : 
leaves  oblong  and  pinnatifid,  with  wide  rounded  sinuses  ;  the  lobes  7  to  9,  lanceolate,  3  or 
4  lines  long,  entire  or  sometimes  1-2-toothed  :  peduncles  lateral,  1-3-flowercd  :  pedicels  nod- 
ding :  corolla  small,  white,  a  little  longer  than  the  5-parted  calyx :  berries  green,  as  large 
as  a  small  cherry.  —  Gen.  i.  128.  —  Plains  from  Saskatchewan  to  New  Mexico,  chiefly  as  a 
weed  near  habitations  and  in  cultivated  ground. 
-) 1—  Leaves  varj'ing  from  coarsely  toothed  to  entire:  flowers  in  small  pedunculate  umbel-like 

lateral  cymes:  corolla  white  and  sometimes  bluish:  berries  usually  black  when  ripe,  rarely  red  or 

yellowish,  only  as  large  as  peas.  (Section  Morella,  Dunal.) 
S.  nigrum,  L.  Low,  green  and  almost  glabrous,  or  the  younger  parts  pubescent: 
leaves  mostly  ovate  with  a  cuneate  base,  irregularly  sinuate-toothed,  repand,  or  some- 
times entire,  acute  or  acuminate :  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  ^^  Includes  many 
and  perhaps  most  of  the  50  and  more  species  of  Dunal  in  the  Prodromus,  weeds  or  weedy 
plants,  widely  diffused  over  the  world,  especially  the  warmer  portions.  A.  Braun's  charac- 
ters for  several  species,  founded  on  the  hairiness  or  smoothness  of  the  filaments,  length 
of  the  anthers  and  of  the  style,  and  whether  the  calyx  is  loosely  appresscd  to  the  ripe 
berry  or  reflexed,  do  not  hold  out.    Our  common  form,  the  true  S.  nigrum,  has  corolla  only 


228  SOLANACE^.  Solarium. 

3  or  4  lines  in  diameter,  filaments  more  or  less  hairy  inside,  style  little  if  at  all  projecting, 
and  fruiting  calyx  merely  spreading.  To  this  belongs  mainly  the  following,  referred  to  N. 
America  by  Duiial :  viz.  S.  pterocaulo7i,'Duna,l.  (Dill.  Elth.  t.  275,  fig.  356),  aS.  crenato-dentatum, 
ptycanthum,  and  probably  inops,  DC.  —  Common  in  damp  or  shady,  especially  cultivated  and 
waste  grounds,  appearing  as  if  introduced.     (Cosmopolite.) 

Var.  viLLOSUM,  Mill.  Low,  somewhat  viscid-pubescent  or  villous :  leaves  conspicu- 
ously angulate-dentate,  small:  filaments  glabrous  to  the  base:  berries  yellow.  —  S.  vil- 
losum,  Lam.  —  Ballast-grounds,  Philadelphia,  &c.  —  Var.  alAtum  (S.  datum,  Moench,  S. 
miniatum,  Benth.),  a  similar  form,  but  with  angled  branches  and  red  berries,  has  reached  the 
shores  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  California.     (Adventive  from  S.  Eu.) 

Var.  Dillenii.  Taller  and  leaves  mostly  entire  or  merely  repand  :  filaments  more  or 
less  bearded,  at  least  at  the  base  :  style  exserted  or  sometimes  not  exceeding  the  stamens. 
—  Dill.  1.  c.  fig.  355.  S.  Dillenii,  Schult.,  Dunal,  1.  c. ;  A.  Braun,  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Berol. 
1853.  —  Florida  to  S.  America.  Entire-leaved  forms  differ  from  the  next  only  in  the  hairy 
filaments.  S.  Americanum,  Mill.  Diet.,  with  glabrous  leaves,  should  be  the  same,  but  S. 
Besseri,  Weinm.,  to  which  Dunal  refers  it,  is  a  canescently-puberulent  variety,  with  rather 
large  and  entire  leaves.     (S.  American.) 

Var.  nodiflorum.  Slender,  often  tall :  leaves  entire,  rarely  few-toothed,  acuminate : 
filaments  glabrous  :  style  generally  exserted  :  calyx  in  fruit  reflexed.  —  S.  nodiflorum,  Jacq. 
Ic.  Rar.  t.  326.  —  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  S.  America.     Seems  to  pass  into 

Var.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Either  herbaceous  and  annual,  or  southward  decidedly  with 
lignescent  stem  3  to  5  or  even  10  feet  high :  leaves  variously  angulate-toothed,  or  some 
nearly  entire :  flowers  larger :  corolla  5  to  8  lines  in  diameter,  white,  or  sometimes  light 
blue  :  filaments  hairy  inside :  fruiting  calyx  erect.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  538.  S.  Douglasii,  Dunal 
in  DC.  1.  c.  48.  S.  umhelliferum,  var.  trachycladon,  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vii.  17,  a  remarkably 
large  form.  —  W.  California. 
S.  grAcile,  Link.  Cinereous-pubescent  or  puberulent,  rather  tall  (2  or  3  feet  high),  with 
virgate  spreading  branches  :  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish  or  obtuse,  entire  or 
nearly  so  :  corolla  white  or  bluish  (about  5  lines  in  diameter)  :  filaments  slightly  hairy 
inside:  style  exserted  beyond  the  anthers  :  stigma  rather  large  :  calyx  somewhat  appressed 
to  the  (black)  berry.  — Hort.  Berol.;  Dunal,  1.  c.  54,  not  Sendt.  — Coast  of  N.  Carolina, 
Curtis.  Ballast-grounds  near  Philadelphia.  (Nat.  or  adv.  from  Extra-trop.  S.  Amer.) 
*    *    *    Perennial  and  more  or  less  woody,  at  least  the  base,  never  prickly :  anthers  merely  oblong 

or  linear-oblong,  not  tapering  but  very  blunt  at  apex:  leaves  rarely  geminate. 
-1—  Pubescence  of  simple  or  in  one  species  of  branching  hairs,  never  stellate:  cells  of  the  anther 
opening  by  a  short  vertical  slit  at  the  apex,  which  extends  downward  usually  for  the  whole 
length. 
++  Corolla  5-parted:  pedicels  solitary  or  few  in  a  lateral  fascicle:  common  peduncle  hardly  any: 
berry  large,  scarlet. 
S.    Pseddo-CApsicum,  L.      (Jerusalem    Cherry.)      Low  erect    shrub,  with  spreading 
branches  verv  leafy,  glabrous :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  often  repand,  bright  green 
and  shining,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole :  corolla  white :  berry  globose,  scarlet, 
rarely  yellow,  half  inch  or  so  in  diameter.  — Cult,  for  ornament,  nat.  m  Florida,  &c.,  from 
Madeira,  where  probably  it  is  not  indigenous. 

4^  ^  Corolla  5-parted  or  deeplv  cleft,  violet,  purple,  or  sometimes  white:  peduncles  slender,  ter- 
minal or  soon  lateral,  bearing  several  flowers  in  a  paniculate  or  umbel-like  cvme;  the  pedicels 
nodose-articulated  at  base:  sfems  or  branches  mostly  sarmentose  orflexuous:  leaves  inclined  to 
be  cordate  and  often  3-lobed  :  berries  small,  red. 
S   DulcamAra  L.     (Bittersweet.)     More  or  less   pubescent:   shrubby  stems   climbing 
'and  somewhat  twining  several  feet  high :  leaves  ovate  and  acuminate,  mostly  slightly 
cordate  some  with  an  auriculate  lobe  on  one  or  both  sides  at  base,  which  are  sometimes 
nearly  separated  into  small  leaflets:  corolla  half  inch  in  diameter:  berry  oval.  — Curt. 
Lond.  ii.  t.  5;  Bigel.  Med.  t.  18.  — Near  dwellings  and  in  low  grounds.  Northern  Atlantic 
States.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
S    triquetrum    Cav.      Nearly  glabrous :   stems  suffruticose,  flexuous   or  sarmentose, 
hardly  at  all  climbing,  a  foot  to  a  yard  high :  branches  angled  but  hardly  triquetrous : 
leaves  deltoid-cordate  (and  the  larger  2  inches  long),  varying  to  hastate,  and  m  smaller 
forms  to  hastate-3-lobed  or  even    5-lobed,   with   the    middle  lobe   lanceolate  or  hnear 
and  prolonged  (an  inch  or  only  half  an  inch  long) :  cymes  commonly  umbellately  few- 


Solarium.  SOLANACE^.  229 

-flowered :  pedicels  in  fruit  clavate-thickened  at  summit :  corolla  nearly  as  the  preced- 
ing: berry  globose.  — Ic.  iii.  30,  t.  259;  Dunal,  1.  c.  153,  with  the  small-leaved  variety. 
S.  Lindheimerianum,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  766.  — Low  grounds  and  thickets,  W.  Texas 
(Berlandier,  Lindheimer,  Wright,  &c.)  to  Arizona  1  Coulter.     (Mex.) 

++++++  Corolla  angulate-5-lobed,  ample  and  widely  rotate,  blue  or  violet,  varying  to  white : 
peduncles  mostly  short,  terminal  or  becoming  more  or  less  lateral,  thickened  often  as  if  into  a 
cupulate  node  at  the  articulation  of  the  slender  pedicels:  "berries  purple,"  the  base  covered  by 
the  appressed  moderately  accrescent  calyx. 

S.  Xanti,  Gray.  Herbaceous  nearly  to  the  base,  viscid-pubescent  with  simple  hairs,  or 
glabrate:  branches  slender:  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  thinnish,  entire  or  undulate- 
repand,  occasionally  auriculate-lobed  at  the  base,  which  is  obtuse  or  rounded,  or  some  of 
the  upper  acute,  or  the  larger  subcordate :  cyme  often  forked :  corolla  about  an  inch  in 
diameter.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  90,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  539.  —  California,  throughout  the 
length  of  the  State  and  into  the  borders  of  Nevada :  confused  in  collections  with  the  fol- 
lowing species.  Calyx  lobes  (as  in  that)  ovate  or  triangular,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
short  and  broad  tube.  Style  much  exserted.  Pubescence  of  jointed  viscid  hairs,  some  of 
them  gland-tipped. 

Var.  Wallacei,  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  and  flowers  much  larger ;  the  former  sometimes 
4  inches  long,  and  the  violet  corolla  fully  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter :  branches  and 
the  forking  cyme  villous.  —  Island  of  Santa  Catalina  off  San  Pedro,  California,  Wallace. 
(Coulter's  no.  586,  without  flowers,  may  be  a  glabrous  form  of  this.) 

S.  umbelliferum,  Esch.  Woody  below,  tomentose-pubescent  and  cinereous  with  short 
many-branched  hairs,  sometimes  glabrate :  flowering  branchlets  mostly  short  and  leafy : 
leaves  rarely  ovate  and  acute,  commonly  obovate  and  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  half  inch  to 
an  inch  or  two  long,  more  or  less  acute  or  narrowed  at  base,  or  the  lower  and  larger  ones 
rounded,  on  short  petiole :  umbels  short-peduncled,  few-several-flowered :  corolla  about 
three-fourths  inch  in  diameter.  —  Esch.  in  Mem.  Acad.  Petrop.  x.  281.  S.  Califomicum  & 
S.  genistoides,  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c.  86 ;  the  latter  a  starved  and  twiggy  very  small-leaved  form, 
of  arid  soil  or  the  dry  season.  —  California,  common  from  the  f ootrhills  to  the  coast,  pro- 
ducing handsome  blue  (rarely  white)  flowers  throughout  the  season. 

-t—  •*—  Pubescence  of  stellate  hairs  or  down:  cells  of  the  anther  opening  only  by  a  short  terminal 
transverse  slit  or  hole:  corolla  5-parted,  downy  outside:  peduncles  usually  terminal,  erect, 
rather  long  and  stout,  bearing  a  many-flowered  cyme. 

S.  verbascifolium,  L.  Shrub  erect,  very  soft-tomentose  throughout:  leaves  ovate, 
rounded  at  base  (4  to  10  inches  long),  entire,  very  hoary  beneath :  corolla  white,  its  lobes 
ovate  :  ovary  woolly.  —  Jacq.  Vind.  i.  t.  13.  —  Key  West,  Florida;  also  in  Mexico  near  the 
Texan  borders.     (Tropics.) 

S.  Blodgettii,  Chapm.  Shrub  spreading,  with  rather  slender  branches,  hoary  with  a 
fine  somewhat  furfuraceous  and  roughish  pubescence:  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  obtusish 
at  both  ends  (3  to  5  inches  long),  greenish  and  roughish  above,  soft  and  canescent  beneath, 
entire  :  cyme  twice  or  thrice  forked :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flower,  erect  in  fruit :  corolla 
white,  deeply  5-parted,  its  lobes  lanceolate  (4  lines  long) :  ovary  glabrous  :  berry  green,  turn- 
ing red.  — Fl.  349.  —  Key  West,  &c..  South  Florida,  Dr.  Easier,  Blodgett,  Palmer.  Perhaps 
merely  an  unarmed  form  of  some  normally  prickly  species,  allied  to  S.  lancece/oUum  and 
S.  igneum. 

*  *  *  *  Perennials,  or  one  or  two  introduced  weeds  here  annuals,  more  or  less  prickly :  anthers 
more  or  less  elongated  and  tapering  at  the  apex;  the  cells  opening  only  by  a  terminal  hole: 
berries  in  all  our  species  glabrous. 

-1—  Corolla  deeply  5-parted  and  not  plaited :  leaves  entire :  scurfy  down  stellate :  calyx  5-toothed : 
peduncles  termmal  or  soon  lateral :  berries  red. 

S.  Bahamense,  L.  Shrubby,  beset  with  straight  and  subulate  tawny  prickles :  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  obtusely  pointed  or  obtuse  (2  to  4  inches  long),  sometimes  repand, 
stellate-scurfy  with  a  minute  roughish  pubescence,  which  is  denser  but  scarcely  canescent 
beneath:  flowers  racemose,  on  slender  pedicels  wliich  are  recurved  in  fruit:  divisions 
of  the  purplish  or  whitish  corolla  (3  or  4  lines  long)  linear  with  tapering  tips,  a  little  hairy. 
—  Dill.  Elth.  t.  271,  fig.  250.  S.  radula,  Chapm.,  1.  c.  not  Vahl.  —  Keys  of  Florida,  Blodgett, 
Palmer.     (W.  Ind.) 

.)_  H_  Corolla  5-parted  and  not  plaited:  leaves  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid:  no  scurf,  and  the 
pubescence  all  of  simple  hairs:  calyx  deeply  5-cleft:   anthers  broadly  lanceolate:    peduncles 


230  SOLANACE^.  Solanu7n. 

lateral,  short,  few-flowered :  berries  smooth,  becoming  red  or  yellow.  (Tropical  American,  spar- 
ingly introduced  as  weeds  on  and  near  the  coast  of  Southern  Atlantic  States,  growing  as  annuals.) 
S.  AC0LEATfs8iMUM,  Jacq.  Vlllous  wlth  scattered  long  and  weak  jointed  hairs,  or  soon 
nearly  glabrate,  beset  (even  to  the  calyx)  with  slender-subulate  straight  prickles :  leaves 
pretty  large,  membranaceous,  ovate  or  slightly  cordate,  mostly  sinuate-pinnatifid  :  corolla 
white,  its  lobes  ovate-lanceolate :  berry  globose :  seeds  very  flat  and  thin,  with  a  membra- 
naceous border. — Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  t.  41.  —  Waste  grounds,  a  weed  near  dwellings,  from  N. 
Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas.     (Nat.  from  tropics.) 

•4—  •»—  -(—  Corolla  5-cleft  or  angulate-5-lobed,  plicate  in  the  bud :  pubescence  all  or  partly  stellate. 
++    Indigenous  perennials,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  deep  running  rootstocks  :  corolla  violet,  rarely 
white  :  anthers  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolat« :  pedicels  recurved  or  reflexed  in  fruit :  mature 
berries  naked,  merely  subtended  by  the  calyx. 

S.  elseagnifoliura,  Cav.  Silvery-canescent  all  over  by  the  dense  and  close  scurf-like 
pubescence,  composed  of  many-rayed  stellate  hairs :  stems  often  woody  at  base :  prickles 
small  and  acicular,  sometimes  copious,  sometimes  nearly  or  wholly  wanting:  leaves  lan- 
ceolate and  varying  to  oblong  and  to  linear,  rather  obtuse,  sinuate-repand  or  entire  : 
cymes  at  first  terminal,  short-peduncled,  few-flowered:  pedicels  rather  long:  calyx  5- 
angled,  with  slender  lobes  fully  as  long  as  the  tube :  corolla  moderately  5-lobed,  about  an 
inch  in  diameter ;  the  lobes  triangular-ovate :  ovary  white-tomentose  :  berry  globose,  seldom 
half  an  inch  in  diameter,  yellowish,  or  at  length  black.  —  Ic.  iii.  t.  243.  *S.  leprosum,  Ort. 
Dec.  ix.  115 ;  Dunal,  Sol.  t.  12,  a  prickly  and  sinuate-leaved  form.  S.  Jlavidum,  Torr.  in 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  227.  S.  Hindsianum,  Benth.  Sulph.  39.  5.  Texense,  Engelm.  &  Gray, 
PI.  Lindh.  i.  45.  <S.  Rcemerianum,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  767.  —  Prairies  and  plains,  Kansas  to 
Texas,  and  west  to  S.  Arizona.     (Lower  Calif.,  Mex.,  Extra-trop.  S.  Amer.) 

S.  Torreyi,  Gray.  Cinereous  with  a  somewhat  close  f urfuraceous  pubescence  composed 
of  about  equally  9-12-rayed  hairs :  prickles  small  and  subulate,  scanty  along  the  stem  and 
midribs,  or  sometimes  nearly  wanting :  leaves  ovate  with  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  base, 
sinuately  5-7-lobed  (4  to  6  inches  long);  the  lobes  entire  or  undulate,  obtuse,  unarmed: 
cymes  at  first  terminal,  loose,  2-3-fid:  lobes  of  the  calyx  (often  6)  short-ovate  with  a  long 
abrupt  acumination:  corolla  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter;  its  lobes  broadly  ovate: 
berry  globose,  an  inch  in  diameter,  yellow  when  mature.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  44.  S. 
platyphyllum,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  227,  not  HBK.  S.  mammosum  1  Engelm.  &  Gray, 
PI.  Lindh.,  i.  46.  —  Prairi6s,  &c.,  Kansas  and  Texas.  —  Anthers  4  to  5  lines  long.  Flowers 
large  and  handsome. 

S.  Carolinense,  L.  Hirsute  or  roughish-pubescent  with  4-8-rayed  hairs,  many  of  them 
with  the  central  division  elongated:  prickles  stout  and  subulate,  yellowish,  copious  or 
rarely  scanty :  leaves  oblong  or  sometimes  ovate,  obtusely  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed  or  sin- 
uate-pinnatifid :  cymes  or  racemes  simple,  soon  lateral,  loose,  few-several-flowered :  lobes 
of  the  calyx  acuminate :  corolla  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  light  blue  or  rarely  white,  the 
lobes  ovate  :  berries  about  half  inch  in  diameter,  globose.  —  (Dill.  Elth.  t.  269 ;  but  the  fig. 
of  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  t.  331  is  dubious.)  —  Sandy  soil  and  waste  grounds,  Connecticut  and  S. 
Illinois  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Southward  a  troublesome  weed  in  cult,  grounds.  Var. 
Floridanum,  Chapm.  Fl.  349,  is  a  mere  form  with  deep-lobed  leaves. 

Var.  hirsuttini  (S.  Mrsutnm,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  109,  S.  pimilum,  Dunal, 
1.  c),  judging  from  an  imperfect  original  specimen,  is  a  depauperate  and  more  hirsute 
variety,  little  prickly,  with  leaves  merely  repand  and  tapering  to  the  base,  as  in  the  low- 
est leaves  of  S.  Carolinense.  S.  Pleei,  Dunal,  I.  c,  may  be  a  more  developed  state  of  the 
same.  —  Milledgeville,  Georgia,  Boijkin,  &c. 

++  -H-  Introduced  annuals  or  more  enduring  and  woody  in  the  tropics,  with  partly  simple  pubes- 
cence: anthers  lanceolate:  racemose  fructiferous  pedicels  merely  spreading:  berry  wholly  or 
partly  enveloped  by  the  loose  calyx. 

S.  sisymbriif6lium,  Lam.  Green,  stout,  villous-pubescent  with  simple  more  or  less  glan- 
dular and  viscid  hairs,  mixed  on  the  leaves  with  some  few-rayed  stellate  hairs  (their  middle 
division  elongated),  much  armed  even  to  the  calyx  with  long-subulate  straight  prickles: 
leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  and  the  oblong  lobes  sinuate  or  even  again  somewhat  pinnatifid : 
flowers  several  or  numerous  in 'terminal  or  soon  lateral  pedunculate  racemes  :  corolla  light 
blue  or  white,  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  5-lobed :  lobes  of  the  5-parted  calyx  lanceolate, 
becoming  ovate-lanceolate  and  at  length  loosely  and  completely  or  incompletely  surround- 
ing the  globose  red  berry  :  seeds  minutely  reticulate-pitted.  —  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c.     S.  vis- 


Salpichroa.  SOLANACE.E.  231 

cosiim,  Lag.     S.  injiatum,  Hornem.     5.  brancce/olium,  Jacq.  Eel.  t.  7.     5.  decurrens,  Balbis.    S. 
Balbisii,  Dunal ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2828,  3964.    S.  Saheanum,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1862.  —  Waste  grounds,  Alabama,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Texas  :  adventive  or  escaped  from 
cultivation.     (Brazil  and  Buenos  Ayres.)  —  Calyx  not  greatly  accrescent  and  not  enclosing 
the  berry  in  wild  specimens,  and  in  some  later  flowers  of  cultivated  plants. 
§  2.  Androceka.     Fruit  enclosed  by  the  close-fitting  and  horridly  prickly 
calyx  and  even  adhering  to  it :  stamens  and  especially  the  style  much  declined : 
anthers  tapering  upwards,   linear-lanceolate,   dissimilar;    the    lowest  one  much 
longer  and  larger,  and  with  an  incurved  beak :  seeds  thickish,  coarsely  undulate- 
rugose  :  racemose  pedicels  erect  in  fruit :  leaves  1-3-pinnatifid  :  annuals,  some- 
times woody  below,  armed  with  straight  prickles.  —  Androcera^  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  129. 
Nycterium,  Vent,  in  part,  but  not  the  typical  one,  which  has  a  naked  fruit. 

S.  heterodoxum,  Dunal.  Pubescent  with  glandular-tipped  simple  hairs,  with  a  very 
few  5-rayed  bristly  ones  on  the  upper  face  of  the  irregularly  or  interruptedly  bipinnatifid 
leaves ;  their  lobes  roundish  or  obtuse  and  repand :  corolla  violet,  an  inch  and  a  half  or 
less  in  diameter,  somewhat  irregular,  5-clef t ;  the  lobes  ovate-acuminate  :  four  anthers  yel- 
low, and  the  large  one  tinged  with  violet.  —  Sol.  235,  t.  25  (small-flowered  form  cult,  at 
Montpeher) ;  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iii.  47;  Jacq.  Eel.  ii.  t.  101.  S.  (Nycterium)  citruUi- 
folium,  Braun,  Ind.  Sera.  Frib.  1849;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  152.  —  W.  Texas  and  New 
Mexico.    (Mex.)     Leaves  Watermelon-like  in  form  and  division. 

S.  rostratum,  DunaL  Somewhat  hoary  or  yellowish  with  a  copious  wholly  stellate 
pubescence,  a  foot  or  t\yo  high  :  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  foregoing  or  less  divided,  some  of 
them  only  once  pinnatifid :  corolla  yellow,  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  hardly  irregular,  the 
short  lobes  broadly  ovate.  —  Sol.  234,  t.  24,  &  in  DC.  1.  c.  329.  S.  keterandrum,  Pursh,  Fl.  i. 
156,  t.  7.  S.  Bejariense,  Moricand  in  DC.  1.  e.  Androcera  lobata,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  129.  — Plains 
of  Nebraska  to  Texas.  (Mex.)  S.  cornutum,  Lam.,  of  Tropical  Mexico,  should  be  known 
by  its  simple  pubescence. 

3.  CAPSICUM,  Tourn.  Cayenne  Pepper.  (Name  conjectured  to  come 
from  xuTZTM,  to  gulp  down,  alluding  to  the  pungency  of  the  fruit  used  as  a  con- 
diment, or  from  capsa,  a  pod,  the  pericanp  of  the  larger-fruited  species  being  dry  at 
maturity  and  almost  capsular.)  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  originally  all  American  and 
nearly  all  tropical,  green  and  commonly  glabrous  ;  with  many-times  forking  stems, 
ovate  and  entire  or  merely  repand  thin  and  usually  acuminate  leaves,  and  small 
solitary  or  cymose  flowers  on  slender  (or  when  the  fruit  is  recurved  stouter) 
pedicels :  corolla  mostly  white :  anthers  generally  bluish  ;  the  red  or  yellowish 
berries  (or  in  some  cultivated  forms  vesicular  pod-like  fruits)  charged  with  a 
very  pungent  aromatic  acridity.  —  Fingerhuth,  Mon.  Caps.  1832. 

C.  FRUTESCENS,  L.  Shrub  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  flexuose  branches :  berry  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  half  an  inch  or  more  long,  on  an  erect  or  inclined  peduncle.  —  Key  West,  Florida. 
(Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

C.  baccatum,  L.  (Bird  Pepper.)  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  slender  divergent 
branches :  leaves  slender-petioled :  calyx  more  or  less  toothed  in  the  flower,  truncate  in 
fruit :  berry  elliptical-globular  or  globose  :  peduncles  in  fruit  erect.  —  Fingerh.  1.  c.  19,  t.  4, 
fig.  6.  C.  microphyllum,  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c.  421  (sometimes  small-leaved).  —  S.  Texas  to  Ari- 
zona, indigenous.  S.  Florida,  doubtless  introduced.  (Trop.  Amer.  and  other  tropical  regions.) 

4,  SALPICHROA,  Miers.  {Zdlmvl,  trumpet,  and  xQ<^?i  complexion  or 
color,  the  typical  species  having  trumpet-shaped  and  handsome  corolla ;  but  in 
some  it  is  urceolate  and  rather  short,  in  ours  especially  so.)  —  South  American, 
except  the  dubious 

S.  "Wrightii.  Low  herb,  apparently  perennial,  pubescent  with  rather  slender  simple 
hairs :  leaves  membranaceous,  ovate,  entire  (an  inch  or  more  long),  slender-petioled :  pedi- 


232  SOLANACEJS.  Oryctes. 

eels  solitary  or  sometimes  2  or  3  together,  soon  deflexed :  calyx  hirsute  (a  line  and  a  half 
Lecoming  in  fruit  2  or  3  lines  long),  divided  to  the  base;  the  divisions  lanceolate  :  corolla 
oblong  and  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx,  naked  within :  dry  berry  globose,  4  lines  in 
diameter :  seeds  flat,  rugose,  oval,  with  excised  hilum.  —  Arizona  on  the  Sonoita,  Wright 
(no.  1692),  with  mature  fruit  and  some  undeveloped  flower-buds ;  from  the  habit,  calyx, 
seeds,  and  high  insertion  of  the  stamens  referred  to  the  present  genus. 

5.  OR"^CTES,  S.  Watson.  ( '0(>t^'xT);t,',  a  digger,  name  given  to  this  dubious 
plant  because  it  grows  in  the  country  of  the  Digger  Indians.)  —  A  single  species, 
known  only  from  incomplete  materials. 

O.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  A  low  and  insignificant  winter-annual,  2  to  4  inches  high, 
when  young  somewhat  scurfy  or  pruinose-pubescent,  rather  viscid :  leaves  oblong-ovate  or 
lanceolate,  undulate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole :  pedicels  3  or  4  in  a  lateral  fascicle, 
shorter  than  the  flower :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the  corolla, 
about  the  length  of  the  globose  berry,  loose:  corolla  3  lines  long,  narrow,  apparently 
cylindraceous,  blue  or  purplish ;  the  sinuses  deeply  induplicate  in  the  bud :  filaments 
somewhat  hairy,  inclined  to  be  unequal  in  length  ;  tlie  longer  ones  and  the  filiform  style 
nearly  equalling  the  corolla  :  seeds  orbicular,  flattened,  foveolate-reticulated.  — Bot.  King, 
274,  t.  28,  fig.  9,  10 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  893 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  542.  —  W  Nevada, 
at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Virginia  mountains,  near  the  Big  Bend  of  the  Truckee,  imder 
Artemisia  bushes,  in  spring,  Watson. 

6.  CHAM^SARACHA,  Gray.  (*S^aracAa  is  a  tropical  American  genus, 
dedicated  by  Ruiz  &  Pavon  to  Isidore  Saracha,  a  Spanish  Benedictine  :  the  prefix 
labial,  on  the  gi'ound,  makes  the  meaning  low  Saracha.) — Texauo-Californian 
depressed  perennials  ;  with  mostly  narrow  leaves,  either  entire  or  pinnatifid,  and 
tapering  into  margined  petioles,  filiform  naked  pedicels,  and  either  white,  ochroleu- 
cous,  or  violet-tinged  corolla  ;  the  close-fitting  calyx  in  fruit  obscurely  if  at  all 
veiny.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  891.  Saracha  §  ChamcBsaracha,  Gray,  Proc, 
Am.  Acad.  x.  62. 

*  Stems  branching,  diffuse  or  at  length  depressed-procumbent:  fruiting  calyx  almost  globose: 
seeds  thickish,  rugosely  favose. 

C.  Coronopus,  Gray.  Green,  almost  glabrous,  or  beset  with  some  short  and  roughish 
hairs,  diffusely  very  much  branched :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  with  cuneate-attenuate 
base,' varying  from  nearly  entire  to  laciniate-pinnatifid:  peduncles  elongated:  calyx  more 
or  less  hirsute  (the  hairs  often  2-forked  at  tip).— Bot.  Calif,  i.  540.  Solatium  Coronopus, 
Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  64.  Withania  ?  Coronopus,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  155.  Saracha 
{Chamcesaracha)  Coronopus,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  62.  —Clayey  soil,  Texas  to  southern 
parts  of  Colorado  and  west  to  Arizona.  (Adjacent  Mex.)  Corolla  (yellowisli),  berry 
(nearly  white),  and  fruiting  calyx  nearly  as  in  the  next  species,  with  which  some  speci- 
mens seem  to  connect.  To  this  probably  belongs  Saracha  acutifolia,  Miers  in  Ann  &  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.  1849,  &  111.  S.  Am.  PI.  ii.  19,  described  from  an  incomplete  specimen  in  Coulter's 
collection,  from  California,  or  probably  Arizona. 

C.  sordida,  Gray,  1.  c.  Much  branclied  from  the  root  or  base,  somewhat  cinereous  with 
short  viscid  or  glandular  pubescence,  which  occasionally  becomes  furfuraceous,  also  more 
or  less  villous  with  longer  hairs:  leaves  from  obovate-spatulate  or  cuneate-oblong  to 
oblanceolate,  and  from  repand  to  incisely  pinnatifid  (or  even  with  the  lobes  sinuate-in- 
cised):  calyx  when  young  viscid-villous. —  Withania?  sordida,  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c.  456, 
Torr.  1.  c.  Solarium  coniodes,  Moricand  ex  Dunal,  1.  c.  64.  S.  Linsecumii,  Buckley  in  Proc. 
Acad.  Philad.  Saracha  ( Chamcesaracha)  sordida,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  —  Dry  or 
clayey  soil,  Texas  and  South-western  Kansas  to  Arizona.  (Adjacent  Mex.)  Corolla 
dull  pale  yellow  or  sometimes  violet-purple,  about  half  inch  in  diameter.  Berry  the  size 
of  a  pea,  all  but  the  summit  closely  invested  by  the  herbaceous  calyx.  Dunal's  two 
plants  are  the  same,  both  being  rather  hoary  and  less  hairy  forms  of  a  very  variable 
species. 


Physalis.  SOLANACE^.  233 

*  *  Stems  very  short  and  tufted  on  a  branching  rootstock:  fruiting  calyx  hemispherical,  open: 
seiads  very  flat,  smoothish  and  minutely  punctate. 

C.  nana,  Gray.  Seldom  a  span  high,  sometimes  nearly  acaulescent,  minutely  cinereous 
with  appressed  pubescence,  not  viscid :  leaves  crowded  and  large  in  proportion,  oblong- 
ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  entire  or  undulate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  and  with 
the  roundish  or  cuneate  base  abruptly  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole  of  about  equal 
length  :  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles :  rotate  corolla  white  or  bluish,  7  to  9 
lines  wide.  —  Saracha  ( Ckamcesaracka)  nana,  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  —  Sierra  Co.,  California,  at 
about  5,000  feet  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Bolander,  Lemmon. 

7.  PHTTSALIS,  L.  Ground  Cherry.  ((Jjvaalig,  a  bladder,  from  the 
bladdery-iufiated  fruiting  calyx  which  characterizes  the  genus.)  —  Herbs,  chiefly 
American  or  of  probably  American  origin ;  with  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed  leaves, 
very  commonly  geminate,  and  solitary  or  sometimes  geminate  (rarely  ternate) 
drooping  or  nodding  pedicels ;  the  flowers  small  or  middle-sized,  white,  yellow,  or 
violet-purple :  berries  greenish,  red,  or  yellow,  often  edible.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  62. 

§  1.  Cham^physalis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Young  parts  sparsely  (or  on  stalks  and 
calyx  densely)  scurfy-granuliferous,  otherwise  quite  glabrous  :  some  leaves  sinu- 
ate-pinnatifid  :  corolla  flat-rotate :  anthers  short,  yellow :  seeds  comparatively  few 
and  large,  thickish  and  somewhat  rugose-tuberculate  round  the  back.  (Habit 
nearly  of  Chamcesaracha,  but  fruiting  calyx  of  true  Physalis.) 

P.  lobata,  Torr.  Low  and  small,  diffusely  branched  from  a  perennial  root :  leaves  ob- 
long-spatulate  or  obovate.from  repand  to  sinuate-pinnatifid  (an  inch  or  two  long),  the  base 
cuneately  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole :  pedicels  commonly  geminate,  longer  than  the 
flower:  corolla  violet  (probably  never  "yellow  "),  6  to  9  lines  in  diameter,  the  centre  with 
a  5-6-rayed  white-woolly  star :  globular-inflated  fruiting  calyx  strongly  5-angled,  half  inch 
or  more  long;  with  short  bluntish  teeth. —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  226  (1826)  &  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  152.  P.  Sabeana,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1861.  Solanum  luteoUflorum, 
Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  64,  at  least  as  to  var.  suhintegri/olium.  —  Plains,  Texas  to  Colorado 
and  "W.  Arizona. 

§2.  Physalis  proper.  Not  granulose-scurfy :  leaves  never  pinnatifid:  corolla 
mostly  rotately  spreading  from  a  somewhat  campanulate  throat  or  base :  seeds 
with  a  thin  and  even  margin. 

P.  Alkekengi,  L.,  the  Winter  Cherry  of  the  south  of  Europe,  with  white  6-lobed  corolla 
and  a  red  berry  in  a  calyx  which  turns  red  also,  and 

P.  Peruviana,  L.,  the  Cape  Gooseberry,  with  greenish-yellow  corolla  spotted  by  a  brown- 
purple  star  in  the  centre,  and  a  yellow  berry,  —  both  perennial-rooted  species,  —  were  intro- 
duced into  cultivation  several  years  ago,  for  their  esculent  fruit,  under  the  name  of 
Strawberry  Tomato.    But  they  have  now  mainly  disappeared. 

P.  Carpentekii,  Riddell,  Cat.  FI.  Ludov.  (N.  O.  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.  viii.  758,  1852,  name 
only),  referred  to  Withania  Morisoni,  in  Bot.  Gazette,  iil.  11,  is  some  adventitious  Athencea. 

*  Corolla  pure  white  or  tinged  with  blue,  wholly  destitute  of  any  dark  centre,  tomentose  at  the 
throat,  proportionally  large,  widely  rotate,  with  border  almost  entire :  pubescence  simple :  fruit- 
ing calyx  ovate-globose. 

P.  grandiflora,  Hook.  Annual,  with  stout  erect  stem  2  feet  or  more  high,  viscid-pu- 
bescent and  young  parts  villous  with  some  long  and  slender  viscid  hairs :  leaves  oblong- 
ovate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  entire:  pedicels  often  in  threes, 
shorter  than  the  flower :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate :  corolla  often  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diam- 
eter: anthers  yellow,  commonly  with  a  tinge  of  violet:  fruiting  calyx  less  than  an  inch 
long,  well  filled  and  distended  by  the  berry,  the  angles  therefore  obsolete,  and  the  summit 
open.  — Fl.  ii.  90;  Gray,  Man.,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  63,  381.  — S.  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
to  the  Saskatchewan  district,  springing  up  in  new  clearings.  Connects  with  Chama:saracha 
through  C.  nana. 


234  SOLANACE^.  Physcdis. 

P.  "Wrightii,  Gray.  Annual,  a  span  high,  widely  branched,  nearly  glabrous ;  the  ap- 
pressed  and  rather  sparse  pubescence  on  pedicels  and  young  parts  very  short  and  mi- 
nute :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  sinuate-toothed  or  repand,  acute  at  base,  about 
an  inch  long :  pedicels  filiform,  longer  than  the  flower  and  the  fruiting  calyx  :  corolla  over 
half  uich  in  diameter,  apparently  pure  white :  anthers  with  or  without  a  tinge  of  violet : 
fruiting  calyx  half  inch  long,  nearly  filled  by  the  berry:  —  S.  W.  Texas,  on  prairies  of  the 
San  Pedro,  Wright. 
*   *   Corolla  lurid  greenish-white  or  yellow,  mostly  darker-colored  or  brownish  in  the  centre,  with 

or  without  a  brown-purple  eye,  small  or  middle-sized,  3  to  10  lines  in  diameter. 
•i—  Strictly  annuals,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  the  pubescence  if  any  minute,  and  neither  viscid  nor 
.   stellate  :'  anthers  violet. 

++  Corolla  small,  3  to  6  lines  broad:  fruiting  calyx  at  first  acutely  angled  and  inflated,  closing 
over,  but  at  full  maturity  nearly  replete  with  the  greenish-yellow  berry:  stem  and  branches  con- 
spicuously angular:  petioles  long  and  slender. 

P.  obscura,  Michx.  Branches  widely  diffuse :  leaves  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  mostly  with 
truncate  or  subcordate  base,  unequally  dentate,  abruptly  acuminate,  membranaceous  (1^  to 
3  inches  long) :  slender  pedicels  about  half  an  inch  long  :  corolla  (3  or  4  lines  broad)  pale 
yellow  with  a  dark  eye :  calyx  deeply  5-cleft  into  lanceolate-subulate  lobes,  in  fruit  ovate- 
pyramidal  and  acuminate  (over  an  inch  long),  very  smooth,  with  5  strong  keeled  angles 
which  are  hardly  obliterated  at  maturity,  the  5  intermediate  nerves  much  less  distinct.  — 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  64.  P.  obscura,  var.  glabra,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  149.  P.  pridnosa,  Ell.  Sk. 
i.  279,  not  L.  P.  Bj-asiliejisis,  Sendtner  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  x.  133  7  —  "  Carolina,"  Michaux. 
Key  West,  Florida,  Blodgett.    Near  Houston,  Texas,  E.  Hall,  no.  503. 

P.  angulata,  L.  Erect,  or  at  length  declined  or  spreading,  2  to  4  feet  long :  leaves 
mostly  ovate-oblong  and  with  somewhat  cuneate  base,  coarsely  and  laciniately  toothed  (2 
to  5  inches  long) :  slender  pedicels  an  inch  or  more  long  :"  corolla  (3  to  6  lines  broad)  green- 
ish-white or  yellowish  and  with  no  distinct  eye :  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,'trian- 
gular  :  fruiting  calyx  at  first  ovate-pyramidal  and  10-angled,  the  5  principal  angles  sharply 
keeled,  at  full  maturity  nearly  replete  and  globose-ovate.  —  Dill.  Elth.  i.  13,  t.  12.  —  Open 
rich  grounds,  through  #he  Middle  and  Southern  Atlantic  States.  (Widely  diffused  over 
tropical  regions.) 

Var.  Linkiana,  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  with  margin  more  laciniate-dentate;  the  irreg- 
ular salient  teeth  lanceolate-subulate:  calyx-lobes  longer  and  narrower.  —  P.  Linkiana, 
Nees  in  Linn.  vi.  471.  (Moris.  Hist.  iii.  526,  sect.  13,  t.  3,  fig.  22,  exaggerated.)  —  S.  Atlan- 
tic States.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

P.  eequata,  Jacq.  f .  Erect,  much  branched,  a  foot  or  two  high,  the  younger  stems  and 
branches  a  little  hairy  or  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  repand  or  sinuate-toothed 
(an  inch  or  two  long  or  rarely  larger) :  pedicels  very  short  (a  line  or  two  long) :  corolla 
(3  to  5  lines  broad)  light  yellow  with  a  brownish  eye:  calyx-lobes  short  and  broadly  ovate- 
triangular  :  fruiting  calyx  ovate-globose  at  maturity,  about  equally  lO-nerved,  an  inch  or 
considerably  less  hi  length.  — Eclog.  ii.  t.  137  ;  Nees,  1.  c. ;  Dunal,  1.  c.  P.  Philadelphica, 
var.  minor,  Dunal,  1.  c.  450.  — Waste  grounds,  S.  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  the  border  of 
California  or  near  it.     (Mex.,  W.  Ind.) 

++  ++  Corolla  larger,  7  to  10  or  sometimes  12  lines  broad  :  fruiting  caljTC  at  maturity  replete  and 
distended  with  the  large  reddish  or  purple  berry,  and  open  at  the  mouth,  sometimes  bursting. 

P.  Philadelphica,  Lam.     Erect  stem  and  branches  angled,  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaves 
obliquely  ovate  or  oblong,  repand-angulate  and  sometimes  few-toothed  (2  to  4  inches  long) : 
corolla  greenish  or  yellowish  with  a  dark  eye :  calyx-lobes  broadly  ovate  or  triangular,  not 
longer  than  the  tube;  fruiting  calyx  globular,  an  inch  in  diameter.  —  Diet.  ii.  101.    P. 
ckenopodifolia,  Willd.,  not   Lam.     "P.   atriplicifolia,  Jacq.  Fragm.  t.  85."  — In  fertile  soil, 
Pennsylvania  to  lUinois  and  Texas  :  sometimes  cult,  for  the  esculent  fruit, 
•t—  -1—  Annuals  or  perennials,  strong-scented,  villous  or  pubescent  with  viscid  or  glandular  simple 
hairs  :  fruiting  calyx  ovate-pyramidal  and  carinately  5-angled  at  maturity,  closed,  loosely  envel- 
oping the  green  or  at  length  yellow  berry :  leaves  ovate  or  cordate. 
++   Root  annual :  anthers  violet. 
P.  pubescens,  L.     A  foot  or  two  high,  with  at  length  widely  spreading  branches :  leaves 
ovate  or  cordate,  varying  from  nearly  entire  to  coarsely  and  obtusely  repand-toothed, 
sometimes  becoming  nearly  glabrous  except  on  the  midrib  and  veins  (commonly  about  2 
inches  long) :  corolla  barely  half  inch  in  diameter  when  expanded,  dull  yellow  with  a 


Physalis.  SOLANACE^.  235 

purplish  brown  eye :  pedicels  (3  to  5  lines  long)  much  shorter  than  the  fruiting  mostly 
pubescent  and  viscid  {inch  to  almost  2  inches  long)  calyx.  —  (Moris.  Hist.  iii.  527,  sect.  13, 
4,  3,  fig.  24;  Dill.  Elth.  t.  9,  fig.  9.)  P.  obscura,  var.  viscido-pubescens,  Michx.  1.  c.  P.  hir- 
siita  &  P.  pubescens,  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c.  P.  viscosa?  Ell.  Sk.  i.  279.  P.  pruinosa,  L.  (from 
N.  America  ? ),  is  most  probably  a  form  of  this  with  long  pedicels  and  yellowish  anthers, 
same  as  Dill.  Elth.  t.  9.  —  Low  grounds,  New  York  to  Iowa,  Florida,  and  westward  from 
Texas  to  the  borders  of  California.     (Trop.  Amer.,  &c.) 

•H-   -H-  Perennial :  anthers  mostly  yellow. 

P.  Virginiana,  Mill.  A  foot  or  so  high  from  slender  and  deep  creeping  subterranean 
shoots,  at  length  spreading  or  decumbent,  pubescent  or  hirsute-villous  with  (usually  more 
or  less  viscid)  many-jointed  hairs :  leaves  ovate,  occasionally  subcordate,  either  repandly 
or  saliently  few-toothed^or  some  nearly  entire  :  corolla  from  three-fourths  to  a  full  inch  in 
diameter,  dull  sulphur-yellow  with  a  brownish  centre  :  calyx-lobes  narrowly  triangular : 
pedicels  half  to  an  inch  long,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx.  —  Diet.  no.  4,  & 
Fig.  PI.  138,  t.  206,  fig.  1 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  65  (by  mistake  "  P.  Virginica  ").  P. 
heterophylla,  Nees  in  Linn.  vi.  463,  excl.  syn.  Walt.  "  P.  nutans,  Walt.  Car.  99  1  "  ex  Nees, 
L  c. ;  but  no  such  name  in  Walter.  P.  heterophylla,  nyctaginea,  &  viscido-pubescens,  Dunal,  1.  c. 
P.  viscosa,  Gray,  Man.,  not  L.  —  Light  or  sandy  soils.  Upper  Canada  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
This  early  name  of  Miller,  taken  up  for  the  present  species  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c,  must 
from  the  size  of  the  flower  belong  to  it,  or  to  a  broad-leaved  and  hairy  form  of  P.  lanceotata. 
Miller's  remark  that  "  the  root  does  not  creep  in  the  ground,"  is  most  applicable  to  the 
latter ;  but  the  color  as  well  as  size  of  the  corolla  and  the  "  pale  yellow  "  fruit,  also  the 
diffuse  growth,  best  accord  with  this  common  species. 

Var.  amblgua,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  coarse  and  very  villous  form  with  anthers  violet !  — 
P.  Pennsylvanica,  Hook.  FL,  at  lea^t  in  part.  —  Wisconsin  (Lapham)  to  Saskatchewan, 
Bourgeau,  Drummond,  &c. 

P.  hederaefolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  less  high,  erect  or  at  length  diffuse  from  a 
thick  perennial  stock  or  root,  densely  viscid-pubescent  or  on  young  parts  more  or  less  vil- 
lous, not  unpleasantly  scented :  leaves  roundish-cordate  or  almost  reniform,  or  sometimes 
ovate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  angulate-toothed  (three-fourths  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
diameter):  corolla  half  an  inch  in  diameter:  anthers  yellow:  calyx-lobes  triangular: 
pedicels  (2  to  4  lines  long)  shorter  than  the  flower,  much  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx. — 
P.  Alkekengi  ?  var.  digitalifolia  &  P.  mollis,  in  part,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  153.  —  Rocky 
hills.  New  Mexico  to  S.  W.  Texas,  Arizona,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico.  "  Herbage  des- 
titute of  the  nauseous  odor  of  the  common  viscid  species,  rather  sweet-scented,"  Wright. 

Var.  puberula,  Gray,  1.  c.  Pubescence  short  and  minutely  glandular,  less  viscid: 
stems  inclined  to  be  procumbent  and  leaves  smaller.  —  Western  borders  of  Texas,  Wright. 

P.  Palmeri.  A  span  or  two  high  from  a  thickish  perennial  stock,  erect,  viscid-pubescent 
with  short  jointed  hairs :  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  or  the  lowest  rotund  (rarely  even 
subcordate),  angulate-dentate  with  few  obtuse  teeth,  the  upper  leaves  acute  (10  to  18  lines 
long)  :  corolla  light  yellow  with  brownish  centre,  7  or  8  lines  in  diameter:  pedicels  mostly 
longer  than  the  flower :  fruit  not  seen.  —  Rock  Spring  in  the  Providence  Mountains,  S.  E. 
California,  Palmer.    Apparently  allied  to  the  preceding. 

H—  H—  4—  Perennials,  not  viscid,  mostly  low:  anthers  almost  always  yellow. 
++  Very  minutely  cinereous-puberulent  or  glabrous  throughout,  no  stellular  pubescence  whatever: 
corolla  (yellowish)  wholly  destitute  of  a  darker  eye:  leaves  all  cordate  or  broad  and  abrupt  at 
base,  thickish  :  pedicels  long  and  filiform. 
P.  glAbra,  Benth.  (not  Martins  &  Gal.),  of  Lower  California,  if  found  within  the  United 

States  will  be  known  by  being  completely  smooth,  and  the  leaves  ovate-  or  hastate-lanceolate. 

P.  crassifolia,  Benth.  Minutely  puberulent,  or  the  leaves  at  length  nearly  glabrous : 
stems  a  span  to  a  foot  long,  branching  from  the  base,  sometimes  soon  procumbent :  leaves 
ovate  or  rounded-subcordate,  repand  or  entire  :  pedicels  commonly  an  inch  long  :  corolla 
ochroleucous,  half  inch  in  diameter:  fruiting  calyx  an  inch  long,  5-angled.  —  Bot.  Sulph. 
40  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  541,  the  small-leaved  form.  —  S.  E.  California  and  Western 
Arizona.     (Lower  Calif.) 

Var.  cardioph^Ua.  A  more  upright  form :  leaves  thinner  and  larger  (6  to  15  hnes 
long),  sometimes  with  a  few  angulate  and  more  prominent  teeth.  — P.  cardjophylla,  Torr. 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  153.  —  On  or  near  the  Rio  Colorado,  Fort  Mohave,  Fort  Yuma,  &c. 


236  SOLANACE^.  Physalis. 

++  ++  Pubescence  stellular  or  branching,  at  least  on  the  calyx,  &c. :  leaves  all  or  most  of  them 

cordate  or  ovate  with  abrupt  base  :  corolla  usually  with  darker  eye :  anthers  occasionally  with  a 

tinge  of  blue :  fruiting  calyx  globose-ovate.  ' 

P.  Pendleri,  Gray,  1-  c.     Pruinose-puberulent ;  the  pubescence   microscopically  minute 

and  partly  simple,  partly  branched  or  stellular,  sometimes  a  little  glandular  :  stems  a  span 

to  a  foot  high  from  a  deep  tuberous  stock,  slender,  much  branched  :  leaves  small  (an  inch 

or  less  long),  from  deltoid-ovate  or  slightly  cordate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  and  from  repand- 

undulate  to  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  mostly  acute  :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flower  :  corolla 

half  an  inch  in  diameter.  — P.  inollis,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.,  in  part.  —Rocks  and  plains, 

New  Mexico,  Fendler,  Thurber,  Wright,  Bigelow,  Parry.     Also  S.  Colorado. 

P.  mollis,  Nutt.     Softly  ciuereous-tomentose  or  canescent  throughout  with  stellate  or 

many-branched  woolly  hairs :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  varying  from 

ovate  (or  some  of  the  lower  obovate)  to  rounded-cordate,  mostly  obtuse,  angulate-toothed 

or  repand  (an  inch  or  two  long),  on  slender  petioles  :  pedicels  usually  filiform  and  equalling 

the  petiole :  corolla  half  to  three-fourths  inch  in  diameter :  fruiting  calyx  an  inch  or  more 

long.  —Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  ser.  2,  v.  194  ;  Torr.  1.  c,  in  part;  Gray,  Pr&c.  Am. 

Acad.  X.  66.     P.  tomentosa,  Dunal  in  DC.  I.  c.  ?  not  Walt.  —  Thickets  and  banks  of  streams, 

Arkansas  (Nuttall,  &c.)  and  Texas.    (Mex.)     Sometimes  very  white-woolly  (as  in  coll. 

E.  Hall) ;  but  passing  into 

Var.  cinerascens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Greenish ;  the  pubescence  much  shorter  and  less 
dense,  the  hairs  less  compound  :  leaves  roundish,  rarely  at  all  cordate,  some  of  the  lower 
with  cuneate  base  :  pedicels  sometimes  shorter.  —  P.  Pennsylvanica,  var.  cinerascens,  Dunal 
in  DC.  I.  c.  435.  —  Indian  Territory  (Palmer)  and  through  Texas  (Drummond,  Schott,  E.  Hall, 
&c.)  to  Mexico.    Berlandier  collected  it  at  Matamoras. 

++++++  Pubescence  stellular,  or  simple  and  somewhat  rigid,  or  nearly  none  :  leaves  from  oval 
to  lanceolate-linear  and  tapering  into  the  petiole,  or  in  the  first  species  occasionally  subcordate: 
style  commonly  clavate. 
P.  visCOSa,  L.     Cinereous  or  when  young  almost  canescent  with  short  and  soft  stellular  or 
2-3-f orked  pubescence :  stems  ascending  or  spreading  from  slender  creeping  subterranean 
shoots,  a  foot  or  two  long  :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  varying  to  oblong  and  obovate,  entire  or 
undulate  (H  to  3  inches  long):  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  petioles:  corolla  two- 
thirds  to  three-fourths  inch  in  diameter,  greenish-yellow  with  a  more  or  less  dark  throat : 
fruiting  calyx  globose-ovate,  an  inch  or  more  long  :  berry  yellow  or  orange.  —  Dill.  Elth. 
t.  10 ;  Jacq.  Vind.  t.  136 ;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  149 ;  Gray,  1.  c.    P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.  Spec.  ed.  2, 
1670,'  but  not  from  Pennsylvania  or  near  it,     P.  tomentosa,  Walt.  Car.  99.     P.  maritima, 
M.  A.  Curtis  m  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  vii.  407.     P.  Jacquini,  Link,  Enura.  Berol. ;  Dunal,  I.  c. 
P.  Walteri,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  112.  — In  sands  on  and  near  coast,  Virginia 
(L.),  N.  Carolina  to  Florida.     (Buenos  Ayres,  &c.)     Specific  name  from  the  viscous  berry. 

Var  spathlilsefolia,  Gray,  I.  c.  Leaves  spatulate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually 
tapering  into  the  petiole.  — P.  pubescens,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  PI.  Lindh.  1.  19.  P.  lanceolata, 
var.  spathulmfoUa,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1.  c.  —  Sea  beaches,  Florida  and  Texas.  Glabrate 
forms  approach  the  next. 
P.  angustifolia,  Nutt.  Bright  green,  very  minutely  stellular-pubescent  when  young, 
or  glabrous  from'  the  first,  except  a  fine  soft  stellular  pubescence  on  the  margins  of  the 
leaves,  or  at  least  on  the  calyx-lobes  :  stems  erect  or  ascending  from  filiform  running 
shoots,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high:  leaves  from  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  to 
linear,  tapering  into  a  very  short  petiole  (1^-3^  inches  long)  :  corolla  three-fourths  mch 
in  diameter  when  expanded:  flowering  calyx  broadly  campanulate  and  3  or  4  hnes  long, 
the  subglobose  fruiting  calyx  seldom  an  inch  long.  — Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  112;  Gray, 
1.  c.  —  Sandy  coast  and  Keys  of  W.  Florida. 
P.  lanceolata,  Michx.  More  or  less  hirsute-pubescent  with  short  and  stiff  (or  on  the 
stem  often  longer  and  somewhat  villous-hispid)  tapering  hairs,  most  of  which  are  simple, 
a  few  2-3-forked,  varying  to  nearly  glabrous :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high  from  rather 
stout  subterranean  shoots,  angled,  somewhat  rigid  :  leaves  pale  green,  varying  from  oblong- 
ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  and  from  sparingly  angulate-few-toothed  to  undulate  or 
entire,  mostly  acute  at  base  or  tapering  into  a  short  petiole :  corolla  ochroleucous  with 
more  or  less  dark  eye,  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter :  calyx  (4  or  5 
lines  long)  commonly  hirsute,  in  fruit  conical-ovate  with  sunken  pyramidal  base,  1  to  1^ 


Lycium.  SOLANACEiE.  237 

inches  long ;  berry  reddish.  —  Fl.  i.  149 ;  Ell.  1.  c. ;  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  1.  c.  P.  pumila 
Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  193.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  382,  in 
part,  not  Linn.  1  P.  Elliotti,  Kunze  in  Linn.  xi.  33.  —Dry  open  ground  and  bottoms,  Lake 
Winnipeg  to  Florida  and  Texas,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  New  Mexico.  Calyx-lobes  vary- 
ing from  triangular-lanceolate  to  ovate-triangular ;  fruiting  calyx  pyramidal-ovate,  large. 

Var.  laevigata,  Gray,  I.  c.  Glabrous  or  almost  so  throughout,  or  with  some  ex- 
tremely short  and  pointed  appressed  rigid  hairs  on  young  parts,  calyx,  &c.,  or  on  the  mar- 
gins of  the  leaves :  petioles  commonly  longer.  —  P.  longifolia,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Amer.  Phil. 
Soc.  1.  c.  P.  pumila  ?  var.  Sonorce,  Torr.  Bot.  Hex.  Bound.  1.  c.  —  Nebraska  to  Texas,  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Var.  hirta,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  remarkable  and  ambiguous  form,  approaching  P.  mollis, 
var.  cinerascens ;  much  of  the  hirsute  pubescence  of  the  leaves  being  2-3-forked,  as  also 
are  some  of  the  villous-hispid  abundant  hairs  of  the  stem.  —  P.  Pennsylvanica,  var.,  Gray  in 
E.  Hall's  list,  Coll.  Tex.  no.  501.  —  Wet  woods,  Houston,  Texas,  Drummond,  E.  Hall. 
Lawrence,  Kansas,  J.  H.  Carruth. 

8.  MARGARANTHUS,  Schlecht.  (Composed  of  fxagyagov,  a  pearl,  and 
(hdog,  flower,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  corolla.)  —  Resembles  an  annual 
Physalis  on  a  small  scale,  except  in  the  globular  (livid  or  violet-tinged)  corolla  ; 
the  small  berry  wholly  included  in  the  globular  and  vesicular  fruiting  calyx, 
rather  dry,  20-30-seeded.  —  Single  species. 

M.  solanaceus,  Schlecht.  Nearly  glabrous  slender  annual,  a  span  to  two  feet  high, 
erect,  divergently  branched :  leaves  membranaceous,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or 
somewhat  repand,  occasionally  1-2-toothed,  an  inch  or  two  long,  slender-petioled :  pedicels 
short,  recurving :  corolla  barely  2  lines  and  globular-conical  fruiting  calyx  4  to  6  lines  long. 
—  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Hal.  1838,  &  Hort.  Hal.  Ic.  i.  t.  1 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Hex.  Bound.  154.  M. 
tenuis,  Miers,  111.  ii.  74,  t.  57,  with  more  acute  or  acuminate  leaves.  —  Southern  and  western 
borders  of  Texas  (Berlandier,  referred  to  Physalis  divaricata  by  Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c. 
444)  and  New  Mexico,  Wright,  Bigelow.    (Mex.) 

9.  NICANDRA,  Adans.  Apple-of-Perd.  {Meander  of  Colophon.) 
—  Single  species,  sparingly  naturalized,  from  gardens  :  fl.  summer. 

N.  PHVSALOiDES,  GsErtn.  Glabrous  annual,  3  or  4  feet  high,  with  the  habit  of  an  overgrown 
Physalis,  and  very  smooth  Stramonium-like  leaves  laciniate-  or  sinuate-lobed :  pedicels 
solitary,  recurved :  flower  rather  showy :  corolla  blue  or  bluish  (an  inch  long  and  with  a 
broad  nearly  entire  limb):  fruiting  calyx  over  an  inch  long:  included  fruit  so  dry  and 
thin-walled  as  to  appear  capsular.  —  Fruct.  ii.  237,  t.  131 ;  Miers,  111.  ii.  t.  43.  Atropa  phy- 
saloides,  L. ;  Jacq.  Obs.  t.  98.  —  Waste  grounds  near  dwellings  and  old  gardens.  (Peru,  and 
now  dispersed  tlirough  warm  regions.) 

10.  LYCIUM,  L.  {Lycia,  the  country  of  the  earliest-known  species.)  — 
Shrubby  plants  (of  warm-temperate  and  dry  tropical  region.s),  often  spinose  ;  the 
entire  and  usually  narrow  leaves  commonly  fascicled  in  the  axils,  often  veinless. 
Flowers  from  greenish  or  white  to  purple,  on  solitary  or  fascicled  terminal  or 
axillary  pedicels,  in  spring  or  summer. — Miers,  111.  S.  Am.  PI.  ii.  88  ;  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  45,  vii.  388,  &  viii.  292. 

*  Introduced  from  Old  World,  sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation. 
L.  vttlgAre,  Dunal.  (Matrimony- vine.  Box-thorn.)  Tall,  the  long  and  slender 
branches  recurving  or  somewhat  climbing,  glabrous :  spines  few  or  none :  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  with  a  tapering  base  or  somewhat  spatulate :  peduncles  slender :  corolla  short- 
funnelform,  dull  greenish-purple ;  the  style  and  slender  filaments  equalling  its  lobes  :  berry 
oval,  orange-red.  —  L.  Bnrbarum,  L.,  in  part.  —  Escaped  into  waste  grounds  and  thickets  in 
Penn.,  &c.     (Mediterranean  region.) 


.238  SOLANACEiE.  Lycium. 

*  *  Indigenous, southern  and  western:  berries  red  or  reddisli  (one  species  excepted),  globular. 
-J—  Large-flowered :  f  unnelform  corolla  nearly  an  inch  long. 
L.  pdllidiun,  Miers.  Glabrous :  stems  and  branches  widely  spreading,  2  to  4  feet  high, 
spiny  :  leaves  pale,  spatulate  and  oblanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long :  pedicels  about 
equalling  the  deeply  5-cleft  calyx :  corolla  greenish,  tinged  with  purple ;  the  lobes  broad 
and  rounded:  filaments  exserted:  anthers  tipped  with  a  deciduous  point.  —  111.  1.  c.  108, 
t.  67 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  154 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  45.  —  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona :  also  S.  Utah,  Fremont,  Fendler,  &c. 

+-  -1—  Large  calyx,  with  lobes  commonl3^  longer  than  or  equalling  the  tube,  foliaceous  and  obtuse : 
corolla  half  inch  long  or  less :  stamens  included :   herbage  puberulent. 
++  Flowers  4-merous. 

L.  Palmeri,  Gray.  Apparently  unarmed,  with  slender  branches  :  leaves  narrowly  spat- 
ulate :  flowers  short-pedicelled,  4  or  5  lines  long:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  equalling  the 
oblong-campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla,  which  is  little  longer  than  its  oval  lobes.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  292.  —  Yaqui  Kiver,  W.  Sonora,  Mexico,  added  because  it  may  reach 
Arizona. 

++  ++  Flowers  5-merous:  corolla-lobes  ovate,  short,  recurved-spreadlng. 

L.  Cooperi,  Gray.  Branches  stout,  and  with  some  very  short  spines;  leaves  spatulate, 
minutely  viscid-pubescent  or  puberulent,  half  inch  or  more  in  length:  pedicels  at  least 
equalling  the  cylindraceous  at  length  campanulate  calyx,  both  hirsute  or  pubescent ;  the 
oblong-lobes  of  the  latter  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  tube :  corolla  narrowly  funnelform, 
apparently  white,  half  inch  long,  its  lobes  obtuse :  filaments  hairy  at  base  :  anthers  oval, 
mucronulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  388,  &  Bot.  Calif.  542.  South-eastern  border  of  Cali- 
fornia and  adjacent  part  of  Arizona,  Cooper,  Palmer. 

Var.  pubiflora.     Corolla  strongly  pubescent  outside  :  calyx  shorter.  —  On  the  Mohave 
River,  with  the  ordinary  form.  Palmer. 

L.  pubenilum,  Gray.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  slender  divergent  and  spinescent 
branches :  leaves  obovate  and  oblong-spatulate,  a  quarter  to  half  inch  long,  minutely  and 
densely  puberulent :  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  fascicles  of  leaves :  calyx-lobes 
oblong,  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  twice  the  length  of  their  own  tube : 
corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  tubular-funnelform,  white,  with  the  triangular-ovate  acute  lobes 
not  longer  than  the  abruptly  dilated  throat  and  tinged  with  greenish-yellow  :  filaments 
glabrous,  inserted  in  the  throat :  anthers  roundish-cordate.  —  Proc.  1.  c.  vi.  46.  —  Borders  of 
Texas  and  New  Mexico,  on  the  Rio  del  Norte,  near  El  Paso,  Wright. 

L.  macrodon,  Gray,  1-  c.  Spiny :  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,  glabrate,  2  to  4  lines 
long:  pedicels  at  most  a  line  and  a  half  long:  lobes  of  the  minutely  viscid  calyx  narrowly 
linear,  twice  the  length  of  the  short  campanulate  tube  (3  lines  long),  half  the  length  of 
the  narrow  corolla :  filaments  a  little  hairy  at  base  :  anthers  oval-oblong.  -^  California  or 
Nevada  1   Fremont,  1849  :  not  since  seen. 

+-  ^—  ^_  Short-flowered  ;  the  tube  and  throat  of  corolla  only  a  line  or  two  long,  and  the  limb 
comparatively  large :  calyx  with  short  lobes  or  teeth  or  irregularly  clef t :  herbage  glabrous  or 
nearly  so. 

++  Corolla  comparatively  large,  nearly  half  inch  in  diameter:  leaves  fleshy.  . 
L.  Carolinianum,  "Walt.  Glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high,  widely  spreading,  spiny  :  leaves 
linear-spatulate  or  so  thickened  as  to  be  clavate,  an  inch  or  less  long :  pedicels  slender : 
flower  4-5-merous :  calyx  short,  irregularly  cleft  in  age :  corolla  purple,  its  almost  rotate 
limb  deeply  parted  into  oval  lobes:  slender  filaments  (woolly  at  base)  and  style  elongated. 
—  Car.  84;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  95;  Miers,  1.  c.  t.  71.  L.  salsum,  Bartr.  Trav.  9.  —  Salt  marshes, 
S.  Carolina  to  Texas. 

++  ++  Corolla  small;  the  expanded  limb  under  3  lines  wide,  about  equalled  by  the  stamens: 
■pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  or  none:  bi-anches  more  or  less  spinescent:  leaves  linear-spatulate. 

Li.  Calif  ornicum,  Nutt.  Slender  stems  very  much  branched,  2  feet  high  :  leaves  thick- 
ish  and  apparently  fleshy-coriaceous,  very  small  (1  to  3  lines  long),  from  obovate  or  spat- 
ulate to  nearly  linear :  pedicels  sometimes  hardly  any :  tube  of  the  white  corolla  included 
in  the  campanulate  4-toothed  calyx  ;  its  rotate  4-parted  limb  barely  2  lines  in  diameter.  — 
Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  542.  —  Clayey  hill-sides,  California,  near  San  Diego,  Nuttall  (without 
flowers),  Clevelaid,  Palmer,     (Islands  of  Lower  California.) 


Datura.  SOLANACEiE.  239 

L.  parviflorum,  Gray.  Stems  2  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  2  to  5  lines  long,  narrow  not 
fleshy :  corolla  (2  lines  long)  funnelform,  rather  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  short- 
campanulate  often  irregularly  2-3-clef t  calyx ;  the  4  lobes  very  short :  style  at  length  much 
exserted.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  48.  — Southern  Arizona,  Thurber,  Parry. 

L.  barbinodmn,  Miers.  Stouter,  6-10  feet  high ;  the  old  spurs  or  nodes  densely  short- 
woolly:  leaves  linear-spatulate,  6  to  12  hues  long:  corolla  (2  lines  long)  with  narrow 
tube  about  equalling  the  commonly  2-3-cleft  short  calyx,  abruptly  enlarged  into  a  broadly 
campanulate  throat;  the  lobes  5,  short,  roundish.  —  111.  1.  c.  115,  t.  68,  the  corolla  badly 
drawn  and  unlike  the  description.  —  N.  W.  Mexico  (Seemann)  and  Magdalena,  Sonora,  Thur- 
ber (who  says  the  berries  are  white  and  translucent) ;  doubtless  in  adjacent  Arizona. 
L.  BREVIPE8,  Benth.,  and  L.  Richii,  Gray,  are  little  known  species  of  Lower  California. 
•>—■•—.  -1—  -»—  Long-flowered;  the  corolla  tubular  or  when  funnelform  with  tube  and  throat  over 
two  lines  long  and  much  exceeding  the  lobes,  white,  cream-color,  or  tinged  with  violet:  stamens 
little  if  at  all  exserted.  ' 

++  Leaves,  pedicels,  and  calyx  puberulent:  flowers  5-merous. 

L.  Fremonti,  Gray.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  spatulate,  4  to  9  lines  long  :  pedicels 
shorter  than  or  barely  equalling  the  cylindraceous  calyx :  corolla  narrowly  tubular-funnel- 
form,  4  to  6  lines  long,  with  very  short  ovate  lobes :  filaments  nearly  naked :  style  soon 
exserted.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  46,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  543.  — S.  E.  California  or  Nevada,  Fre- 
mont.    Arizona,  Palmer. 

Var.  Bigelovii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Calyx  shorter-campanulate :  corolla  broader  and  merely 
4  lines  long:  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  base.  —  Williams  Fork,  N.  Arizona,  Bigelow. 

L.  gracilipes,  Gray.  Minute  pubescence  somewhat  viscid  or  glandular :  leaves  small 
(2  to  6  lines  long),  spatulate  or  the  smaller  oblong-obovate,  thickish :  pedicels  filiform,  as 
long  as  the  flower :  calyx  campanulate,  short-toothed :  corolla  elongated-f unnelform,  half 
inch  long,  white  with  a  violet  tinge  or  sometimes  deep  violet ;  the  lobes  rounded-ovate, 
very  obtuse,  a  line  long :  filaments  inserted  low  in  the  throat,  a  little  hairy  at  base :  anthers 
and  style  not  exceeding  the  corolla-lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  81.  —  Williams  Fork,  N. 
Arizona,  Palmer. 

++  ++  Glabrous  throughout,  or  merely  some  woolly  pubescence  on  the  spurs  at  the  insertion  of  the 
leaves  and  pedicels :  flowers  in  the  same  species  either  5-merous  or  4-merous. 
=  Pedicels  filiform,  as  long  as  the  commonly  4-merous  rather  short  funnelform  corolla. 

L.  Berlandieri,  Dunal.  Spiny,  3  to  8  feet  high,  with  mostly  slender  branches :  leaves 
spatulate-linear,  6  to  12  lines  long:  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long,  mostly  thrice  the  length 
of  the  campanulate  calyx  which  nearly  includes  its  narrow  proper  tube ;  the  lobes  oval  or 
oblong  (a  line  long):  filaments  villous  at  base.  —  DC.  Prodr.  xiii.  520;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  47.  L.  slolidum  &  L.  senticosum,  Miers,  1.  c.  t.  68,  71.  —  S.  Texas,  Berlandier, 
Wright,  to  Arizona,  Palmer. 
=  =  Pedicels  (1  to  3  lines  long)  shorter  than  the  tubular-funnelform  corolla:  flowers  copious. 

L.  Andersonii,  Gray.  Exceedingly  branched,  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaves  mostly  very 
small  (2  to  6  lines  long),  linear-spatulate  or  broader :  calyx  short-campanulate :  corolla 
half  inch  long  or  nearly,  tubular,  very  gradually  widening  upward ;  the  expanded  limb 
only  2  or  3  Hues  wide;  its  rounded  lobes  with  nearly  glabrous  edges:  filaments  slightl}' 
hairy  at  base  :  berries  bright  red,  "edible."  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  388,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c. 
—  Utah,  S.  Nevada,  and  N.  Arizona,  first  collected  by  Anderson. 

Var.  W^rightii,  Gray.  More  leafy  and  sparsely  flowered,  spiny,  smaller-flowered  : 
corolla  4  or  5  lines  long.  —  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  L.  stolidum,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.,  in  part. 
L.  Berlandieri,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  47,  in  small  part.  —  S.  Arizona,  Wright,  Palmer. 

L.  Torreyi,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  or  less  spiny,  4  to  8  feet  high:  leaves  mostly  larger  than 
in  the  preceding,  sometimes  over  an  inch  long  and  over  2  lines  wide :  pedicels  2  or  3  lines 
long :  corolla  5  or  6  lines  long,  more  funnelform  ;  the  limb  about  4  lines  wide,  and  the  lobes 
tomentulose  on  the  edges:  filaments  woolly  at  base:  berries  red,  "not  edible." — L.  barbi- 
node,  Torr.  in  Pacif .  R.  Rep.  v.  363,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  154.  —  Western  border  of  Texas, 
near  El  Paso,  to  S.  E.  California. 

11.  DATtTRA,   L.      Stramonium,   Thokn- Apple.      (From   the   Arabic 
name,  Tatorah.)  —  Herbaceous  plants,  or  some  tropical  species  woody  and  arbo- 


240  SOLANACEiE.  Datura. 

rescent,  of  rank  odor,  and  narcotic-poisonous  qualities,  natives  of  America  and 
tropical  Asia;,  with  ovate  leaves,  and  large  flowers  on  short  peduncles  in  the 
forks  of  the  branching  stems,  produced  through  the  season.  Corolla  commonly- 
white  or  violet,  usually  more  or  less  fragrant. 

D.  arb6rea,  the  Tree-Stramonium,  representing  the  section  Brugmansia,  with  very  large 
pendulous  flowers,  and  oblong  indehiscent  fruit  reflexed,  cultivated  in  conservatories,  may 
perhaps  have  become  spontaneous  on  the  southern  borders  of  the  United  States. 

§  1.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed :  border  of  the  corolla  with  5  acute  teeth  :  cap- 
sule dry,  4-valved :  seeds  thickish,  with  a  dark-colored  and  more  or  less  rugose  or 
pitted  crustaceous  coat :  annuals,  with  flowers  erect. 

*   Capsule  strictly  erect :  seeds  somewhat  scrobiculate-rugose. 
D.  iNERMis,  Jacq.  Vind.  iii.  44,  t.  82,  which  may  sometimes  be  met  with  in  waste  ground,  is 
very  similar  to  D.  Stramonium,  but  with  a  perfectly  smooth  and  unarmed  capsule. 
D.  Stram6nium,L.     (Common  Stramonium  or  Jamestown-weed.)     Green,  glabrous,  1  to  4 
feet   high :   leaves   sinuately-  and  laciniately  angled  and  toothed :    corolla  white,  about 
3  inches  long:  capsule  thickly  armed  with  short  stout  prickles,  the  lower  ones  mostly 
shorter.  —  A  weed  of  waste  grounds,  common,  especially  in  the  Atlantic  States.     (Nat. 
from  Asia  1 ) 
D.  TAtula,  L.     Stem  purple,  commonly  taller:   corolla  pale  violet:  prickles  of  the  capsule 
afl  nearly  equal :   otherwise  similar  to  the  preceding.  —  Waste  grounds  in  the  Atlantic 
States.     (Nat.  from  trop.  Amer.) 
D.  quercif6lia,  HBK.    Green,  and  young  parts  commonly  somewhat  pubescent:  leaves 
sparingly  but  mostly  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid :  corolla  nearly  as  of  D.  Tatula :  capsule 
armed  with  large  and  unequal  flattened  prickles,  some  of  the  upper  not  rarely  an  inch  long 
(nearly  as  in  D.  ferox).  —  S.  W.  borders  of  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Nat.  from  Mex.) 
*  *   Capsule  nodding:  seeds  rugose-tuberculate. 
D.  DISCOLOR,  Bernh.     More  or  less  cinereous-pubescent,  low :  leaves  sinuately  or  laciniately 
toothed :  corolla  white  tinged  with  purple,  2  or  3  inches  long :  globose  capsule  and  its  stout 
large  prickles  pubescent.  —  Linn,  (in  Lit.)  viii.  138;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  1(35.    D. 
Thomasii,  Torr.  in  Pacif .  R.  Rep.  v.  362,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  155.  —  Colorado,  Arizona,  and 
S.  E.  California.     (Introd.  1  from  Mex.) 

§  2.  Calyx  tubular,  mostly  5-toothed:  corolla  large,  6  to  8  inches  long;  the 
border  with  5  or  10  acute  teeth  :  capsule  nodding  on  the  short  recurved  peduncle, 
globose,  succulent,  bursting  irregularly  at  maturity :  seeds  flatter,  with  a  softer 
and  pale  smoothish  coat :  flowers  erect. 

D.  raeteloides,  DC.  Pruinose-glaucescent  with  minute  puberulence  or  pubescence,  a 
foot  to  3  feet  high  from  a  (at  least  commonly)  perennial  root :  leaves  xmequally  ovate, 
merely  repand  or  nearly  entire:  calyx  cylindrical,  about  3  inches  long:  corolla  white 
suffused  with  violet,  sweet-scented,  7  or  8  inches  long  when  well  developed,  the  widely 
dilated  and  very  open  funnelform  limb  5  or  6  inches  in  diameter,  and  with  5  slender  subu- 
late teeth :  persistent  base  of  the  calyx  narrow .-  capsule  2  inches  in  diameter,  thickly 
muricate  with  short  and  equal  prickles  :  seeds  with  a  narrow  and  sometimes  cord-like  mar- 
gin.—  Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  544  (the  descr.  and  drawing  of  Mo^ino  and  Sesse  wrong 
as  to  10-dentate  corolla) ;  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  154 ;  Fl.  Serres,  t.  1266.  D.  Wrightii, 
Hortul. ;  Regel,  Gartenfl.  viii.  t.  260.  D.  Metel,  var.  quinquecuspida,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep. 
vii.  18.  —  Along  streams,  S.  W.  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  to  Arizona  and  Santa  Bar- 
bara, California.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

12.  HYOSC^AMUS,  Tourn.      Henbane.     (From  vg,  vog;  a  hog,  and 
Y.vanog,  a  bean,  said  to  poison  swine.)  —  Natives  of  the  Old  World,  one  species, 
the  medicinal  Henbane,  sparingly  introduced. 
H.  nIger,  L.     (Black  Henbane.)     Biennial  with  a  fusiform  root,  or  sometimes  annual, 

viscid-pubescent  or  villous,  heavy-scented  (narcotic),  a  foot  or  two  high:  leaves  oblong, 


Nicotiana.  SOLANACE^.  241 

sinuate-toother]  or  somewhat  pinnatifid,  the  upper  all  more  or  less  clasping  and  partly  de- 
current;  uppermost  subtending  the  secund  at  length  spicate  flowers  :  corolla  lurid-yellowish 
with  reticulated  purple  veins.  —  Waste  grounds  and  roadsides.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

13.  C]&STRUM,  L,  (Ancient  Greek  name  of  some  plant,  applied  by  Lin- 
nasus  to  this  genus.)  — Shrubs  or  low  trees  of  tropical  America.  Leaves  entire, 
short-petioled,  pinnately  veined.  Flowers  variously  clustered  on  axillary  pe- 
duncles, or  forming  a  terminal  panicle  or  corymb ;  the  corolla  narrowly  tubular- 
funnelform  or  clavate :  berries  reddish  or  blackish.  —  Several  are  in  cultivation, 
both  day-blooming  and  night-blooming,  the  latter  very  sweet-scented.  One 
species  is  sparingly  spontaneous  in  Florida,  viz.  — 

C.  DitJRNUM,  L.  Glabrous:  leaves  oblong,  very  bright  green  above:  flowers  sessile  in  a 
short  close  cluster  on  an  axillary  peduncle :  corolla  white,  enlarging  very  gradually  from 
base  to  summit,  not  narrowed  at  the  throat,  half  an  inch  long,  with  lobes  short  and  roundish, 
open  through  the  day.     (Dill.  Elth.  t.  154,  fig.  186.)  —  Key  West.     (Adv.  from  W.  Ind.) 

14.  NICOTIANA,  Tourn.  Tobacco.  (In  memory  of  John  Nicot,  who 
was  thought  to  have  introduced  Tobacco  into  Europe.)  —  Herbs,  or  one  peculiar 
species  arborescent,  mostly  American,  narcotic-poisonous,  heavy-scented,  usually 
viscid-pubescent ;  with  entire  or  sometimes  repand  or  pandurate  leaves,  and  pani- 
culate or  racemose  flowers. 

§  1.  TabXcum,  Don.  Capsule  septicidal,  dividing  the  two  placentse ;  the  valves 
at  length  2-cleft  at  the  apex:  leaves  ample:  flowers  diurnal,  naked-panicled : 
corolla  funnelform  with  ventricose  throat  and  acute  or  acuminate  spreading  lobes 
or  teeth,  purplish-red  or  rose-color,  sometimes  white  in  cultivation. 

N.  Tabacum,  L.  (Common  Tobacco.)  Tall  annual,  more  or  less  glutinous-pubescent: 
leaves  from  ovate-  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  commonly  2  or  3  feet 
long:  flowers  pedicelled:  corolla  about  2  inches  long. ^ Cult,  from  S.  Amer.,  and  sponta- 
neous in  waste  grounds  along  the  south-western  borders  of  the  United  States. 

Var.  UNDULATA,  Sendtner,  a  marked  form,  with  long  and  narrow  lanceolate  gradually 
caudate-acuminate  leaves,  undulate  below,  and  corolla-lobes  caudate-acuminate.  —  Mart, 
n.  Bras.  X.  166.  N.  lancifolia,  Willd.,  &  N.  Yliarrensis,  HBK.  To  this  probably  belongs  the 
Yaqui  Tobacco,  found  by  Dr.  Palmer  cultivated  in  Arizona,  and  also  N.  caudala,  Nutt.  PI. 
Gamb.,  at  Monterey,  California. 

§  2.  NicoTiA,  Gray.  Capsule  septifragal,  2-4-valved  (in  anomalous  forms 
several-valved)  ;  the  thin  dissepiment  remaining  with  the  entire  central  placenta : 
corolla  mostly  white  or  greenish.     Ours  annuals.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  907. 

*  Corolla  oblong-inflated,  open  throughout  the  day:  leaves  all  broad  and  petioled. 
N.  RUSTicA,  L.  A  foot  or  two  high,  very  viscid-pubescent :  leaves  ovate  or  the  lower 
rounder  and  subcordate,  very  obtuse  (often  a  foot  long) :  flowers  thyrsoid-paniculate : 
calyx  with  broad  round-ovate  teeth,  not  equalling  the  globular  at  first  merely  2-valved 
capsule:  corolla  about  three-fourths  inch  long,  lurid  yellowish  or  greenish,  not  thrice  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  inflated  from  a  short  narrow  base  and  with  contracted  orifice ;  the 
short  and  rounded  lobes  reticulate-veiny. —Bart.  PI.  Am.  Sept.  i.  25;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Fl. 
Germ.  xx.  t.  1626.  —  Spontaneous  in  waste  grounds,  rare,  formerly  cult,  by  Indians.  Prob- 
ably indigenous  to  the  Old  World,  but  of  unknown  nativity. 

*   Corolla  salverform  or  tubular-funnelform:  calyx-lobes  narrow. 
-H-  Leaves  undulate-crisped  or  repand,  or  panduriform,  all  the  upper  more  or  less  clasping:  flowers 
vespertine:  tube  of  the  corolla  almost  filiform,  U  to2i  inches  long:  filaments  very  short,  mserted 
in  the  throat:  stem  loosely  branching,  racemosely  loose-flowered. 
N.  plumbaginif olia,  ViV.     Somewhat  scabrous-pubescent  or  glabrate :  cauline  leaves 
sessile  and  with  partly  clasping  base,  undulate  and  sometimes  even  crisped  along  the  mar- 
gins: the  lowest  oblong  or  obovate-spatulate ;  the  others  oblong-lanceolate  and  acuminate, 

16 


242  SOLANACEvE.  Nicotiana. 

above  passing  inta  linear-siibulate  bracts  :  corolla  greenish-white,  less  than  2  inches  long, 
somewhat  contracted  between  the  limb  and  the  subclavately  dilated  throat ;  the  lobes  2  or 
3  lines  long,  acute.  —  Dunal  in  DC.  ;.  c.  569.  —  Damp  grounds  around  Matamoras,  Ber- 
Imidier.  Probably  on  the  Texan  side  of  the  Rio  Grande  also.  (Mex.,  W.  Ind.) 
N.  repanda,  Willd.  Minutely  pubescent  or  above  glabrate,  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  loose 
slender  branches,  extending  into  open  racemose  or  somewhat  paniculate  naked  inflores- 
cence: leaves  thin  (3  to  6  inches  long  and  1  to  4  wide),  ovate,  or  the  lower  obovate  and 
sometimes  panduriform,  commonly  repand ;  the  lowest  contracted  into  a  winged  petiole ; 
upper  deeply  cordate-clasping :  bracts  minute  or  often  wanting :  calyx-lobes  slender,  fully 
as  long  as  the  short-campanulate  acutely  10-ribbed  tube  :  corolla  with  tube  frequently  2 
inches  long,  somewhat  clavate  or  funnelform  at  the  open  throat;  the  spreading  limb 
white,  or  sometimes  tinged  with  rose,  7  to  12  lines  in  diameter;  its  lobes  short  and  obtuse 
or  acutish.  — Lehm.  Nicot.  40,  t.  3  (depauperate) ;  Dvmal  in  DC.  1.  c,  but  not  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  and  perhaps  not  N.  lyrata,  HBK.  N.  pandurata,  Dunal,  1.  c.  N.  Roemeriana,  Scheele 
in  Linn.  xxi.  767.  — Low  grounds,  Texas.     (Mex.) 

^_  ^_  Leaves  entire,  or  the  margins  sometimes  obscurely  undulate:  filaments  slender, 

+-1-  Equally  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  of  the  salverform  corolla,  which  is  not  enlarged  at  the 

throat,  and  is  very  much  longer  than  tlie  small  obtusely  5-lobed  limb. 
=  Leaves,  even  the  lower,  with  more  or  less  clasping  base  :  flowers  open  throughout  the  day. 
N.  trigonoph^Ua,  Dlinal.  Viscid-pubescent :  stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  simple  or  vir- 
gately  branched :  leaves  all  sessile  or  only  the  lower  tapering  into  a  winged  petiole,  and 
obovate-oblong ;  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate  with  a  broader  cordate  half -clasping  hase,  or 
some  spatulate-lanceolate  with  a  dilated  auriculate-clasping  base  (1  to  4  inches  long) :  in- 
florescence at  length  loosely  paniculate-racemose,  with  the  later  bracts  very  small  or  want- 
ing, and  somewhat  unilateral  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  calyx-lobes  subulate- 
lanceolate  but  rather  obtuse,  equalling  the  campauulate  tube,  attaining  the  middle  of  the 
corolla-tube,  about  equalling  the  4-valved  capsule,  somewhat  callous-margined  :  corolla 
greenish-white  or  yellowish,  about  three-fourths  inch  long,  somewhat  pubescent,  a  little 
constricted  at  the' orifice;  tlie  tube"  slightly  enlarging  upward;  the  sinuately-lobed  limb 
about  4  lines  in  diameter.  — DC.  Prodr.  xi.  562;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  54.5.  N.  multijlora, 
Torr.  in  Pacif .  R.  Rep.  v.  362,  excl.  "  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb."  N.  ipomopsiflora,  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  V.  166,  and  perhaps  of  Dunal,  1.  c,  but  the  figure  in  Mo?ino  &  Sesse,  Ic.  Fl.  Mex. 
ined.  t.  909,  represents  a  more  funnelform  corolla.  N.  glandulosa,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad. 
Philad.  1862,  166.  —  Texas  to  S.  E.  California.  (Mex.) 
N.  PalmerL  Viscid-tomentose  throughout,  except  the  corolla :  stem  apparently  3  feet 
high,  loosely  branched  above :  leaves  as  of  the  preceding,  but  acuminate  and  mostly  with 
undulate  margins,  the  larger  5  or  6  inches  long :  flowers  sparsely  racemose,  short-pedicelled : 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  somewhat  unequal,  longer  than  the  tube,  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla,  conspicuously  surpassing  the  capsule :  corolla  white  tinged  with  green,  an 
inch  long,  neither  constricted  nor  dilated  at  tlie  orifice,  externally  somewhat  pubescent : 
the  conspicuously  o-lobed  limb  6  or  7  lines  in  diameter.  — Northern  Arizona,  on  Williams 
Fork,  Pdmer  (no.  433,  coll.  1876). 

=  =  Leaves  not  clasping :  flowers  vespertme,  and  closing  before  noon  or  under  sunshine. 
N.  Cleveland!.     Viscid-pubescent,  or  the  stem  (a  foot  or  two  high)  villous  :  leaves  ovate 
or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  (2  or  3  inches  long) ;  the  lower  obtuse  and  with  margined 
petiole  not  dilated  at  base  ;  the  upper  subsessile  and  gradually  narrowing  from  a  broad  and 
rounded  or  truncate  subsessile  base  into  an  acuminate  apex :  bracts  lanceolate :  flowers 
paniculate-racemose;  caly.x-lobes  linear,  miequal;  the  longer  fully  twice  the  length  of  the 
tube,  more  tlian  half  the  length  of  the  corolla:  the  latter  greenish-white  tinged  witii  violet, 
almost  glabrous,  an  inch  long,  quite  salverform ;  the  somewhat  5-lobed  limb  half  inch  in  . 
diameter.  — California,  in  dry  bed  of  streams,  ChoUas  Valley  near  San  Diego,  Cleveland, 
Palmer  (no.  267,  coll.  1875).     Near  Santa  Barbara,  Rotlirock,  a  smaller-flowered  form. 
N.  attenuata,  Torr.     More  or  less  viscid-pubescent,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  all  on 
naked  and  mostly  slender  petioles  and  acute  or  merely  obtuse  at  base  ;  the  lower  ovate  or 
oblong  (H  to  4  inches  long) ;  the  upper  from  oblong-lanceolate  and  attenuate-acuminate  to 
linear-lanceolate   or  linear :  inflorescence  loosely  paniculate  and  naked  above  :   pedicels 
short :  calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate  or  subulate,  with  tliin  edges,  almost  equal,  much 


P^i^nia.  SOLANACE^. 


243 


-co?Xi:r?hrtt'-i:nthVf^^^^^  thefcgoing:  diameter  of  the  li.b  of  the 

^;o^\!f  lolpi'  /^^*^°?-  f'  ^T  'i  '^'  ^'^^  '■  ^'^'''  o^long-lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  the  lo^er  (5  to  ^  inches  long)  with  tapering  base;  tlie  upper  (3  to  H  inches  long)  more 
acuminate,  with  either  acute  or  some  with  broader  and  partly  clasping  base  : '  nflc^-l^nce 
oosely  racemiform,  with  all  the  upper  flowers  bractless:  cal^x-teeth  unequal,  linear-subu- 
late,  about  equalling  the  tube,  surpassing  the  capsule:  tube  of  the  corolla  U  to  2  inches 
long,  narrow,  with  a  gradually  expanded  throat;  the  5-angulate-lobcd  limb  12  to  18  lines 
in  diameter.  -Bot.  King  276,  t.  27,  fig.  3, 4 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  546.  N.  plurr,ba,in{foUa? 
var  B,gelovn  Torr  Pac.f.  R.  Rep.  iv.  127.  -  California,  from  Shasta  Co.  to  San  Diego,  and 
eastward  to  Nevada  and  the  border  of  Arizona.  • 

Var.  WaUacei,  a  form  with  corolla  smaller  (the  tube  12  to  16  lines  long)  and 
calyx-teeth  shorter,  but  variable,  sometimes  hardly  surpassing  the  capsule :  upper  leaves 
more  disposed  to  have  a  broad  and  roundish  or  subcordate  slightly  clasping  base  ■  herbatre 
&c.,  more  viscid.  — Near  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego,  Wallace,  Cleveland. 

^rr,7^,Pj^7-  '^"'i, ''^P^"'^  globular,  4-several-ceIled,  at  first  somewhat  succulent:  the  valves  at 
matuiity  thin  and  rather  membranous :  coiolia  with  ampler  limb  and  proportionally  shorter  more 
funnelform  tube.  —  Po/^rfjc/ia,  Don.    PolyclicUs,  Miers!,  po  i  ouaiij  saoiier  more 

N.  quadrivalvis,  Pursh.  A  foot  high,  rather  stout,  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent  low- 
branching  :  leaves  oblong  or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  and  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate 
acute  at  both  ends,  mostly  sessile  (3  to  5  inches  long) ;  the  lowest  larger  and  petioled  • 
flowers  few :  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube,  about  equalling  the  4-celled  (or 
sometimes  3-celled?)  capsule:  tube  of  the  corolla  barely  an  inch  long,  the  5-lobcd  limb  an 
mch  and  a  half  or  more  in  diameter ;  its  lobes  ovate  and  obtusish,  veiny.  —  Sims  Bot  Mag 
t.  1778;  Lehm.  Nicot.  45,  t.4;  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  132;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.e.  Poh/d'icUs  nuadri 
valvis,  Miers,  111.  i.  164,  &  ii.  55,  60,  fig.  2-14.  — Oregon,  and  cultivated  by  the'lndians  from 
Oregon  to  the  Missouri :  their  most  prized  tobacco-plant.  Perhaps  a  derivative  of  the 
preceding  species. 

Var.  multivalvis,  Gray,  1.  c.  An  abnormal  form  of  cultivation  (by  aborigines), 
generally  stouter,  with  calyx,  corolla  (often  over  2  inches  wide),  and  stamens  5-8-merous,' 
anil  capsule  several-celled,  sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter.  —  .V.  muUivabis,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.' 
1. 1057.  Polydiclis  multivalvis,  Miers,  1.  c.  t.60,  fig.  1  &  9.  — Oregon,  probably  known  only 
as  an  escape  from  aboriginal  cultivation. 
N.  NANA,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  833,  Nierembergia  nana,  Miers,  must  be  HesperocMron  Callfomicus. 

15.  PETtJNIA,  Juss.  {Petun  is  an  aboriginal  name  of  Tobacco.)  —  Viscid 
Sotith  American  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  the  upper  disposed  to  become  opposite, 
and  scattered  flowers  becoming  lateral :  two  large-flowered  species  and  their 
hybrids  familiar  in  gardens  ;  an  inconspicuous  small-flowered  one  is  a  naturalized 
weed,  and  perhaps  indigenous  along  the  southern  borders  of  the  U.  S.  It  forms  a 
peculiar  section,  and  has  received  several  generic  names. 

P.  parviflora,  Juss.  A  small  prostrate  or  diffusely  spreading  annual,  much  branched, 
more  or  less  pubescent :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  spatulate,  rather  fleshy,  seldom  half  an 
inch  long,  nearly  sessile  :  peduncles  very  short :  calyx-lobes  resembling  the  smaller  leaves  : 
corolla  purple  with  a  pale  or  yellowish  tube,  4  lines  long,  funnelforni ;  its  short  refuse  lobes 
slightly  unequal:  capsule  small,  ovoid.  —  Juss.  in  Ann.  Mus.  ii.  216,  t.  47 ;  Miers,  111.  i. 
t.  23;  Dunal.  1.  c.  575.  Nicotiana  parviflora,  Lehm.  Nicot.  48.  Lindernia  Montecidensis, 
Spreng.  Calllbrackoa  pronimbens,  Llav.  &  Lex.  Nov.  Mex.  Veg.  ii.  3.  Salpiglossis  prostratn, 
Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  123.    Leplophragma  prostrata,  Benth.  mss.  ex  Dunal,  1.  c.  578. — 


244  SOLANACEiE.  Bouchetia. 

Waste  grounds  and  coasts,  S.  Florida  and  Texas  to  California ;  also  adventive  at  some 
seaports  of  tlie  Atlantic  States:  an  insignificant  little  weed.     (S.  Amer.,  &c.) 

16.  B0UCH:&TIA,  DC.  (In  memory  of  B.  Bouchet,  an  obscure  botanist 
of  the  south  of  France.)  —  Prodr.  xiii.  589,  ui  part ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii. 
908.  —  Single  species. 

B.  erecta,  DC.  1-  c.  Much  branched  from  a  perennial  root,  ascending,  a  span  high,  mi- 
nutely appressed-pubescent :  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  or  the  lower  oval  and  petioled,  and  the 
upper  lanceolate  and  sessile,  rather  small :  peduncles  terminal  or  lateral  and  scattered  : 
corolla  white,  6  to  9  lines  long,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  broadly  funnel- 
form  limb  deeply  6-lobed ;  lobes  roundish.  —  Nierembergia  anomala,  Miers  in  Lond.  Jour.  Bot. 
iii.  175,  &  111.  i.  99,  t.  20;  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c.  528;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  156.  N.  siaticce- 
folia,  Sendtner  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  x.  179.  Leucanthea  Rcemeriana,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxv.  250. 
—  Moist  prairies  and  rocky  hills,  Texas.     (Mex.,  S.  Brazil,  &c.) 

17.  LEPT0G-L6SSIS,  Benth.  {JsTnog,  thin  or  small,  and  ylaaoig,  in 
place  of  -jlwrxig,  the  mouth  of  the  windpipe,  the  throat  of  corolla  being  narrow.) 
—  Extra-tropical  S.  American  herbs,  resembling  Niereynbergia  (which  has  5  fer- 
tile stamens  borne  at  and  exserted  from  the  orifice  of  the  open  saucer-shaped 
limb),  but  with  tubular-funnelform  throat,  in  the  lower  part  or  base  of  which  the 
didynamous  stamens  are  inserted.  Besides  the  genuine  species,  a  Texan  and  a 
Mexican  species  constitute  a  subgenus, 

§  1.  Brachyglossis,  with  strictly  salverform  corolla  of  Nierembergia;  the 
long  and  filiform  tube  abruptly  saccate-dilated  just  under  the  ample  rotate  limb : 
stigma  rather  narrowly  2-lobed,  and  the  lobes  alate-decurrent  on  the  apex  of  the 
style  :  habit  and  foliage  of  Bouchetia.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  164. 

L.  Texana,  Gray,  1-  c.  Low  perennial,  diffusely  much  branched  from  a  suffrutescent 
base,  a  span  high,  viscid-pubescent :  leaves  spatulate-obovate  or  oblong,  acute  (half  inch 
long),  narrowed  at  base,  the  lower  into  a  short  margined  petiole  :  peduncles  mostly  shorter 
than  the  campanulate-funnelform  5-toothed  calyx  (the  teeth  deltoid)  :  corolla  apparently 
white ;  the  filiform  tube  8  or  9  lines  long;  the  almost  regular  broadly  5-lobed  plane  limb 
of  about  the  same  diameter ;  the  very  short  campanulate  throat  hardly  over  a  line  in 
height  and  width  :  winged  appendages  under  the  stigma  narrower  than  wide :  capsule  only 
half  the  length  of  the  10-nerved  calyx :  seeds  somewhat  reniform,  coarsely  transverse, 
rugose,  otherwise  smooth. — Nierembergia  (Leptoglossis)  viscosa,  Sf  Browallia  (Leptoglossis) 
Texana,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  155,  156.  —Rocky  hills,  W.  Texas,  Wright,  Bigelow.  (Ad- 
jacent Mexico,  at  San  Carlos,  Berlandier,  no.  3194.)  L.  Coulteri,  Gray,  I.e.,  a  nearly  related 
Mexican  species  of  this  section,  is  minutely  pubescent,  and  has  ovate  leaves  on  slender 
petioles,  longer  peduncle,  calyx  cleft  to  the  middle,  and  very  broad  wings  to  the  apex  of 
the  style. 

Order  XCVI.    SCROPHULARIACEiE. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  rarely  small  trees,  with  leaves  either  alternate  or  .opposite 
and  destitute  of  stipules,  primary  inflorescence  centripetal  and  the  secondary  when 
developed  centrifugal,  perfect  flowers  with  the  bilabiately  irregular  corolla  (^) 
imbricated  and  not  plicate  in  the  bud,  didynamous  or  diandroUs  stamens,  2-celled 
ovary  with  axile  several-many-ovuled  placentse,  usually  capsular  fruit,  and  ana- 
tropous  or  amphitropous  seeds  (generally  numerous),  with  a  small  and  straight  or 
only  slightly  curved  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen,  the  cotyledons  little  if  at  all 
broader  than  the  radicle.  The  calyx  and  corolla  are  mostly  5-merous,  and  the 
former  persistent ;   but  sometimes  they  are  4-merous,  at  least  apparently,  and 


SCROPHULARIACEiE.  245 

either  with  or  without  all  four  stamens  present ;  sometimes  the  corolla  is  nearly 
or  quite  regular,  and  even  with  all  five  stamens  present  and  complete  (uniformly 
so  in  Verbascum,  abnormally  in  several  species  of  Pentstemon)  ;  and  the  ovules 
are  sometimes  few  and  definite,  rarely  solitary.  The  posterior  or  superior  stamen 
is  the  deficient  or  abortive  one.  Corolla  wanting  in  one  Synthyris.  Style  one 
and  undivided  :  stigma  either  entire,  or  2-lobed,  or  bilamellar  (bilabiate)  ;  its  lobes 
and  the  cells  of  the  ovary  anterior  and  posterior.  Seeds  comparatively  small, 
rarely  winged.  —  This  large  order  has  its  tribes  arranged  by  Bentham  and  Hooker 
(Gen.  ii.  915)  under  three  series,  hardly  to  be  regarded  as  suborders,  the  first  of 
which  closely  connects  with  the  preceding  order,  except  as  to  inflorescence.  The 
ambiguous  Salpiglossideoe  are  referred  to  that  order. 

I.  (PsEUDOSOLANE^.)  Leaves  all  alternate.  Inflorescence  simply  centri- 
petal. Corolla  hardly  if  at  all  bilabiate ;  the  2  posterior  lobes  external  in  the 
bud.     All  five  stamens  sometimes  present  and  perfect. 

Tribe  I.  LEUCOPHYLLEiE.  Corolla  campanulate  or  short-funnelform ;  the  lobes 
plane  or  merely  concave. 

1.  LEUCOPHYLLUM.  Calyx  short,  5-parted ;  the  lobes  nearly  valvate.  Corolla  with 
5  rounded  and  spreading  nearly  equal  lobes.  Stamens  4  and  didynaraous,  or  rarely  5  and 
the  fifth  imperfect,  included :  anthers  with  cells  confluent  at  the  apex,  at  length  divari- 
cate. Stigma  emarginate  or  bilamellar.  Capsule  2-valved,  and  the  valves  at  length  2- 
cleft.     Tomentose  shrubs. 

Tribe  II.  VERBASCE^.  Corolla  rotate,  with  hardly  any  tube.  Anthers  by  con- 
fluence 1-celled.     (None  indigenous  to  America.) 

2.  VERBASCUM.  Stamens  5,  all  with  anthers  ;  all  or  the  three  superior  filaments 
woolly-bearded.  Style  flattened  and  dilated  at  apex.  Capsule  globular  or  oblong,  septi- 
cidally  2-valved ;  the  valves  2-clef t  at  apex.     Seeds  very  numerous,  rugose. 

II.  (Antirrhinide^.)  Leaves  prevailingly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower.  In- 
florescence when  simple  centripetal,  when  compound  the  partial  centrifugal ;  i.  e. 
the  peduncle  cymosely  few-several-flowered.  Upper  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla 
external  in  the  bud,  with  a  few  occasional  and  irregular  exceptions.  Fertile 
stamens  very  seldom  more  than  four. 

Tribe  III.  ANTIRRHINE^.  Corolla  bilabiate  and  more  or  less  tubular;  the  base 
of  the  tube  gibbous  or  saccate  or  spurred  on  the  lower  side,  and  the  lower  lip  often 
with  an  intrusion  (palate)  at  the  throat.  Capsule  opening  by  irregular  perforations 
or  lacerate  chinks,  not  by  normal  valves,  many-seeded.  Inflorescence  simple  and 
racemose,  or  the  flowers  solitary  and  axillary. 

*   Stamens  4,  with  more  or  less  2-celIed  fertile  anthers. 

3.  LINARIA.  Corolla  with  a  spur  at  base  (this  rarely  abortive)  and  a  prominent  palate 
nearly  closing  the  throat.  In  the  occasional  monstrosity  called  Peloria,  the  corolla  be- 
comes regular  by  the  production  of  5  spurs  and  6  regular  short  lobes. 

4.  ANTIRRHINUM.  Corolla  merely  saccate  or  gibbous  at  base,  otherwise  nearly  as 
Linaria,  or  the  palate  in  some  species  much  less  prominent.  Seeds  destitute  of  any  proper 
wing. 

5.  MAURANDIA.  Corolla  barely  gibbous  at  base,  nearly  funnelform,  ringent,  with  two 
longitudinal  and  commonly  bearded  intruded  lines  or  plaits  instead  of  palate.  Capsule 
equal  or  hardly  oblique.     Seeds  winged  or  wingless. 

*  *  Antheriferous  stamens  only  2  (the  anterior  pair) ;  the  posterior  reduced  to  small 
abortive  filaments. 

6.  MOHAVEA.  Corolla  with  short  tube  merely  gibbous  at  base,  and  very  ample  bilabiate 
but  somewhat  campanulate-erect  limb ;  the  lips  obovate-dilated  or  fan-siiaped,  the  upper 
2-lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed  and  bearing  a  prominent  but  comparatively  small  palate,  bearded 
down  its  middle;  lobes  all  broad,  erose-denticulate,  and  abruptly  short-acuminate.  An- 
thers of  the  two  fertile  stamens  one-celled  by  confluence.    Style  slender  and  straight : 


246  SCROPHULARIACEiE. 

stigma  depressed-capitate.  Capsule  and  the  cyathiferous  seeds  of  Antirrhinum  §  Pseudo- 
rontium. 
Tribe  IV.  CHELONExE.  Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate  and  tubular,  not  saccate 
or  otherwise  produced  at  base  anteriorly.  Antheriferous  stamens  4,  and  rudiment 
of  the  fifth  commonly  present.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  valves.  Inflorescence  nor- 
mally compound  (at  least  the  peduncle  2-bracteate) ,  and  leaves  opposite.  (Chion- 
ophila  is  exceptional  and  of  doubtful  position,  having  flowers  simply  spicate,  and 
the  leaves  sometimes  alternate.  In  some  species  of  CoUinsia,  the  flowers  are  solitaiy 
in  the  axils  on  a  bractless  peduncle  or  pedicel.) 

*  Corolla  gibbous  or  saccate  on  the  upper  or  posterior  side  of  the  tube :  ovules  and  seeds 
few  or  solitary  in  the  cells:  calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  campanulate:  peduncles  or  pedicels 
simple  and  ebracteate. 

7.  COLLINSIA.    Corolla  declined,  deeply  bilabiate ;  its  upper  lip  2-cleft,  with  lobes  rnore 
'  or  less  erect  and  replicate ;  lower  larger  and  3-lobed  ;  its  lateral  lobes  pendulous-spreading ; 

middle  one  conduplicate  into  a  keel-shaped  sac  which  encloses  the  4  declined  stamens  and 
style.  Filaments  long  and  filiform  ;  the  lower  or  anterior  pair  inserted  higher  on  the 
corolla  than  the  other:  anthers  round-reniform ;  their  two  cells  confluent  at  the  apex 
into  one.  Gland  at  base  of  corolla  on  the  upper  side  represents  the  fifth  stamen.  Style 
filiform  :  stigma  small,  entire,  or  minutely  2-cleft.  Capsule  ovate  or  globose,  at  first  sep- 
ticidal;  the  valves  soon  2-cleft.  Seeds  amphitropous  and  peltate,  concave  ventrally. 
Leaves  undivided. 

8.  TONELLA.     Corolla  little  declined,  obscurely  bilabiate,  and  the  5  more  or  less  unequal 
'  lobes  somewhat  rotately  spreading  ;  the  lower  not  enclosing  the  soon  ascending  stamens ; 

tube  slightly  gibbous  posteriorly.  Ovules  and  seeds  1  to  4  in  each  cell,  oval.  Cauline 
leaves  mainly  ternately  divided  or  parted. 

*  *  (Genuine  Chelonece.)  Corolla-tube  not  gibbous.posteriorly  :  ovules  and  seeds  indefi- 
nitely numerous :  calyx  deeply  5-parted  or  of  distinct  sepals,  imbricated :  inflorescence 
mostly  thyrsoidal,  i.  e.  the  axillary  clusters  centrifugal  or  cymose,  or  when  reduced  to  a 
single"  flower  the  peduncle  or  pedicel  2-bracteate :  capsule  septicidal. 

^-  Sterile  stamen  represented  by  a  scale  on  the  upper  side  of  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 

9.  SCROPHULARIA.     Corolla  short;  the  tube  ventricose  and  globular  or  oblong;  lobes 

*  5,  unequal,  four  of  them  erect  and  the  two  posterior  longer ;  the  fifth  or  anterior  reflexed 
or  spreading.  Stamens  4,  declined,  usually  included  or  shorter  than  the  corolla  lobes : 
anthers  transverse  and  confluently  1-celled.  Stigma  entire  or  emarginate.  Seeds  margin- 
less,  rugose. 

•1-  -)-  Filament  of  the  sterile  stamen  conspicuous  and  elongated :  corolla  from  ventri- 
cose-campanulate  to  elongated-tubular;  the  limb  either  obscurely  or  strongly  bilabiate. 

10  CHELONE.  Seeds  surrounded  by  a  broad  membranaceous  wing.  Otherwise  nearly 
'as  Pentstemon.  Anthers  long-woolly  as  in  the  first  division  of  that  genus ;  the  wool  mainly 
confined  to  the  inner  face. 

1 1  PENTSTEMON  Seeds  angulate,  marginless.  Antheriferous  stamens  4,  declined  at 
"base,  ascending  above :  filaments  filiform :  anther-cells  either  united  or  confluent  at  apex. 
Style  filiform  :  stigma  small,  entire. 

*  *  *  Corolla-tube  not  gibbous :  ovules  and  seeds  rathernumerous  :  calyx  not  deeply 
cleft :  inflorescence  simply  spicate :  capsule  at  first  loculicidal. 

1 2  CHIONOPHIL A.  Calyx  f unnelform,  thin-membranaceous  becoming  scarious,  merely 
'and  obtusely  5-lobed.  Corolla  tubular,  with  slightly  dilated  throat  and  bilabiate  limb, 
somewhat  personate ;  upper  lip  erect  and  shghtly  concave,  barely  2-lobed,  the  sides  some- 
what recurved;  lower  with  convex  densely  bearded  base  forming  a  palate  and  ci-lobed 
the  short  lobes  recurving.  Stamens  of  Eupentslemm :  cells  of  the  anthers  divaricate  and 
confluent.  Sterile  filament  small  and  short,  or  even  minute,  naked.  Style  filiform  :  stig- 
ma minute,  entire.  Capsule  oblong,  enclosed  in  the  marcescent  calyx  and  corolla,  loculi- 
cidally  2-valved,  and  the  valves  soon  septifragal  and  2-parted  ;  placental  dissepiment 
flat.  Seeds  rather  large,  oblong,  with  a  very  loose  and  arilliform  cellular-reticulated 
outer  coat. 

Tribe  V.  GRATIOLE^.  Corolla  from  bilabiate  to  almost  regular,  not  saccate  or 
otherwise  produced  at  base.  Antheriferous  stamens  2  or  4:  no  rudiments  of  the 
fifth.  Capsule  dehiscent,  many-seeded.  Inflorescence  simple  and  centripetal;  the 
pedicels  solitary  in  the  axil  of  bracts  or  leaves  and  ebracteolate.  Leaves  opposite  (or 
verticillate),  or  only  the  uppermost  alternate. 


SCROPHULARIACE^.  247 

*  Calyx  prismatic  and  barely  5-toothed,  or  rarely  campanulate  and  hardly  6K:left :  corolla 
more  or  less  bilabiatte  :  stamens  4.  wiona 

13  MIMULUS.  Corolla  with  either  elongated  or.short  tube;  upper  lip  2- and  the  lower 
d-lobed  or  parted;  the  former  often  erect  and  the  sides  turned  back;  a  pair  of  palatine 
ridges  (either  bearded  or  naked  and  more  or  less  intruded)  running  down  the  lower 
side  ol  the  throat.  Stamens  inserted  low  witliln  the  throat  or  on  the  tube.  Antliers 
generally  approximate  m  pairs,  on  filiform  filaments  ;  their  cells  divergent,  either  distinct 
or  confluent  at  the  apex.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  bilamellar,  or  sometimes  peltate  by  the 
union  of  the  two  dilated  lips,  or  rarely  even  funnelform.  Capsule  enclosed  in  tlie 
calyx,  locuhcidal ;  the  placenta  either  firmly  united,  or  in  one  section  barely  contieuouB 
in  the  axis. 

*  *  Calyx  5-parted :  corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate :  stamens  4,  inserted  below  the  throat, 
included:  anther-cells  distinct. 

H-  Sepals  narrow  and  nearly  alike :  capsule  septicidal  or  septif ragal. 

14.  STEMODIA.  Corolla  with  cylindraceous  tube,  somewhat  erect  and  hardly  2-lobed 
upper  lip,  and  more  spreading  lower  one.  Anther-cells  separate  and  stipitate.  Stigma 
2-lobed.     Capsule  \yith  valves  soon  2-parted :  placenta  left  in  the  axis. 

15.  CONOBEA.  Corolla  nearly  of  the  preceding,  or  more  equally  G-lobed,  Anther-cells 
distinct  but  not  stipitate,  parallel.  Stigma  bilamellar.  Capsule  septifragal ;  valves  en- 
tire or  rarely  2-cleft.     Seeds  striate. 

-)—  -t-  Sepals  unequal  and  imbricated ;  the  posterior  one  considerably  or  much  broader  tiian 
the  anterior;  the  two  lateral  ulterior  and  usually  much  narrower:  capsule  septicidal  or 
loculicidal;  the  valves  entire  or  2-parted,  separating  from  the  undivided  placentiferous 
column. 

16.  HERPESTIS.  Corolla  with  short  cylindraceous  tube,  and  spreading  lips;  upper 
emarginate  or  2-lobed;  lower  3-lobed,  plane.  Anther-cells  parallel  or  divergent.  Cap- 
sule globose  or  ovate. 

*   *   *   Calyx  5-parted  or  deeply  4-5-lobed  :  antheriferous  stamens  only  2, 
-f—  The  posterior  pair;  the  anterior  pair  sterile  rudiments  or  sometimes  wanting:  flowers 
not  minute :  corolla  manifestly  bilabiate ;   upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed ;   lower  3-cleft : 
sepals  narrow,  little  unequal  :  stigma  dilated  and  mostly  bilamellar. 

17.  GRATIOLA.  Corolla  with  cylindraceous  tube  and  lips  nearly  of  equal  length.  Sta- 
mens both  fertile  (with  anther-cells  distinct}  and  sterile  inserted  below  the  throat  and  in- 
cluded. Capsule  both  loculicidal  and  septicidal ;  valves  separating  from  the  placentif- 
erous column.     Seeds  striate  and  transversely  reticulated. 

18.  ILYSANTHES.  Corolla  with  cylindraceous  tube,  or  more  dilated  throat;  upper  lip 
erect  and  concave,  2-lobed;  lower  larger,  spreading,  with  3  broad  nearly  equal  lobes. 
Fertile  stamens  inserted  rather  low  down  and  somewhat  included:  sterile  filaments 
inserted  at  the  orifice  and  forked;  one  fork  glandular  and  obtuse  ;  the  other  smooth  and 
naked,  acute,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  tooth,  sometimes  more  elongated  and  even 
bearing  the  rudiment  of  an  anther.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  septicidal  or  septifragal ; 
the  valves  entire,  at  length  separating  from  the  placentiferous  column.  Seeds  foveolate- 
rugose. 

H—  The  anterior  pair  of  stamens  antheriferous,  at  least  only  a  single  pair  antheriferous, 
and  no  rudiments  of  sterile  ones :  flowers  minute :  corolla  only  4-lobed :  anthers  short,  of 
roundish  distinct  cells. 

19.  MICRANTHEMUM.  Calyx  usually  4-cleft  or  4-lobed.  Corolla  with  very  short  tube, 
obscurely  bilabiate ;  its  upper  lip  short  or  almost  none ;  the  lower  .3-lobed  and  the  middle 
lobe  longer.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  throat :  filaments  short,  dilated  or  appendaged  at 
base.  Style  short :  stigma  dilated  or  2-lobed.  -Capsule  globular,  tliin,  becoming  1-celled 
by  the  vanishing  of  the  partition,  leaving  the  several-many-seeded  placenta  in  the  axis. 
Seeds  oblong,  minute. 

20.  AMPHIANTHUS.  Calyx  5-parted,  unequal.  Corolla  funnelform,  with  spreading  4- 
cleft  limb;  lobes  rounded,  one  of  them  larger.  Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
included :  filaments  filiform,  not  appendaged.     Style  subulate :  stigma  minutely  2-cleft. 

.  Capsule  obcordate,  compressed,  loculicidal ;  valves  bearing  the  partition.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, linear-oblong,  striate,  transversely  rugulose. 

*  *  *  *  Calyx  and  corolla  both  5-lobed  and  nearly  regular :  antheriferous  stamens  4, 
nearly  equal :  no  sterile  filament. 

21.  LIMOSELLA.  Calyx  campanulate;  the  lobes  short.  Corolla  between  rotate  and 
campanulate  ;  its  lobes  oblong  or  ovate.  Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  fila- 
ments slender,  unappendaged  :  anthers  by  confluence  1-celled.  Style  short :  stigma  de- 
pressed-capitate. Capsule  globose-ovoid,  2-celled  only  at  base;  the  large  central  pla- 
centa many-seeded.     Seeds  ovoid,  rugulose. 


248  SCROPHULARIACE^. 

III.  (Rhinanthide^.)  Leaves  various.  Inflorescence  simply  centripetal. 
Lower  lip  or  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud.  Stamens  very 
rarely  more  than  4. 

Tribe  VI.  DIGIT ALE^.  Corolla  usually  little  if  at  all  bilabiate;  the  lobes  all 
plane,  the  lateral  or  one  of  them  external.  Anther-cells  contiguous  at  apex  and 
often  confluent.     Herbs,  or  some  shrubs,  none  parasitic. 

*  Stamens  4  or  sometimes  5,  nearly  equal:  corolla  sliort-campanulate  or  nearly  rotate. 

22.  SCOPARIA.  Sepals  4  or  5,  rather  broad,  imbricated.  Corolla  4-clef t,  densely  hairy  in 
the  throat.  Stamens  4 :  anther-cells  distinct.  Style  slightly  clavate :  stigma  truncate. 
Capsule  septicidal.     Leaves  opposite  or  verticillate. 

23.  CAPRARIA.  Sepals  5,  narrow,  hardly  imbricated.  Corolla  5-cleft.  Stamens  often 
5  :  anthers  sagittate  or  horseshoe-shaped ;  the  cells  confluent  at  apex.  Style  with  thick- 
ened apex  :  stigma  2-lobed.     Capsule  2-sulcate,  locuhcidal.     Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Stamens  2  (only  abnormally  3  or  4),  distant,  straight,  exserted,  inserted  at  or  below 
the  sinuses  between  the  two  lateral  and  the  posterior  lobe  of  the,  corolla  :  style  usually 
filiform,  with  terminal  usually  small -capitate  stigma  :  capsule  mostly  compressed  and 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  few-many-seeded,  loculicidal ;  the  valves  tardily  if  at  all  separat- 
ing from  the  placentiferous  axis.  (Hypogynous  disk  mostly  conspicuous  and  crateri- 
form  or  annular.) 

24.  SYNTHYRIS.  Corolla  from  oblong-  to  short-campanulate,  4-cIeft,  more  or  less  irreg- 
ular (upper  lobe  longer),  sometimes  irregularly  and  variably  parted,  occasionally  want- 
ing. Sepals  4,  oblong.  Anther-cells  parallel  or  somewhat  divergent  belOw,  not  confluent 
at  apex.  Placentas  short,  chiefly  at  the  centre  of  the  valves.  Seeds  discoidal,  orbicular 
or  oval,  with  very  close  and  strictly  conformed  smooth  coat. 

25.  VERONICA.  Corolla  from  rotate  with  very  short  or  hardly  any  tube  to  salverform; 
its  lobes  4  (or  sometimes  5),  one  usually  smaller.  Anther-cells  more  or  less  confluent  at 
the  apex.     Seeds  various. 

Tribe  VII.  GERARDIEiE.  Corolla  little  or  not  at  all  bilabiate;  the  lobes  all 
plane  and  mostly  spreading,  the  anterior  one  external  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4: 
anther-cells  distinct  to  the  very  apex,  or  sometimes  one  of  them  wanting.  Capsule 
loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Herbs,  most  of  them  partially  root-parasitic,  and  their 
green  foliage  inclined  to  blacken  in  drying:  some  African  and  Indian  genera  are 
wholly  parasitic  and  destitute  of  green  herbage,  in  the  manner  of  OrobanchacecB. 

*  Anthers  by  abortion  1-celIed :  corolla  salverform ;  tube  slender :  flowers  2-bracteolate. 

26.  BUCHNERA.  Calyx  'tubular  or  oblong,  5-10-nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  with 
straight  or  slightly  curved  tube,  and  almost  equally  5-cleft  widely  spreading  limb.  Sta- 
mens didynamous  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs  ;  the  cell  vertical.  Style  with  somewhat 
clavate  and  entire  apex.  Valves  of  the  oblong  capsule  separating  from  the  placentifer- 
ous axis.     Seeds  with  reticulated  close  coat. 

*  *  Anthers  2-celled  ;  the  cells  equal  and  parallel :  pedicels  ebracteolate. 
-t—  Stamens  equal  or  nearly  so,  more  or  less  exserted :  posterior  lobes  of  the  corolla  united 
to  near  their  middle. 

27.  SEYMERIA.  Corolla  short,  somewhat  carapanulate  or  rotate,  pale  yellow,  calyx  5- 
cleft  or  parted.  Filaments  short,  usually  woolly  at  base  :  anthers  obtuse  at  base,  not 
exceeding  the  corolla-lobes.  Capsule  globular  or  ovate,  with  more  or  less  pointed  and 
compressed  apex.     Seeds  with  a  loose  reticulated  coat. 

28.  MACRANTHERA.  Corolla  (orange-color)  salverform,  with  tube  very  much  longer 
than  the  small  lobes ;  its  narrow  orifice  somewhat  oblique ;  posterior  and  partly  united 
lobes  somewhat  erect,  the  others  soon  reflexed.  Calyx  5-parted ;  the  divisions  long  and 
narrow.  Stamens  inserted  toward  the  bottom  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  filiform,  becoming 
conspicuously  exserted,  sparsely  glandular-hairy,  as  are  the  linear-oblong  anthers  when 
young:  cells  of  the  latter  acuminate  at  base.  Style  long  and  fihform  :  stigma  simple  or 
2-cleft.  Capsule  globose  and  bisulcate ;  the  valves  at  length  2-clef t.  Seeds  obovate, 
lamellate-crested  on  the  back. 

-1—  -1—  Stamens  conspicuously  didynamous,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

29.  GERARDIA.  Corolla  from  campanulate  to  f unnelform ;  the  throat  ampliate ;  limb 
5-parted,  and  with  the  two  posterior  lobes  often  rather  smaller  or  more  united.  Calyx 
campanulate,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Stamens  commonly  more  or  less  hairy  :  anthers  more 
or  less  approximate  in  pairs.  Style  fihform  :  stigma  clavate-thickened  or  flattened.  Seeds 
usually  angulate  and  with  a  rather  loose  coat. 


SCROPHDLAKIACE^.  249 

''ZlJll  irt!r;„.'„°™^--"-''^  bilabiate,  the  upper  >ip  erect  and 


concave  or  galeate,  eutire  or  emavi 


■ginate,  rarely  2-cleft;  the  lower  3-cleft,  mostly 


spreading,  external  in  the  bud.     Stamens  4  and  didynamous,  or  rarely  2   ascending 

Tf^i:.^  VT^  ''^'-  "f'"""^^^  ^^^'^"°*'  «^-^"--  one  Abortive' o^'ntty 
S  Tf^  fiMorm  and  stxgma  entire,  rarely  2-lobed.  Capsule  loculicidal.  Leafy 
heibs,  not  rarely  drying  blackish ;  these  partially  root- parasitic.  ^ 


*  Ovules  and  usually  the  seeds  numerous. 


•)-  Anther-cells  unequal  or  dissimilar ;  the 
ulcus  from  '■  '  " 


lb  unequal  or  mssimi  ar;  the  outer  one  affixed  by  its  middle;  the  other  pend- 
Its  upper  end,  mostly  smaller,  sometimes  sterile  or  deficient-  seeds  with  a 
loose  reticulated  coat:  leaves  alternate  or  only  the  lowest  opposite 
30.  CASTILLEIA  Calyx  tubular,  laterally  flattened,  more  or  less  cleft  anteriorlv  or 
^n'JiT'V"  both;  the  lobes  entire  or  2.cleft.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  iS  lSl?r 
Sn3  1  n'^'  especially  the  elongated  and  conduplicate  or  carinate-concave  and  ent  e 
«n^mf     P.  (galea);  lower  lip  short  and  small,  often  very  small,  3-toothed,  3-carinate  or 

rnrSll^^^^LSam^bet"^  ^^^^'^  *'^  *"'^  "^^^^^^  ^"^^''^^^  ^"  ^^^  ^^'^^     S^" 
^^■tp?ww^?P^^r^^-     ^^^^""r  tubular-campanulate,  4-cleft,  or  cleft  anteriorly  and  pos- 

TJZJ  mi^'  '^''^'"°!1'  ^-'^f.*'  ""  P^""^^^-     Co^o''^  ™o«t'y  ^^''th  slender  tube ;  upper  lip 

(galea)  li  tie  longer  and  usually  much  narrower  than  the  mflated  l-Ji-saccate  lower  one 

btamens  4;  the  smaller  anther-cell  sometimes  wanting. 
^^'S,2^rF^t\^^'^^^^:^^^y''  spathaceous,  diphyllous  (anterior  and  posterior),  or  by  the 

Pnn.nl   ^h..'"''^'''""  ?"'!'^T  tnonophyllous.     Corolla  tubular,  with  lips  commonly  of 

equal  length;  the  upper  (galea)  nearly  as  in  Orthocarpus ;  the  lower  3-crenuIate  or  entire. 

btamens  of  Orthocarpus,  or  sometimes  the  shorter  pair  wanting:  anther-cells  eitiier  ciliate 

iTndTtb^^-   '^'''^'«^!i^^''  and  apex.     Style  hooked  at  tip  and  somewhat  thickened 
under  the  stigma.     Seeds  mostly  few. 

•f-  -1-  Anther-cells  equal,  parallel  and  alike  in  all  4  stamens. 
++  Flower  2-bracteoIate  under  the  calyx. 

33.  SCHWALBEA  Calyx  tubular,  10-12-ribbed,  oblique,  5-toothed ;  the  posterior  tooth 
much  smaller;  the  2  anterior  united  higher.  Corolla  with  cylindraceous  tube  anS  lips  of 
tXA!l^J'"^^^L*^^''P?7.^''i^*  ^"^  galeate,  oblong,  entire;  lower  erect-spreading, 
nh^int  tf  b^.f'  obtusely  3-lobed  at  summit.  Stamens  slightly  didynamous!  anthers 
oblong,  the  cells  barely  mucronulate  at  base.  Seeds  linear,  with  a  loose  hyaline  coat 
mcluding  a  small  nucleus. 

++  ++  Flowers  ebracteolate. 

34.  EUPHRASIA  Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  4-cleft,  and  rarely  with  a  fifth  smaU 
posterior  obe  Corolla  with  dilated  throat;  upper  lip  erect,  barely  concave,  2-lobed, 
and  the  sides  folded  back ;  lower  larger,  3-lobed,  spreading;  its  lobes  obtuse  or  emargi- 
nate.  Anther-cells  raucronate  at  base.  Seeds  numerous,  pendulous,  oblong,  longitudi- 
nally sulcate.     Leaves  opposite. 

35  BART  SI  A.  Calyx  equally  4-cleft.  Corolla  with  upper  Up  entire  and  sides  not  folded 
back.     Seeds  sulcate  and  with  salient  or  alate  ribs.     Otiierwise  much  as  Euphrasia. 

36.  PEDICULARIS.  Calyx  various,  cleft  anteriorly  and  sometimes  posteriorly.  Corolla 
with  cylindraceous  tube  and  narrow  throat,  strongly  bilabiate;  upper  lip  (galea)  com- 
pressed laterally,  fornicate  or  conduplicate ;  lower  erect  at  base,  2-cristate  above,  3-lobed ; 
the  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed,  the  middle  one  smaller.  Anthers  transverse,' approxi- 
mate in  pairs.  Capsule  compressed  and  often  oblique  or  falcate,  rostrate.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, various.     Leaves  mainly  alternate  or  verticillate. 

37.  RHINANTHUS.  Calyx  ventricose-compressed,  4-toothed,  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla 
with  cylindraceous  tube ;  galeate  upper  lip  ovate,  obtuse,  compressed,  entire  at  the  apex, 
but  with  a  minute  tooth  on  each  side  below  it ;  lower  lip  shorter,  with  3  spreading 
lobes.  Anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  transverse,  pilose,  niuticous.  Capsule  orbicular, 
compressed.     Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  orbicular,  wing-margined.    Leaves  opposite. 

*  *  Ovules  only  two  in  each  cell,  one  sessile  and  ascending,  the  other  stipitate  and  later- 
ally attached :  flowers  ebracteolate  :  leaves  opposite :  flowers  in  our  species  scattered. 

38.  MELAMPYRUM.  Calyx  campanulate  or  short-tubular,  4-toothed ;  the  teeth  usually 
setaceous-acuminate,  the  posterior  larger.  Corolla  with  cylindraceous  tube,  enlarging  at 
throat :  galeate  upper  lip  erect,  compressed,  obtuse,  and  with  narrow  replicate  margins  or 
a  tooth  to  each ;  lower  rather  longer,  erect-spreading,  biconvex  below,  3-lobed  at  apex. 
Stamens  4:  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  nearly  vertical;  the  cells  equal  and  parallel, 
mucronulate  at  base.  Capsule  compressed,  oblique  or  falcate :  cells  1-2-seeded.  Seeds 
smooth,  strophiolate. 


250  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Leucopliyllum. 

1.  LEUCOPH'^LUM,  Humb.  &  Bonpl.  {Atv^og,  light  or  white,  and 
cpvllov,  foliage.)  —  Low  and  much-branched  shrubs  (of -Mexico  and  its  northern 
borders),  densely  scurfy-to men tose  with  usually  silvery-white  wool;  the  flowers 
showy,  on  short  bractless  peduncles  in  the  axil  of  the  small  obovate  or  roundish 
and  short-petioled  entire  leaves ;  the  corolla  violet-purple.  Fl.  in  summer.  — 
PI.  ^quin.  ii.  95,  t.  109  ;  Miers,  111.  ii.  76,  t.  58. 

L.  Texanum,  Benth.  Shrub  2  to  8  feet  high  :  leaves  tomentose,  obovate,  half  inch  or 
more  long,  almost  sessile :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-oblong :  corolla  almost  campanulate  ;  the 
limb  an  inch  in  diameter,  deUcately  sof  t-viUous  within.  —  DC.  Prodr.  x.  344  ;  Gray  in  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  115.  —Southern  borders  of  Texas,  Berlandier,  Wright,  &c.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

L.  minus  Gray,  1-  c.  A  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  minutely  silvery-canescent,  obovate- 
spatulate 'with  long  tapering  base,  half  inch  or  less  long:  calyx-lobes  linear:  corolla  with 
narrower  and  more  f uunelform  tube  and  throat  which  much  exceed  the  limb ;  that  half 
inch  in  diameter,  sparsely  pubescent  within.  —  South-western  Texas,  Wright,  Bigelow,  Parry. 

2.  VERBASCUM,  L.     Mullein.     (Altered  from  Barbascum,  old  Latin 

name.) Coarse  weeds,  from  Europe,  mostly  biennials ;  cauline  leaves  sessile 

and  often  decurrent  on  the  stem :  fiowermg  in  summer :  flowers  ephemeral.     Hy- 
brids abound. 

*   Woolly  or  scurfy,  tall  and  stout :  flowers  yellow,  occasionally  white. 

V.  ThApsus,  L.  (Common  Mullein.)  Densely  woolly  throughout:  stem  simple,  3  to  6 
feet  high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  oblong  nearly  entire  crowded  leaves : 
flowers  in  a  dense  long  spike,  yellow:  lower  filaments  mostly  naked  —Fields,  a  common 
weed  in  the  Atlantic  States,  rare  in  the  Pacific.  A  white-flowered  form  ( V.  elongatum, 
Willd.),  probably  of  hybrid  origin,  occurs  occasionally.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

V.  LYCHNfris,  L.  (White  Mullein.)  Clothed  with  fine  somewhat  mealy  wooUiness, 
often  paniculate-branched  at  summit :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  somewhat  crenate,  not  decur- 
rent, the  upper  surface  becoming  naked  and  green:  racemes  panicled,  close:  filaments 
white-woolly.  — Fields,  N.  Atlantic  States,  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*    Slender,  green,  more  loosely-flowered,    filaments  all  bearded  with  violet  woolly  hairs. 

V.  Blatt.'Cria,  L.  (Moth  Mullein.)  Below  glabrous;  the  loose  virgate  raceme  and 
calyx  glandular:  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate  or  sometimes  sinuate,  not  decurrent;  the 
small  upper  ones  ovate,  acute,  partly  clasping :  pedicels  solitary  and  much  longer  than 
the  linear-lanceolate  calyx-lobes:  corolla  yellow  or  white  and  purple-tinged.  —  F.  Claj/toni, 
Michx.  Fl.  i.  148.     Roadsides,  Atlantic  States.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

V.  virgAtum,  Withering.  Somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy  as  well  as  glandular,  especially 
the  raceme  :'  pedicels  often  in  twos  and  threes,  not  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes ;  otherwise 
very  like  a  taller  form  of  the  last.  —  California.     (Nat.  from  Eu.  by  way  of  Mexico  1 ) 

3.  LINARIA,  Tourn.  Toad-Flax.  (Name  formed  from  Linum,  Flax.) 
—  Herbs,  chiefly  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Calyx  5-parted.  Style  filiform : 
stigma  small,  nearly  entire.     Leaves,  &c.,  very  various.     Fl.  summer. 

*    Indigenous  species,  slender  glabrous  annuals  or  biennials;  with  entire  leaves,  linear  and  alter- 
,         nate  on  the  erect  flowering  stems,  smaller  and  oblong  and  mainly  opposite  or  whorled  on  procum- 
bent shoots  or  suckers  from  the  base :  small  blue  flowers  m  a  naked  tenninal  raceme. 
L.  Canadensis,  Dumont.     Flowering  stems  nearly  simple,  6  to  30  inches  high  :  leaves 
flat  (a  line  or  two  wide) :  pedicels  erect,  not  longer  than  the  filiform  and  curved  spur  of 
the  corolla.  —  Chav.  Mon.  Antirr.  149 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3473.     Antirrhinum  Canadense, 
L.;  Vent.  Cels,  t.  49.     Linaria  Texana,  Scheele  in  Linn.   xxi.  761,  large-flowered  form.— 
Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Canada  to  Texas,  California,  and  Oregon.     (S.  Amer.,  &,c.) 
L.  Ploridana,  Chapm.     Flowering  stem  at  length  paniculately  branching,  a  span  or 
two  high  ;  its  leaves  filiform :   pedicels  spreading,  filiform,  sparsely  and  minutely  gland- 
ular-hispid, much  longer  than  the  flower :  raceme  at  length  flexuous  :  spur  very  short  and 
inconspicuous,  subulate,  slightly  projecting  below  the  calyx.  — Fl.  290.  — Sands  of  the 


Antirrhinum.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  251 

coast,  E.  and  W.  Florida.    Corolla  much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  2  or  3  lines  long. 
Seeds  shorter,  paler,  smoother,  and  less  broadly  truncate  at  apex. 
*   *   Naturalized  from  the  Old  World. 

-I—  Perennial,  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  glabrous,  with  nan-ow  entire  and  alternate  pale  leaves,  and 
yellow  fiowers  in  a  terminal  raceme. 

L.  tulgAris,  Mill.  (Ramsted,  Butter  &  Eggs.)  Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so,  extremely 
numerous :  raceme  dense,  often  paniculate  below  :  corolla  an  inch  or  more  long,  including 
the  slender  subulate  spur :  seeds  winged.  —  Fields  and  road-sides,  Atlantic  States :  a 
showy  but  pernicious  weed.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  GENiSTiFOLiA,  Mill.  Glaucous,  paniculately  branched :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute :  flow- 
ers smaller  and  more  scattered  :  seeds  wingless.  —  Sparingly  naturalized  near  New  York. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•t—  -)—  Annual,  procumbent,  and  much  branched,  with  broad  and  abruptly  petioled  veiny  alternate 
leaves,  and  purplish  and  yellow  small  flowers  from  their  axils. 

L,  ElAtine,  Mill.  Spreading  over  the  ground,  slender,  hairy:  leaves  hastate  or  the  lower 
ovate,  much  surpassed  by  the  filiform  peduncles :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute :  corolla 
3  or  4  lines  long,  including  the  subulate  spur.  —  Sandy  banks  and  shores,  rather  rare. 
Canada  to  Carolina.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  SPURIA,  Mill.,  like  the  preceding,  but  with  roundish  or  cordate  leaves  and  ovate  or  cor- 
date calyx-lobes,  and  one  or  two  other  Old  World  species  occasionally  spring  up  in  ballast 
or  waste  grounds  near  cities.  L.  Cymhaldria,  Mill.,  a  smooth  and  delicate  creeping  species, 
is  common  in  cultivation,  but  seldom  becomes  spontaneous. 

4.  ANTIRRHlTvTUM,  Tourn.  Snapdragon.  (J^tTe^eiW  of  Theophras- 
tus,  from  the  snout-like  aspect  of  the  flowers.)  —  Herbs,  rarely  shrubby,  of  very 
various  aspect,  indigenous  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Old  World  and  of  North 
America  and  Mexico,  in  our  species  all  or  all  but  the  lower  leaves  alternate. 
Calyx  deeply  5 -parted.  Cells  of  the  anthers  either  distinct  or  more  or  less  con- 
fluent. 

§  1.  Orontium,  Benth.,  partly.  Capsule  oblique,  firm-coriaceous;  the  cells 
opening  by  a  definite  hole  at  the  top  :  seeds  cup-shaped  on  ventral  'face,  with 
thickened  incurved  border,  smooth  and  carinately  one-ribbed  on  the  back. 

A.  Orontium,  L.  Annual,  a  span  or  two  high,  erect,  slender,  glandular-pubescent :  leaves 
oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  entire :  flowers  subsessile :  corolla  purple  or  white,  half  inch 
long.  —  Cult,  and  waste  ground,  sparingly  spontaneous  in  Atlantic  States.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  PsEUDOKONTiUM,  Gray.  Capsule  not  oblique,  somewhat  didymous,  char- 
taceo-membranaceous ;  the  equal  cells  irregularly  bursting  at  the  apex :  seeds 
strongly  cup-shaped ;  the  body  muriculate  on  the  back  and  far  smaller  than  the 
involute  wing.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  81. 

A.  CYATufFERUM,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  40,  t.  19,  of  Lower  California,  appears  to  dififer  from 
the  following  in  having  linear-lanceolate  sepals,  of  only  half  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  and  a  shallower  cup  to  the  seeds. 
A.  chytrospermum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Annual,  viscid-pubescent :  stem  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  - 
leaves  ovate,  entire,  3  to  9  lines  long  and  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole :  flowers 
axillary,  short-peduncled :  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  equalling  the  tube  of  the  purple 
corolla  (this  barely  3  lines  long) :  cup  of  the  seed  several  times  larger  than  the  body.— 
Ehrenberg,  Arizona;  Palmer. 

§  3.  ANTiRRHiNisTRUM,  Chavanncs.  Capsule  more  or  less  oblique  ;  the  per- 
sistent style  or  its  base  bent  forward :  cells  opening  by  one  or  two  holes :  seeds 
rugose-alveolate  or  tuberculate,  similar  on  the  two  sides :  palate  of  corolla  closing 
the  orifice  or  nearly  so :  leaves  entire,  piunately  veined,  and  with  short  petiolea 
or  none. 


252  SCROPHULARIACE^.  AniirrMnum. 

*   Perennial  Old  World  species. 
A.  mAjus,  L.     (Common  Snapdragon.)     A  foot  or  two  liigh  :  leaves  thickish,  from  oblong 
to   linear,  smooth :   flowers   short-pedicelled  in   a  glandular-pubescent  terminal  raceme  : 
corolla  1^  or  2  inches  long,  purple,  rose,  or  white.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  to 
road-sides  in  Atlantic  States. 

*  *  Indigenous  Califoi-nian  species,  annual  so  far  as  the  root  is  known,  small-flowered:  promi- 
nent palate  closing  the  orifice  of  the  corolla  ;  its  upper  lip  spreading  and  lobes  of  the  lower  usually' 
deflexed  :  filaments  dilated  at  their  apex.  —  §  Sarorhinum,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  372,  but 
a  misnomer,  the  palate  not  gaping. 

-)—  Erect,  in  no  way  climbing,  destitute  of  prehensile  branchlets. 

•t-i-  Flowers  racemose-spicate,  mostly  rose-colored :  capsule  surmounted  by  a  slender  style :  seeds 
fimbrillate-favose. 

A.  virga,  Gray.  Glabrous  throughout :  root  not  seen  :  stem  strict,  simple,  2  or  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  thickish,  linear-lanceolate ;  the  lower  2  or  3  inches  long,  often  3  lines  wide ; 
the  upper  passing  into  filiform-subulate  bracts  of  the  long  virgate  spiciforra  raceme :  flow- 
ers sometimes  secund,  soon  horizontal:  corolla  with  cylindrical  tube  (half  inch  long)  fully 
twice  the  length  of  the  lips  and  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  sepals  ;  sac  at  base  mammaeform  : 
filaments  viscid-hirsute ;  the  dilated  tips  of  the  longer  pair  broader  than  the  anther : 
capsules  erect,  ovoid,  longer  than  the  unequal  sepals.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  873,  &  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  549.  —  W.  California,  Bridges,  in  flower.     Mendocino  Co.  in  fruit,  G.  R.  Vasey. 

A.  glandulosum,  Lindl.  Very  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid  throughout :  stem 
stout,  branching,  3  to  5  feet  high,  very  leafy :  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  sessile,  above 
gradually  passing  into  bracts  of  the  leafy  dense  spike  or  raceme;  these  equalling  or 
shorter  than  the  oblong  tube  of  the  corolla :  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  unequal ;  the  longer 
equalling  the  capsule :  filaments  all  moderately  dilated  upwards.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1893 ; 
Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  291.  — Dry  ground,  California,  from  Santa  Cruz  southward. 

•H-  ++   Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils  of  all  but  the  lowest  almost  uniform  leaves :  corolla 
only  3  or  4  lines  long,  yellowish  or  dull  purplish  ;  the  lips  nearly  the  length  of  the  tube;  the  sac 
prominent :  sepals  equal,  linear,  not  longer  than  the  ovate-globular  capsule  ;  the  whole  style  indu- 
rated and  persistent,  stout  at  base. 
A.  cornutum,  Benth.     Viscid-villous,  simply  branched,  a  foot  or  so  high  :  leaves  linear- 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  (an  inch  long) ;  the  lower  tapering  into  a  short  petiole:  fila- 
ments all  obliquely  obovate-dilated  at  apex :  style  rather  longer  than  the  capsule :  seeds 
echinate-favose.  —  PI.  Hartw.  328 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  — Valley  of  the  Sacramento, 
California,  Hartweg. 
A.  leptaleum,  Gray,  1.  c.     Viscid-villous,  mostly  simple,  a  span  or  two  high  :  leaves 
nearly  linear,  mainly  sessile  (the  lowest  less  than  an  inch  long,  uppermost  small  and  spatu- 
late-oblong) :  shorter  filaments  hardly  dilated  at  apex:  style  rather  shorter  than  the  cap- 
sule: seeds  rugose-pitted.  —  A.  cornutum,  Durand  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  11,  t.  10,  not  Benth. 
—  California  ;  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Kern  Co. 

-I—  -i—  Spreading  or  erect,  branching,  producing  filiform  and  at  length  tortile  axillary  branchlets 
by  which  the  plant  is  disposed  to  chmb :  cal3'x  unequal:  corolla  (purple,  violet,  or  yellowish- 
white)  short;  both  hps  spreading,  the  lower  usually  conspicuously  larger  and  as  long  as  the  tube. 
++   Flowers  in  a  naked  spike  or  dense  raceme  :  bracts  minute. 
A.  CoTllterianxiin,  Benth.     Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  gaining  support  by  its  numerous 
filiform  tortile  branchlets  acting  as  tendrils,  below  glabrous,  as  also  the  (from  linear  to 
oval)  distant  leaves:  inflorescence  villous-pubescent  with  viscid  and  sometimes  glandular 
hairs;  the  spike  virgate,  2  to  10  inches  long:  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx:  sepals 
linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  the  3  upper  a  little  longer,  all  shorter  than  the  oval  or  ovate- 
oblong  glandular-pubescent  capsule,  which  is  twice  the  length  of  the  style.  —  DC.  Prodr. 
X.  592 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Santa  Barbara  Co.  to  San  Diego,  California.     Corolla  either  violet- 
purple  or  white  with  yellowish  palate ;  the  lower  lip  with  its  great  palate  forming  the 
larger  part  of  the  flower;  the  tube  only  3  lines  long,  its  sac  broad  and  mammaeform. 
Tendril-shoots  mostly  below,  sometimes  also  in  the  lower  part  of  the  inflorescence. 

•H-  ++  Flowers  (purple)  scattered  along  the  slender  diffuse  branches,  or  somewhat  racemose  but 
leafy-bracteate  at  the  summit,  often  accompanied  by  tortile  prehensile  branchlets  from  the  same 
axils:  upper  sepal  conspicuously  larger  than  the  others:  leaves  short,  from  linear  to  ovate. 

=  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  flower,  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  hardly  any :  tube  of  the 
corolla  rather  longer  than  the  hps :  seeds  tuberculate. 


Antirrhinum.  SCROPHULARIACEvE.  253 

A.  vdgans,  Gray,  1.  c.  Very  diffuse,  sparsely  setose-hirsute  and  often  glandular,  vary- 
ing to  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  thickish  :  flowers  compara- 
tively large  (half  inch  long)  :  sepals  or  at  least  the  large  and  mostly  oblong  upper  one 
equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  the  others  linear :  style  slender,  as  long  as  the  capsule. 
—  Watson,  Bot.  King,  216,  t.  21,  fig.  5.  A.  Coulterianum,  var.  appendiculatum,  Durand,  1.  c. 
11,  1. 11.  —  California,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c,  a  form  with  broader  and  thinner  leaves,  those  of  the  tor- 
tile branchlets  orbicular,  and  unusually  large  posterior  sepal,  grows  mainly  in  the  shade 
of  Redwoods.  A.  Breweri,  var.  ovalifolium,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  375,  from  the  upper 
part  of  the  Sacramento  River,  may  be  a  depauperate  form  of  this,  with  shorter  calyx, 
approaching  the  following. 

A.  Breweri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  at  first  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  minutely  or  softly  vis- 
cid-pubescent :  leaves  from  oblong-linear  to  oval  (half  to  an  inch  long),  obtuse :  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  calyx:  flowers  small;  the  tube  of  the  corolla  (only  3  lines  long)  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  moderately  unequal  sepals,  rather  narrowly  saccate  at  base: 
style  subulate,  glandular,  at  length  strongly  deflexed,  rather  shorter  than  the  capsule.  — 
California,  common  from  Lake  Co.  to  Plumas  Co.  and  northward. 

=  =  Peduncles  more  conspicuous :  tube  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  widely  spreading  lips, 
merely  gibbous  at  base :  the  weakly  tortile  branchlets  bearing  small  leaves. 

A.  Nuttallianum,  Benth.  Softly  viscid-pubescent,  sometimes  glabrous  below,  at 
length  diffusely  much  branched,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  subcordate  (the  largest 
an  inch  long),  nearly  all  distinctly  petioled :  peduncles  or  at  least  the  lower  ones  longer 
than  the  flowers,  sometimes  longer  than  the  leaf  and  disposed  to  be  tortile  :  sepals  shorter 
than  (or  the  ovate  or  oval  posterior  one  equalling)  the  tube  of  the  violet-colored  corolla 
(this  2  or  3  lines  long) :  palate  very  prominent :  seeds  almost  alately  costate.  —  DC.  Prodr. 
X.  592 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Common  through  S.  California,  near  San  Diego,  &c. 

Var.  efflisura,  Gray.  Slender  stems  climbing  over  bushes  by  tortile  leafy  branchlets, 
reaching  4  or  5  feet  high  :  filiform  peduncles  mostly  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves :  ribs 
of  the  seeds  less  wing-like.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  622.  —  S.  E.  California,  in  the  Mohave  region, 
Parry,  Leriimon,  Palmer. 

A.  Kingii,  "Watson.  Slender,  mostly  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  somewhat 
hairy  at  base,  above  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear ;  the  upper- 
most minute  :  pedicels  at  length  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sparsely  glandular  calyx :  corolla 
small  (2  or  3  lines  long,  dull  white) ;  its  tube  half  the  length  of  the  linear-oblong  poste- 
rior sepal  and  about  equalling  the  other  sepals ;  the  lips  small :  persistent  style  short  and 
subulate,  glabrous,  half  the  length  of  the  slightly  oblique  globular  capsule :  seeds  favose- 
tuberculate.  —  Bot.  King,  215,  t.  21,  fig.  1-4.— N.  W.  Nevada  to  Utah,  Watson,  Lemmon,  &c. 

§  4.  MAURA.NDKLLA,  Gray,  1.  c.  Capsule  and  calyx  equal  or  nearly  so  :  seeds 
as  in  preceding :  corolla  with  prominent  palate  partly  or  quite  closing  the  orifice  : 
herbs  with  entire  or  lobed  leaves  (all  but  the  lower  alternate),  destitute  of  pre- 
hensile branchlets,  but  mostly  climbing  by  tortile  filiform  petioles  or  peduncles, 
or  by  both,  mainly  glabrous.  —  Maurandia  §  Antirrhinijlorce,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c. 

*   Annuals,  with  mostly  lanceolate  or  linear  short-petioled  leaves,  but  long  and  fihform  prehensile 
peduncles :  caljTc  rather  shorter  than  the  globose  capsule. 

A.  strictum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Erect,  nearly  simple,  a  foot  or  two  high :  lowest  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  upper  ones  linear,  or  the  upper  floral  filiform,  much  shorter  than  the  tortile  race- 
mose peduncles:  corolla  violet-purple  (nearly  half,  inch  long),  with  hairy  palate  and  gib- 
bous base  :  capsule  crustaceous,  tipped  with  a  straight  style  of  equal  length.  — Maurandia 
stricta,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  375 ;  Benth.  1.  c.  —  California,  near  Santa  Barbara, 
Douglas,  Brewer. 

A.  Cooperi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Climbing  2  to  4  feet  high  by  the  long  filiform  peduncles  (of  2  or 
3  inches  in  length) :  very  slender  stems  at  length  much  branched  :  lowest  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong;  the  others  linear;  upper  floral  minute:  corolla  bright  yellow  (half  inch  long), 
conspicuously  saccate  at  base,  with  hairy  palate :  style  deciduous  from  the  nearly  mem- 
branaceous capsule:  seeds  rough-rugose  and  with  3  or  4  corky  ribs.  —  Ravines  near  Fort 
Mohave,  S.  E.  California,  Cooper,  Almendinger.     S.  Utah,  Parri/. 


254  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Antirrhinum. 

A.  filipes,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  delicate  than  the  preceding,  and  with  broader  more  mem- 
branaceous leaves  :  capillary  tortile  peduncles  equally  long :  flowers  very  small,  "  white." 
—  Ives  Colorad.  Exped.  Bot.  19. — Arizona,  in  desert  arroyos  of  the  Colorado,  Newberry, 
Flowers  perhaps  imperfect,  the  corolla  little  exceeding  the  calyx.  Perhaps  a  depauperate 
or  attenuated  state  of  the  foregoing. 

*   *    Perennial,  climbing  by  the  slender  tortile  petioles  and  axillaiy  peduncles  :  calyx  longer  than 

the  globular  capsule. 

A.  raavirandioides,  Gray,  !■  c.    Low  or  tall  climbing :  leaves  triangular-hastate  or  the 

'    lower  cordate-hastate ;  the  lateral  lobes  often  with  a  posterior  tooth :  corolla  purple  or 

sometimes  white  (half  to  an  inch  long),  with  a  nearly  closing  palate:  sepals  lanceolate, 

very,  acute:  style  slender:  seeds  strongly  costate,  the  ribs  corky. —  Usteria  antirrhinijlora, 

Poir.     Maurandia  antirrhinijlora,  Willd.  Hort.  Berol.  t.  83;  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1643;  Benth.  I.e. 

M.  personata,  Lagasca.  —  Texas  to  Arizona  and  the  borders  of  California.     Common  in 

cultivation.     (Mex.) 

§  5.  Gajib^lia,  Gray,  1.  c.  Capsule  and  seeds  of  preceding  section :  stems 
erect  and  more  or  less  shrubby,  not  climbing  :  palate  of  the  tubular  corolla  some- 
what prominent,  but  not  closing  the  throat:  most  of  the. leaves  opposite  or  in 
threes. —  Gambelia,  Nutt.  FI.  Gamb.  149. 

A.  speciosum,  Gray,  1-  c.  Shrub,  3  or  4  feet  high,  somewhat  pubescent,  leafy  through- 
out:  leaves' oval  or  oblong,  short-petioled,  coriaceous:  corolla  "scarlet"  or  pink-red, 
hardly  an  inch  long,  thrice  the  length  the  lanceolate  sepals,  and  the  tube  thrice  the  length 
of  the  narrow  lips.  —  Gambelia  speciosa,  Nutt.  1.  c.  t.  22.  —  California,  on  the  Island  of 
Catalina,  Gamhell.  (Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  Calif.,  Palmer.) 
A.  junceum,  Gray,  l-c.  Shrubby  slender  stems  glabrous,  2  feet  high:  leaves  small, 
oblong-linear,  or  above  hardly  any:  tube  of  the  corolla  8  to  12  lines  long. — M.  juncea, 
Benth.  Sulph.  41.  —  From  San  Diego  southward  (to  the  bay  of  Magdalena  in  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Hinds;  also  Cerros  Island,  Dr.  Streets). 

5.  MAURANDIA,  Ortega.  (Dr.  Maurandy,  a  botanical  teacher  at  Car- 
thagena.)  —  Perennial  herbs  (Mexican  and  Arizonian),  climbing  by  the  slender 
tortile  petioles  and  sometimes  by  the  axillary  peduncles ;  the  leaves  cordate- 
triangular  or  hastate,  only  the  lower  opposite  ;  and  showy  purple  or  rose-colored 
■  or  rarely  white  flowers.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  377.  Maurandia  (excl. 
§  1)  and  Lophospermum  (Don),  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  I.e.  This  comprises  the 
two  true  Maurandias  with  wingless  tuberculate  seeds,  Lophospermum,  of  one  or 
perhaps  two  species,  with  seeds  bordered  by  an  irregular  and  lacerate  wing ;  and 
the  section  Epixiphium,  Engelm.,  with  a  narrow  entire  wing  to  the  seeds,  and 
capsule  pointed  by  the  subulate  indurated  style,  containing  the  following 
sj>ecies. 

M.  Wislizeni,  Engelm.  Glabrous,  mostly  low-climbing :  leaves  hastate,  or  some  of 
them  sagittate ;  the  lowest  obtuse,  the  others  acuminate  and  with  pointed  basal  lobes : 
peduncles  short:  corolla  (pale  blue,  an  inch  long)  with  lips  about  half  the  length  of  the 
rather  ample  tube  :  sepals  in  flower  linear-lanceolate,  becoming  in  fruit  triangular-lanceo- 
lafe  and  gradually  acuminate,  much  enlarged,  rather  rigid,  very  veiny-reticulated,  and 
strongly  saccate-carinate  at  base,  enclosing  the  coriaceous  globose-ovate  capsule,  and 
about  the  length  of  the  sword-shaped  indurated  style  :  seeds  compressed,  oval,  surrounded 
by  a  narrow  entire  wing,  the  sides  chaffy-rugose.  — Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  111.  — New 
Mexico,  on  the  banks  of  the  Eio  Grande,  &c.,  and  adjacent  borders  of  Mexico,  Wishzenus, 
Parry,  Wright,  Bigelow. 

6.  MOHAYEA,  Gray.  (Name  of  the  river  on  the  banks  of  which  the 
plant  was  discovered  by  Fremont.  It  had  been  previously  collected,  in  fruit 
only,  by  Dr.  Coulter.)  —  Single  species. 


Collinsia.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  255 

M.  Viscida,  Gray.  Erect  annual,  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  corymbosely  branched,  pubescent 
and  very  viscid :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  2  inches  long,  tapering  to  both  ends,  somewhat 
petioled ;  the  lower  opposite ;  upper  alternate  :  flowers  short-pedicelled  :  sepals  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  nearly  equal:  corolla  inch  and  a  half  long,  sulphur-colored,. with  some  purple 
dots :  capsule  globular :  seeds  very  numerous,  oblong,  smooth  and  even  on  the  back  ;  the 
ventral  face  deeply  cup-shaped,  with  thickened  somewhat  corky  sides.  —  Gravelly  banks, 
S.  E.  California  and  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona :  fl.  early  spring. 

7.  COLLINSIA,  Nutt.     {Zacchem  Collins  of  Philadelphia,  who  published 

nothing,  but  was  the  most  accurate  botanist  of  his  place  and  time.)  —  N.  American 

winter-annuals,  flowering    early   in    spring  and  summer,  low   or  slender ;   with 

simple  opposite  sessile  leaves,  or  the  lowest  petioled  and  the  upper  yerticillate, 

the  uppermost  often  reduced  to  subulate  bracts.     Flowers  handsome,  in  series  of 

cyraosely  umbellate  fascicles  or  in  whorls,  or  sometimes  solitary  in  the  axils  ;  the 

pedicels  ebracteolate,  and  no  common  peduncle.      Corolla  not  rarely  2-colored. 

The  stamens  and  style  occasionally  rise  out  of  the  sac  of  the  corolla  into  a  more 

erect  position  before  all  the  pollen  is  shed.     Ovules  and  seeds  usually  few  (6  to 

2)  and  sometimes  solitary  in  each  cell.  — Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  i.  190,  t.  9  ; 

Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  91,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  553. 

*  Flowers  short-pedicelled  or  almost  sessile,  verticillastrate-crowded,  below  in  the  axils  of  leaves, 
above  in  the  axils  of  bracts:  corolla  half  to  three-fourths  inch  long:  seeds  several  or  few, 
meniscoidal. 

-(—  Corolla  strongly  declined;  the  much-inflated  and  gibbous  saccate  body  (which  we  denominate 
the  throat)  full  as  broad  as  long,  and  forming  an  obtuse  or  right  angle  with  the  very  short  proper 
tube:  gland  short  and  small,  sessile:  upper  pair  of  filaments  more  or  less  bearded  toward  the 
base :  ovules  and  seeds  several. 

0.  bicolor,  Benth.  A  foot  or  so  high,  from  nearly  glabrous  to  hirsute,  or  above  viscid- 
pubescent:  leaves  more  or  less  dentate  and  oblong  or  lanceolate;  the  upper  usually  ovate- 
lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  broad  or  subcordate  and  nervose  base :  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
acute  calyx-lobes,  mostly  several  in  the  fascicle;  corolla  with  lower  lip  violet  or  rose-pur- 
ple and  the  upper  paler  or  white  (occasionally  both  white) ;  saccate  throat  very  oblique  to 
the  tube ;  recurved-spreading  upper  lip  a  little  shorter  than  the  lower  :  seeds  rugose-reticu- 
lated. —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1734;  Don,  Brit  Fl.  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  307;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  3488.  C.  heterophylla,  Graham,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3695,  rare  form  with  lower  leaves  3-cleft. — 
Moist  grounds,  common  through  the  western  part  of  California.     Commonly  cultivated. 

C  tinctoria,  Hart'Weg.  Like  the  preceding,  but  with  more  glandular  and  viscid  brown 
or  yellowish  pubescence,  which  stains  the  fingers :  flowers  almost  sessile :  calyx-lobes  lin- 
ear or  oblong-linear,  mostly  obtuse  :  corolla  yellowish,  cream-color,  or  white,  usually'  with 
some  purple  dots  or  lines;  axis  of  saccate  throat  forming  a  right  angle  with  the  tube;  the 
upper  lip  and  its  lobes  very  short:  seeds  smaller,  rounder,  and  smoother.  —  Benth.  PI. 
Hartw.  328 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  553.  C.  harbata,  Bosse  in  Verhand.  Gartenb.  Preuss. 
1853,  &  Bot.  Zeit.  xii.  905.  C.  septemnervia,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  224,  fig.  69.  — 
Common  in  California,  especially  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  its  foot-hills. 

■t—  -t—  Corolla  less  declined  or  oblique;  the  gibbous  throat  much  longer  than  broad:  stems  only  a 
span  or  two  high :  leaves  crenate  or  obtusely  dentate,  obtuse,  thickish,  seldom  over  an  inch  long. 

-H-  Filaments  and  interior  of  corolla  somewhat  bearded  :  upper  hp  of  the  latter  crestless,  but  with 
transverse  callosity  :  calyx-lobes  rather  broad  and  obtuse. 

C.  bartsisefolia,  Benth.  Puberulent  and  somewhat  glandular,  rarely  hirsute-pubes- 
cent above :  stem  strict :  leaves  from  ovate-oblong  to  linear  :  flower-clusters  2  to  5  or 
fewer :  corolla  purplish  or  whitish ;  its  upper  lip  about  the  length  of  the  curved  gibbous 
throat ;  the  lower  with  narrow  base  and  emarginate  or  obcordate  lateral  lobes :  gland  ses- 
sile and  elongated,  porrect :  seeds  only  a  pair  in  each  cell,  smooth. —  DC.  Prodr.  x.  318 ; 
Gray,  I.e.  C.  hirsuta,  Kellogg,  I.e.  110,  fig.  34,  a  hirsute  form.  —  Sandy  soil,  common 
tlirough  California,  less  showy  than  preceding. 

C.  corymbosa,  Herder.  Almost  glabrous,  cespitose-branching  from  base  and  diffuse  or 
decumbent :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  very  obtuse,  rather  fleshy :  flowers  mainly  m  a  soli- 


256  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Collinsia. 

tary  leafy -bracteate  capitate  cluster :  corolla  straightish,  white  or  ochroleucous  ;  its  upper 
lip  blue  or  bluish  and  very  short,  the  lobes  being  almost  obsolete  ;  lobes  of  elongated 
lower  lip  entire  :  gland  small,  oblong,  compressed,  short-stipitate :  seeds  4  or  6  in  each  cell, 
rugose-reticulated.  — Ind.  Sem..Petrop.  1867,  &  Gartenfl.  1868,  35,  t.668;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  378,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Shore  of  the  northern  part  of  California,  Bolander,  &c. 
(Doubtless  not  "  Mexico.") 
++   ++  Filaments  and  interior  of  corolla  glabrous :  upper  lip  of  latter  prominently  fomicate-crested : 

flowers  fewer :  seeds  about  4,  smooth.  , 

C.  Greenei,  Gray.  Slender  and  smaller,  erect,  glandular-puberulent :  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  tapering  to  base,  sparsely  and  coarsely  dentate :  flowers  2  to  6  in  the  clusters,  on 
pedicels  sometimes  as  long  as  the  calyx :  corolla  violet-purple,  5  or  6  lines  long  ;  its  upper 
lip  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  throat,  about  half  the  length  of  the  lower ;  the  crest 
under  the  origin  of  the  limb  developed  into  a  pair  of  conspicuous  callous  teeth  on  each 
side ;  lateral  lobes  of  lower  lip  small :  gland  small  and  sessile.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  75, 
&  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  On  rocks.  Lake  Co.,  California,  Greene. 

*   *    Flowers  slender-pedicelled,  umbelliform-verticillate,  or  sometimes  solitary. 
-I—  Calyx-lobes  acute,  from  lanceolate  or  even  ovate  to  subulate,  usually  surpassing  the  capsule  : 

plants  glabrous,  or  the  stems  and  pedicels  puberulent,  not  glandular  or  viscid :  leaves  in  the  same 

species  either  somewhat  sen-ate  or  entire  :  seeds  about  4,  smooth  or  nearly  so. 
++  Eastern  species  :  showy  corolla  half  inch  long,  with  very  gibbous  throat  much  shorter  than  the 

limb  :  upper  filaments  more  or  less  bearded  below. 

C.  verna,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stem  6  to  20  inches  high :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  or  the  lowest 
rounded  and  slender-petioled,  and  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  and  partly  clasping;  the 
upper  floral  reduced  to  subulate-linear  bracts :  whorls  about  6-flowered :  pedicels  filiform, 
longer  than  the  flowers  :  throat  of  the  corolla  equalling  the  calyx-lobes ;  the  ample  lower 
lip  bright  blue  ;  the  upper  white  or  purplish ;  lobes  barely  emarginate  :  gland  subulate, 
porrect :  seeds  thick,  not  flattened,  oblong,  arcuate.  —  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  220  ;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  4927.  —  Moist  woods,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky. 

C.  violacea,  Nutt.  Lower :  leaves  thickish  j  the  upper  lanceolate  :  whorls  2-4-flowered : 
pedicels  as  long  as  the  flower:  corolla  violet;  the  upper  lip  much  smaller  than  the  lower; 
all  the  lobes  obcordate.  —  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  179;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xi.  93.    Antinhimm  tenellum,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  421  ?  — Arkansas,  NuttaU,  Pitcher.    Little  known 

species. 

++  •!-(•  Western  species,  one  extending  north-eastward. 

=  Flowers  showy:  corolla  strongly  dechned;  its  saccate-ventricose  throat  shorter  than  the  limb. 

C.  grandiflora,  Dougl.  A  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  thickish ;  the  lowest  roundish 
and  petioled ;  upper  from  oblong  to  linear  and  sessile ;  the  floral  in  whorls  of  3  to  7 :  pedi- 
cels in  whorls  of  3  to  9,  about  the  length  of  the  flower :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  gradually 
subulate-attenuate  to  a  very  acute  point:  corolla  half  to  two-thirds  inch  long,  white  or 
purple  with  lower  lip  deep  blue  or  violet ;  its  very  saccate  throat  as  broad  as  long,  almost 
or  quite  transverse  with  the  tube,  as  long  as  the  recurving  (internally  2-callous)  upper  lip; 
lobes  of  the  larger  lower  lip  merely  retuse  or  emarginate :  filaments  glabrous :  gland  ses- 
sile and  capitate:  seeds  roundish,  smooth.  — Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1107  ;  Gray,  I.e.  — Shady 
hills,  &c.,  from  Mendocino  Co.  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  along  the  coast. 

Var.  pusilla.     Small  form,  a  span  or  more  high  :  corolla  only  4  or  5  lines  long,  more 
blue  or  violet  throughout.  — Plumas  Co.  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

C.  sparsiflora,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  More  slender:  upper  leaves  all  lanceolate  and 
linear,  all  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  small  bracts  in  threes  :  pedicels  solitary  or  some  of 
■the  upper  2  or  3  in  a  whorl,  sometimes  longer  than  the  flower :  calyx-lobes  from  ovate  to 
deltoid-lanceolate,  acute :  corolla  4  to  8  lines  long,  violet ;  the  saccate  throat  very  oblique 
but  not- transverse;  upper  lip  hardly  shorter  than  the  lower :  filaments  hirsute  below  :  gland 
sessile,  elongated-subulate  :  seeds  meniscoidal,  acute-margined,  obscurely  reticulated.  —  Ind. 
Sem.  Petrop.  1835,  ii.33;  Gray,  I.e.  C.  soUtaria,  Kellogg,  I.e.  10.  — Rocky  places,  Cali- 
fornia, from  San  Francisco  northward. 

—  =  Flowers  small,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  corolla  less  declined  or  oblique ;  the  oblong  gibbous  throat 
longer  than  the  limb  :  stigma  2-cleft. 

C.  parviflora,  Dougl.  About  a  span  high,  at  length  diffuse  or  spreading :  leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate  ;  the  upper  narrowed  at  base  and  entire ;  the  floral  often  in  whorls  of  3  to  5  : 


Tonella.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  '  257 

•pedicels  solitary  or  above  2  to  5  in  the  whorl,  usually  longer  than  the  flowers  :  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate  or  triangular-subulate,  usually  almost  equalling  the  blue  (or  partly 
white)  corolla,  hardly  longer  than  the  mature  capsule :  filaments  glabrous :  gland  small, 
capitate,  short-stipitate  :  seeds  thickish,  marginless.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1802;  Hook.  Fl. 
ii.  94  (misprinted  C.  paucijlora) ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —Shady  moist  grounds,  Upper  Michigan  (shore 
of  L.  Superior)  to  the  Pacific  in  Washington  Territory,  and  south  to  Arizona  and  Utah. 
C.  minima,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  47,  of  N.  W.  Rocky  Mountains,  is  ambiguous, 
but  apparently  a  dwarf  and  large-flowered  form  of  C.  parvijlora,  with  corolla  proportion- 
ally longer,  3  or  4  lines  long. 

-t—  -K-  Calyx-lobes  obtuse:  corolla  (blue)  3  or  4  lines  long,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx: 
filaments  glabrous  :  gland  subulate  or  conical :  stem  slender,  only  a  span  or  so  high. 

•t"t-  Not  glandular  nor  viscid :  ovules  and  usually  seeds  6  or  7  in  each  cell ;  the  latter  round-oval, 
when  young  discoidai,  reticulated. 

C.  Pdrryi.  Puberulent :  stem  strict,  simple :  leaves  (less  than  an  inch  long)  lanceolate- 
linear,  obtuse;  the  upper  mostly  entire  and  closely  sessile;  the  lowest  smaller,  narrowly 
oblong,  crenate,  petioled :  pedicels  solitary,  in  pairs,  or  the  upper  in  threes,  as  long  as  the 
flowers :  calyx-lobes  oblong,  equalling  the  moderately  oblique  throat  of  the  deep  blue 
corolla,  not  exceeding  the  capsule :  lips  of  the  corolla  almost  equal  in  length,  not  longer 
than  the  throat ;  the  lobes  emarginate.  —  San  Bernardino  Co.,  South-easteru  California, 
Parry,  Lemmon  (no.  296). 

++  +-I-  Filiform  pedicels  and  upper  part  of  the  stems  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid  : 
ovules  solitary  in  the  cells:  seed  oblong,  thick,  almost  terete,  somewhat  arcuate,  smooth:  calyx 
shorter  than  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 

C.  Chlldii,  Parry,  Herb.  Stem  mostly  simple,  puberulent :  leaves  thinnish ;  the  lower 
obovate-rotund  or  oblong,  obtusely  more  or  less  serrate,  petioled;  the  upper  oblong-lanceo- 
late with  narrowed  base,  subsessile :  flowers  rather  few  :  pedicels  and  calyx  pubescent  and 
partly  glandular:  lobes  of  the  latter  lanceolate  or  oblong,  surpassing  the  capsule:  corolla 
light  blue ;  the  oblong  moderately  oblique  throat  longer  than  the  lips,  the  lobes  of  which 
are  of  about  equal  length  and  entire.  —  South-eastern  California,  in  deep  woods  (of  Libo- 
cedrtis  decurrens)  in  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  Parry  &  Lemmon,  H.  S.  Child.  Also  Kern 
Co.,  Kennedif. 

C.  Torreyi,  Gray.  Stem  divergently  much  branched,  very  floriferous :  slender  branches 
and  pedicels  viscid-glandular ;  leaves  thickish,  linear  with  attenuate  base  and  entire,  or  the 
lowest  spatulate  or  oblong  and  petioled ;  floral  mainly  reduced  to  subulate  3-4-nate  bracts 
subtending  whorls  of  3  to  6  deep  blue  or  violet  flowers :  corolla  rather  strongly  declined, 
thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  of  which  are  shorter  than  the  capsule ;  upper  lip 
equalling  and  the  lower  longer  than  the  ventricose  throat.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  378,  & 
Bot.  Calif.  I.e.  —  California,  in  open  woods,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mariposa 
Co.  northward  to  Siskiyou  Co. 

8.  TONi^LLA,  Nutt.  (An  unexplained  and  probably  quite  meaningless 
name.)  —  Two  known  species,  slender  annuals,  small-flowered,  with  the  habit  of 
Gollinsia.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  378,  xi.  92,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  555. 

T.  CoUinsioides,  Nutt.  Diffuse,  nearly  glabrous :  filiform  branches  a  span  to  a  foot 
long:  radical  and  lowest  cauline  leaves  ovate  or  roundish  (3  to  6  lines  long),  slender- 
petioled,  mostly  entire;  the  others  shorter-petioled  or  sessile,  many  of  them  3- parted  or 
else  quite  divided  into  oblong  or  lanceolate  divisions  or  leaflets;  the  floral  in  whorls  of 
three ;  uppermost  simple  and  shorter  than  the  slender  filiform  (solitary,  geminate,  or  some- 
times ternate)  pedicels:  flowers  minute:  corolla  blue,  a  line  long;  its  5  lobes  of  equal 
length ;  the  lower  one  transversely  oval  or  roundish,  very  much  larger  than  the  oblong 
lateral  and  upper  ones,  and  separated  from  them  by  deeper  sinuses  :  ovules  solitary  in  each 
cell :  capsule  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Gollinsia  tenella,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  593,  where 
the  mss.  name  of  Tonella  collinsioides  of  Nuttall  is  cited.  —  N.  California  and  Oregon,  in 
shady  places. 

T.  floribunda,  Gray,  1-  c.  Larger,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  most  of  the  cauline  leaves  3-5- 
f oliolate :  whorls  numerous  in  a  loose  elongated  raceme,  each  of  3  to  7  flowers :  corolla 
larger  more  rotate,  3  or  4  lines  broad,  much  exceeding  the  calyx,  purple  ;  the  three  lobes  of 

17 


258  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Scrophularia. 

the  lower  lip  obovate  and  nearly  alike,  smaller  than  those  of  the  2-clef t  upper  lip :  ovules 
and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell.  —  W.  Idaho,  Spalding,  Geyer,  &c. 

9.  SCROPHULARIA,  Tourn.  Figwort.  (A  reputed  remedy  for 
scrofula.) — Rank  herbs,  chiefly  perennials,  of  homely  aspect;  with  mostly 
opposite  leaves,  and  loose  cymes  of  small  flowers  forming  a  narrow  terminal  thyr- 
sus, in  summer,  proterogynous.  Stamens  in  our  species  always  shorter  than  the 
corolla. 

*  Corolla  bright  red,  comparatively  large,  oblong-urceolate. 
S.  COCCinea,  Gray.  Glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  slender-petioled, 
coarsely  dentate,  sometimes  doubly  so :  pedicels  and  calyx  minutely  glandular  :  corolla 
two-thirds  to  three-fourths  inch  long ;  the  2-cleft  upper  lip  much  longer  than  the  lower : 
rudiment  of  sterile  stamen  obovate.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  111.  —  New  Mexico,  in  moun- 
tains near  Santa  Rita  del  Cobre,  Wright,  Bigelow. 

*   *   Corolla  lurid-purplish  or  greenish,  3  or  4  lines  long,  ventricose-ovoid. 
S.  nodosa,  L.     Nearly  glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high :  thyrsus  naked  or  nearly  so,  elongated 
and  open:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  and  with  rounded  or  subcordate  base, 
sharply  and  often  rather  doubly  serrate :  cymes  pedunculate :  calyx-lobes  broadly  ovate, 
nearly  marginless:  rudiment  of  fifth  stamen  orbicular.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

Var.  Marilandica.  Taller,  sometimes  5  feet  high  :  leaves  larger  and  thinner,  acu- 
minate, often  ovate-lanceolate,  seldom  at  all  cordate,  mostly  simply  serrate :  pedicels  more 
slender.  —  5.  Marilandica,  L.  S.  lanceolata,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  419,  form  with  narrower  leaves. 
—  Damp  grounds,  Canada  to  Florida,  and  west  to  Utah  and  perhaps  Oregon. 
S.  Californica,  Cham.  Leaves  smaller,  oblong-ovate,  with  truncate  or  cordate  base,  or 
the  upper  narrowly  deltoid,  acute,  coarsely  doubly  toothed  or  sometimes  laciniate-incised  ; 
the  lower  occasionally  with  a  pair  of  detached  lobelets  near  the  summit  of  the  petiole  : 
thyrsus  very  loose,  mainly  naked :  peduncles  and  pedicels  minutely  glandular :  rudiment 
of  fifth  stamen  spatulate  or  cuneiform,  either  roundish  or  acutish  at  base.  —  Linn.  ii.  585; 
Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  552.  S.  nodosa,  var.,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  327.  — Moist  grounds,  nearly 
throughout  California,  and  in  W.  Nevada. 

10.  CHELONE,  L.  Turtle-head,  Balmont.  (XsIwvt],  a  tortoise,  the 
corolla  in  shape  resembling  the  head  of  a  reptile.)  —  North  American  perennial 
herbs,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  large-flowered ;  the  leaves  opposite  and  acutely  ser- 
rate. Seeds  upwardly  imbricated,  compressed  as  well  as  broadly  winged.  Sterile 
filament  shorter  and  smaller  than  the  others.  Capsule  ovate  :  valves  entire.  Fl. 
late  summer. 

§  1.  EuCHELONE.  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  short  and  close  spikes  : 
bracts  and  bractlets  imbricated,  ovate  or  orbicular,  concave,  membranaceous,  and 
the  broad  sepals  similar  :  corolla  (white  or  rose-color)  strongly  ventricose  and 
with  lips  of  about  equal  length  ;  the  upper  broad  and  carinate-fornicate,  almost 
entire,  and  from  under  its  apex  protrudes  the  recurved  tip  of  the  long  filiform 
style  ;  the  lower  moderately  spreading,  broad,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  smaller, 
woolly  in  the  throat :  filaments  woolly. 

C.  glabra,  L.  A  foot  or  two  (or  in  Illinois  6  or  7  feet)  high,:  leaves  from  narrowly  to 
rather  broadly  lanceolate  (4  or  5  inches  long,  4  to  12  lines  wide),  gradually  acuminate, 
serrate  with  sharp  appressed  teeth,  narrowed  at  base  usually  into  a  very  short  petiole  : 
bracts  not  ciliate  :  corolla  white,  or  barely  tinged  with  rose,  an  inch  long.  —  Spec.  ii.  611 ; 
Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  76.  C.  glabra,  alba,  Fursh,  &c.  —  Wet  places,  Newfoundland  to 
Saskatchewan  and  south  to  Florida. 
C.  obliqua,  L.  A  foot  or  two  high,  less  strict  or  with  spreading  branches:  leaves  from 
broadly  lanceolate  to  oblong  (2  to  5  inches  long),  sometimes  laciniately  serrate,  more  veiny 
and  duller,  acute  or  obtuse  at  base,  mostly  short-petioled  :  bracts  ciliolate  :  corolla  deep  and 


Pentstemon.  SCROPHULARIACEiE.  259 

bright  rose-color.  —  Syst.  Nat.  &  Syst.  Veg. ;  Schk.  Handb..  i.  172  ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  175.  C. 
foliis  ovato-lanceolatis,  &c.,  Mill.  Ic.  t.  93.  C.  purpurea,  MiU.  Diet.  C.  glabra,  var.  purpurea, 
Michx.,  Pursh,  &,c.  C.  glabra,  var.  lanceolata,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  51.  C.  lalifoUa,  Mulil.  Cat.,  ex 
Ell.  Sk.  ii.  127.  —  Damp  or  wet  shady  grounds,  IlUnois  and  Virgmia  to  Florida.  Varies 
between  the  preceding  and  following. 
C.  Lyoni,  Pursh.  ■  About  2  feet  high :  leaves  ovate  or  subcordate,  acuminate  (4  to  7 
inches  long),  thin,  evenly  serrate,  on  rather  slender  naked  petioles:  bracts  minutely  cilio- 
late:  corolla  bright  rose-purple.  — Fl.  ii.  737 ;  Don,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  293.  C.  major,  Sims, 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  1684.  —  Wet  ground,  mountains  of  N.  Carolina  and  Tennessee  to  Georgia. 

§  2.  NoTHOCHELONE.  Flowers  pedicellate,  in  a  loose  open  terminal  thyrsus : 
bracts  and  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate:  no  bractlets  under  the  calyx:  corolla 
(violet-purple)  with  widely  open  orifice,  a  very  short  2-cleft  and  not  at  all  forni- 
cate upper  lip,  and  a  3-cleft  spreading  lower  one ;  the  throat  and  filaments  gla- 
brous :  upper  part  of  the  filiform  sterile  filament  hirsute.  Accords  with  Pentste- 
7non,  except  in  the  winged  seeds. 

C.  nemorosa,  Dougl.  A  foot  or  two  high  :  herbage  of  rank  somewhat  unpleasant  odor : 
leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  acutely  dentate,  2  or  3  inches  long ;  the  cauline 
sessile  or  almost  so  by  a  truncate  or  subcordate  base :  peduncles  3-5-flowered,  as  long  as 
the  pedicels:  corolla  fully  an  inch  long.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1211;  Benth.  in  DC.  I.e. 
Pentstemon  nemorosus,  Trauttv.  in  Mem.  Acad.  Petrop.  1841,  250.  —  Woods  along  mountain 
streamlets,  Washington  Terr,  to  the  northern  borders  of  California,  Newberry,  Greene. 

11.  PENTSTEMON,  Mitchell.  Beard-tongue.  {Wvra,  five,  ar;;/i«^ 
stamen,  all  five  stamens  being  conspicuously  present,  the  fifth  as  a  sterile  filament, 

which  in  rare  instances,  in  several  species,  has  been  found  to  be  antheriferous.) 

North  American  (a  few  Mexican  and  one  N.  E.  Asian)  perennials,  mostly  herba- 
ceous, some  suffruticose  ;  usually  with  simple  stems  or  branched  from  the  base  ; 
the  leaves  opposite,  rarely  verticillate  or  very  rarely  the  upper  alternate  ;  inflo- 
rescence from  thyrsiform  to  almost  simply  racemose;  and  the  fiowers  mostly 
handsome,  in  summer.  —  Nov.  Gen.  in  Act.  Phys.  — Med.  Nat.  Cur.  xiii.  (1748) 
36  ;  Soland.  in  Ait.  Kew.  ii.  360 ;  Beuth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  320,  593  ;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  56,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.556.  Pentastemon,  Trauttv.  in  Mem.  Acad. 
Petrop.  1841. 

§  1.  EuPENTSTEMON,  Gray.  Anther-cells  soon  divaricate  or  divergent,  united 
and  often  confluent  at  the  apex,  dehiscent  for  their  whole  length  or  nearly. 

*    (Erianth^ka.)     Anthers  densely  comose  with  very  long  wool,  in  the  manner  of  Chelone,  pel- 
tately  e.xplanate  in  age :  low  and  suffruticose,  with  coriaceous  leaves. 

P.  Menziesii,  Hook.  A  span  or  less  to  a  foot  high,  woody  at  base :  leaves  commonly 
ovate,  obovate,  or  oblong,  a  quarter  to  an  inch  long,  rigidly  serrulate  or  some  entire,  gla- 
brous or  when  young  pubescent ;  the  lower  short-petioled  :  inflorescence  mostly  glandular 
or  viscid-pubescent,  racemose ;  the  pedicels  almost  all  1-flowered,  usually  1-2-bracteolate : 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrower  and  attenuate-acuminate :  corolla  (violet-blue  to  pink- 
purple)  an  inch  or  more  long,  tubular-funnelform  and  moderately  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip 
deeply  2-  and  lower  3-cleft :  sterile  filament  short  and  slender,  hairy  at  apex  or  nearly 
naked.  — Fl.  ii.  98;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  56  (var.  Lewisil)  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.556. 
Gerardiafriiticosa,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  423,  t.  18.  Pentstemon  L^ioisii,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  321. 
—  On  rocks  and  mountain  tops,  Brit.  Columbia  through  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada  of 
California,  and  Rocky  Mountains  of  Idaho  and  Wyoming.  Corolla  at  the  north  and  on 
Mti  Shasta,  &c.,  bright  violet  or  bluish.     Passes  into 

Var.  Newberryi,  Gray,  a  form  with  rose-purple  or  pink  corolla.  —  P.  Newhen-yi, 
Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  82,  t.  14.  P.  Menziesii,  var.  Rohinsoni,  Masters  in  Gard.  Chron.' 
1872,  969,  fig.  227.  —  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  the  only  form  soutliward. 


260  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Pentstemon. 

Var.  Douglasii,  Gray,  !•  c,  with  entire  and  obovate-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong 
leaves,  and  (as  far  as  known)  lilac-purple  corolla,  pink-red  at  base.  — P.  Douglasii,  Hook.  1.  c, 
in  fruit  only.  P.  crassifolius,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxiv.  1. 16.  —  Interior  of  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington Terr.     Passes  into 

Var.  Scouleri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  lanceolate,  or.even  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  the 
larger  1^  to  even  3  inches  long,  sparsely  and  acutely  serrulate:  corqlla  commonly  inch  and 
a  half  long,  violet-purple.  —  P.  Scouleri,  Dougl.  in  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1277.  —  Interior  of 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia.  A  form  (var.  Lyalli,  Gray,  1.  c.  76)  is  2  feet  or  more  high,  with 
remarkably  long  willow-like  leaves. 

^    *   (Fri'TICosi.)     Anthers  glabrous,  dehiscent  through  the  apex  and  explanate  after  dehiscence: 
stems  branching  and  shrubby,  at  least  below :  leaves  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  small  or  short, 
mostly  very  short-petioled :  filaments  all  bearded  or  pubescent  at  base, 
-t—  Corolla  unknown :  probably  of  this  section. 

P.  microphallus,  Gray.  Cinereous-puberulent  and  glabrate,  much"  branched :  pri- 
mary leaves  not  seen ;  those  of  axillary  fascicles  only  2  lines  long,  pbovate,  obtuse,  entire, 
thick-coriaceous :  inflorescence  racemose :  sepals  lanceolate-ovate,  acute :  persistent  style 
(and  therefore  probably  the  corolla)  short.  —  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  119.  —  N.  W.  Ari- 
zona, on  Williams  Fork,  Bigclow. 
-1—  -J—  Corolla  red,  long  and  narrow-tubular,  an  inch  or  more  in  length;  its  upper  lip  erect  and 

the  lower  more  or  less  spreading :  inflorescence  somewhat  glandular,  mostly  compound :  sterile 

filament  bearded  down  one  side. 

P.  cordifolius,  Benth.  Somewhat  scandent  over  shrubs  by  long  sarmcntose  branches, 
very  leafy,  scabrous-puberulent :  leaves  subcordate  or  ovate  with  truncate  base,  acutely 
serrate  or  denticulate,  veined,  an  inch  or  less  long :  thyrsus  short  and  leafy :  peduncles 
several-flowered:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate :  corolla  scarlet;  its  tube  near  an  inch  and  lips 
half  inch  long.  —  Scroph.  Ind.  adnot.,  &  DC.  Prodr.  x.  329.  —  California,  common  from 
Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego. 

P.  corymbosus,  Benth.  Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  cinereous-pubescent  or  glabrate : 
branches  leafy  up  to  the  naked  and  few-many-flowered  corymbiform  cyme :  leaves  oblong 
or  oval,  barely  obtuse  at  base,  obscurely  or  sparingly  denticulate,  somewhat  parallel- 
veined  (half  to  2  inches  long):  sepals  lanceolate:  corolla  scarlet,  an  inch  long.  —  DC. 
Prodr.  X.  593;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  557.  —  California,  from  Shasta  Co.  to  Santa  Cruz,  &c. 

P.  ternatus,  Torr.  Glabrous  and  the  long  virgate  flowering  shoots  (2  to  4  feet  long) 
glaucous :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  acutely  serrate  or  denticulate  with  salient  teeth 
(8  to  18  lines  long) ;  the  upper  ternately  verticillate  :  flowers  in  a  long  racemiform  thyrsus  : 
sepals  ovate-acuminate  :  corolla  pale  scarlet,  an  inch  long  and  the  lips  about  3  lines  long. 
—  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  115;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Mountains  of  S.  California,  from  Kern  Co.  south- 
ward. 

•t—  -1—  -)-  Corolla  yellow  or  yellowish,  merely  tinged  with  purple,  less  than  an  inch  long,  with  tube 
shorter  than  the  r'ingent  linib;  upper  lip  fornicate  and  merely  emarginate;  the  lower  pendulous- 
recurved. 

P.  breviflorus,  Lindl.  Glabrous,  3  to  6  feet  high,  with  slender  or  virgate  branches 
leafy  to  tlie  narrow  many-flowered  racemiform  thyrsus  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, denticulate,  seldom  if  ever  verticillate,  an  inch  or  more  long :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate :  corolla  yellowish  with  flesh-color,  striped  within  with  pink,  about  half  inch 
long:  upper  lip  beset  with  long  and  viscid  hairs:  sterile  filament  naked.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t. 
1946 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  P.  carinatus,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  62.  —  Dry  hills  and  banks, 
California  to  the  borders  of  Nevada,  common  on  the  flanks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

P.  antirrhinoides,  Benth.  Minutely  cinereous-puberulent  or  glabrous,  1  to  5  feet  high, 
much  branched,  very  leafy :  leaves  small  (barely  half  inch  long),  spatulate  or  oval,  entire  : 
inflorescence  leafy-paniculate :  peduncles  1-flowered,  short :  sepals  broadly  ovate :  corolla 
ventricose,  8  to  12  lines  long,  unusually  broad,  lemon-yellow :  sterile  filament  densely 
bearded  on  one  side.  — DC.  Prodr.  x.  594;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6157  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  P.  Lobhii, 
Illustr.  Hort  1862,  t.  315.  —  S.  California,  San  Diego  Co.,  &c. 

H—  -I—  H—  ^_  Corolla  apparently  purplish  or  flesh-color,  not  over  half  inch  long,  with  tube  and 
throat  longer  than  the  open  lips  :  shrubby  at  base  ;  the  slender  branches  more  herbaceous. 
P.  Rothrockii.     A  span  or  two  high,  minutely  puberulent,  oval-  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
mostly  subcordate  or  truncate  at  subsessile  base,  usually  undulate-dentate,  4  or  5  lines 


Pentstemon.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  261 

long :  inflorescence  loosely  spiciform,  leafy  below :  subsessile  and  mostly  solitary  2-brac- 
teolate  flowers  and  their  bracts  or  floral  leaves  commonly  alternate :  sepals  ovate-lanceo- 
late, puberulent,  slightly  if  at  all  glandular :  corolla  4  lines  long,  rather  narrow,  glabrous : 
sterile  filament  glabrous.  —  S.  E.  California,  on  Little  Olanche  Mountain,  toward  the  sources 
of  Kern  liiver,  at  10,400  feet,  Rothrock. 
P.  Lemmoni,  Gray.  Glabrous  .up  to  the  pedicels,  2  to  4  feet  high,  slender,  rather 
remotely  leaved :  leaves  ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  thinnish,  acutely  and  sparsely  serril- 
late,  an  inch  or  less  long  :  thyrsus  loose,  leafy  below  :  peduncles  all  opposite,  slender,  few- 
several-flowered  :  short  pedicels  and  ovate-lanceolate  sepals  viscid-pubescent :  corolla  half 
inch  long,  somewhat  campanulate-dilated  above,  viscid  or  glandular:  filament  strongly 
yellow-bearded  on  one  side  of  the  curved  apex.  —  Bot.  Calif .  i.  557.  —  California,  from 
Mendocino  to  Plumas  Co.,  Kellogg,  Lemmon.  ■  ' 

•t—  -H-  -1—  -1—  -)—  Corolla  (white  or  purplish)  nearly  an  inch  long,  oblong-campanulate  from  the 
base,  hardh'  at  all  bilabiate. 

P.  frutescens,  Lamb.  A  span  or  less  high  from  a  woody  (subterranean?  or  prostrate) 
stock  :  stems  pubescent,  leafy  ;  leaves  oblong,  with  somewhat  narrowed  base,  denticulate, 
glabrous  (1^  to  3  inches  long,  7  to  12  lines  wide) :  thyrsus  terminal,  3-9-flowered  :  pedicels 
and  lanceolate  acuminate  sepals  villous  and  viscid :  lobes  of  the  corolla  short  and  broad, 
nearly  equal  and  equally  somewhat  spreading :  lower  part  of  the  fertile  filaments  and 
most  of  the  sterile  one  hirsute-bearded.  —  Linn.  Trans,  x.  250,  t.  6,  fig.  1;  Pursh,  Fl.  ii. 
428  (excl.  hab.)  ;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  321.  —  "  Unalaschka,  Pallas."  Not  since  detected 
there,  and  perhaps  a  mistake.  Certainly  not  found  "  on  the  north-west  coast "  by  Lewis. 
(Kamtschatka  and  Japan  !) 

*  *■*  (Ambigui.)  Anthers  glabrous,  reniform,  not  explanate  in  age,  the  line  of  dehiscence  stop- 
ping a  little  short  of  the  base  of  the  cell.s :  stem  suffruticose  and  leaves  thick-coriaceous. 

P.  baccharifolius,  Hook.  Glabrous,  or  the  rigid  branches  obscurely  puberulent, 
2  feet  high,  leafy  below :  leaves  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  rigidly  and  acutely  dentate,  almost 
veinless,  an  inch  long ;  the  uppermost  abruptly  reduced  to  small  ovatg  bracts  of  the  loose 
and  racemose  glandular  inflorescence  :  peduncles  1-3-flowered  :  sepals  ovate  :  corolla  deep 
carmine-red,  an  inch  long,  broadly  tubular  and  with  a  short  moderately  bilabiate  limb; 
upper  lip  somewhat  erect,  2-lobed ;  lower  recurved  and  3-parted:  sterile  filament  naked. 
—  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4627;  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  115,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  58. —  S.  W. 
Texas,  on  the  San  Pedro  River,  Wright. 

*  *  *  *  (ElmIgera  )  Anthers  glabrous  (rarely  villous);  the  cells  dehiscent  from  the  base 
towards  but  not  to  the  apex,  consequently  not  explanate  after  dehiscence  :  corolla  tubular,  little 
ampliate  upward,  red:  sterile  filament  mostly  glabrous :  lierbs glabrous  and  usually glaucescent, 
glabrous  even  to  the  calyx  and  outside  of  the  corolla,  or  merely  pruinose-puberulent :  stems  vir- 
gate  and  simple:  leave's  all  entire;  the  cauline  sessile  or  partly  clasping :  thvrsus  elongated 
and  virgate,  loosely-flowered,  racemiform  or  paniculate.  —  Elviigei-a,  Reichenb.  §  Elmigeror 
(Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c,  excl.  spec),  Gray  in  Froc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 

-1—  Corolla  strongly  bilabiate;  upper  lip  erect  and   concave,  2-lobed  at  apex;  lower  reflexed  and 

3-parted :  peduncles  and  pedicels  mostly  slender. 
P.  barbatus,  Nutt.  Usually  tall,  2  to  6  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  upper  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  the  lowest  and  radical  oblong  or  ovate :  sepals  ovate :  corolla  inch  long,  from 
light  pink-red  to  carmine ;  base  of  the  lower  lip  or  throat  usually  bearded  with  long  and 
loose  or  sparse  yellowish  hairs  ;  anthers  even  in  the  bud  divergent,  soon  divaricate.  —  Gen. 
ii.  53;  Benth.  I.e.;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxv.  t.  21,  flesh-colored  variety;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  59.  Ckelone  barbata,  Cav.  Ic.  i'ii.  22,  t.  242;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  116.  C.  ruellioides,  Andr. 
Bot.  Rep.  t.  34.  Elmigera  barbata,  Reichenb.  in  Steud.  Nom.  —  Mountains  oi  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico  ;  and  commonly  cult.     (Mex.) 

Var.  Torreyi,  Gray,  I.e.  (P.  Torreyi,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  I.e.),  a  tall  and  usually 
deep  scarlet-red-flowered  form,  with  few  or  no  hairs  in  the  throat ;  but  in  cultivated  and 
even  in  wild  specimens  the  distinction  vanishes.  —  W.  borders  of  Texas  to  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico. 

Var.  puberulus,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  114,  is  pruinose-puberulent,  otherwise 
like  the  preceding.  —  Guadalupe  Caiion,  Arizona,  Thurber. 

Var.  tricharxder,  Gray,  is  also  like  a  low  form  of  var.  Torreyi,  except  that  anthers 
are  beset  with  long  woolly  hairs !  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  94.  — S.  W.  Colorado,  Brandegee. 

Var.  labrosus,  Gray.  .  A  low  and  narrow-leaved  form,  with  almost  simply  race- 
mose flowers  :  corolla  apparently  red  with  a  yellowish  tube;  the  lips  remarkably  long  (6 


262  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Pentstemun. 

to  8  lines),  the  lobes  of  the  lower  very  narrow.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  622.  —  S.  E.  California  ;  on 
Mt.  Pinos,  Kern  Co.  at  7,000  feet,  Rothrock.     San  Bernardino  Co.,  Parry  &,  Lemmon. 

Var.  WisLiZENi,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad    vi.  59  (P.  coccineus,  Engelm.  in  Mem.  Wisliz. 
107),  known  only  from  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  is  between  P.  barhatus  and  P.  imberbis,  having 
nearly  the  corolla  of  the  latter,  with  the  early  divaricate  anthers  of  the  former. 
^_  ^_  Corolla  obscurely  bilabiate  and  the  lobes  hardly  spreading :  peduncles  and  pedicels  short. 
P.  Eatoni,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high,  hardly  glauccscent :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to 
ovate;  the  upper  partly  clasping :  thyrsus  virgate  and  strict,  simple ;  the  peduncles  very 
short,  1-3-flowered,  and  pedicels  seldom  much  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  sepals  : 
corolla  an  inch  long,  bright  carmine-red,  tubular,  hardly  enlarged  at  the  naked  throat;  its 
»  broadly  oval  lobes  (2  lines  long)  all  nearly  alike  except  that  the  two  of  the  upper  lip 
are  united  higher:  anther-cells  usually   (but  not  always)   early  divergent  or  divaricate, 
dehiscent  for  only  three-fourths  their  length  :  sterile  filament  sometimes  minutely  bearded 
at  the  apex. —Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  395,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  560,  but  flowers  in  Wallace's 
collection,   mistakenly  referfed   to  it,  are  of   P.   Clevelandi.     P.  centranthif alius,  Watson, 
Bot.  King,  219,  not  Benth.  —  Dry  banks  and  canons,  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  to  S. 
Nevada  and  Arizona.     Intermediate  in  aspect  between  P.  barbatus  and  P.  centranthifolius. 
*****   (Speciosi. )     Anthers  with  the  diverging  or  divaricate  and  distinct  cells  dehiscent 
from  base  nearly  or  quite  to,  but  not  confluently  through,  the  apex,  not  peltately  explanate  after 
dehiscence,  either  glabrous,  hirsute,  or  rarely  long-pilose:  herbs  with  simple  stems  and  closely 
sessile  mostly  very  glabrous  (rarely  pubei-ulent)  entire  cauline  leaves:  inflorescence  never  glan- 
dular-pubescent or  viscid :  flowers  showy  :  corolla  blue  or  violet,  ventricose-ampliate  above  ;  the 
lobes  of  tlie  moderately  or  slightly  bilabiate  limb  roundish  and  equally  spreading. 

-t—  Corolla  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  funnelform,  little  ventricose. 
P.  Fremonti,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high,  minutely  and  densely  pruinose- 
pubescent :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowest  (like  the  radical)  spatulate  :  thyrsus 
spiciforra,  virgate,  rather  densely  flowered :  peduncles  and  pedicels  very  short :  sepals 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  with  irregular  scarious  margins  :  corolla  very  obscurely  bilabiate  ;  the 
lobes  2  lines  long*:  anthers  hirsute :  sterile  filament  with  dilated  bearded  apex.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  60.  —  Utah,  "on  the  Uinta  plains,"  Fremont. 

Var.  subglaber.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  merely  puberulent  below,  glabrous  above  : 
upper  leaves  oblong-lanceolate:  sepals  conspicuously  acuminate.  —  Idaho  (in  mountains 
near  Fort  Hall,  Burke),  &c. 

-1—  -t—  Corolla  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  ventricose-ampliate  above. 
P.  strictus,  Benth.  Glabrous,  or  minutely  pruinose,  more  or  less  glaucous :  stem  slen- 
der, virgate,  6  to  20  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  from  oval  to  spatulate ;  cauline  narrowly 
lanceolate  or  linear ;  floral  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts  of  the  elongated  narrow  and 
loose  thyrsus :  peduncles  and  pedicels  commonly  slender:  sepals  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  not 
over  2  lines  long,  barely  half  the  length  of  the  narrow  proper  tube  of  the  violet-purple  or 
blue  (about  inch  long)  corolla;  the  throat  of  which  is  strongly  ampliate:  anthers  either 
thickly  or  sparsely  comose  with  very  long  flexuous  hairs :  sterile  filament  naked  or  with 
some  similar  slender  hairs.  —  DC.  Prodr.  x.  324.  P.  comarrhenus,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xii.  81.  —  Rocky  Mountains  of  W.  Wyoming  to  those  of  S.  W.  Utah.  The  original  speci- 
men [Fremont)  is  strict,  with  the  inflorescence  imperfectly  developed,  and  no  good  corolla 
extant,  the  cauline  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long  and  2  lines  broad.  The  long  and  soft,  but 
rather  coarse  hairs  of  the  anther  are  not  rarely  a  line  and  a  half  in  length. 
P.  glaber,  Pursh.  Glaucous  or  glaucescent  and  very  glabrous :  stems  ascending  or 
'  erect,  a  foot"' or  two  high:  leaves  mostly  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate: 
thyrsus  elongated  and  many-flowered:  peduncles  and  pedicels  short,  commonly  very  short: 
Sepals  from  orbicular-ovate  and  merely  acute  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  strongly  acuminate 
from  a  broadish  base:  corolla  (1  to  1|  inches  long)  bright  blue  to  violet-purple:  anthers 
(and  also  the  apex  of  sterile  filament)  from  glabrous  to  sparsely  hirsute;  the  cells  dehis- 
cent to  or  very  near  their  apex.  —  Fl.  ii.  728,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1672,  &c.,  under  the  form  P. 
glabra.  P.  erianthera,  Nutt.  in  Fras.  Cat.  &  Gen.  ii.  53,  not  Pursh.  P.  Gordoni,  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  4319.  P.  speciosus,  Dougl.  in  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1720 ;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2, 
t.  259 ;  a  narrower-leaved  form,  with  anthers  and  sterile  filament  commonly  naked.  P. 
Kingii,  var.  glauca,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  39.  —  Plains  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  in 
Nebraska  and  Dakota,  to  Colorado  and  Arizona,  and  west  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  Oregon.  —  The  following  are  extreme  forms. 


PenMemon.  SCROPHULARIACEiE;  263 

Var.  alpfelUS,  Gray.  A  span  high :  cauline  leaves  from  narrowly  to  broadly  lan- 
ceolate :  thyrsus  abbreviated  and  few-flowered.  —  P.  alpinus,  Torn  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  35. 
—  Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  the  Yellowstone  to  Pike's  Peak. 

Var.  Utahensis,  Watson.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  strict  and  slender  (some- 
times pruinose-puberulent) :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  or  even  linear  lanceolate,  the  lower 
tapering  to  the  base :  thyrsus  virgate :  sepals  either  narrower  or  much  acuminate :  sterile 
filament  and  usually  the  anthers  hirsute.  —  Bot.  ffing,  217.  — Utah  to  Arizona  and  the 
borders  of  California,  passing  into  the  P.  speciosus,  Pougl.,  and  the  lower  forms  into  the 
preceding  variety. 

Var.  cyananthus,  Gray.  Usually  tall  and  less  glaucescent :  leaves  all  broad ;  the 
cauline  ovate  or  subcordate  and  ovate-lanceolate  :  thyrsus  dense  :  sepals  much  acuminate 
or  narrow  :  corolla  bright  blue :  anthers  and  sterile  filament  from  hirsute  to  nearly  gla- 
brous.—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  60.  P.  cyananthus,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4464;  Watson,  Bot. 
King,  I.  c.  —  Rocky  Mountains,  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  the  Wahsatch  in  Utah.  Seems 
very  distinct,  but  passes  into  P.  glaber. 
P.  Wardi,  Gray.  Low,  a  sparl  or  more  high,  minutely  and  densely  cinereous-pubescent : 
leaves  thick,  oblong  or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate :  corolla  externally  pale  and  sparsely 
puberulent :  anthers  cartilaginous ;  the  cells  dehiscent  from  the  acutish  base  upward  for 
little  more  than  three-fourths  of  their  length,  glabrous:  sterile  filament  also  glabrous: 
otherwise  like  the  preceding,  of  which  it  may  be  only  a  variety. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii. 
82.  —  Glenwood,  Utah,  L.  F.  Ward. 

******  (Genuini.)  Anthers  dehiscent  from  base  to  apex  and  through  the  junction  of 
the  two  cells,  glabrous  (or  niereh\hirtello-ciIiate  at  lines  of  dehiscence),  open  after  dehiscence, 
usually  explanate  in  age,  in  the  greater  number  confluently  1-celled :  herbs,  or  rarely  suffrutes- 
cent  al  base ;  the  species  of  the  first  following  subdivision  approaching  the  preceding. 
-I—  Glabrous  throughout  (or  rarely  minutely  pruinose-puberulent  or  glandular)  even  to  pedicels 
and  calj'x:  leaves  all  entire,  from  linear  to  ovate,  glaucous  or  pale:  stems  simple  and  erect: 
thjTsus  virgate  or  contracted,  with  short  or  hardly  anj'  peduncles :  five  lobes  of  the  coi'olla  plane : 
anthers  of  cartilaginous  or  coriaceous  textui-e. 

•H-  Corolla  less  than  an  inch  long,  lilac  or  mauve-purple,  or  verging  to  violet,  abruptly  campanu- 
late-inflated,  and  the  broad  rather  strongly  bilabiate  limb  widely  spreading  or  open. 

P.  secundiilorus,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  high,  including  the  elongated  and  racemi- 
form  strict  many-flowered  thyrsus  :  cauline  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  (2  or  3  inches  long 
and  lines  wide) ;  radical  spatulate  :  peduncles  1-3-flowered:  sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  acute 
or  obtuse,  with  somewhat  scarious  but  entire  margins :  corolla  with  narrow  proper  tube 
of  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  abruptly  dilated  into  the  broadly  campanulate 
throat  of  about  one-third  inch  in  height  and  width ;  this  nearly  equalled  by  the  widely 
spreading  lips  ;  the  lobes  round-oval :  sterile  filament  glabrous  or  minutely  bearded  at  the 
dilated  tip.  —  Prodr.  x.  324.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  common  at  8  or  9,000  feet.  A  well- 
marked  and  beautiful  species. 

P.  Hallii,  Gray.  Allied  to  the  foregoing,  only  a  span  or  so  high :  leaves  thickish,  linear 
and  llnear-spatulate,  or  the  lowest  rather  broader,  obtuse :  thyrsus  short  and  more  spici- 
form,  5-15-flowered,  obscurely  viscid :  sepals  broadly  ovate  and  with  widely  scarious  erose 
margins :  corolla  7  to  10  lines  long,  broadly  campanulate-inflated  from  a  thickish  and  in- 
conspicuous proper  tube  which  is  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  bilabiate  limb  rather  short : 
sterile  filament  short-bearded  from  the  apex  downward.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  71.  —  Colo- 
rado Rocky  Mountains,  at  10-12,000  feet  (common  on  Gray's  Peak),  Hall  &  Harbour,  Pan-y, 
Greene,  &c. 

Var.  Arizonicus.  An  ambiguous  form,  almost  a  foot  high,  with  flowers  apparently 
intermediate  between  those  of  P.  Hallii  and  P.  secundiflorus,  and  sterile  filament  of  the  lat- 
ter; but  corolla  lips  shorter  than  the  less  abruptly  expanded  portion.  —  Mount  Graham, 
Arizona,  at  9,250  feet,  Bothrock. 

++  ++  Corolla  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  inch  long,  from  blue  to  lilac :  the  tube  gradually  and  mod- 
erately dilated  into  the  funnelform  throat;  lobes  of  the  obscurely  bilabiate  5-p'arted  limb 
short  and  widely  spreading.  (See  also  P.  confertus,  Watsoni,  &c.,  which,  being  glabrous  and 
entire-leaved,  might  be  referred  here.) 

P.  acuminatus,  Dougl.  Glaucous,  6  to  20  inches  high,  generally  stout  and  rigid,  leafy : 
leaves  coriaceous,  somewhat  cartilaginous-margined ;  radical  and  lowest  cauline  obovate 
or  oblong ;  upper  cauline  from  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  or  th6  upper  cordate-clasping, 
these  mostly  acute  or  acuminate :  thyrsus  strict,  interrupted,  leafy  below,  naked  above ; 


264  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Pentstemon. 

the  dusters  several-flowered,  and  peduncles  and  pedicels  mostly  very  shoA :  sepals  ovate 
and  acute  or  lanceolate :  corolla  lilac  or  changing  to  violet ;  the  limb  half  or  two-thirds 
inch  in  diameter :  sterile  filament  mostly  bearded  at  the  dilated  tip :  capsule  firm-coria- 
ceous and  acuminate.  — Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1285;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  97  ;  Benth.  in  DC.  I.e.; 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  61  (excl.  syn.  P.  secimdijiorus),  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  559.  P.  nitidus, 
Dougl.  ex  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  P.  Fendleri,  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  168,  t.  5,  &  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  114,  excl.  syn.  —  Plains  of  the  Saskatchewan  and  Upper  Missouri  to  the  interior 
of  Oregon,  and  south  to  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  and  the  western  borders  of  Texas.  (Ad- 
jacent Mex.)  Seems  to  pass  into 
P.  caeruleus,  Nutt.  Low :  leaves  (even  the  radical)  all  from  lanceolate  to  narrowly 
linear  (often  3  inches  long  and  only  a  line  or  two  wide) :  thyrsus  spiciform  and  usually 
dense :  sepals  lanceolate-acuminate :  corolla  blue,  varying  occasionally  to  rose-lilac  or 
white:  sterile  filament  much  bearded  above.  —  Gen.  ii.  52;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  1.  c. 
P.  angustifolius,  Nutt.  in  Fras.  Cat. ;  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  738.  —  Plains  of  Dakota  and  Montana  to 
Colorado  at  the  base  of  the  mountains. 

•H-  ++  -K-t-  Corolla  an  inch  or  less  long,  red,  tubular  or  funnelform,  hardly  bilabiate;  the  roundish 
or  short-oblong  lobes  all  alike,  except  that  the  two  upper  are  raiher  more  united:  sepals  ovate  or 
roundish,  obtuse  or  acute:  peduncles  usually  manifest  and  pedicels  slender. 

=  Sterile  filament  filiform,  naked:  corolla  narrow-tubular,  deep  scarlet;  lobes  short,  little 
spreading. 

P.  centranthif olius,  Benth.  Very  glaucous :  stem  strict,  leafy,  1  to  3  feet  high : 
leaves  thick,  from  ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  oblong  to  lanceolate-linear,  the  upper 
with  subcordate-clasping  base :  thyrsus  virgate,  elongated :  corolla  fully  an  inch  long ; 
the  lobes  (2  lines  long)  hardly  longer  than  the  width  of  the  orifice.  —  Scroph.Ind.  feProdr. 
1.  c. ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5142 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  Chelone  centranthifoUa,  Benth.  in  Hort.  Trans. ; 
Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1737.  —  Open  grounds,  California,  from  Monterey  southward,  and  W. 
Arizona. 

=  =  Sterile  filament  dilated  at  tip  and  retrorsely  bearded  down  one  side :  corolla  funnelform, 
and  with  rather  large  and  rounded  widely  spreading  lobes. 

P.  puniceus,  Gray.  Very  glaucous :  stem  stout,  "  1  to  6  feet  high,"  sparsely  leafy : 
leaves  thick,  oblong  or  the  lowest  obovate  and  the  uppermost  ovate,  sometimes  connate- 
perfoliate :  thyrsus  virgate,  interrupted,  many-flowered :  corolla  almost  an  inch  long,  nar- 
rowly funnelform,  "  brilliant  scarlet ; "  the  limb  two-thirds  inch  in  diameter.  —  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  113,  &  Proc.  1.  c.  —  Guadalupe  Canon,  Arizona,  Thurber,  E.  K.  Smith. 

P.  Parryi.  Less  glaucous  :  stem  virgate,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  from  oblong  to  nar- 
rowly lanceolate ;  the  upper  with  auriculate  or  roundish  partly  clasping  base ;  radical 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate :  racemiform  thyrsus  more  simple  and  fewer-flowered :  corolla 
narrowly  funnelform,  half  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  "  bright  pink  "  or  cherry-red ;  the 
limb  half  inch  in  diameter.  —  P.  puniceus,  var.  ?  Parryi,  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1.  c.  — 
Western  Arizona,  Pctn-y,  Palmer,  Greene.-  Southern  Nevada,  ilfi'ss  5ear/s,Pa/mer.  Southern 
Utah,  Parry.  Some  specimens  of  this  have  been  referred  to  the  preceding,  some  to  the 
following  species. 

P.  Wrightii,  Hook.  Pale  and  somewhat  glaucous  or  glaucescent:  stems  rather  stout, 
a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  oblong  or  the  lowest  obovate  (2  to  4  inches  long,  an  inch  or  so 
wide);  upper  cauline  partly  clasping  by  a  roundish  base:  thyrsus  virgate  and  elongated, 
loosely  flowered :  sepals  when  in  bloom  with  spreading  tips :  corolla  bright  rose-color, 
about  three-fourths  inch  long  and  with  artipliate  throat,  the  expanded  limb  three-fourths 
inch  in  diameter.  — Bot.  Mag.  t.  4G01  (corolla  too  deep  red).  Gray,  I.e.;  Fl.  Serres,  vii. 
t.  685.  —  W.  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  Wright,  &c. 

•H-  -t-t-  ++  ++  Corolla  showy,  inch  and  a  half  or  more  in  length,  ventricose-funnelform,  somewhat 
bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  rat'her  smaller:  sterile  filament  hooked  at  apex:  sepals  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  barely  acute  :  thyrsus  virgate,  with  hardly  any  common  peduncles  to  the  few-flowered 
clusters:  leaves  glaucous,  thickish,  broad;  the  upper  and  the  floral  rounded,  all  but  the  obovate 
radical  ones  clasping  or  perfoliate:  stem  2  to  4  feet  high. 
P.  grandiflorus,  Nutt.     Leaves  all  distinct  at  base  :  pedicels  short :  corolla  lilac  or 
lavender-blue,  abruptly  ventricose  above  the  proper  tube,  which  exceeds  the  calyx:  sterile 
filament  minutely  pubescent  at  the  dilated  apex.  —  Fras.  Cat.  &  Gen.  1.  c. ;  Bentli.  I.e.; 
Gray,  1.  c.     P.  Bradhurii,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  738.  —  Prairies,  from  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  Illi- 
nois to  Nebraska  and  Kansas.     Capsule  almost  an  inch  long. 


Pentstemon.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  265 

P.  Murrayanus,  Hook.  Cauline  leaves  connate-clasping,  and  all  the  upper  pairs 
united  into  an  oval  or  orbicular  concave  disk  :  pedicels  slender :  corolla  deep  scarlet,  grad- 
ually widening  upward;  the  lobes  rather  small:  sterile  filament  wholly  glabrous.  —  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  3472;  Gray,  I.e.  — Prairies  of  E.  Texas,  collected  first  by  Berlandier,  then  by 
Drummond,  &c. 

•f-  -h-  Glabrous  and  glandless  throughout,  even  to  the  calyx :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  rigid,  glau- 
cescent,  very  acutely  and  as  it  were  spinulosely  dentate  or  denticulate  with  salient  teeth:  cvmes 
of  the  open  elongated  thyrsus  pedunculate:  flowers  ample  and  showy;  the  corolla  an  inch  long: 
sepals  ovate,  sliort. 

P.  spectabilis,  Thurber.  Pale  or  glaucescent,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  thinnish-coria- 
ceous,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lower  oblong,  acute;  the  upper  pairs  acuminate 
and  their  broad  bases  connate-perf  oliate :  thyrsus  many -flowered,  elongated-pyramidal  or 
sometimes  virgate,  a  foot  or  two  long:  peduncles  and  pedicels  slender  (half  inch  or  more 
long)  :  corolla  rose-purple  or  lilac  with  the  ample  limb  usually  violet  or  blue,  a  full  inch 
long,  with  narrow  proper  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  then  abruptly  dilated  into 
the  campanulate-ventricose  or  broadly  f unnelform  throat,  moderately  bilabiate ;  the  oval 
or  roundish  plane  lobes  3  or  4  lines  long :  sterile  filament  glabrous.  —  Gray  in  Pacif .  R.  Rep. 
iv.  19,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  113;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5260.  — Dry  hills  and  plains,  S.  Cali- 
fornia (from  San  Gabriel)  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

P.  Cleavelandi,  Gray.  Resembling  the  preceding  in  foliage  and  growth:  but  leaves 
less  broad  at  base  and  commonly  distinct,  sometimes  connate-perfoliate  ;  the  lower  on 
naked  petioles  :  thyrsus  smaller  and  virgate  :  corolla  crimson,  three-fourths  to  a  full  inch 
-long,  much  narrower,  tubular-f unnelform ;  its  lobes  1|-  or  2  lines  long  :  sterile  filament  mod- 
erately bearded  above  on  one  side.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  94  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  659.  — S.  E. 
California,  San  Diego  Co.,  Cleveland,  Palmer,  and  San  Bernardino  Co.,  at  Cucamonga,  long 
ago  collected  (panicles  only)  by  Wallace,  and  now  near  San  Bernardino,  by  Parry  &  Lem- 
mon.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

-f—  -1—  -)—  Verj'  glabrous  up  to  the  loose  elongated  inflorescence  and  ovate  appressed  sepals: 
leaves  coriaceous,  glaucous,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  spinulose-dentate  :  corolla  abruptly 
much  enlarged  and  remarkably  wide. 

P.  Palmeri,  Gray.  Stems  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaves  1^  to  4  inches  long ;  the  lower  peti- 
oled ;  upper  from  closely  sessile  to  completely  connate-perfoliate,  and  from  very  sharply 
dentate  or  denticulate  to  nearly  entire:  thyrsus  pyramidal-racemiform,  glandular  or 
pruinose-puberulent :  lower  peduncles  2-3-flowered,  as  long  as  the  pedicels  :  corolla  cream- 
white  and  usually  suffused  or  parti-colored  with  pink;  the  short  narrow  proper  tube 
hardly  surpassing  the  calyx,  very  abruptly  dilated  into  the  ventricose-campanulate  throat 
of  about  three-fourths  inch  in  length  and  width  at  orifice ;  the  lips  broad ;  the  upper 
erectish  and  2-lobed ;  lower  3-parted,  widely  spreading,  sparingly  bearded  at  base  :  sterile 
filament  long-  and  densely  (yellow-)  bearded  above.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  378,  &  viii. 
291 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  220  ;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6064  (very  highly  colored).  —  Arizona 
and  S.  Utah  to  W.  Nevada  and  S.  E.  California. 

H_  +_  +_  ^_  Puberulent  or  pubescent  and  above  viscid  or  glandular  :  leaves  from  ovate  to  lan- 
ceolate-hnear :  thyrsus  racemiform  :  corolla  ample,  purplish ;  its  proper  tube  little  if  anv  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  sepals,  abruptly  dilated  into  the  ventricose-campanulate  or  broadlv  funnel- 
form  throat ;  the  spreadmg  hnib  obscurely  bilabiate  :  sterile  fllament  more  or  less  long-b'earded. 

++  Corolla  commonly  2  inches  long  :  thyrsus  lax  and  short :  stem  about  a  foot  high  :  leaves  large 
and  broad,  most  of  them  acutely  denticulate  or  serrate. 

P.  Cob^a,  Nutt.  Soft-puberulent :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  or  the  lower  broadly  lanceo- 
late and  the  upper  subcordate-clasping  (2  to  4  inches  long) :  corolla  abruptly  campanulate- 
ventricose  above  the  narrow  tube,  from  dull  reddish  purple  to  whitish,  glabrous  within  : 
slender  sterile  filament  sparsely  bearded.  —  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  182 ;  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  3465.  —  Prairies,  Kansas  to  Texas. 

++  ^-H  Corolla  about  an  inch  long:  thyrsus  strict,  leafy  below:  stems  a  span  or  two  high:  leaves 
narrower,  mostly  entire,  or  the  margins  undulate. 

P.  Jamesii,  Benth.  Pruinose-puberulent :  leaves  all  narrowly  or  linear-lanceolate  (1^  to 
3J  inches  long) :  corolla  abruptly  dilated  into  a  broadly  cyathiform-campannlate  throat,  a 
little  hairy  within :  sterile  filanient  moderately  bearded.  —  DC.  Prodr.  x  325;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  67.  P.  albidus,  in  part,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  229,  not  Nutt.  —  Prai- 
ries, &c.,  S.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  W.  Texas. 


266  SCROPHULARIACEiE.  Pentstemon. 

P.  cristatus,  Nutt.  Pubescent,  or  above  viscid- villous  :  leaves  from  linear-lanceolate  to 
narrowly  oblong  (1  to  3  inches  long) :  corolla  more  funnelform,  being  less  abruptly  dilated 
upward ;  its  lower  lip  long-villous  within :  sterile  filament  more  exserted,  inordinately 
yellow-bearded. — Fras.  Cat.  &  Gen.  ii.  52;  Benth.  I.  c.  P.  erianthera,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  737, 
excl.  syn.,  not  Nutt.  —  Plains,  &c.,  Dakota  to  Nevada  and  S.  Colorado. 

4_  4_  ^_  +-  ^—  Pruinose-puberulent  and  glandular  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  all  linear  and  entire, 
narrow  at  base:  corolla  large,  nearly  inch  and  a  half  long,  funuelfonn,  purple  or  violet,  very 
obscurely  bilabiate;  the  rounded  lobes  2  or  3  lines  long:  sterile  filament  wholly  glabrous :  in- 
florescence very  loose,  sometimes  simply  racemose :  sepals  ovate  or  oblong. 

P.  dasyphyllus,  Gray.     A  foot  high,  simple,  densely  puberulent,  and  the  few-flowered 
simply  racemose  inflorescence  glandular:   pedicels  alternate,  bracteolate  only  at  base: 
leaves  3  or  4  inches  long,  2  or  3  lines  wide  (rarely  shorter  and  wider) ;  uppermost  reduced 
to  subulate  bracts:  sepals  hardly  acute.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  112,  &  Proc.  I.e.  —  Eastern 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 
P.  stenophyllus,  Gray,  1.  c.     Glabrous  or  obscurely  puberulent,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves 
3  or  4  inches  long  and  the'  larger  only  2  lines  wide,  attenuate-acute ;  the  uppermost  and 
floral  nearly  filiform :  thyrsus  loosely  paniculate :  peduncles  and  pedicels  slender :  sepals 
acuminate.  —  Southern  Arizona,  Wright.     (Adjacent  Mex.,  Wislizenus.) 
P.  lanceolAtus,  Benth.,  of  Mexico,  may  reach  our  borders.     It  is  minutely  puberulent, 
has  leaves  mostly  broader  at  base,  racemose  but  not  quite  simple  mflorescence,  and  a  "  red  " 
corolla  barely  an  inch  long. 

.{_  4—  .}_  ^—  H—  ^—  Puberulent,  or  viscid-pubescent,  at  least  the  inflorescence,  or  sometimes  gla- 
brous :  leaves  various :    corolla  from  an  inch  down  to  4  lines  long,  not  abruptly  campanulate- 
ventricose  above,  except  in  P.  keviyatus:  sepals  usually  narrow  or  acuminate. 
++  Leaves  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  cauline  when  narrower  widest  at  base,  undivided  : 
stems  erect  or  ascending :  thyrsus  mostly  many-flowered. 

=   Sterile  filament  bearded  along  one  side,  at  least  toward  the  apex. 

a.  Corolla  hardly  at  all  bilabiate,  funnelform,  with  proportionally  rather  ample  and  nearly  equal 
spreading  lobes,  white  or  whitish,  often  with  a  tinge  of  purple',  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  inch 
long  and  the  limb  about  as  broad :  sterile  filament  thmly  short-bearded :  leaves  entire  or  barely 
and  sparingly  denticulate :  thyrsus  strict  and  verticillastriform-interrupted. 

P.  tubiflorus,  Nutt.  Wholly  glabrous :  stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  strict,  naked  above : 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  the  floral  shorter  than  the  remote  and  densely-flowered 
clusters  of  the  much  interrupted  virgate  thyrsus :  sepals  ovate,  merely  viscid,  only  2  lines 
long,  very  short  in  proportion  to  the  rather  slender  tube  of  the  corolla.  —  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc  ser.  2,  v.  181  ;  Benth.  1.  c. — Low  prairies,  Kansas  and  Arkansas.  Still  rare 
and  insufiiciently  known.     Thyrsus  a  span  to  a  foot  long,  of  several  whorl-like  clusters. 

P.  albidus,  Nutt.  Viscid-pubescent,  6  to  10  inches  high :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or 
narrow:  thyrsus  strict,  leafy  below,  of  approximate  few-several-flowered  clusters :  sepals 
lanceolate,  densely  viscid-pubescent,  3  or  4  lines  long :  corolla  with  shorter  tube  and  more 
cyathiform  throat.  — Gen.  ii.  53;  Benth.  1.  c.  P.  teretiflonis,  Nutt.  in  Fras.  Cat.  P.  vis- 
cidulum,  Nees  in  Neuwied  Trav.  app.  18.  — Plains,  Dakota  to  Colorado  and  Texas. 
b.  Corolla  more  manifestly  bilabiate;  lower  lip  usually  somewhat  bearded  or  pubescent  within. 
1.  Leaves  ovate,  all  or  most  of  them  serrate :  corolla  bright  blue  or  changing  to  purple,  rather  nar- 
row, half  or  two-thirds  inch  long. 

P.  pruinosus,  Dougl.  Stem  a  foot  high,  pubescent :  leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong,  glau- 
cescent,  an  inch  or  two  long;  the  radical  and  lowest  and  also  uppermost  cauline  commonly 
entire  ;  the  others  acutely  and  rigidly  dentate  or  denticulate  :  thyrsus  virgate,  interrupted : 
peduncles  (several-flowered)  and  pedicels  short;  these  and  the  lanceolate  attenuate-acumi- 
nate sepals  viscidly  villous :  lower  lip  of  the  deep  blue  corolla  slightly  hairy  within.— 
Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1280;  Benth.  1.  c.  —  Interior  of  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory, 
Douglas,  Lijall.     Little  known. 

P.  ovatus,  Dougl.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  puberulent  or  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  and 
the  upper  subcordate-clasping,  all  acutely  serrate  (or  the  radical  rarely  entire),  bright 
green:  thyrsus  looser;  the  lower  peduncles  often  longer  than  the  clusters:  sepals  ovate  or 
oblong,  barely  acute,  glandular:  lower  lip  of  the  purple-blue  corolla  bearded  in  the  throat. 
—  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2903;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  211 ;  Benth.  L  c  — Woods  and  banks, 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  western  part  of  Idaho. 


Pentstemon.  SCROPHULARIACEtE.  267 

2.  Leaves  from  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  entire,  or  some  denticulate,  glabrous :  corolla 
from  a  third  to  two-thirds  of  an  inch  in  length. 

P.  attenuatus,  Dougl.  Stem  strict,  a  foot  or  two  high ;  the  summit  and  inflorescence 
more  or  less  pubescent  and  viscid :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  or  the  upper 
sometimes  ovate-lanceolate :  thyrsus  of  the  next  species  or  less  compact :  sepals  ovate-  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowly  scarious-margined,  as  long  as  the  capsule : 
corolla  narrowly  funnelform,  over  half  inch  long,  ochroleucous,  sulphur-yellow,  or  some- 
times violet  orblue.  — Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1295;  Hook.  Fi.  ii.  97;  Benth.  I.e.  — Interior  of 
Oregon,  Idaho,  &c.  No  indigenous  specimens  yet  seen  accord  with  the  figure,  in  robust- 
ness, upper  cauline  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  inch  wide,  and  corolla  9  lines  (or  according 
to  Bentham  9  to  11  lines)  long.  The  plants  referred  here  verge  to  the  next,  but  have  longer 
corolla,  6  or  8  lines  long.     The  species  is  still  uncertain. 

P.  confertus,  Dougl.  Glabrous  throughout,  or  the  inflorescence  and  calyx  sometimes 
viscid-pubescent  or  puberulent,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  from  oblong  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late to  somewhat  Unear,  usually  quite  entire :  thyrsus  spiciform,  interrupted,  naked,  of  2 
to  6  verticillastriform  dense  many-flowered  clusters  (either  subsessile  or  the  lower  pedun- 
cled) :  pedicels  very  short :  sepals  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  with  broad 
scarious  margins  commonly  erose  or  lacerate,  rather  shorter  than  the  capsule :  corolla  nar- 
row, 4  to  5  or  rarely  6  lines  long,  in  the  typical  forms  from  ochroleucous  to  sulphur-color ; 
lower  Up  conspicuously  bearded  within.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1260;  Hook.  I.e.;  Benth. 
1.  c. ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  72.  —  Moist  or  dry  grounds,  Northern  Rocky  Mountains  to 
'Oregon.     The  commoner  state  is 

Var.  ceeruleo-pvirpureus,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  rarely  more,  or  in  the 
higher  mountains  from  10  down  to  2  inches  high  ;  the  latter  with  capituliform  inflorescence  : 
sepals  very  variable,  commonly  very  scarious  and  erose,  sometimes  with  a  long  herbaceous 
acumination :  corolla  blue-purple  and  violet.  —  P.  procerus,  Dougl.  ex  Graham  in  Edinb. 
Phil.  Jour.  1829;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t  2954;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1616;  Benth.  I.e.  P.  Tol- 
miei,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  97.  P.  micranthus,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  45.  —  Saskatchewan 
and  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado,  west  to  Oregon  and  through  the  whole 
length  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

P.  Watsoni.  Glaucescent  and  glabrous  throughout,  or  inflorescence  and  calyx  minutely 
puberulent,  but  neither  glandular  nor  viscid  :  stems  a  foot  or  more  high,  ascending  or  weak  : 
cauline  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  (1  to  2  inches  long, 
4  to  9  lines  wide)  :  contracted  thyrsus  rather  loose:  peduncles  several-flowered;  the  lower 
slender :  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx :  sepals  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular  with  a  small  acumi- 
nation, somewhat  scarious-margined,  little  over  a  line  long,  barely  half  the  length  of  the 
mature  capsule :  corolla  narrowlj'-  funnelform,  6  to  8  lines  long,  violet-purple  or  partly  white ; 
lower  lip  almost  glabrous  within.  — P.  Fremonti,  var.  Parryi,  Gray  ex  Watson,  Bot.  King 
218.  — Mountains  of  W.  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada  {Fremont,  Parry,  Watson,  Wheeler, 
Vasey,  Ward,  &c.),  to  borders  of  Arizona,  Palmer. 

P.  humilis,  Nutt.  Stems  a  span  or  two  high,  glabrous  or  above  with  the  inflorescence 
and  flowers  viscid-pubescent:  leaves  glaucescent,  from  oblong  to  lanceolate  (an  inch  or 
more  long) ;  the  cauline  commonly  denticulate :  thyrsus  strict  and  virgate,  2  to  4  inches 
long :  peduncles  (2-5-flowered)  and  pedicels  short :  sepals  ovate  or  lanceolate  and  acuminate, 
lax :  corolla  rather  narrowly  funnelform,  half  inch  long,  deep-blue  or  partly  white ;  lower 
lip  somewhat  hairy  within. —  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c. ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  220. — Rocky  Moun- 
tains from  the  British  boundary  to  S.  Colorado,  and  west  to  the  Humboldt  Mountains  in 
Nevada.     The  larger  forms  may  pass  into  P.  gracilis. 

Var.  brevifolius.  A  low  and  rather  diffuse  tufted  form,  with  weak  stems  :  leaves 
at  most  half  inch  in  length ;  cauline  elliptical-oblong ;  the  radical  oval  or  rotund :  corolla 
light  blue.  —  P.  humilis,  var.  1  Watson,  1.  c.  —  Utah,  in  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  at  9,000 
or  10,000  feet,  Watson,  Eaton. 

3.  Leaves  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear,  often  denticulate :  corolla  an  inch  or  three-fourths  inch 
long:  cymes  of  the  more  or  less  open  thyrsus  pedunculate:  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  raarginless. 

P.  gracilis,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent  up  to  the  more  or 
less  viscid-pubescent  strict  thyrsus :  stems  slender :  cauline  leaves  mostly  linear-lanceolate 
(1  to  3  inches  long,  the  serrations  when  present  very  acute  or  subulate) ;  the  radical  spatu- 

-  late  or  oblong :  peduncles  2-several-flowered :  corolla  tubular-f unnelform  or  almost  cylin- 


268  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Pentstemon. 

draceous,  lilac-purple  or  sometimes  whitish,  three-fourths  to  nearly  an  inch  long;  the 
throat  open.  — Gen.  ii.  62;  Graham  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2945;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1541 ;  Benth. 
1.  c.  P.  pubescens,  var.  gracilis,  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  partly.  —  Saskatchewan  to  Wyoming,  and 
south  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado.  Intermediate  between  the  preceding  and  following: 
distinguished  from  slender  forms  of  the  latter  by  the  open  mouth  and  nearly  terete  throat 
of  tiie  narrow  corolla. 

P.  pubescens,  Solander.  Stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  viscid-pubescent,  or  sometimes 
glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence :  cauline  leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceolate  (2  to  4  inches 
long),  usually  denticulate ;  the  lowest  and  radical  ovate  or  oblong :  thyrsus  loosely-flow- 
ered, mostly  naked,  narrow :  flowers  drooping :  corolla  dull  violet  or  purple,  or  partly 
whitish,  an  inch  long,  very  moderately  dilated  above  the  short  proper  tube,  carinate- 
angled  for  tiie  whole  length  of  the  upper  and  deeply  plicate-bisulcate  on  the  lower  side, 
the  upper  part  of  the  intrusive  portion  villous-bearded  and  forming  a  sort  of  palate ;  orifice 
crescentic  or  almost  closed  ;  the  lips  and  their  lobes  short :  sterile  filament  densely  bearded 
far  down.  —  Ait.  Kew.  ii. 360;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1424  ;  Gray,  I.e.  excl.  syn.  P.  Icevigatus. 
Chelone  hirsuta,  L.  C  Pentstemon,  L.  Mant.  415.  Asarina  caule  ererto,  &c..  Mill.  Ic.  t.  152. 
Pentstemon  hirsutus,  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  227.  P.  Mackayanus,  Knowles  in  Fl.  Cab.  ii.  117,  t.  74. 
P.  longifolias,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  764  ?  —  Dry  or  rocky  grounds,  from  Canada  to  Iowa  and 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

P.  laevigatas,  Solander,  1.  c.  Mostly  glabrous  up  to  the  glandular  inflorescence : 
stem  2  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  of  firmer  texture  and  somewhat  glossy ;  cauline  ovate-  or 
oblong-lanceolate  with  subcordate-clasping  base,  2  to  5  inches  long:  thyrsus  broader: 
corolla  about  an  inch  long,  white  and  commonly  tinged  with  purple,  abruptly  campanulate- 
infiated  above  the  proper  tube,  more  or  less  obliquely  ventricose,  obscurely  angled  down 
the  upper  side,  not  at  all  intruded  on  the  lower;  orifice  widely  ringent,  sparingly  slender- 
bearded  at  base  of  the  lower  lip  :  sterile  filament  thinly  bearded  above.  —  Sims,  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  1425;  Michx.  FI.  ii.  21 ;  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  427.  Chelone  Pentstemon,  L.  Spec.  ed.  2,  850,  excl. 
syn.  Arduin,  Moris.  &c. ;  Lam.  111.  t.  528.  P.  pubescens,  var.  multiflorus,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c. 
(P.  Digitalis,  var.  multiflorus,  Chapm.) ;  a  small-flowered  and  small-fruited  form,  answering 
to  the  figure  by  Lam.  P.  glaucophyllus,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  763  ?  —  Moist  or  rich  soil, 
Penn.  to  Florida  and  westward,  where  the  commoner  form  is 

Var.  Digitalis.  Stem  sometimes  5  feet  high :  corolla  larger  and  more  abruptly  in- 
flated, white.  —  P.  Digitalis,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  181 ;  Reichenb.  Exot. 
V.  t.  292  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2587  ;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  327 ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  328.  Chelone 
Digitalis,  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  120.    Penn.  to  Illinois,  Arkansas,  &c. 

P.  glaucus,  Graham.  Glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence,  more  or  less  glaucous :  stems 
dwarf  or  ascending,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  thickish,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  radical 
oblong-ovate  (one  or  two  inches  long),  entire  or  denticulate :  thyrsus  short  and  compact, 
either  simple  or  compound,  villous-pubescent  and  viscid  or  glandular :  corolla  dull  lilac  or 
violet-purple,  less  than  an  inch  long,  campanulate-ventricose  above  the  very  short  proper 
tube,  gibbous,  not  at  all  plicate-sulcate ;  the  orifice  widely  ringent;  the  broad  lower  lip 
sparsely  villous-bearded  within  :  sterile  filament  bearded  mostly  at  and  near  the  apex  only, 

—  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour.  1829,  348;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1286;  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  P.  glaber,  var. 
sfenosepalus,  Regel  in  Act.  Petrop.  iii.  121  ?— Rocky  Mountains  north  of  49°  (Drummond)  to 
Wyoming  and  Utah  ;  southward,  chiefly  in  the  form  of 

Var.  stenosepalus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Sometimes  over  a  foot  high :  thyrsus  compara- 
tively small  and  glomerate:  sepals  attenuate-lanceolate:  corolla  dull  whitish  or  purplisli. 

—  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  near  the  upper  borders  of  the  wooded  region. 

=  =  Sterile  filament  beardless  (rarely  with  a  few  minute  short  hairs),  sometimes  completely 
antheriferous  in  certain  flowers. 
P.  "Whippleanus,  Gray.  Glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence  or  nearly  so :  stems  slender, 
a  foot  long,  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,  leafy :  leaves  membranaceous,  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  entire  or  repand-denticulate,  acute  or  acuminate,  commonly  2  inches  long; 
lower  petioled ;  upper  cauhne  closely  sessile  or  partly  clasping  by  a  broad  base:  thyrsus 
loosely  few-flowered :  peduncles  2  to  5,  slender,  2-3-flowered :  pedicels  and  the  narrowly 
linear-lanceolate  lax  and  attenuate  sepals  villous,  somewhat  viscid :  corolla  an  inch  long, 
campanulate-ventricose  above  the  short  proper  tube,  decidedly  bilabiate ;  the  lower  lip 
longer  than  the  nearly  erect  2-lobed  upper  one,  sparsely  long-bearded  within :  sterile  fila- 


Pentstemon.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  269 

Slf ''Sron?''' '*  ^^P;-^^"^-  ^™-  Aead.  vi.  73. -New  Mexico,  Sandia  Mountains, 
Btgdou,  Corolla  in  size  and  shape,  and  probably  color,  resembling  that  of  P.  glaucus. 
P.  deustus  Dougl.  Completely  glabrous;  the  calyx  at  most  obscurely  granular-prui- 
nose  or  glandular  :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high  in  tufts  from  a  woody  base,S  lea  es 
ZZT\r  ""''  '?  «blong-linear  or  lanceolate  (an  inch  or  two  long),  i  reg'lrly  and 
[fvr  us  vTr     r  ""  "'^  '"'T'  ''  '""^  ''  *^^"^  '""'''^ '  ^^^''  -"^'"^  '^'-''y  sessile: 

enaLfronf  7  T7  P^T"'"'"'  '""'''^  ™any-flowered :  peduncles  and  pedicel  short 
rivwitl  .  ^^^"'f 'r',"'"'^^  marginless:  corolla  ochroleucous  or  dull  white, 
n.  fL  Tt  of  purple,  half  inch  or  less  long,  either  narrowly  or  rather  broadly  fun: 

r.  T4    'V  ,T      /r^' w '^ 'P''^''^'^^^  Reg.  t.l318;  Benth.  I.e.;  Gray 

wit'h  t.n  f  ■"'■  ?^i  ^^^'T'  ^"'-  ^^"^'  222,  who  has  seen  the  "filament  bearded 
with  yellow  hairs."  P  heterander,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  123.  t.  8,  a  narrow- 
leaved  form  having  the  fifth  filament  in  some  flowers  antheriferous.-Dr;  interior  region 
Ca  iforma,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  north  to  the  borders  of  Brit! 
Columbia  and  Montana. 

P.  heterodoxus.  A  span  or  more  high,  leafy,  glabrous  nearly  up  to  the  inflorescence: 
2Z'  "T  ''^°^^°"S' o^t^se.  ^"tire;  the  cauline  closely  sessile:  thyrsus  short,  compact, 
viscid-pubescent :  sepals  lanceolate:  corolla  7  lines  long,  narrow-tubular,  hardly  dilated  up 
to  the  small  limb  probably  purplish  :  fifth  filament  filiform,  resembling  the  others,  in  some 
flowers  completely  antheriferous. -P.  Fremontl,  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  622,  not  of  Torr  & 
bray-  -  High  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  Ton-eu 
bpecies  imperfectly  known,  frorii  insuflBcient  specimens. 

^uV'  ^T^'  ^'■°"'  ''"ear-spatulate  to  obovate,  or  the  uppermost  sometimes  ovate,  entire  •  stems 
iv^ha'lf  inch°lonrf.^'"/f'  ^'"V'  rr'"'^  °^'^'?  suft'rr.tescent  at  base,  few-fioweTeT:  coronf 
one  side:  ^'  ''  P"'"''     °'"         '  ""'•'•"^'ly  funnelform:  sterile  filament  bearded  down 

^  =  Leaves  green  and  mostly  glabrous,  broad,  half  to  quarter  inch  wide. 
P.  Harbourii,  Gray.  Tufted  nearly  simple  stems  2  to  4  inches  high,  puberulent  •  leaves 
about  3  pairs,  thickish,  obovate,  oval,  or  the  uppermost  sometimes  ovate,  these  sessile  by  a 
broad  base:  thyrsus  reduced  to  2  or  3  crowded  short-pedicelled  flowers :  sepals  ovate- 
oblong,  villous  and  somewhat  viscid :  corolla  little  bilabiate,  with  rather  broad  cylindra- 
ceous  throat  and  tube,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  round-oval  lobes ;  lower  lip  bearded 

II  n."^^l°''-  ^^'-  ^''^^-  ^^•'^1--Higli  alpine  region  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains 
JiaU  &  Harbour,  Parry. 

==  =  Leaves  cinereous  or  canescent,  a  line  or  two  wide:  sepals  lanceolate:  corolla  narrowly  fun- 

Wp''"'.r°f''-V'"T-^r"';''^1  '"^^  '.«"»=  «°^^'^'-'"ff  ^'°"S  the  short  stems  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  :  short  peduncles  leafy-bracteolate,  1-3-flowered. 

P.  ptimUus,  Nutt.  Canescent  (even  to  the  marginless  sepals)  with  a  dense  and  fine 
short  pubescence:  stems  an  inch  or  two  high,  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy:  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  the  lower  spatulate  (the  latter,  including  the  attenuate  base  or  margined  petiole 
an  inch  or  more  long) :  eorolla  with  regularly  funnelform  throat,  glabrous  within :  sterile 
filament  sparsely  short-bearded,  or  more  abundantly  at  the  tip. -Jour.  Acad.  Philad  vii 
4b ;  Gray,  1.  c.  67.  —  Rocky  Mountains  in  Montana?  "  on  Little  Goddin  River  "  Wyeth  A 
small  and  few-flowered  plant  ' 


Var.  Thompsoniae.  Cespitose,  from  half  inch  to  4  inches  high,  suffrutescent  at 
base:  stems  copiously  flowering  for  their  whole  length:  lowest  leaves  obovate;  upper 
lanceolate:  corolla  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  inch  long.-S.  Utah,  3frs.  Thompson,  cL. 
Bishop  (a  dwarf  and  depressed  form),  also  Siler,  Palmer,  a  more  developed  and  elongated 
form,  with  corolla  apparently  bright  blue. 

Var.  incanus.  A  small  and  very  white-hoary  form,  few-flowered :  leaves  only  2  or  3 
lines  long,  spatulate  and  obovate,  more  mucronate :  corolla  half  inch  long,  slightly  hairy 
within  down  the  lower  side,  somewhat  as  in  the  next.  —  Pahranagat  Mountains,  S.  E. 
Nevada,  Miss  Searls.  S.  W.  Utah,  SUer. 
'.  caespitosus,  Nutt.  Minutely  cinereous-puberulent,  spreading,  forming  depressed 
broad  tufts  2  to  4  inches  high :  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  to  almost  linear  (8  to  8 
lines  long,  including  the  tapering  base  or  margined  petiole) :  peduncles  mostly  secund  and 
horizontal,  but  with  the  flower  upturned :  sepals  more  acuminate,  and  the  margins  below 
obscurely  scarious :  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  and  the  lower  side  biplicate,  the  narrow 
folds  sparsely  villous  within :  sterile  filament  strongly  and  densely  bearded.  —  Gray,  Proa 


270  SCROPHULARIACEiE.  Pentstemon, 

Am.  Acad.  vi.  66;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  219.  — Rocky  Mountains,  Wyoming,  W.  Colorado, 
and  Utah,  Nuttall,  Hall  &  Harbour,  Parry,  Watson. 

Var.  SXlflruticosUS.     A  span  or  more  high  from  a  stouter  woody  base :  leaves  from 
spatulate  to  obovate  and  more  petioled,  thicker,  glabrate :  sepals  less  acuminate :  corolla 
and  stamens  not  seen :  probably  a  distinct  species.  —  Utah  near  Beaver,  Palmer,  in  fruit. 
++  ++  Leaves  from  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  with  tapering  base  or  linear-spatulate  to  filiform, 
entire  :  stems  or  branches  racemosely  several-many-flowered. 
=  Stem  herbaceous  to  the  base,  very  simple,  a  foot  or  two  high :  corolla  broad :  sterile  filament 
glabrous:  peduncles  mostly  opposite. 

P.  virgatus,  Gray.  Minutely  glandular-pruinose  or  glabrous :  stem  strict  and  elongated  : 
thyrsus  virgate  :  leaves  all  linear-lanceolate  (l\  to  4  inches  long):  peduncles  short,  1-3- 
flowered :  sepals  ovate :  corolla  lilac  with  purple  veins,  three-fourths  inch  long,  abruptly 
dilated  into  a  broadly  canipanulate  funnelform  throat  (as  wide  as  long),  distinctly  bilabi- 
ate; the  broad  lips  widely  spreading:  stamens  nearly  equalling  the  lips.  —  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  112,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  66. — New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  Fenc?/er,  Wright,  &c. 
Inflorescence  and  corolla  in  the  manner  of  P.  secundijlorus. 

=  ==  Stems  or  tufted  branches  mostly  simple  from  a  woody  base  (or  herbaceous  in  the  last 
species),  low  :  sterile  filament  longitudinally  bearded :  short  peduncles  commonly  alternate. 

P.  linarioides,  Gray,  1.  c.  Cinereous,  minutely  pruinose-puberulent:  stems  much 
crowded  on  the  woody  base,  filiform,  rigid,  very  leafy,  6  to  18  inches  high :  leaves  6  to  12 
lines  long,  from  oblanceolate-linear  (at  most  a  line  wide)  to  nearly  filiform,  mucronulate; 
the  floral  short  and  subulate  :  thyrsus  racemiform  or  sometimes  paniculate ;  onlj'  the  lower 
peduncles  2-4-flowered :  pedicel  shorter  than  the  ovate  or  oblong  acuminate  sepals :  corolla 
lilac  or  purple,  half  inch  or  more  long,  with  dilated-funnelform  throat,  less  bilabiate  than 
in  the  preceding ;  lower  lip  conspicuously  bearded  at  base.  —  Arid  grounds.  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona,  Wright,  Thurber,  Parry,  &c. 

Var.  Sileri.  A  dwarf  and  sufEruticulose  form,  with  smaller  and  fewer  flowers,  mostly 
1-flowered  peduncles  subtended  by  proportionally  longer  floral  leaves,  and  the  lower  lip 
less  bearded.  —  P.  caspitosus,  var..  Parry  in  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  346,  a  much  reduced  form. 
—  S.  Utah,  Siler,  Pairy. 

P.  Gairdneri,  Hook.  Cinereous-puberulent :  stems  a  span  high,  rigid  :  leaves  linear  or 
the  lower  more  or  less  spatulate,  obtuse,  half  to  full  inch  long :  thyrsus  short  and  simple : 
peduncles  usually  one-flowered :  sepals  oblong-ovate,  glandular-viscid :  corolla  half  inch 
long,  narrowly  funnelform,  obscurely  bilabiate,  purple.  —  Fl.  ii.  99 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Dry  inte- 
rior of  Washington  Terr.,  Oregon,  and  W.  Nevada. 

P.  laricif  olius,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Glabrous :  lignescent  caudex  not  rising  above  the 
soil:  leaves  very  slender,  wlien  dry  filiform  (the  larger  a  fourth  of  a  line  wide,  and  with 
margins  revolute,  an  inch  or  less  long),  much  crowded  in  subradical  tufts  and  scattered  on 
the  (2  or  5  inch  long)  filiform  flowering  stems :  flowers  few,  loosely  racemose,  slender- 
pedicelled:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  :  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  half  inch  long;  the  small 
limb  obscurely  bilabiate.  —  Bot.  Beech.  376 ;  Gray,  I.  c.  —  Interior  of  Oregon  and  Wyoming. 
==  =  ==  Stems  paniculatelv  branching  and  slender,  woody  toward  the  base:  corolla  between 
funnelform  and  salverform :"  sterile  filament  glabrous :  peduncles  slender,  opposite,  all  the  upper 
one-flowered. 

P.  ambigUUS,  Torr.  Glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  diffuse  and  often  much  branched : 
leaves  filiform,  or  the  lowest  linear  and  the  floral  slender-subulate :  inflorescence  loosely 
paniculate:  sepals  ovate,  acuminate:  corolla  rose-color  and  flesh-color  turning  to  white ; 
the  rotately  expanded  limb  oblique  but  obscurely  bilabiate ;  lobes  orbicular-oval^;  throat  or 
its  lower  side  somewhat  hairy  :  sterile  filament  sometimes  imperfectly  antheriferous.  — 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  228,  &  Marcy  Rep.  t.  16;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  64.  — Plains  of  E. 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  S.  Utah  and  Arizona.  (Adjacent  Mex.)  Var.  foliosus,  Benth. 
1.  c,  is  an  undeveloped  state.  Corolla  in  the  typical  form  with  a  narrow  and  somewhat 
curved  tube  and  throat,  of  half  inch  in  length :  but  it  passes  into 

Var.  Thurberi,  Gray,  I.e.  [P.  Thurheri,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Kep.  vii.  15),  with 
shorter  tube  and  more  dilated  throat.  The  two  extremes  of  this  have,  in  the  larger  forms, 
limb  of  corolla  half  inch  in  diameter  with  tube  and  throat  together  only  3  lines  long  (Ari- 
zona, Palmer,  &c.);  in  the  smallest,  corolla-limb  only  half  the  size,  with  tube  and  throat 
2  or  3  lines  long  (Arizona  and  adjacent  Mex.,  Wislizenus,  Rothrock).  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
and  S.  Utah. 


Pentstemon.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  271 

++++++++  Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear  divisions ! 
P.  dissectus,  Ell.  Merely  puberulent :  stem  slender,  2  feet  high :  leaves  in  rather  dis- 
tant pairs;  radical  and  lowest  not  seen;  upper  with  7  to  11  obtuse  entire  divisions,  of 
barely  half  line  in  width,  on  a  rhachis  of  equal  breadth :  thyrsus  long-peduncled,  umbelli- 
form  or  triradiate,  few-flowered :  pedicels  slender :  sepals  ovate-oblong :  corolla  "  purple," 
9  lines  long,  oblong-f unnelform ;  the  limb  obscurely  bilabiate  :  sterile  filament  bearded  at 
the  apex.  —  Sk.  i.  129 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Middle  Georgia,  "  Jackson"  Darby. 

§  2.  Saccanthera,  Benth.  Anthers  sagittate  or  horseshoe-shaped ;  the  cells 
confluent  at  the  apex,  and  there  dehiscent  by  a  continuous  cleft,  which  extends 
down  both  cells  only  to  the  middle  ;  the  base  remaining  closed  and  saccate,  some- 
times hirsute,  never  lanate.  Pacific-States  species,  herbaceous  or  some  rather 
woody  at  base,  mostly  with  ample  and  showy  flowers. 

*  Soft-pubescent  and  viscid,  with  broad  and  thinnish  leaves  mostlj'  serrate  or  denticulate. 
P.  glandulosus,  Lindl.  Stem  rather  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high :  radical  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong,  6  or  8  inches  long,  dentate:  cauline  from  cordate-clasping  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  usually  denticulate  or  few-toothed:  thyrsus  contracted  and  interrupted, 
leafy  below :  cymes  short-pedunculate,  few-several-flowered :  sepals  attenuate-lance- 
olate, lax  :  corolla  lilac,  over  an  inch  long,  with  funnelform-inflated  throat,  and  rather  short 
broad  and  spreading  lips:  sterile  filament  glabrous. —Bot.  Reg.  t.  1262;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  3868 ;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  330 ;  Gray  in  Proc,  Am.  Acad.  vi.  74.  P.  staticifolius, 
Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1770.  —  Mountain  woods  and  along  streams,  Oregon  and  Washington 
Terr,  to  Idaho. 

*  *  Glabrous  or  merely  puberulent:  leaves  serrate,  incisely  dentate,  or  sometimes  laciniate :  sterile 
filament  more  or  less  fiairy  above  :  corolla  funnelform  and  moderately  bilabiate,  lilac,  purple,  or 
light  violet, 

■i—  Over  an  inch  long :  calyx  remarkably  small. 
P.  venustus,  Dougl.  Very  glabrous :  stems  rather  strict  and  simple,  a  foot  or  two 
high,  leafy :  leaves  thickish  in  texture,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate, 
closely  and  subulately  serrate  (about  2  inches  long) :  thyrsus  naked,  mostly  narrow :  pe- 
duncles 1-3-flowered :  sepals  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  only  a  line  or  two  long,  much 
shorter  than  the  proper  and  narrow  tube  of  the  corolla:  upper  part  of  fertile  filaments 
and  of  the  sterile  one  (as  also  usually  anthers  and  lobes  of  the  corolla  within)  sparsely 
pilose.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1309 ;  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  1.  c.  P.  amosnus,  Kunze  in  Linn, 
xvi.  littbl.  1071  —Oregon  and  Idaho. 

•1—  -1—  Corolla  barely  or  less  than  an  inch  long :  calyx  and  pedicels  mostly  puberulent  or  viscid- 
glandular:  stems  (a  foot  or  two  high)  ascending  or  "diffuse:   thyrsus  paniculate. 

P.  diffdsus,  Dougl.  Leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  subcordate, 
sharply  and  unequally  and  sometimes  laciniately  serrate  (1|  to  4  inches  long):  thyrsus 
commonly  interrupted  and  leafy  :  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  and 
acuminate  (sometimes  laciniate-toothed)  sepals:  corolla  three-fourths  inch  long:  anthers 
glabrous:  sterile  filament  villous-bearded  above. — Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1132;  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  3645 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  P.  serrulatus,  Menzies  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  95.  P.  argutus,  Paxt.  Mag. 
Bot.  vi.  271,  appears  to  be  a  form  of  this,  connecting  with  the  next  species.  —  Wooded  or 
rocky  banks,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

P.  Richardsonii,  Dougl.  Stems  often  loosely  branching:  leaves  ovate-  to  narrowly 
lanceolate  in  outline,  from  incised  to  laciniate-pinnatifid ;  the  upper  commonly  alternate 
or  scattered:  thyrsus  loosely  panicled:  sepals  (ovate  or  oblong)  and  pedicels  often  gland- 
ular and  viscid:  corolla  three-fourths  to  an  inch  long:  sterile  filament  sparingly  villous- 
bearded  at  apex.  — Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1121 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3391 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t. 
1641.  —  Bare  rocks,  &c.,  Oregon  and  Washington  Terr. 

P.  triphyllus,  Dougl,  Stems  slender,  about  a  foot  high,  usually  simple:  cauline 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  (an  inch  or  so  long),  rigid,  from  denticulate  to  irregularly  pin- 
natifid-laciniate ;  the  upper  sometimes  ternately  verticillate,  sometimes  alternate:  thyrsus 
narrow,  loosely  paniculate  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate :  corolla  comparativel}'  small  and 
narrow,  half  to  two-thirds  inch  long:  sterile  filament  densely  bearded  at  apex.  —  Lindl. 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1245;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c  — Rocks,  &c.,  Oregon  to  British  Columbia. 


272  SCROPHULARIACEiE.  Penlstemon. 

«  #  *  Glabrous  or  merely  puberulent :  leaves  all  entire. 
H—  Corolla  blue  or  violet,  half  inch  long,  slender-funnelform,  moderately  bilabiate :  sterile  filament 
lightly  bearded. 
P.  gracilentus,  Gray.  Stems  slender  from  a  lignescent  base,  a  foot  or  more  high, 
rather  few-leaved,  naked  above,  terminating  in  a  loose  and  rather  simple  paniculate  thyr- 
sus :  leaves  glabrous  and  green,  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  linear  and  the  lowest  sometimes 
oblong,  all  narrowed  at  base:  peduncles  (and  calyx)  viscid-puberulent,  2-5-flowered;  the 
lower  elongated :  pedicels  short :  corolla-lobes  only  2  lines  long,  moderately  spreading.  — 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  83,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  75,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  561.  — Mountains,  N.  Cali- 
fornia and  adjacent  parts  of  Oregon  and  Nevada,  at  5-8,000  feet. 

^_  ^_  Corolla  blue  to  purple,  more  ventricose-funnelform,  short-bilabiate,  two-thirds  to  an  inch 
and  a  half  long:  sterile  filament  glabrous.  (.Species  too  nearly  allied,  mostly  lignescent  or 
rather  shrubby  at  base.) 

++  Inflorescence  and  calj-x  glandular  or  viscid-pubescent:  thjTsus  open-paniculate. 
P.  l^tus,  Gray.     A  foot  or  so  high,  cinereous-pubescent  or  puberulent,  above  glandular- 
pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  and  the  lowest  spatulate :  sepals  ovate  or 
oblong,  herbaceous:  corolla  an  inch  long, blue.  — Jour.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  147,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  1.  c,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c  — Open  and  dry  grounds,  California  to  the  mountains 
above  the  Yosemite  and  apparently  even  to  Siskiyou  Co. 
P.  Rdezli,  Kegel,     Smaller,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  below  glabrous  or  minutely  puberu- 
lent;  leaves  all  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lower  oblanceolate:  thyrsus  either  narrow  or 
more  diffuse  and  compound,  with  the  brandies  divergent :  corolla  smaller  (from  half  to 
two-thirds  inch  long)   and  narrower,  pale  blue  or  violet.  — Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  ii.  326,  & 
Gartenfl.  1872,  t.  239 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  567.     P.  heterophyllus,  var.?  Torr.  &  Gray  in  Pacif. 
R.  Rep.  ii.  122.  —  Drier  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  from  Kern  Co.  to  frontiers 
of  Oregon  and  adjacent  Nevada.    Approaches  smaller  forms  of  the  preceding. 
++  ++   Inflorescence  and  calyx,  as  well  as  foliage,  perfectly  glabrous  or  else  minutely  puberulent 
without  glandulosity :  thyrsus  usually  narrow. 
•p.  Kingii,  Watson.     Hardly  glaucous:  stems  a  span  or  so  high  from  the  depressed 
ligneous  base,  leafy  to  the  top,  erect  or  ascendmg  t  leaves  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate-linear, 
acutish  or  obtuse,  mostly  narrowed  to  the  base,  an  inch  or  so  long :  thyrsus  strict,  1  to  5 
inches  long :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  and  slender-acuminate,  equalling  the  capsule :  corolla 
comparatively  small  (two-thirds  inch  long),  "  purple."  —  Nevada  and  Utah,  from  the  W. 
Humboldt  to  the  Wahsatch  and  Uinta  Mountains,  Watson,  &c. 
P.  azureus,  Benth.     Glaucous,  rarely  pruinose-puberulent :  stems  erect  or  ascending,  1  to 
3  feet  high':  leaves  from  narrowly  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  even  broader,  the  uppermost 
wider  at  base :  thyrsus  virgate,  loose,  usually  elongated :  sepals  ovate,  with  or  without  a 
conspicuous  acumination :  corolla  from  1  to  1^  inches  long,  azure-blue  verging  or  changing 
to  violet,  the  base  sometimes  reddish ;  the  expanded  limb  sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter.  — 
PI.  liartw.  .327;   Gray,  1.  c. ;   "  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  64;  Lem.  Jard.  Fl.  t.  211;  Moore,  Mag. 
1850,  t.  209."  — Dry  ground,  California,  apparently  through  the  length  of  the  State,  com- 
mon'on  the  Sacramento,  &c.    Founded  on  a  rather  narrow-leaved  form,  but  varies  greatly 
in  the  foliage. 

Var.  Jaffrayanus,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  low  form  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  or  the  upper 
ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  very  glaucous  :  peduncles  1-5-flowered :  flowers  large.  —  P. 
Jnffrayamus,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5045.  P.  glaucifoUus,  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  82. 
P.  heterophyllus,  var.  latifoUus,  Watson,  Bot.  Kin^,  222  ?— Northern  part  of  California  and 
through  the  Sierra  Nevada,  also  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  in  Utah,  if  the  syn. 
Bot.  King  is  rightly  referred. 

Var.  parvulus.  Less  than  a  foot  high  :  leaves  oblong  and  oval,  barely  an  inch  long : 
many-fiowered  thyrsus  rather  open:  sepals  broadly  ovate:  corolla  hardly  three-fourths 
inch  long:  would  be  referred  to  the  preceding  variety,  except  for  the  smaller  flowers.— 
Northern  part  of  California,  in  mountains  above  Jackson  Lake,  at  8,000  feet,  Greene. 

Var.  angustissimus,  the  extreme  narrow-leaved  form  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or 
sometimes  the  uppermost  narrowly  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base.  — Yosemite  Valley,  &c. 
Var.  ambigUUS,  a  rather  tall  form,  paniculately  branched  and  slender,  with  lanceo- 
late and  linear  leaves  all  narrowed  at  base  in  the  manner  of  the  following  species,  but  pale 
and  glaucescent,  and  the  corolla  violet-blue  (only  an  inch  or  less  long) :  sepals  remarkably 


Pentstemon.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  273 

small,  ovate,  merely  mucronate.  —  P.  heterophyllus,  "Watson,  Bot.  King,  222.  — Canons  of 
the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  viz.  of  the  Provo  and  American  Fork,  Watson,  &,c. 
P.  heterophyllus,  Lindl.  Green,  seldom  glaucescent :  stems  or  branches  2  to  5  feet 
high  from  a  woody  base,  slender:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  only  the  lowest  oblong- 
lanceolate,  mostly  narrowed  at  base :  corolla  an  inch  or  sometimes  more  in  length,  with 
narrow  tube  rose-purple  or  pink,  sometimes  changing  toward  violet ;  the  bud  often  yellow- 
ish :  otherwise  hardly  distinguishable  from  narrow-leaved  forms  of  the  preceding.  —  Bot. 
Reg.  t.  1899;  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  376;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3853;  Gray,  1.  c  — Dry  banks, 
through  the  western  and  especially  the  southern  part  of  California. 

•J—  H—  -t—  Corolla  scarlet-red,  tubular-funnelform,  conspicuously  bilabiate,  an  inch  long:  sterile 
filament  glabrous. 

P.  Bridgesii,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high  from  a  lignescent  base,  glabrous  up  to  the  vir- 
gate  secund  thyrsus,  or  pruinose-puberulent :  leaves  from  spatulate-lanceolate  to  linear ; 
the  floral  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts:  peduncles  (1-5-flowered)  and  pedicels  short: 
these  and  the  ovate  or  oblong  sepals  glandular-viscid  :  lips  of  the  narrow  corolla  fully  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  tubular  portion ;  the  upper  erect  and  2-lobed ;  the  lower  3-parted 
and  its  lobes  recurved :  anthers  deeply  sagittate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  379,  &  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  560.  —  Rocky  banks,  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  from  the  Yosemite  southward,  on  Wil- 
liams Mountain,  N.  Arizona,  and  S.  "W.  Colorado  (Brandegee). 

P.  NdttAllii,  Beck  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xiv.  120,  is  wholly  doubtful,  perhaps  P.  loevigatus. 
P.  Ceerosensis,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad   ii.  19,Jrom  Cerros  Island,  off  the  coast  of 

Lower  California,  is  said  to  have  a  tubular  yellow  corolla,  3-nerved  sepals,  &c.    Probably 

not  of  this  genus. 

P.  CANOSO-BARBATUM  and  P.  KOSTRiFLOKDM,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  15,  Californian 

species,  remain  wholly  obscure. 

12.  CHI0N6PHILA,  Benth.  (XTcov,  snow,  and  (piXog,  beloved,  growing 
on  snow-capped  mountains.)  —  DC.  Prodr.  x.  351  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI. 
ii.  942.  —  Single  species  :  fl.  summer. 

C.  Jamesii,  Benth.  1.  c.  Dwarf  perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  thickish,  entire, 
mostly  radical  in  a  tuft,  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  scarious  sheathing  base ; 
those  on  the  scape-like  (1  to  3  inches  high)  flowering  stems  one  or  two  pairs,  or  occasionally 
alternate,  linear :  spike  few-many-flowered,  dense,  mostly  secund,  imbricate-bracteate  : 
bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers :  corolla  over  half  inch  long,  dull  cream-color,  in  anthesis 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  at  length  more  nearly  enclosed  by  it.  —  Gray  in  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiii.  252.  —  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  in  the  high  alpine  region,  first  col- 
lected by  Lh:  James,  in  Long's  Expedition,  on  James',  now  Pike's  Peak. 

13.  MfMULUS,  L.  MoNKET-FLOWER.  (Latin  diminutive  of  tm'rmis,  a 
mime,  from  the  grinning  corolla.)  —  Large  genus,  of  wide  dispersion,  but  far  most 
largely  N.  American ;  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  and  usually  showy  flowers 
from  the  axils,  or  becoming  racemose  by  the  diminution  of  the  upper  leaves  to 
bracts.  Chiefly  herbs,  one  polymorphous  species  shrubby;  fl.  in  summer;  sev- 
eral cultivated  for  ornament.  —  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  563,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xi.  95-,  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c.  Mimulus,  Diplacus  (Nutt.),  Eunanus,  &  Herpestis 
§  Mimuloides,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr. 

§  1.  EunXnus,  Gray.  Annuals,  mostly  very  low,  glandular-pubescent  or  viscid  : 
flowers  sessile  or  short-pedicelled :  calyx  5-angled  and  5-toothed;  the  angles  and 
teeth  more  or  less  plicate-carinate :  corolla  in  the  typical  species  with  long .  and 
slender  tube :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  forming  crosses  :  upper  part  of  style 
pubescent  or  glandular :  stigma  variable,  not  rarely  funnelform  or  peltate-petaloid  : 
p]acenta3  separated  in  dehiscence  and  borne  by  the  half-dissepiment  on  the  middle 
of  each  valve.  —  Eunanus,  Benth.  in  DC. 

18 


274  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Mlmulus. 

*  Capsule  cartilaginous,  2-4-sulcate,  tardily  dehiscent,  oblique  or  gibbous  at  base :  calyx  gibbous 
at  base  and  very  oblique  at  the  orifice :  corolla  purple  or  violet,  with  spotted  or  variegated  throat: 
leaves  entire  or  obscurely  few-tOothed. 

■t—  Corolla-tube  filiform  and  long-exserted,  in  the  earlier  state  much  longer  than  the  stems,  an 
inch  or  more  in  length.  —  CEnoe,  Gray  in  PI.  Hartw.  329.  Mimulus  §  (Erwe,  Gray,  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  503. 

M.  tricolor,  Lindl.  Leaves  from  oblong  to  linear,  obscurely  nerved,  with  narrowed  base 
nearly  sessile :  calyx  hardly  gibbous  at  base,  ampler  toward  the  very  oblique  orifice : 
corolla  about  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  short-funnelform  throat,  lips  of  about  equal 
length,  and  lobes  similar :  capsule  short-oval  or  ovate,  slightly  compound,  rather  acutely 
angled  before  and  behind :  seeds  obovate,  oblique,  much  larger  than  in  related  species.  — 
Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  iv.  222  (June,  1849) ;  Gray,  1.  c.  Eunanus  Coulter i,  Gray  in  Benth. 
PI.  Hartw.  329,  Aug.  1849.  — California,  from  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  Mendocino 
Co.  and  eastward,  Plumas  Co.  Stem  when  beginning  to  flower  only  a  quarter  inch  high, 
at  length  may  reach  3  inches. 

Var.  angustatus,  Gray,  1.  c.     Leaves  small  and  linear  or  nearly  so :  more  slender 
tube  of  corolla  sometimes  nearly  2  inches  long.  —  Plumas  to  Placer  Co.,  Bolander,  &c. 

M.  Douglasii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  the  3-5-nerved  base  contracted  into 
a  petiole  :  calyx  soon  very  gibbous  at  base  on  upper  side :  lower  lip  of  corolla  very  much 
sliorter  than  the  ample  erect  lower  one,  or  even  obsolete ;  the  throat  more  amply  funnel- 
form  :  capsule  linear  or  linear-oblong,  terete,  4-sulcate,  gibbous  or  somewhat  inflexed  at  the 
very  base  :  seeds  oval,  small,  apiculate  at  both  ends,  as  in  all  the  following  species  of  the 
section :  stigma  very  variable.  —  M.  nanus,  var.  suhunijiorus,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  378. 
Eunanus  Douglasii,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  374.  —  California,  on  gravelly  banks,  tiiroughout  the 
length  of  the  State.  Stem  from  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  6  inches  high  :  corolla,  an  inch 
to  one  and  a  half  inches  long. 
H—   -I—  Corolla-tube  hardly  exserted  from  the  calyx  :  flowers  not  surpassing  the  subtending  leaf. 

M.  latifolius,  Gray,  1.  c.  Viscid-pubescent :  stem  a  span  high,  loosely  branching  :  leaves 
all  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  slightly  petioled,  membranaceous,  5-nerved  at  base,  9  to  12  lines 
long :  calyx  in  flower  hardly  oblique,  in  fruit  very  gibbous :  corolla  pink-purple,  half  to 
three-fourths  inch  long;  the  funnelform  throat  as  long  as  the  tube:  capsule  narrowly 
oblong,  laterally  sulcate.  —  Guadalupe  Island,  off  Lower  California,  Palmer. 

*  *  Capsule  coriaceous  or  membranaceous,  symmetrical :  calyx  equal  at  base,  campanulate  or 
short-oblong:  stigma  peltate-funnelform,  and  entire  or  obscurely  2-lobed.  —  §  Eunanus,  Gray, 
Bot.  Calif.  1.  564. 

•»-  Corolla  small,  3  to  6  lines  long;  the  tube  slender  and  exserted:  calyx-teeth  nearly  equal. 
M.  leptaleus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Viscid-puberulent,  1  to  3  inches  high,  at  length  much 
branched :  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  6  lines  long :  calyx-teeth 
ovate  or  triangular,  not  equalling  the  oblong-ovate  obtuse  capsule :  corolla  crimson,  with 
filiform  tube,  small  throat,  and  oblique  limb  1^  to  3  lines  wide.  —  California,  in  gravelly 
soil  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  5-8,000  feet. 

-K-  -1-  Corolla  ampler,  half  to  fully  three-fourths  inch  long,'  funnelform,  with  widely  spreading 
limb  and  throat  gradually  narrowed  downward  into  the  included  or  partly  exserted  tube:  stems 
from  an  inch  to  a  span  or  more  high.     (Species  nearly  related.) 

++  Calyx  hardly  at  all  oblique  ;  the  teeth  almost  equal  in  length. 
M.  Bigelovii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  oblong ;  the  upper  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate :  calyx- 
teeth  very  acutely  subulate  from  a  broad  base  (2  or  less  lines  long),  half  the  length  of  the 
broadly  campanulate  tube,  the  anterior  ones  narrower  ;  throat  of  the  corolla  cylindraceous, 
and  the  ample  limb  rotate  (crimson  with  yellow  centre)  r  capsule  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acutish,  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx;  the  valves  membranaceous.  —  Eunanus  Bigelovii, 
Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  121.  — S.  California,  W.  Nevada,  and  S.  Utah. 
M.  nanus.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Leaves  from  obovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate :  calyx-teeth 
broadly  lanceolate  or  triangular,  acute  (a  line  long),  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  tube  : 
corolla  sometimes  rose-purple,  sometimes  yellow :  capsule  with  tapering  apex  rather 
exceeding  the  calyx;  the  valves  chartaceous.-»- Bot.  Beech.  I.e.  378,  (var.  plurijlorus) ; 
Gray,  1.  c.  Eunanus  Tolmiai,  Benth.  1.  c.  E.  Fremonti,  Watson,  Bot.  King,  226,  not 
Benth. — Hills,  &c.,  Sierra  Nevada,  California  and  adjacent  parts  of  Nevada  and  Oregon 
to  Wyoming. 


Mimulus.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  275 

Var.  bicolor,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  doubtful  and  insufficiently  known  form ;  with  throat  of 
corolla  short  and  abruptly  dilated,  dark  purple ;  the  limb  yellow.  —  Eunanus  bicolor,  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  381.  —  High  Sierra  Nevada  in  Fresno  Co.,  Brewer. 

M.  Fremonti,  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  obtuse  : 
calyx-teeth  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish  (less  than  a  line  long),  less  than  a  quarter  the  length  of 
the  tube,  surpassing  the  proper  tube  of  the  crimson  corolla.— Eunanus  Fremonti,  Benth. 
I.  c.  —  California,  from  Santa  Barbara  Co.  southward  and  eastward,  first  coll.  by  Fremont. 
++  ++  Calyx  decidedly  oblique  at  the  orifice :  the  teeth  unequal,  reaching  to  the  base  of  the  f un- 
nelform  throat  of  the  corolla :  stem  rather  slender :  leaves  quite  entire. 

M.  Parryi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Not  pubescent,  minutely  glandular,  2  to  4  inches  high :  leaves 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  half  inch  long :  teeth  of  the  campanulate  calyx,  acute  ;  the  upper 
and  larger  one  ovate;  the  others  subulate  from  a  broad  base,  a  third  or  fourth  the  length 
of  the  tube :  corolla  yellow  or  pink,  two-thirds  inch  long :  capsule  oblong-lanceolate,  not 
surpassing  the  calyx.  —  St.  George,  S.  Utah,  on  gravelly  hills,  Parri/. 

M.  Torreyi,  Gray,  I.e.  Viscid-pubescent,  a -span  to  a  foot  high,  simple  or  loosely 
branching:  leaves  oblong  or  almost  lanceolate,  sometimes  an  inch  long:  calyx-teeth  all 
broad  and  obtuse ;  the  posterior  one  larger  and  barely  a  line  long :  corolla  half  to  three- 
fourths  inch  long,  pink-purple  :  capsule  chartaceous,  lanceolate-oblong.  — Eunanus  Fremonti, 
Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  83,  not  Benth.  —  California,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at 
4,000  feet  and  upwards,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward,  first  coll.  by  Newbeiry. 
+-;•*—-'—  Corolla  large  and  wide,  an  inch  or  more  long,  with  proper  tube  very  shoi-t  and  included 
m  the  calyx:  teeth  of  the  latter  very  unequal:  stem  simpler  and  taller:  leaves  often  acutely 
dentate  or  denticulate  with  salient  teeth.     (Transition  to  Eumimulus.) 

M.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  less  high,  viscid-pubescent :  leaves  oblong,  an  inch 
or  two  in  length ;  the  lower  surpassing  the  flowers :  teeth  of  the  very  oblique  calyx  lan- 
ceolate;  the  posterior  and  longer  one  3  lines  long  and  half  the  length  of  the  oblong 
tube :  corolla  purple,  an  inch  long,  cylindraceous  :  capsule  fusiform-subulate,  somewhat 
coriaceous.  —  M.  brevipes.  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  120;  not  Benth.  —  California,  in  foot- 
hills and  lower  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

M.  brevipes,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  high,  very  viscid-pubescent :  leaves  from  lanceo- 
late to  linear,  1  to  4  inches  long :  calyx-teeth  very  unequal,  acuminate ;  the  posterior  fully 

'■  half  the  length  of  the  broadly  campanulate  tube:  corolla  yellow,  sometimes  H  inches 
long,  and  the  expanded  limb  nearly  as  broad,  campanulate,  with  ample  rounded  lobes  : 
capsule  ovate,  acuminate,  firm-coriaceous.  — DC.  Prodr.  x.  369;  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
116.  —  Calif ornia,  from  Monterey  to  San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino. 

§  2.  DiPLACUS,  Gray.  Shrubby,  glutinous ;  with  flowers  as  of  the  following 
and  capsule  of  the  preceding  section  :  tube  of  the  funnelform  corolla  about  the 
length  of  the  narrow  prismatic  carinate-angled  calyx :  style  glandular :  stigma 
bilamellar:  placentae  meeting  but  even  in  the  ovary  not  united  in  the  axis,  in 
dehiscence  borne  on  the  linear  firm-coriaceous  valves.  —  Diplacus,  Nutt.  in  Ann. 
&  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  i.  137  ;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  368. 

M.  glutinosus,  Wendl.  Shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous  but  glutinous :  leaves 
from  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  from  denticulate  to  entire  (1  to  4  inches  long),  at  length 
with  revolute  margins  :  flowers  1|  to  2  inches  long,  short-pedicelled  :  corolla  usually  buff 
or  salmon-color,  obscurely  bilabiate ;  the  spreading  lobes  laciniately  toothed  or  notched.  — 
Obs.  51;  Jacq.  Schcenbr.  iii.  t.  264;  Gray,  I.e.  M.  aurantiacus.  Curt.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  354. 
Biplacus  glutinosus  &  D.  latifoUus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  D.  stellatus,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  18.  — 
Rocky  banks,  &,c.,  California,  common  from  San  Francisco  southward.  Runs  into  many 
varieties,  such  as 

Var.  puniceus.  Gray,  1.  c.  Flowers  from  orange-red  to  scarlet,  often  slender-pedi- 
celled:  corolla-lobes  commonly  obcordate. — Diplacus  puniceus, 'Swit.  I.e.;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  3655.     D.  glutinosus,  var.  puniceus,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.     "VV.  California. 

Var.  linearis.  Gray,  1.  c.  Flowers  very  short-pedicelled,  red-brown  to  salmon- 
color:  calyx  commonly  pubescent:  leaves  linear,  more  rigid,  and  revolute-margined.  —  M. 
linearis,  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind.  27.  Diplacus  leptanthus,  Nutt.  1.  c. ;  Benth.  1.  c.  —  From  Mon- 
terey southward. 


276  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Mimulus. 

Var    brachypus,  Gray,  1-  c.    Flowers  very  short-pedioelled,  salmon-color,  large : 
calyx   viscid-pubescent'  or   villous :    herbage   often   pubescent :    leaves    linear-lanceolate, 
mainly  entire.  —  i)(>/«cus  hmjijiorus,  Nutt.  1.  c  — From  Santa  Barbara  southward. 
§  3.  EuMiMULDS,   Gray.     Herbaceous :    proper   tube    of    the    corolla   mostly 
included  in  the  plicately  carinate-angled  5-toothed  calyx  (the  teeth  traversed  by 
the  strong  nerve)  :  style  glabrous  :  stigma  bilamellar,  the  lobes  or  lips  ovate  or 
rotund  an°d  equal :  placenta  remaining  united  in  the  axis  of  the  capsule  (or  partly 
dividing,  in  M.  rubellus  completely),  from  which  the  thin  and  usually  membra- 
naceous valves  tardily  separate. 

*   Larce-fiowered  and  perennial  western  species:    corolla  li  to  2  inches  long,  red  or  rose-color, 

with  cvlindrical  body  longer  than  the  limb;  calyx  oblong-prismatic ;  the  short  teeth  nearly  equal: 

anthers  either  villous  or  almost  glabrous  in  the  same  species:  pedicels  elongated :  capsule  oblong: 

leaves  several-nerved  from  the  base:   seeds  with  a  dull  and  loose  epidermis,  longitudinally 

wrinided. 

M    cardinalis,  Dougl.     Villous  and  viscid,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate,  or  the  lower 

obovate-lanceol'ate  ;  the  upper  connate ;  all  erose-dentate  :  corolla  scarlet,  with  remarkably 

oblique  limb ;  upper  lip  erect  and  the  lobes  turned  back ;  lower  reflexed :  stamens  ex- 

serted.  — Lindl.  Hort.  Trans,  ii.  70,  t.  3;  Brit.  Fl.  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  p58;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag. 

t_  3560. Along  watercourses,  through  Oregon  and  California  to  Arizona. 

M    Lewisii,  Pursh.     More   slender,  greener,   and   with  minute   or  finer  pubescence: 
leaves  from' oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  denticulate:  corolla  rose-red  or  paler,  with  tube 
and  throat  proportionally  longer;  roundish  lobes  all  spreading:  stamens  included. —Fl. 
ii.  427,  t.  20;  Gray,  1.  c.    M.  roseus,  Dougl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1591 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  33o3; 
Brit.  Fl.  Gar'd.  ser.  2,  t.  210.—  Shady  and  moist  or  wet  ground,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Califor- 
nia along  the  whole  length  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  east  to  Montana  and  Utah. 
*    *    Moderatelv  large  flowered  eastern  species,  perennial. glabrous:  corolla  violet,  at  most  an  inc> 
lone   with  narrow  tube  and  throat  more  or  less  exceeding  the  nearly  equal  calyx,  and  personate 
limb:    fructiferous  calyx  oblong:    leaves  throughout  pinnately    vemed:    seeds    not  wrinkled. 
(Corolla  rarely  varying  to  white,  not  very  rarely  with  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  exterior 
in  the  bud!) 
M   ringens    L.     Stem  square,  2  feet  high  :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  closely  sessile  by 
an  auriculate  partly  clasping  base,  serrate :  pedicels  longer  than  the  flower :  calyx-teeth 
subulate,  slender:  seed-coat  rather  loose,  cellular.  —  Hort.  Ups.  176,  t.  i. ;  Lam.  111.  t.523; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  283.  —  Wet  places,  Canada  to  Iowa  and  south  to  Texas. 
M  alatus   Solander.     Stem  somewhat  wing-angled :  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
less  acutely  serrate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  margined  petiole :  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
calyx  •  teeth  of  the  latter  short  and  broad  with  abrupt  mucronate  tips :  seed-coat  close 
and  smooth. -Ait.  Kew.  ii.  301  ;.Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  410;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  94.- 
Wet  places,  W.  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  south  to  Texas. 

*    *    *    Small- or  moderately  large-tlowered  mainly  western  species:  corolla  from  yellow  or  some- 
thnes  partly  white  to  browh-red  or  crimson  ;  the  throat  broad  and  open:  seeds  with  a  thm  and 
smooth  or  shining  (or  in  ^f.  luUus  duller  and  reticulate-striate)  coat. 
H-   Leafy-stemmed,  not  villous,  nor  leaves  pinnately  veined,  but  with  3  to  7  primary  veins  from  or 

near  the  base,  and  hardly  any,  or  only  weak  ones,  from  above  the  middle  of  the  midnb. 
++  Calyx  oblique  at  the  orifice  ;  the  posterior  tooth  largest:  leaves  mostly  broad,  dentate,  at  least 

the  lower  petioled :  root  fibrous. 
=  Perennial  by  stolons  or  creeping  branches :  upper  leaves  sessile  by  a  broad  or  somewhat  clasp- 
ing base  :  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  bearded  at  the  throat. 
M.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Diffuse  and  creeping,  freely  rooting,  glabrate :  leaves 
roundish  and  often  reniform,  from  denticulate  to  nearly  entire  (4  to  12  lines  long),  all  but 
the  uppermost  with  margined  petioles:  flowers  all  axillary  and  slender-pedicelled:  corolla 
light  yellow,  4  to  6  lines  long :  fructiferous  calyx  campanulate,  about  3  lines  long :  seeds 
oval,  shining,  almost  smooth. —  Benth.  in  DC.  I.e.  371  (with  var.  Fremontii) ;  Gray, 
Man.  ed.  2,  287.  M.  glabratus,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  116,  partly,  hardly  of  HBK.  — 
In  water  or  wet  places,  usually  in  springs,  Illinois  to  Upper  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  west 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Montana,  thence  south  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  (Adja- 
cent Mex.) 


Mimulus.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  277 

Var.  Texensis.  Xarger :  leaves  more  ovate,  seldom  subcordate,  usually  more  strongly 
or  even  laciniately  dentate;  the  uppermost  sometimes  reduced,  so  that  the  later  flowers 
become  somewhat  racemose.  —  M.  ylabratus,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1.  c,  mainly.  —  Texas, 
Wright,  Lindheimer,  &c.     Probably  in  drier  soil :  near  M.  glabratus,  of  S.  Am.  and  Mex. 

M.  lliteus,  L.  Glabrous  or  puberulent :  stems  erect,  ascending  or  with  later  branches 
spreading ;  the  larger  forms  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate,  oval-oblong,  roundish,  or  sub- 
cordate  ;  the  upper  cauline  and  floral  smaller,  closely  sessile,  not  rarely  connate-clasping ; 
all  usually  acutely  dentate  or  denticulate ;  lower  sometimes  lyrately  laciniate :  inflores- 
cence chiefly  racemose  or  terminal:  pedicels  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  flower:  corolla 
deep  yellow,  commonly  dark-dotted  witliin,  and  the  protuberant  base  of  lower  lip  blotched 
with  brown-purple  or  copper-color,  in  the  largest  forms  from  1  to  2  inches  long :  calyx  ven- 
tricose-campanulate,  half  inch  or  less  long:  seeds  oblong,  rather  dull,  striate-reticulated 
longitudinally.  —  Spec.  ed.  2,  884;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1501,  3363;  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1030, 1796;  Andr. 
Bot.  Rep.  t.  661;  Gray,  I.e.  M.  guttatus,  DC.  Cat.  Monsp.  127;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  99.  M. 
variegatus,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1872.  M.  rivularis,  Lodd.  1.  c.  t.  1575 ;  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad. 
Philad.  vii.  47.     M.  lyratus,  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind.  28,  form  with  lower  leaves  laciniate  at 

■  base.  M.  Scouleri,  Hook.  FI.  ii.  100 ;  a  narrow-leaved  form.  M.  Smithii,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  1674.  —  Moist  or  wet  ground,  Aleutian  Islands  and  Alaska  to  California,  and  east  to  and 
through  the  Rocky  Mountains.  (Along  tlie  Andes,  &c.,  to  S.  Chili.)  Most  variable  and 
polymorphous  :  extreme  forms  are  the  following 

Var,  alpinus,  Gray.  A  span  or  so  high,  lax,  leafy  to  top:  stem  1-4-flowered: 
corolla  f  to  Ii  inches  long  :  seeds  oval :  some  leaves  rather  distinctly  pinnate-veined  above 
the  middle !  — Proc.  Acad.  Pliilad.  1863,  71;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  224;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  567.  M.  dentatus,  Nutt.  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  372,  appears  from  an  original  specimen  to  be 
between  this  and  M.  moschatus,  var.  long!/loi-ux.  M.  Tilingii,  Regel,  Gartenfl.  1869, 321,  t.  631 ; 
plant  which  developed  next  year  into  a  large  many-flowered  form,  as  figured  in  Gartenfl. 
1870,  290,  t.  665  (corolla  distinctly  personate  by  a  palatine  protuberance  of  base  of  lower 
lip,  as  is  often  seen  in  other  forms).  M.  cupreus,  Regel,  1.  c.  1864,  t.  422  (throat  of  the 
corolla  wide  open).  M.  tuteus,  var.  cuprea,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5478.  — Alaska  to  high 
Sierra  Nevada,  California,  and  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains.     (Chilian  Andes.) 

Var.  depauperatus,  Gray.  Includes  reduced  or  depauperate  forms,  flowering  as 
slender  annuals,  2  to  10  inches  higli,  with  leaves  3  to  6  lines  long,  fructiferous  calyx  2  or  3 
lines  long,  and  corolla  3  to  7  lines  long.  — Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  M.  microphyllas,  Benth.  in  DC. 
1.  c.  371.  — "Washington  Terr  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

=  =  Apparently  only  annual :  leaves  all  petioled :  pedicels  long  and  filiform. 

M.  alsinoides,  Benth.  Very  glabrous :  stems  slender,  at  length  diffusely  branched,  3 
to  12  inches  long :  leaves  from  rotund-  to  rhombic-ovate  (from  4  to  16  lines  long,  besides 
the  abruptly  long-attenuate  base  or  margined  petiole),  thin,  the  upper  part  salient  denticu- 
late :  pedicels  at  length  divaricate  :  corolla  light  yellow  (or  lower  lip  with  a  brown  spot), 
3  to  6  lines  long ;  the  limb  small :  calyx  in  flower  narrow-cylindraceous,  in  fruit  narrow- 
oblong;  its  teeth  all  very  short.  —  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Wet  shady  places,  Oregon 
to  British  Columbia,  &c. 

Var.  minimus,  Benth.  I.  c,  consists  of  very  small  and  depauperate  forms,  half 
inch  to  2  inches  high,  with  corolla  2  to  4  line's  long.  —  Same  range. 

M.  laciniatus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent:  filiform  stem  diffusely 
branched,  a  span  or  less  high  :  leaves  on  filiform  petioles,  which  mostly  exceed  the  (quarter 
to  half  inch  long)  hastately  3-Iobed  or  laciniately  3-5-cleft  and  obscurely  1-nerved  blade, 
about  equalling  the  pedicels:  corolla  yellow,  2  lines  long:  calyx  in  fruit  ovate,  2  lines 
long:  the  teeth  rather  conspicuous.  —  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Merced  at  Clark's. 

++  +-••  Calyx  equal  or  nearly  so  at  the  orifice,  and  the  teeth  almost  alike  :  root  annual. 
=  Cauline  leaves  contracted  at  base  into  margined  petioles. 

M.  Pulsif  erse,  Gray,  l.  c.  Viscid  throughout,  but  hardly  pubescent,  a  span  high,  loosely 
branching:  leaves  from  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  sparsely  denticulate  or  entire, 
3-nerved  at  base  (half  inch  or  more  long),  equaljed  or  surpassed  by  the  pedicels:  corolla 
yellow,  5  lines  long:  calyx  cylindraceous-campanulate,  in  fruit  3  or  4  lines  long,  with  short 
ovate-triangular  teeth.  —  California,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  i-ocks, 
from  Sierra  Co.  to  Siskiyou  Co.,  Bolander,  Mrs.  Pulsif er- Ames,  Greene. 


278  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Mimulus. 

=  =  Cauline  leaves  mainly  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base. 
M.  inconspicuus,  Gray.  Glabrous,  2  to  7  inches  high,  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base:  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  somewhat  3-5-nerved  (quarter  to  half  inch 
long) :  pedicels  as  long  as  flower :  corolla  5  lines  long,  with  rather  small  limb,  yellow 
or  rose-color :  fructiferous  calyx  oval,  4  or  5  lines  long,  appearing  as  if  truncate ;  the 
teeth  very  short.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  120,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c—  Damp  hillsides  or  rocks, 
Los  Angeles  to  the  Sacramento,  California,  Bigelow,  &c. 

==  =  ==  Cauline  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so  by  a  narrowed  obscurely  3-nerved  base :  plants 
minutely  viscid-pubescent  or  glandular,  erect,  branched  from  the  base,  from  2  to  10  inches  high. 
M.  bicolor,  Benth.  Viscid-pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  sometimes 
spatulate,  mostly  denticulate,  an  inch  long  or  less ;  the  upper  shorter  than  the  pedicels : 
corolla  half  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  with  ample  limb,  yellow,  or  lower  lip  commonly 
white  :  calyx  narrowly  oblong,  purple-dotted,  in  fruit  4  lines  long;  the  teeth  comparatively 
large  (a  line  long),  triangular,  acute.  — PI.  Hartw.  328;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  568.  M. 
Prattenii.'DuTa.nd  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser.  ii.  98.  —  Calif ornia,  through  the  foot-hills  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada. 
M.  Palmeri,  Gray.  Viscid,  but  hardly  at  all  pubescent :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower 
spatulate,  mostly  entire,  half  inch  or  so  long,  all  shorter  than  the  filiform  pedicels  : 
corolla  nearly  three-fourths  inch  long,  ample-funnelform,  crimson,  thrice  the  length  of  the 
calyx;  the  lobes  all  about  equal  and  equally  spreading:  fructiferous  calyx  3  or  4  lines 
long,  narrowly  oblong;  the  teeth  broad  and  obtuse.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  82.  —  S.  E. 
California,  on  the  Mohave  River,  Palmer,  Parry  &  Lemmon.  Corolla  in  shape  and  color  as 
of  the  Eunanus  section,  foliage,  aspect,  and  capsule  of  the  present  group. 
M.  rubellus,  Gray.  Viscid  and  sometimes  pubescent :  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to 
linear,  entire,  rarely  with  a  few  salient  teeth,  a  quarter  to  two-thirds  inch  long,  commonly 
equalling  the  pedicels;  the  lower  sometimes  obovate  or  ovate:  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long, 
from  one-third  to  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  yellow  or  rose-color,  sometimes  yellow 
varying  or  changing  to  crimson-purple :  fructiferous  calyx  oblong,  3  lines  long ;  its  teeth 
mostly  short  and  obtuse.  — Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  116,  &  Bot.  Calif.  I.e.;  Watson,  Bot. 
King,  225.  M.  montioides,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  380,  in  part.  —  Gravelly  moist  banks, 
"Washington  Terr,  to  Arizona,  Colorado,  and  E.  New  Mexico,  chiefly  in  the  mountains. 

Var.  latiflorus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Stems  an  mch  or  two  high  :  leaves  from  linear  to 
oblanceolate  :  corolla  yellow,  half  to  two-thirds  inch  long,  with  slender  exserted  tube,  funnel- 
form  throat  spotted  with  brown-purple,  and  comparatively  large  limb,  resembling  that  of 
M.  bicolor.  —  M.  montioides,  Gray,  1.  c,  mainly.  —  W.  Nevada,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  &c.,  Anderson,  &c.  Adopted  in  this  form  in  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c. ;  but  probably 
a  distinct  species. 

-1-  -I—   Leafy-stemmed,  villous  and  viscid,  diffuse :  leaves  membranaceous,  more  or  less  pinnately- 
veined  and  petioled,  denticulate  or  serrate:  corolla  nan-ow,  light  yellow:  calyx  slightly  if  at  all 
oblique ;  the  teeth  nearly  equal. 
M.  floribundus,  Dougl.     About  a  span   high  from   an  annual  root,  flowering  from 
almost  the  lowest  axils,  at  first  erect,  the  lateral  branches  diffusely  spreading:  leaves 
ovate  and  the  lower  subcordate,  an  inch  long  or  less ;  the  upper  shorter  than  the  some- 
what racemose  pedicels :  calyx  short-campafnulate,  becoming  ovate  or  oblong  and  truncate 
in  fruit,  3  or  4  lines  long ;  the  teeth  short  and  triangular :  corolla  3  to  hardly  6  lines  long, 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  capsule  globose-ovate,  obtuse.  — Lindl.  Bot   Reg.  t. 
1125;  Benth.  in  DC.  I.  c.  372;  Gray,  1.  c.     M.  peduncidaris,  Dougl.  in  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind. 
29.     Cupraria  pusilla,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  36.  —  Moist  soU,  Rocky  Mountains  of 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  California  and  Oregon. 
M.  moschatus,  Dougl.     (Musk  Plant.)     More  villous  and  viscous,   musk-scented: 
stems  spreading  and  creeping,  thus  perennial,  a  foot  or  so  long :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  an 
inch  or  two  long,  mostly  exceeding  the  pedicels :  calyx  short-prismatic,  oblong-campanu- 
late  in  fruit,  4  or  5  lines  long;  the  teeth  half  the  length  of  the  tube,  broadly  lanceolate 
and  acuminate,  somewhat  unequal :  corolla  usually  two-thirds  inch  long  and  barely  twice 
the   length  of  the  calyx:   capsule  ovate,  acute.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1118;  Benth.  1.  c; 
Gray,  I.  c.  —  Wet  places,  along  brooks,  British  Columbia  to  California  and  Utah. 

Var.  longiflorus.  Corolla  elongated,  reaching  an  inch  in  length,  thrice  the  length 
of  the  calyx:  later  peduncles  surpassing  the  leaves.  — The  usual  form  in  California,  also 
in  Oregon. 


Conohea.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  279 

-)—-)—•»-  Scapose,  i.e.  peduncles  scape-like:  leaves  3-5-nerved,  sessile. 
M.  primuloides,  Benth.  Perennial  by  filiform  stolons  :  leaves  all  radical  in  a  rosulate 
tuft,  or  crowded  on  an  upright  stem  of  1  to  3  inches  in  height,  soft-villous  when  young, 
glabrate  with  age,  from  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  sparsely  and  sharply  serrate  or  nearly 
entire,  from  5  to  16  lines  long:  filiform  and  often  solitary  pedicels  (1  to  4  inches  long)  and 
cylindraceous  calyx  glabrous :  corolla  golden-yellow,  f  unnelform,  a  quarter  to  three-fourths 
inch  long.  —  Scroph.  Ind.  1.  c,  &  DC.  1.  c. ;  Kegel,  Gartenfl.  1872,  t.  739 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  — 
Wet  soil,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  at  6-10,000  feet,  extending  to  the  Blue 
Mountains  of  Oregon.  Like  the  other  species  varies  greatly  in  size  of  flower  as  well  as  in 
stature. 

§  4.  MiMULOiDES,  Gray.  Annual,  with  corolla  of  Eamimulus,  capsule  with 
the  divided  placentee  of  Eunanus,  but  the  calyx  campanulate  and  5-cleft ;  its  tube 
not  prismatic  nor  even  carinate-angled,  but  almost  nerveless ;  its  lobes  plane  : 
stigma  bilamellar.  —  Herpestis  §  Mimuloides,  Benth. 

M.  pilosus,  Watson.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  much  branched,  leafy,  soft-vil- 
lous and  slightly  viscid,  rarely  glabrate,  flowering  from  near  the  base  :  leaves  lanceolate  or 
narrowly  oblong,  sessile,  entire,  obscurely  3-nerved  at  base ;  the  lower  surpassing  and  the 
upper  hardly  equalling  the  pedicels  :  calyx  oblique  at  orifice ;  the  tube  somewhat  5-sulcate 
below  the  sinuses  ;  the  posterior  tooth  equalling  and  the  others  shorter  than  the  tube ;  all 
oblong.or  ovate,  rather  shorter  than  the  bright  yellow  (3  or  4  lines  long)  rather  obscurely 
bilabiate  corolla  :  lobes  of  the  latter  nearly  equal,  usually  a  pair  of  brown-purple  spots  on 
the  lower:  capsule  oblong-ovate,  acute.  —  Bot.  ffing,  2^5;  Gray,  1.  c.  M.  exilis,  DUrand 
in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  12,  t.  12.  Herpestis  (Mimuhides)  pilosa,  Benth.  in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag. 
ii.  57,  &  DC.  1.  c.  394.  —  Gravelly  soil  along  streams,  nearly  throughout  California,  and 
along  the  borders  of  Nevada  to  Arizona.     ■ 

14.  STEMODIA,  L.  (Name  shortened  by  Linnaeus  from  P.  Browne's 
Stemodiacra,  meaning  stamens  with  two  tips,  in  reference  to  the  disjoined  stipi- 
tate  anther-cells.)  —  Chiefly  tropical  species,  herbaceous  or  slightly  shrubby,  one 
reaching  our  borders. 

S.  durantifolia,  Swartz.  Annual  with  indurated  base,  or  sometimes  perennial,  viscid- 
•  pubescent :  leaves  either  opposite  or  3-4-nate,  from  oblong-  to  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  or 
denticulate,  narrowed  below  and  with  somewhat  dilated  partly  clasping  base :  inflorescence 
spiciform,  leafy  below:  calyx  2-bracteolate :  corolla  purplish,  quarter  inch  long.  — Obs. 
t.  240;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  383.  Capraria  durantifolia,  L.  Stemodia  verlicillaris,  Link; 
Reichenb.  Ic.  Exot.  ii.  t.  149.  — Wet  grounds,  S.  Arizona.     (Trop.  Am.) 

15.  C0N6BEA,  Aublet.  (Unexplained  name.)  —  Low  or  spreading  an- 
nuals, all  American  ;  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  flowers  on  axillary  pedicels, 
2-bracteolate  under  the  calyx.  —  Our  species  belong  to 

§  1.  Leucospora.  Leaves  pinnately  3-7-parted  into  cuneate-linear  divisions  : 
anther-cellg  completely  disjoined  but  contiguous:  seeds  striate-costate. — Leuco- 
spora, Nutt.,  with  Schistophragma,  Benth.  in  Endl.  Gen.  &  DC.  Prodr.  x.  392. 

C.  multiflda,  Benth.  1.  c.  A  span  high,  diffusely  branched,  minutely  viscid-pubescent : 
pedicels  as  long  as  the  greenish-white  and  purplish  corolla :  sepals  very  slender :  capsule 
ovate:  seeds  small,  white,  longitudinally  costate. — Capraria  multijida,  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  22, 
t.  35.  Stemodia  multijida,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  811.  Leucospora  multijida,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad. 
Philad.  vii.  87.  Sutera  multijida,  Walp.  Rep.  iii.  271. — Along  streams  and  shores,  Ohio  to 
Illinois,  Arkansas,  and  Texas :  also  adventive  below  Philadelphia. 

C.  intermedia,  Gray.  More  viscid-pubescent :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  sepals 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate;  the  posterior  one  rather  longer:  corolla  larger  (3  lines  long): 
capsule  ovoid-lanceolate:  seeds  larger,  spirally  costate. — Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  117. — New 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  Wright,  Rothrock. 


280  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Herpestis. 

16.  HERPifiSTIS,  Gsertn.  f.  {'EQTtrjari^g,  a  creeping  thing,  the  original 
species  creeping.)  —  Low  herbs  (chiefly  American),  commonly  glabrous ;  with 
opposite  leaves,  and  mainly  axillary  flowers,  in  summer. 

§  1.  Corolla  obviously  bilabiate  ;  the  two  posterior  lobes  being  united  to  form 
the  upper  lip  :  pedicels  and  calyx  ebracteolate :  style  dilated  and  2-lobed  at  the 
apex,  or  stigma  bilamellar.  —  §  Mercadonia^  Mella,  &  Ghoetodiscus,  Benth.  in  DC. 
Prodr.  &  Gen.  ii.  952, 

*  Erect  or  ascending  glabrous  perennials,  drj'ing  blackish :  leaves  pinnatel y  veined,  mostly  petioled 
and  serrate  or  crenate :  anther-cells  divergent :  style  curved  at  apex  :  stigmas  obovate. 

H.  nigrescens,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  erect,  very  leafy :  leaves  from 
oblong  to  cuneate-ianceolate,  serrate,  with  entire  tapering  base  (1  or  2  inches  long) :  pedi- 
cels equalling  and  the  upper  surpassing  the  leaves :  upper  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  not 
much  broader  than  the  narrowly-lanceolate  lower  ones :  corolla  whitish  or  purplish : 
valves  of  the  capsule  often  2-clef t.  —  Comp.  Bot.  Mag,  ii.  56,  &  DC.  Prodr.  x.  394.  Graliola 
acuminata,  Walt.  Car.  61 ;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  15 ;  Curtis,  PI.  Wilmingt.  in  Jour.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.  i. 
130.  —  G.  incEqualis,  Walt.  1.  c.  1  Gerardia  cunei/olia,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  422.  Matourea  nigrescens, 
Benth.  in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  173.  —  Wet  places,  Maryland  {A.  Hay),  and  North  Carolina 
to  Texas,  along  and  near  the  coast. 

H.  chamsedryoides,  HBK.  A  span  or  two  high,  generally  diffuse  or  decumbent : 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate  (half  or  three-fourths  inch  long),  mostly  surpassed  by  the 
pedicels:  upper  sepal  ovate;  the  lower  ones  ovate  or  oblong:  corolla  yellow.  —  Nov.  Gen. 
&  Spec.  ii.  369;  Benth.  1.  c.  Erinus  procumbens,  Will.  Diet.  Mercadonia  ovata,  Ruiz  &Fa.\.l 
Lindernia  dianthera,  Swartz.  Microcarprea  Americana,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  368.  —  Moist 
ground,  Texas.     (Mex.,  W.  Ind.,  S.  ,Amer.) 

Var.  peduncillaris  [If-  peduncularis,  Benth.  1  c.)  is  founded  on  a  form  with  erect  and 
simpler  stems,  smaller  and  narrower  leaves,  and  filiform  pedicels  of  thrice  their  length. — 
Texas,  Drummond,  also  Berlandier,  &c.  A  similar  form,  but  with  diffuse  or  procumbent 
stems  (U.  peduncularis,  Chapm.  Fl.  291),  is  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

*  *  Creeping,  or  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  stoloniferous-perennial,  rather  succulent :  stems 
villous-pubescent  or  glabrate:  leaves  closely  sessile  and  partly  clasping,  nervose  from  the  base, 
entire  or  obscurely  crenulate  :  capsule  4-valved:  corolla  blue  or  violet,  varying  to  wiiite. 

-J—  Leaves  pellucid-punctate,  aromatic  when  bruised  :  ovar}'  girt  by  a  slenderly  10-12-toothed  hypo- 

gynons  disk :  anthers  somewhat  sagittate  :  stigma  dilated,  obscurely  2-lobed :  upper  lip  of  corolla 

obcordate. 

H.  amplexicaulis,  Pursla.     Stems  a  span  to  a  foot  or  two  long,  creeping  at  base,  then 

ascending  and  nearly  simple,  very  leafy :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  half  to  nearly  an  inch  long, 

sometimes  a  little  pubescent:  pedicels  shorter  than  calyx  or  hardly  any:  upper  sepal 

cordate:  corolla  5  lines  long,  ephemeral.  —  Fl.  ii.  413;   Benth.  I.e.     Obolaria  Caroliniana, 

Walt.  Car.  166.     Monniera  amplexicaulis,  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  22.  —  Margin  of  pine-barren  ponds. 

New  Jersey  ("? )  and  Maryland  to  Louisiana. 

H—  ■+-  Leaves  not  punctate  :  hypogynous  disk  obscure  and  entire  or  none :  anthers  parallel :  stigma 
2-lamellar:  upper  lip  of  corolla  merely  emarginate. 

H.  repens,  Cham.  &  Schl.  Glabrous,  or  summit  of  the  creeping  stems  puberulent : 
leaves  oval  and  with  broad  clasping  base  (quarter  to  half  inch  long)  :  pedicels  about  the 
length  of  flower  and  fructiferous  calyx:  upper  and  lower  sepals  broadly  oval  or  sub- 
cordate,  reticulate-veiny,  in  flower  almost  equalling  the  white  or  whitish  corolla.  — 
Linnsea,  v.  107 ;  Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  4-30.  H.  micrantha,  Benth.  1.  c,  mainly  (not  Pursh, 
which  is  chiefly  Micranthemum) ;  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  105,  ex  char.  Gratiola  repens,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind. 
Occ.  i.  39,  &,  Ic.  t.  3  —Wet  soil,  S.  Carolina,  &c.     (W.  Ind.,  Brazil.) 

H.  rotundifolia,  Pursh.  Larger :  spreading  and  creeping  stems  usually  villous-pubes- 
cent; leaves  obovate  or  rotund,  with  cuneate-narrowed  but  partly  clasping  flabellately 
many-nerved  base,  often  an  inch  long:  pedicels  longer  than  the  flower  (commonly  in 
threes)  :  corolla  blue,  almost  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  and  oval  sepals.  —  Fl.  ii.  418; 
Benth.  1.  c.  Monniera  rotundifolia,  Michx.  1.  c.  —  Margin  of  ponds,  Illinois  and  Missouri  to 
Louisiana  and  Texas.  (Possibly  also  in  "  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia,"  but  //.  rotundifolia  of 
Elliot  is  probably  the  H.  amplexicaulis.) 


Gratiola.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  281 

Hydranthelium  Egense,  Poepp.  of  Brazil,  with  aspect  of  Herpestis,  was  picked  up  in 
New  Orleans  by  the  late  J.  Hale,  and  is  enumerated  in  Mann's  Catalogue,  also  by  Chapman 
in  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  10  :  but  it  is  probably  a  ballast  waif  and  transient. 

§  2.  Corolla  obscurely  bilabiate ;  the  limb  being  almost  equally  5-lobed ;  tube 
somewhat  campanulate :  stamens  hardly  didynamous :  anthers  sagittate:  stigma 
capitate.  —  Bramia,  Lam.     §  Bramia,  Benth. 

H.  Monniera,  HBK.  Glabrous  perennial,  prostrate  and  creeping,  somewhat  fleshy : 
leaves  spatulate  to  obovate-cuneate,  entire  or  obsoletely  somewhat  toothed,  sessile  (4  to  8 
lines  long),  nearly  veinless :  pedicels  at  length  longer  than  the  leaves,  2-bracteolate  at 
apex  :  upper  sepal  ovate :  corolla  (4  or  5  lines  long)  pale  blue.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2577. 
H.  cuneifolia,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  418.  H.  Brownei,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  42.  Gratiola  Monniera,  L. 
Monniera  cuneifolia,  Michx.  1.  c.  —  River-banks  and  shores  near  the  sea,  Maryland  to 
Texas.     (Cosmopolite  near  the  tropics.) 

17.  GRATIOLA,  L.  Hedge  Hyssop.  (From  the  Latin  gratia,  grace 
or  favor,  i.  e.  Herb-of-grace.)  —  Low  herbs,  of  wide  distribution  ;  with  opposite 
and  sessile  entire  or  dentate  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  pedicels,  usually  2-brac- 
teolate under  the  calyx  :  fl;  summer. 

§  1.  GratiolXria,  Benth.  Anther-cells  transverse  and  separated  by  a  mem- 
branaceous dilated  connective:  capsule  ovate  or  globular:  soft-herbaceous  and 
diffusely  branching,  either  annuals  or  fibrous-rooted  perennials  from  a  creeping 
base,  growing  in  wet  soil. 

#  Sterile  stamens  wanting  or  reduced  to  minute  rudiments. 
•1—  Calyx  ebracteolate :  Pacific  species. 
G.  ebracteata,  Benth.  A  span  high  or  less,  erect,  nearly  glabrous,  obscurely  viscid  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  or  sometimes  sparingly  and  acutely  denticulate :  pedicels  slender, 
in  fruit  strict :  sepals  foliaceous,  3  or  4  lines  long,  equalling  the  yellowish  corolla,  mostly 
surpassing  the  globular  and  somewhat  4angled  capsule :  seeds  oblong.  —  DC.  Prodr.  x. 
595 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  570.  —  Oregon  and  N.  California. 

-t—  -t—  A  pair  of  foliaceous  bractlets  close  to  the  calyx  and  equalling  it:  Atlantic  species,  one 
extending  westward  to  che  Pacific. 

++  Pedicels  filiform,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves :  seeds  oblong  or  oval. 

=  Corolla  golden  yellow  :  capsule  ovate-conical,  acute,  much  exceeding  the  reflexed  or  spreading 
calyx. 

G.  pusilla,  Torr.  Minutely  viscid,  almost  glabrous,  slender,  2  or  3  inches  high :  leaves 
oblong-linear,  obtuse,  entire  (1^  to  4  lines  long):  corolla  4  lines  long;  lobes  retuse  or 
emarginate :  capsule  2  lines  long :  seeds  comparatively  large,  obliquely  obovate-oblong.  — 
Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  402.  —  Arkansas  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Texas,  Leavenworth, 
Wright,  &c. 

=  ==  Corolla  yellowish  or  whitish,  commonly  with  a  tinge  of  purple :  capsule  broadly  or  globose- 
ovate,  equalled  b}'  the  calyx. 

G.  gracilis,  Benth.  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  small  and  slender,  erect :  leaves  from 
oblong-  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate:  corolla  3  lines  long:  capsule 
globular,  but  acutish.  —  E.  Texas,  Drummond,  &c.    Little  known. 

G.  Floridana,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  erect,  a  span  or  two  high :  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  broader,  entire  or  repand,  sometimes  remotely  dentate,  narrow  at  base  (an 
inch  long) :  corolla  8  lines  long,  with  yellowish  tube  2  or  3  times  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
and  the  rather  large  white  lobes  all  emarginate:  capsule  broadly  ovate. — Jour.  Acad. 
Philad.  vii.  103 ;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  (with  var.?  intermedia,  a  form  verging  to  next  species) ; 
Chapm.  Fl.  292.  —  Florida,  Georgia,  and  Alabama.     Tennessee,  Gattinger. 

G.  Virginiana,  L.  Viscid-puberulent  or  more  pubescent,  or  below  nearly  glabrous, 
divergently  branched  from  the  base,  a  span  or  less  high:  leaves  commonly  glabrous, 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  from  entire  to  denticulate-serrate,  mostly  narrow  at  base  (the 
larger  an  inch  or  two  long) :  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  with  yellowish  tube  barely  twice  the 


282  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Gratiola. 

length  of  the  calyx ;  lobes  nearly  white,  the  two  upper  emarginate  :  capsule  ovate.—  Spec. 
i.  17  ;  Torr.  Fl.  13 ;  Benth.  I.  c.  G.  officinalis,  IMiehx.  Fl.  i.  6,  not  L.  G.  Carolinensis,  Pers. 
Syn.  i.  14.  G.  negleda,  Torr.  Cat.  PI.  N.  Y.  G.  Missouriana,  Beck  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
X.  253,  the  viscid  form.  Conobea  borealis,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  771.  — Canada  to  Florida  and 
Texas,  and  west  (chiefly  northward)  to  British  Columbia,  Oregon,  and  the  eastern  part 
of  California. 

++  ++  Pedicels  short,  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx :  seeds  linear. 

G.  sphserocarpa,  Ell.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so :  stem  thick,  erect  or  ascending  from  a 
procumbent  creeping  base,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  obovate- 
oval,  from  acutely  dentate  to  repand,  narrow  at  base  (an  inch  or  two  long) :  corolla  5  or  6 
lines  long,  white:  capsule  globose,  large  (2  lines  in  diameter),  pointless,  usually  somewhat 
surpassed  by  the  calyx  and  bractlets.  —  Ell.  Sk.  i.  14;  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  Fl.  292.  G. 
acuminata,  Vahl,  Enum.  i.  92,  not  Walt.  G.  Virginica,  Pursh,  1.  c,  as  to  short  pedicel,  excl. 
syn.  Gronov.,  &c.  G.  Carolinensis,  LeConte  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  105.  —  Maryland  and 
Illinois  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Remarkable  for  the  size  and  rotundity  of  the  capsule,  and 
the  short  pedicel.     (Mex.) 

*   *   Sterile  stamens  conspicuously  represented  by  a  pair  of  filiform  filaments  with  a  minutely 
capitate  tip:  cauline  leaves  seldom  at  all  narrowed  at  the  partly'  clasping  base:  pedicels  slender: 
stems  all  more  or  less  creeping  at  base,  and  somewhat  quadrangular  above. 
-4—  Corolla  golden  yellow. 

G.  aurea,  Muhl.  Glabrous  or  obscurely  viscid-puberulent :  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly 
entire  (5  to  10  lines  long)  :  upper  pedicels  equalling  the  leaves  :  bractlets  equalling  the  calyx, 
longer  than  the  globose-ovate  capsule :  corolla  half  an  inch  long :  sterile  filaments  short. 

—  Cat.  ed.  1,  1813;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  12  (but  the  sterile  filaments  overlooked),  excl.  syn.;  Ell. 
Sk.  i.  13;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1399;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  404.— Lower  Canada  to 
Florida,  chiefly  eastward. 

•i—  -1—  Corolla  white  or  purplish-tinged,  and  the  tube  yellowish  within. 
++   Bractlets  conspicuous,  either  surpassing,  equalling,  or  little  shorter  than  the  cal\Tt. 

G.  officinalis,  L.  Wholly  glabrous  :  stem  quadrangular,  a  foot  or  more  high :  leaves 
lanceolate,  distinctly  3-nerved,  entire  or  sparingly  serrulate  (an  inch  or  more  long),  all  ex- 
ceeding the  pedicels  and  flower :  bractlets  usually  exceeding  the  calyx :  corolla  8  or  10 
lines  long:  sterile  filaments  elongated:  capsule  ovate,  acute.  —  Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  2;  Fl. 
Dan.  t.  .363;  Benth.  I.e.;  Chapm.  I.e.  (but  corolla  not  "pale  yellow"),  not  Michx. — 
Georgia,  LeConte,  in  herb.  Torr.  As  this  specimen  is  the  only  known  authority,  it  is  ques- 
tionable whether  it  is  really  of  American  origin.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

G.  viscosa,  Schwein.  Viscid-puberulent  or  pubescent,  a  span  high,  rather  simple : 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acutely  dentate  or  denticulate,  conspicuously  clasping 
(one  or  two-thirds  inch  long),  shorter  than  the  pedicels :  sepals  and  bractlets  brbadly  or 
ovate-lanceolate:  corolla  5  lines  long:  sterile  filaments  short:  capsule  shorter  than  calyx. 

—  LeConte  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  106;  Benth.  1.  c.  —  N.  Carolina  and  Kentucky  to  Georgia, 
in  the  upper  country. 

G.  Drummondi,  Benth.  1.  c.  Puberulent  and  somewhat  viscid,  a  span  or  two  high : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sparsely  and  acutely  serrate  (6  to  10  lines  long),  about  equalling 
the  pedicels :  sepals  and  bractlets  linear-subulate,  much  longer  than  the  capsule :  corolla 
from  5  to  6  lines  long :  sterile  filaments  short.  —  Chapm.  Fl.  293.  —  Georgia  to  Arkansas, 
Louisiana,  and  Texas. 

++  +-t-  Bractlets  minute  or  obsolete. 

G.  ramosa,  Walt.  Minutely  viscid-puberulent,  a  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  with  sharp  coarse  teeth  (6  to  10  lines  long),  equalling 
or  shorter  than  the  pedicels  :  sepals  linear  (2  or  3  lines  long),  half  the  length  of  the  corolla  : 
sterile  filaments  filiform.  — Car.  61.  G.  Virginica,  Lam.  III.  t.  16,  fig.  2.  G.  quadridentata, 
Michx.  Fl.  i.  6 ;  Ell.  1.  c. ;  Benth.  I.  c.  (this  specific  name  later  and  no  better  than  that  of 
Walter).  —  S.  Carolina  to  Florida. 

§  2.  SophronjCnthe,  Benth.  1.  c.  Anther-cells  vertical,  contiguous  ;  the  con- 
nective not  dilated:  herbs  with  erect  and  strict  rigid  stems,  hirsute  or  hispid, 
growing  in  less  wet  soil :   flowers  subsessile,  small :   sterile  filaments  manifest, 


llysantJies.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  283 

filiform,  with  minutely  capitate  tip  :  capsule  oblong-conical,  acuminate,  about  the 
length  of  the  2-bracteolate  calyx :  seeds  oval  or  short-oblong :  corolla  white  or 
purplish-tinged. 

G.  pilosa,  Michx.     Stem  a  foot  or  two  high  from  an  apparently  annual  root :  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly  and  acutely  denticulate,  closely  sessile  by  a  broad 
base :  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long,  little  exceeding  the  calyx ;  the  tube  oblong.  —  Fl.  i.  7 ; 
Pursh,  1.  c. ;  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Cliapm.  Fl.  293.     G.  Peruviana,  Walt.  1.  c,  not  L.  —  New  Jer- 
sey to  Florida  and  Texas. 
G.  SUbulata,  Baldw.     A  span  high  from  a  ligneous  perennial  root,  very  leafy :  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,   entire,   with  revolute  margins,  rigid:   corolla  half  inch  long, 
somewhat  salverform ;  its  slender  tube  nearly  tlu-ice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  marcescent 
and  recurving  in  age.  — Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  1.  c.     Sophronanthe  hispida,  Benth.  in 
Lindl.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  445.  —  Coast  of  Florida,  in  sandy  pine  barrens. 
G.  megalocArpa,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  16,  is  a  factitious  species,  established  by  Elliott  wholly  upon 
Pursh's  G.  acuminata,  which  is  based  upon  Walter's  character,  but  evidently  confused  with 
some  other  plant. 

G.  iiiCRANTHA,  Nutt.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  v.  287  (E.  Florida,  Ware),  is  characterized  as  hav- 
ing an  erect  angulate  stem,  a  foot  high,  lanceolate  and  serrate  acute  leaves  attenuate  at 
base,  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  ebracteolate  calyx  4-parted,  and  stamens  4.  Prob- 
ably Scopai-ia  dulcis. 

18.  ILYSANTHES,  Raf.  ("Ilvg,  mud,  and  avdi^,  blossom.)  —  Low  and 
rather  small  flowered  annuals,  or  chiefly  so,  glabrous,  branching ;  with  opposite 
undivided  leaves,  all  but  the  lowest  sessile,  and  flowers  on  filiform  ebracteolate 
pedicels,  which  are  either  axillary  or  by  reduction  of  the  leaves  racemose  or 
paniculate,  in  fruit  usually  refracted.  Calyx-lobes  narrow.  Corolla  violet  or 
bluish,  or  partly  white.  Sterile  filaments  in  ours  glandular  with  a  glabrous  lateral 
lobe.  Flowering  all  summer,  in  wet  soil.  —  Raf.  Ann.  Nat.  1820,  13;  Benth.  in 
DC.  Prodr.  X.  418. 

I.  grandiflora,  Benth.  1.  c.  Stems  creeping  at  base,  leafy  throughout :  leaves  roundish, 
entire,  thickish :  peduncles  all  much  surpassing  the  leaves :  corolla  (3  or  4  lines  long) 
about  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  lobe  of  sterile  filaments  rather  long  and  borne 
below  the  middle. — Lindemia  grandiflora,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  43.  —  Eastern  Georgia  and  Florida, 
Nuttall,  Garber,  &c. 

I.  gratioloides,  Benth.  1.  c.  Diffusely  spreading  from  the  base,  or  at  first  simple  and 
erect,  leafy  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  often  slightly  and  acutely  few-toothed ;  the  later 
ones  reduced  to  bracts :  corolla  (3  lines  long)  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  lobe 
of  sterile  filaments  short :  capsule  ovoid,  equalling  the  calyx.  —  Capraria  gratioloides,  L. 
Spec.  ed.  2,  876.  Gratiola  anagallidea,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  5,  G.  dilatata,  Muhl.  Cat.  G.  atten- 
tiata,  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  39.  G.  ietragona,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  15 1  Lindemia  pyxidaria,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii. 
419,  not  Allioni.  L.  dilatata  &  L.  attenuata,  Muhl.  .in  Ell.  Sk.  i.  16;  JSart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i. 
31.  Herpestis  callitrichoides,  HBK.  Ilgsanthes  riparia,  Kaf.  1.  c.  —  Canada  to  Florida  and 
Texas;  also  Oregon  and  California.     (S.  Am.,  E.  Asia,  and  nat.  in  W.  Eu.) 

I.  refracta,  Benth.  1.  c.  Stems  a  span  or  two  high,  erect  from  a  rosulate  tuft  of  spatu- 
late-oblong  or  obovate  radical  leaves  (of  an  inch  or  less  in  length),  filiform,  below  bearing 
one  or  two  pairs  of  small  and  oblong  or  oblong-linear  entire  or  obscurely  serrate  leaves, 
and  above  only  linear-subulate  bracts,  which  are  many  times  shorter  than  the  almost 
capillary  racemose  pedicels :  corolla  narrow  (3  to  6  lines  long),  four  times  the  length  of 
the  calyx :  capsule  oblong,  from  one  half  to  twice  longer  than  the  calyx :  root  perhaps 
biennial.  —  Lindemia  refracta,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  579.  L.  monticola,  Nutt.  Gen.  addend.  — Mostly  on 
dripping  rocks,  Western  N.  Carolina  to  Florida. 

Var.  saxicola.  Apparently  only  a  smaller  form,  barely  a  span  high,  with  more  leafy 
stems,  shorter  internodes,  and  capsule  (as  far  as  seen)  little  surpassing  the  calyx. — 
Lindemia  monticola,  Muhl.  Cat.  61  ?  L.  saxicola,  M.  A.  Curtis  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xliv.  83. 
Ilysanthes  saxicola,  Chapm.  Fl.  294.  —  Mountains  of  S.  W.  North  Carolina  to  E.  Florida. 


284  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Micranihemum. 

19.  MICRANTHEMUM,  Michx.  (Composed  of  ^tnQog,  small,  and 
avde^ov,  flower.)  —  Creeping  or  depressed  small  (American)  annuals,  in  mud  or 
shallow  water,  glabrous,  branching,  leafy  throughout ;  the  leaves  opposite,  rounded 
or  spatulate,  sessile,  usually  3-5-nerved,  entire.  Flowers  solitary  in  alternate 
axils,  white  or  purplish,  inconspicuous.  -^  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  330.  Hemianthus^ 
Nutt.,  includes  the  species  with  limb  of  corolla  as  it  were  halved,  the  upper  lip 
wanting  or  nearly  so. 

M.  orbiculatum,  Michx.  Creeping  freely :  leaves  roundish,  2  to  4  lines  long :  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  calyx  :  corolla  white,  hardly  equalling  the  4-cleft  calyx ;  its  upper  lip  or 
lobe  manifest :  stigma  capitate.  —  Fl.  i.  10,  t.  2.  M.  emarginatum,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  18.  —  N.  Caro- 
lina to  Texas.     (S.  Am.) 

M.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Creeping,  with  ascending  branches  an  inch  or  two  high  :  leaves 
oblong-spatulate  or  oval-obovate,  2  or  3  lines  long :  pedicels  equalling  the  campanulate 
4-toothed  calyx :  corolla  purplish  or  white,  with  obsolete  upper  lip ;  middle  lobe  of  the 
lower  lip  linear-oblong,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  lateral  ones:  appendage  of  the 
stamens  nearly  equalling  the  filament  itself:  stigma  of  2  subulate  lobes.  —  Man.  ed.  5, 
331.  Herpestis  mkrantha,  Ell.  Sk.  il.  105?  Hemianthus  mia-anthemoldes,  Nutt.  in  Jour. 
Acad.  Philad.  i.  123,  t.  6.  — Tidal  mud  of  rivers,  New  Jersey  to  Florida:  fl.  late  summer 
and  autumn. 

20.  AMPHIANTHUS,  Torr.  {Jinq)i,  on  both  sides,  avdog,  a  flower ;  a 
blossom  produced  both  at  base  and  apex  of  the  stem.)  —  Single  species. 

A.  pusillus,  Torr.  A  minute  annual,  glabrous,  bearing  a  radical  tuft  of  oblong  or  obo- 
vate  leaves  (each  a  bne  or  two  long)  and  a  subsessile  flower,  also  sending  up  a  capillary 
scape  an  inch  or  two  high  and  terminated  by  another  similar  flower  subtended  by  a  pair  of 
leaves:  corolla  white. —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  iv.  82;  Benth.  in  DC  1.  c.  425.  — Shallow  pools 
on  flat  rocks,  Upper  Georgia,  particularly  on  Stone  Mountain,  Leavenworth,  Canby,  &c. : 
fl.  early  spring. 

21.  LIMOS^LLA,  L.  Mud  wort.  (Lhnus,  mud,  and  sella,  seat.)  — 
Small  annuals,  or  proliferous-perennial  by  stolons,  glabrous  (of  wide  distribution)  ; 
with  fibrous  roots  and  a  cluster  of  entire  fleshy  leaves  at  the  nodes  of  the  stolons, 
and  short  scape-like  naked  pedicels  from  the  axils,  bearing  a  small  and  white 
or  purplish  flower,  in  summer. 

L.  aquatica,  L.  Tufts  an  inch  or  two  high  :  clustered  leaves  longer  than  the  pedicels, 
when  scattered  on  sterile  shoots  alternate,  in  the  typical  form  with  a  spatulate  or  oblong 
blade  on  a  distinct  petiole ;  this  in  mud  rather  short,  in  water  elongating  to  the  length  of  2 
to  even  5  inches.  — Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  t.  1722.— From  Hudson's  Bay  to  S.  Colorado  and 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  in  brackish  mud,  and  in  fresh  water;  also  on  the  Pacific 
coast  1     (Eu.,  N.  Asia,  Australia,  S.  Am.) 

Var.  tenuif  olia,  Hofiin.  Leaves  subulate  or  filiform,  with  little  or  no  distinction  of 
petiole  and  blade,  seldom  over  an  inch  or  so  in  length  —Gray,  Man.  1.  c. ;  Reichenb.  Ic. 
Germ.  1.  c.  L.  ienui/oUa,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  43.  L.  subulala,  Ives  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  i.  74,  witli 
plate.  L.  australis,  R.  Br.  Prodr.  443.  —  Brackish  river-banks  and  shores.  Canada  to  New 
Jersey.     (S.  Am.,  Australia,  Eu.,  &c.) 

22.  SCOPARIA,  L.  {Scopce,  twigs  used  for  brooms.)  —Tropical  Amer- 
ican undershrubs  or  herbs,  much  branched  ;  with  small  and  slender-pedicelled 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  opposite  and  verticillate  leaves. 

S.  dulcis,  L.  Annual  or  suffrutescent,  almost  glabrous :  leaves  from  oblong-spatulate  to 
narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  the  larger  serrate  and  incised:  sepals  4:  corolla 
white,  3  lines  wide.  — Lam.  111.  t.  85.  Gratiola  mkrantha,  Nutt.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  v.  2871 
—  S.  Florida  and  perhaps  on  the  Mexican  border.  (Mex.,  Trop.  &  Subtrop.  Am.,  and  now 
in  Asia,  &c.) 


Synthyris.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  285 

23.  C APRARI A,  L.  ( Caprarius,  relating  to  goats,  i.  e.  Goat-weed.  — 
Tropical  American  herbs  or  undershrubs  ;  with  rather  small  white  or  flesh-colored 
flowers,  on  slender  often  geminate  pedicels,  in  the  axils  of  the  alternate  serrate 
leaves.     One  species  barely  reaches  our  southern  border. 

C.  biflora,  L.  SufEruticose,  2  to  4  feet  high,  pubescent  or  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, sharply  serrate  above  the  middle :  sepals  linear-subulate,  equalling  the  capsule.  — 
Key  West,  and  S.  Texas  on  the  coast  j  the  glabrous  form,  mostly  5-androus,  C.  Mexicana 
Moricand  in  DC.     (Tropical  shores.)  ' 

24.  S'^^NTHYRIS,  Benth.  (From  avr,  together,  and  dvQtc;,  little  door  or 
valve,  the  valves  of  the  capsule  long  adhering  below  to  the  short  placeutiferous 
axis.)  —  W.  North  American  perennials,  nearly  related  to  Wulfenia  of  S.  E. 
Europe  and  the  Himalayas  ;  but  the  anther-cells  not  confluent  and  seeds  discoidal. 
Leaves  largely  radical  and  petioled ;  those  of  the  simple  stem  or  scape  and  the 
bracts  all  alternate.  Flowers  small,  purplish  or  flesh-color,  in  a  simple  spike  or 
raceme  ;  in  summer.  Stamens  inserted  close  to  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla.  —  DC. 
Prodr.  X.  454,  &  Gen.  ii.  963. 

§  1.  Ovules  and  seeds  only  a  pair  in  each  cell,  on  a  short  partition  :  capsule 
divaricately  2-lobed ;  the  cells  transversely  oblong :  seeds  with  thickish  margins 
incurved  at  maturity :  acaulescent,  with  naked  scapes. 

S.  rotundifolia.  Rootstock  short  and  creeping,  bearing  a  tuft  of  cordate-orbicular  doubly 
crenate  or  crenate-lncised  leaves  (glabrous  or  slightly  hairy),  and  weak  scapes  hardly 
exceeding  the  petioles  (3  or  4  inches  long) :  pedicels  of  loose  short  raceme  longer  than  the 
bluish  flowers  (about  half  inch  long):  sepals  spatulate:  corolla  campanulate.  —  S.  reni- 
formis,  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  571,  chiefly,  not  Benth.  —  Oregon,  in  shady  coniferous  woods  of 
the  Columbia  and  Willamette,  Niittall,  E.  Hall;  and  probably  first  collected  in  woods  N.  E. 
of  Fort  Vancouver  by  Gairdner. 

Var.  cordata,  a  form  with  smaller  and  thicker  almost  simply  crenate  leaves  of  cord- 
ate outline.  —  5.  reniformis,  var.  cordata,  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Gravelly  hillsides,  Mendocino  Co., 
California,  Kellogg  &,  Harford. 

§  2.  Ovules  and  usually  seeds  several  or  numerous  in  each  cell :  capsule  merely 
emarginate  :  seeds  plane  or  meniscoidal,  thin-edged. 

*  Flowers  racemose  rather  than  spicate ;  leaves  of  the  preceding  section :  capsule  orbiculate,  much 
compressed,  acute-edged. 

S.  reniforrais,  Benth.  I.  c.  A  span  or  so  high :  leaves  orbicular-reniform,  crenate  and 
crenately  somewhat  incised,  an  inch  or  two  in  diameter:  surpassed  by  the  somewhat 
bracteate  slender  scape  :  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  bluish  flowers :  capsule  trun- 
cate-eraarginate.  —  H^!(//en/a  reniformis,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  102,  t.  71.  (Fig.  3  repre- 
sents the  capsule  much  too  long  and  too  turgid.)  —  Oregon  and  Washington  Terr.  "Grand 
Rapids  of  the  Columbia  and  Blue  Mountains,"  Douglas. 

Var.  major,  Hook.  Leaves  of  thicker  texture  and  with  multilobulate  margin,  the 
lobelets  crenate :  raceme  spiciform  :  capsule  strongly  emarginate.  —  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  v.  257. 
—  Idaho.  Fertile  northerly  slopes  of  snowy  mountains,  highlands  of  Nez  Percez,  Geyer,  in 
fruit.     Porphyry  Peak,  Prof.  Marcy,  in  flower. 

*  *  Flowers  in  a  dense  spike  terminating  a  stouter  and  more  or  less  bracteate  or  leafy  scape  or 
stem  :  rootstock  or  caudex  short,  thickish,  not  creeping:  capsule  turgid,  from  short-oval  to  ellip- 
tical, slightl\'  emarginate  or  retuse. 

-t—  Leaves  laciniately  cleft  or  divided,  all  radical :  corolla  cylindraceous,  considerably  longer  than 
the  calyx,  4-cieft,  to  the  middle. 
S.  pinnatiflda,  "Watson.  Tomentulose-pubescent  and  glabrate:  leaves  slender-peti- 
oled,  from  round-reniform  to  oblong  in  circumscription,  from  palmately  to  pinnately  3-7- 
parted  or  below  divided,  and  the  divisions  again  laciniately  cleft  or  parted :  scape  spar- 
ingly bracteate,  a  span  high :  spike  narrow  :   flowers  subsessile :   corolla  whitish.  —  Bot. 


286  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Synthyris. 

King,  227,  t.  22,  wrongly  depicted  with  2  styles !  —  Utah,  in  Wahsatch  Mountains  at  9,000 
feet,  Watson.     S.  Idaho,  on  mountains  near  Virginia  City,  Hayden. 

Var.  laciniata.     Leaves  all  of  roundish  or  reniform  outline,  and  laciniately  many- 
cleft  to  the  middle  or  less.  —  Fish-Lake  Mountain,  Utah,  11,700  feet,  L.  F.  Ward. 
•)—  -H-  Leaves  undivided,  merely  crenate  or  crenulate :  scape  or  stem  leafy-bracteate. 
++  Corolla  mostly  2-parted,  rarely  3-parted,  and  stamens  inserted  on  its  very  base. 

S.  alpina,  Gray.  A  span  or  only  an  inch  or  two  high,  early  glabrate  except  the  very 
lanuginous  inflorescence :  radical  leaves  oval  or  subcordate,  an  inch  or  so  long  on  a  longer 
petiole :  base  of  stem  or  scape  naked :  spike  very  dense,  oblong  or  cylindraceous :  bracts 
and  lanceolate  sepals  very  long-woolly-villous  at  margins :  corolla  violet-purple,  very 
unequal ;  its  broad  upper  lip  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  2-3-parted  lower  one 
small  and  included. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiv.  251.  —  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains  in 
the  alpine  region,  first  collected  by  Parry. 

S.  plantaginea,  Benth.  A  foot  or  less  high,  rather  stout ;  tomentulose-pubescent  when 
young,  tardily  glabrate :  radical  leaves  oblong,  rarely  cordate,  usually  obtuse  at  base, 
pale  or  dull,  2  to  4  inches  long :  scape  very  leafy-bracteate  :  dense  spike  3  to  5  inches  long : 
bracts  and  ovate  sepals  glabrate  and  villous-ciliate :  corolla  purplish;  its  upper  lip  little 
exceeding  the  calyx,  twice  the  length  of  the  2-3-lobed  lower  one.  —  Prodr.  1.  c. ;  Gray, 
1.  c.  —  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  in  subalpine  woods,  first  collected 
in  Long's  expedition,  by  James. 

S.  Houghtoniana,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  high,  pubescent :  radical  leaves  cordate  or 
ovate,  2  or  3  inches  long :  scape  or  stem  strict,  very  leafy-bracteate :  spike  4  to  8  inches 
long,  dense,  or  at  base  open :  bracts  and  oblong-lanceolate  sepals  soft-pubescent :  corolla 
greenish  or  dull  yellowish,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  variously  2-4-parted ;  the  divisions 
almost  equal  in  length.  —  Gray,  Man.  ed.  6,  331.  —  Oak-barrens  and  prairies,  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin  to  W.  Illinois.  Rarely  with  3-celIed  ovary,  or  5-merous  calyx,  or  4  stamens, 
the  additional  pair  later. 

++  -H-  Corolla  wanting:  stamens  inserted  on  the  outside  of  the  hj'pogj'nous  disk. 

S.  rubra,  Benth.  1-  c.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  rather  stout,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent, and  the  spike  (2  to  5  inches  long)  tomentose :  radical  leaves  ovate  or  obscurely 
cordate  (1  to  3  inches  long),  thickish ;  the  cauHne  similar,  but  small  and  sessile:  sepals 
oblong:  capsule  turgid.  —  Gymnandra  rubra,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  103,  t.  172. — Along 
streams,  interior  of  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Montana,  and  N.  Utah.  Name  inappropri- 
ate :  perhaps  the  stamens  are  reddish. 

25.  VERONICA,  L.  Speedwell,  Brooklime.  (Flower  of  St.  Vero- 
nica ?)  —  Herbs  in  all  the  northern  temperate  regions,  &c.  (in  Australia  and  New- 
Zealand,  in  a  peculiar  section,  shrubby  or  even  arborescent,  and  with  a  turgid 
septicidal  capsule),  of  various  habit;  the  leaves  opposite  or  verticillate,  or  some- 
times the  upper  alternate,  as  are  the  bracts.  Flowers  small,  racemose,  spicate,  or 
solitary  in  the  axils,  never  yellow ;  in  spring  or  summer. 

§  1.  LeptXndra,  Benth.  in  DC.  Corolla  salverform;  the  tube  longer  than 
the  lobes :  stamens  and  style  much  exserted,  the  former  inserted  low  on  the  tube : 
capsule  ovate,  turgid,  hardly  at  all  compressed,  not  at  all  emarginate,  dehiscent  at 
apex  by  all  four  sutures,  at  length  more  loculicidal :  seeds  numerous,  oval  and 
terete,  with  minutely  reticulated  coat:  tall  perennials:  leaves  mostly  verticillate: 
flowers  in  dense  terminal  and  also  upper  axillary  spikes,  miinutely  bracteate.  — 
Leptandra,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  7.     Eustachya  &  Callistachya,  Raf. 

Leptandra  angustifolia,  Lehm.  Del.  Sem.  Harab.  1839  ( Veronica  angustifolia,  Steud.), 
mistakenly  said  to  have  been  raised  from  New  Orleans  seed,  is  V.  tuUJlora,  Fischer  &  Meyer, 
of  E.  Siberia. 
V.  Virginica,  L.     (Culver's  Physic.)     Nearly  glabrous,  or  foliage  pubescent:  simple 

stems  2  to  6  feet  high  :  leaves  in  whorls  of  3  to  9,  lanceolate  and  slender-acuminate,  some- 


Veronica.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  287 

times  oblong,  very  closely  and  sharply  serrate,  3  to  5  inches  long :  terminal  spike  6  to  10 
inches  long,  with  commonly  several  shorter  ones  from  upper  axils :  corolla  white,  some- 
times bluish.  —  Spec.  i.  9  (Pluk.  Aim.  t.  70,  fig.  2)  ;  Hoffm.  Comm.  Gaett.  xv.  t.  1 ;  Thunb. 
Fl.  Jap.  20  ;  Michx.  Fl.  i.  5.  Eustacliya  alba  &  purpurea,  &  Callistachya  Virginica,  &c.,  Raf. 
Leptandra  Virginica,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Z.  purpurea,  Raf.  Med.  Bot.  t.  59.  Veronica  Sibirica,  L. 
Spec.  ed.  2,  i.  12.  V.  Japonica,  Steud. ;  Miq.  Prol.  Jap.  50.  —  Moist  woods  and  banks, 
from  Canada  and  Winipeg  Valley  to  Alabama  and  Missouri:  fl.  summer.  (Japan  and 
E.  Siberia.) 

§  2.  Veronica  proper.  Corolla  rotate  with  very  short  tube  :  stamens  at  the 
upper  sinuses :  capsule  from  emarginate  to  obcordate-2-lobed :  seeds  more  or  less 
compressed  anteriorly  and  posteriorly,  or  plano-convex,  or  the  inner  face  hollowed  : 
low  herbs. 

*   Perennials,  stoloniferous  or  creeping  at  base :  racemes  in  the  axils  of  the  opposite  leaves. 
-J—  Capsules  manv-seeded,  turgid,  orbicular  and  mainly  emarginate :  seeds  merely  compressed  or 
plano-convex  :  lower  part  of  stems  rooting  in  shallow  water :  racemes  commonly  from  opposite 
axils,  loose  and  elongated :  pedicels  slender,  widely  spreading :  corolla  pale  blue,  often  purple- 
striped. 

V.  Anagallis,  L.  Glabrous,  or  inflorescence  glandular-puberulent :  leaves  sessile  by 
broadish  somewhat  clasping  base,  and  tapering  gradually  to  the  apex,  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire  or  obscurely  serrate. -— Fl.  Dan.  t.  903;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  781.  —  Canada  to  lUuiois,  New 
Mexico,  and  Brit.  Columbia.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

V.  Americana,  Schwein.  Glabrous :  leaves  aU  or  mostly  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong, 
truncate-subcordate  at  base,  usually  obtuse  :  pedicels  more  slender.  —  Herb.  Hook. ;  Benth. 
in  DC.  1.  c.  V.  intermedia,  Schwein.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  viii.  268,  name  only.  V.  Beccabunga 
of  older  Am.  authors.  V.  Anagallis,  Bong.  Veg.  Sitk.,  &c.  —  Canada  and  N.  Atlantic  States 
to  New  Mexico,  California,  and  Alaska. 

->—  -f—  Capsule   several-seeded,   strongly  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition :    seeds  very  flat : 
racemes  or  spikes  from  alternate  or  sometimes  from  opposite  axils:  corolla  mostly  pale  blue. 

V.  soutellata,  L.  Glabrous :  stem  slender,  ascending  from  a  stoloniferous  base,  a  span 
or  two  high :  leaves  sessile,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  denticulate  (2  or  3 
inches  long):  racemes  several,  filiform,  flexuous:  flowers  scattered  on  filiform  elongated 
and  widely  spreading  pedicels :  capsule  biscutelliform,  being  deeply  emarginate  at  apex 
and  slightly  at  base.  — Fl.  Dan.  t.  209;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  782;  Michx.  1.  c  — Swamps,  Hud- 
son's Bay  and  N.  Atlantic  States  to  British  Columbia  and  N.  California.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

V.  Cham-^drys,  L.  Stem  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  pubescent,  at  least  in  two  lines  : 
leaves  ovate  or  cordate,  incisely  crenate,  subsessile :  racemes  loosely-flowered :  pedicels 
little  longer  than  calyx :  blue  corolla  rather  large:  capsule  triangular-obcordate. — Engl. 
Bot.  t.  073.  —  Sparingly  introduced  into  Canada,  New  York,  and  Penn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

V.  officinalis,  L.  Soft-pubescent  throughout :  stems  creeping  and  procumbent :  leaves 
short-petioled  or  subsessile,  obovate-oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  pale  (an  inch  long)  : 
spikes  few,  alternate  or  solitary,  rarely  from  opposite  axils,  densely  many-flowered :  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  calyx :  capsule  obovate-triangular  or  cuneate,  with  a  broad  and  shallow 
notch  at  the  apex.  — Fl.  Dan.  t.  248;  Lam.  111.  t.  13;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  765;  Michx.  1.  c  — 
Dry  hills  and  open  woods.  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  south  to  the  mountains  of  N. 
Carolina  and  Tennessee.     (Eu.,  N.  W.  Asia.) 

v.  Kamtchatica,  L.  f .  Villous  with  somewhat  viscid  hairs :  stems  ascending,  1  to  3 
inches  long,  bearing  3  to  5  pairs  of  leaves  separated  by  short  internodes :  leaves  6  to  18 
lines  long,  broadly  oval,  obscurely  serrate,  contracted  into  a  short  petiole-like  base :  pedun- 
cles 1  to  3,  erect,  surpassing  the  leaves,  somewhat  corymbosely  3-8-flowered :  pedicels 
about  the  length  of  calyx  and  bracts:  corolla  half  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  perhaps 
bright  blue.  — Suppl.  83.  V.  grandiflora,  of  Gfertn.  in  Comra.  Act.  Petrop.  xiv.  t.  18,  not 
of  Don,  &c.  V.  aphjlla,  var.  (Willd.  Spec.  i.  60;  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  in  Linn.  ii.  556)  gran- 
diflora,^mi\\.  in  DCi.  Prodr.  x.  476;  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iii.  245.  —  Kiska,  one  of  the  Aleutian 
Islands,  Doll.     (Kamtschatka  and  adjacent  islands.) 

*   *   Low  perennials,  with  ascending  or  erect  flowering  stems  terminated  by  a  single  raceme : 
cauline  leaves  above  passing  into  bracts  :  seeds  numerous,  much  compressed  or  somewhat  menis- 
coidal.     (Specimens  disposed  to  turn  dark  in  drying.) 
V.  fruticul6sa,  L.,  of  Europe,  is  in  Greenland,  beyond  our  limits. 


288  '  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Veronica. 

■+-  Capsule  ovate,  elliptical,  or  oblong,  merely  emarginate :  stems  erect  from  a  slender  creeping 
rootstock  :  leaves  all  sessile  or  nearly  so :  corolla  blue  or  violet. 
V.  Cusickii.  A  palm  high,  glabrous  or  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  (half  to 
three  fourths  inch  long) ;  the  pairs  crowded  up  to  the  naked  peduncle  of  the  3-9-flowered 
raceme :  pedicels  slender,  often  as  long  as  the  flower  and  longer  than  the  oblong-linear 
bracts :  corolla  4  or  5  lines  in  diameter,  with  ample  rounded  lobes :  these  surpassed  by  the 
filiform  filaments  and  style;  the  latter  thrice  the  length  of  the  deflorate  calyx.  —Alpine 
region  of  the  Blue  Mountains,  W.  Oregon,  W.  C.  Cusick,  a  form  with  glabrous  thickish 
leaves.  Scott  Mountains  in  N.  California,  at  8,000  feet,  E.  L.  Greene,  form  with  narrower 
and  hirsute-pubescent  leaves,  rarely  with  a  denticulation  or  two.  Nearly  related  to  V. 
macrostemon  of  Bunge. 
V.  Stelleri,  Pall.  A  palm  high,  liirsute,  leafy  up  to  the  sessile  corymbose  raceme  : 
leaves  ovate,  copiously  crenate-serrate  (three  fourths  inch  long) :  pedicels  slender,  longer 
than  the  flowers  :  corolla  as  in  the  foregoing :  stamens  barely  equalling  its  lobes  :  slender 
style  not  surpassing  the  calyx:  "capsule  ovate,  hardly  emarginate."  —  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst. 
Mant.  i.  102;  Cham,  in  Linn.  ii.  557;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  481.  — Unalaska  and  other 
Aleutian  Islands.  (Kamtschatka  and  Curile  Islands.) 
V.  alpina,  L.  A  span  or  rarely  a  foot  high,  hirsute-pubescent  or  glabrate :  leaves  mostly 
shorter  than  the  internodes  of  the  simple  stem,  ovate  to  oblong,  crenulate-serrate  or  entire 
(half  to  full  inch  long) :  raceme  spiciform  or  subcapitate,  dense,  or  interrupted  below : 
pedicels  erect,  shorter  than  the  calyx  (at  least  in  flower),  much  shorter  than  the  bracts: 
corolla  will)  comparatively  small  limb,  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter,  surpassing  the  stamens  and 
short  style:  capsule  elliptical-obovate,  emarginate.  —  Fl  Lapp.  7,  t.  9,  fig.  4;  Spec.  i.  11; 
Fl.  Dan.  t.  16 ;  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iii.  248.  F.  Wormskioldii,  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst. 
i.  101  (villous  inflorescence) ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2975  (as  var.  of  alpina),  the  larger-leaved 
and  villous-pubescent  form,  commonest  in  N.  America.  V.  nutans.  Bong.  Veg.  Sitk.  39.  — 
Alpine  regions,  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  Rocky  Mountains  and  Sierra  Nevada 
for  nearly  their  whole  length,  and  north  to  Labrador,  subarctic  regions,  and  Aleutian 
Islands.     (Eu.,  Asia,  Greenland.) 

-4-  -J-  Capsule  oblate! V  orbicular  and  obcordate  :  lower  leaves  short-petioled ;  upper  sessile:  corolla 
usually  ))luish  or  pale  with  blue  stripes. 
V.  serpyllifolia,  L.     Glabrous  or  puberulent :  stems   creeping  and  branching  at  base, 
with  flowering  summit  ascending  3  to  9  inches  high :  leaves  oval  or  roundish,  entire  or 
crenulate  (half  inch  or  less  long) ;  the  upper  passing  into  bracts  of  the  leafy  spiciform 
raceme:  pedicels  erect,   as  long  as  the  calyx.  — Fl.   Dan.  t.  492 ;  Engl.   Bot.  t.  1075.— 
Open  and  grassy  grounds.     Labrador  to  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  New  Mexico,  and 
across  the  continent  to  California  and  Aleutian  Islands.     (Eu.,  Asia,  S.  Am.) 
*   *    Low  annuals :  flowers  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  or  of  the  upper  more  or  less  reduced  and  com- 
monly alternate  leaves:  corolla  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx.     (All  but  the  first  naturalized 
from'the  Old  World  ) 
^-  ^-  Seeds  flat  or  flattish,  small  and  numerous :  flowers  very  short-pedicelled,  appearing  some- 
what spicate,  the  floral  leaves  being  reduced  or  unlike  the  others. 
V   peregrina,  L.     (Neckweed.)     Glabrous,  or  above  minutely  pubescent  or  glandular : 
stem  and  branches  erect,  a  span  or  two  high  :  leaves  thickish ;  lowest  petioled  and  oblong 
or  oval,  dentate;  the  others  sessile,  from  oblong  to  linear-spatulate,  mostly  alternate; 
uppermost  more  bractlike  and  entire:  capsule  orbicular  and  slightly  obcordate. —F.  Mari- 
landica,  Murr.  Comm.  Goett.  1782,  11,  t.  3,  not  L.     F.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Car.  61.     V.  Xala- 
pensis,  HBK.  — Low  grounds,  and  a  weed  in  damp  cultivated  soil,  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada  to  Brit.  Columbia.     (S.  Am.,  and  now  almost  cosmopolite.) 
V.  ARVENSis,  L.     Pubescent,  a  span  or  two  high,  soon  spreading:  lower  leaves  ovate,  cre- 
nate,  short-petioled:  floral  sessile,  lanceolate,  entire:   capsule  broadly  obcordate.  — Cult, 
and  waste  ground,  Atlantic  States  to  Texas :  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
-I-  -K-  Seeds  fewer,  cyathiform,  much  hollowed  on  the  ventral  face  (§  Omphalospora,  Bess.):  pros- 
trate or  spreadinsi  annuals :  flowers  on  slender  at  length  recurving  pedicels  from  the  axils  of 
ordinary  and  petioled  leaves. 
V.  AGRESTis,  L.     Pubescent:  leaves  from  round-ovate  or  subcordate  to  oblong,  crenate-ser- 
rate, about  equalling  the  pedicels:  sepals  oblong,  surpassing  the  small  corolla:  ovules 
numerous :  capsule  orbicular  with  a  deep  and  narrow  emargination,  maturing  few  or  soli- 
tary seeds.  —  Sandy  fields,  New  Brunswick  to  Louisiana  :  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


Seymeria.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  289 

V.  BuxBAtJMii,  Tenore.  More  pubescent :  leaves  mainly  roundish,  crenate-dentate,  shorter 
than  the  filiform  pedicels:  corolla  larger,  nearly  half  inch  in  diameter,  blue:  sepals 
divaricate  in  fruit,  ovate-lanceolate :  capsule  broadly  obcordate-triangular,  with  a  widely 
open  emargination,  ripening  several  or  rather  numerous  seeds.  —  Waste  grounds,  rare  in 
Atlantic  States.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
V.  HEDER.Er6LiA,  L.  Hairy :  leaves  roundish,  often  subcordate  (half  inch  long),  somewhat 
3-6-labed,  commonly  shorter  than  the  pedicels:  sepals  triangular-subcordate,  acute,  at 
length  erect :  corolla  small :  capsule  turgid,  2-lobed,  4-ovuled,  2-4-seeded.  —  Moist  banks, 
New  Jersey,  Penn.,  &c. :  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

V.  MarilAndica,  L.  Spec.  i.  14  (PI.  Gronov.  Fl.  Virg.)  is  Polypremum  procumbens. 
V.  CaroliniAna,  Poir,  Diet.  viii.  520,  appears  to  be  Mitreola  petiolata. 
V.  RENiFORMis,  Raf.  in  Med.  Rep.  &  Jour.  Bot.  i.  228,  is  not  made  out :  perhaps  V.  kede- 
rcEfoHa,  but  its  flowers  are  not  "  subsessile,"  nor  are  they  said  to  be  so  in  the  original  char- 
acter in  Med.  Repository. 

V.  PuRSHii,  Don,  Syst.  iv.  573  (F.  remformis,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  10),  collected  by  Lewis  and 
Clark  "  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri,"  is  not  identified,  although  described  in  detail ;  probably 
not  of  this  genus. 

26.  BtrCHNERA,  L.  (/.  G.  Buchner,  an  early  German  botanist.)  —  Erect 
perennials  or  biennials  (of  both  worlds),  drying  blackish,  scabrous;  with  un- 
divided leaves,  the  lower  opposite,  and  the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  subulate 
bracts  of  a  terminal  spike;  the  flowers  white,  bluish  or  rose-purple,  produced  in 
summer. 

B.  Americana,  L.  Rough-hispid :  stem  strict,  2  feet  high :  lowest  leaves  obovate  or 
oblong,  obtuse ;  the  others  from  ovate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  coarsely  and  sparsely 
dentate,  somewhat  veiny,  sessile  :  spike  short,  rather  dense,  or  interrupted :  calyx  not  half 
the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  purple  (inch  long)  corolla :  lobes  of  the  latter  cuneate-ob- 
ovate,  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Spec.  ii.  360  ;  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  18 ;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  498.  —  Moist 
sandy  or  gravelly  ground,  "Western  New  York  and  Wisconsin  to  Virginia,  Arkansas,  and 
Louisiana. 

B.  elongata,  Swartz.  Scabrous,  but  seldom  hispid,  slender,  a  foot  or  more  high,  long- 
naked  above :  radical  leaves  obovate ;  lower  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obscurely  or  rarely  den- 
tate; upper  .linear :  spike  slender,  often  few-flowered:  tube  of  purple  ("blue  or  wliite  ") 
corolla  not  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  its  rounded  lobes  not  over  2  lines  long.  —  Fl. 
Ind.  Occ.  ii.  1061 ;  Benth.  1.  c.  —  Pine  barrens,  S.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas.  ( W.  Ind., 
S.  Am.) 

27.  SEYMERIA,  Pursh.  {Henry  Seymer,  an  English  amateur-naturalist.) 
—  Erect  and  mostly  branching  herbs  (mainly  of  Atlantic  States  and  Mexico,  one 
in  Madagascar  !)  ;  annuals  or  some  perennials ;  with  copious  and  mostly  opposite 
incised  or  dissected  leaves,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts  of  the  somewhat  race- 
mose or  spicate  and  comparatively  small  yellow  flowers,  produced  in  late  summer. 

§  1.  Style  filiform  and  long:  stigma  simple  or  slightly  capitate:  corolla  gla- 
brous within,  except  a  line  at  the  insertion  of  the  stamens  :  anthers  dehiscent 
from  thQ  apex  and  tardily  to  near  the  base :  leaves  small :  stems  paniculately 
much  branched. 

*  Leaves  filiformly  dissected:  corolla  very  deeply  cleft;  the  lobes  oblong. 
S.  tenuifolia,  Pursh.  Glabrous,  or  the  branches  puberulent,  very  slender,  2  to  4  feet 
high:  leaves  (half  inch  long)  copiously  1-2-pinnately  parted:  pedicels  filiform:  corolla 
about  3  and  capsule  2  lines  long :  calyx-lobes  setaceous :  filaments  minutely  woolly  at 
base:  anther-cells  acutish. — Fl.  ii.  737;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  511.  Anonymos cassioides, 
Walt.  Afzelia  cassioides,  Gmel.  Syst.  927.  Gernrdia  Afzelia,  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  20.  —  Low  pine 
.barrens,  N.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

*  *  Leaves  or  their  divisions  linear  or  broader:  corolla-lobes  obovate  or  oval,  about  the  length  of 
the  tube  and  throat :  pedicels  short. 

19 


290  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Seymena. 

■t—  Capsule  ovate  and  gradually  acuminate,  4  or  5  lines  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  anthers  sagit- 
tate, the  cells  very  acute. 

S.  SCabra,  Gray.      Hispidulous-scabrous,  not  glandular,  slender,   2  feet  high  :   leaves 
sparingly  pinnately  parted  into  few  narrow  linear  divisions,  or  the  upper  few-lobed  or 
entire  :  calyx-lobes  subulate-linear :  corolla  glabrous.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  118.  —  Mountains 
near  Rio  Limpio,  S.  W.  Texas,  Wright. 
^_  ^__  Capsule  broadly  ovate  and  merely  acute,  2  lines  long,  glandular-hairy :  anthers  very  obtuse. 

S.  pectinata,  Pursh,  1.  c.  Minutely  viscid-pubescent  or  glabrate,  about  a  foot  high, 
slender :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  rather  few  short-  or  oblong-linear  divisions,  or  the 
upper  incisely  few-toothed  or  entire :  calyx-lobes  linear :  corolla  hairy  outside,  especially 
in  the  bud.  —  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  122 ;  Chapm.  Fl.  297.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  N.  Carolina  to  Florida  and 
Alabama,  and  perhaps  to  Texas. 

S.  bipinnatisecta,  Seem.  Very  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
stouter:  leaves  rather  copiously  1-3-pinnately  parted;  the  divisions  from  linear  to  oblong, 
small,  often  incisely  toothed ;  even  the  bracts  and  sometimes  the  oblong-linear  calyx-lobes 
lobed  or  incised:  corolla  somewhat  glandular-pubescent  outside.  —  Bot.  Herald,  323,  t.  69 ; 
Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  117,  as  var.  Texana,  with  short  pedicels,  &c. ;  but  early  flowers 
more  slender-pedicelled.  —  W.  and  S.  Texas,  Lindheimer,  Wright,  Bigelow,  &c.     (N.  Mex.) 

§  2.  Style  short,  with   enlarged    and   compressed  tip  :  corolla  densely  woolly 
within  above  the  insertion  of  the  very  woolly  filaments :  anthers  oblong,  freely 
dehiscent  to  base  :  leaves  ample.  —  §  Brachygne,  Benth. 
S.  macroph^lla,  Nutt.     Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrate ;  stems  rather  simple,  4  or 

5  feet  high  :  lower  leaves  pinnately  parted,  and  the  divisions  lanceolate  and  incisely  toothed 
or  pinnatifid ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  mostly  entire :  flowers  very  short-pedi- 
celled  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  and  bracts  :  calyx-lobes  from  oval  to  lanceolate, 
about  the  length  of  the  tube :  corolla  barely  half  inch  long ;  the  ovate  lobes  not  longer 
than  the  tube :  capsule  globose-ovate,  with  a  flat  mucronate  point.  —  Gen.  ii.  49 ;  Benth. 
in  DC.  1.  c.  Gerardia  macrophylla,  Benth.  in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  205.  —  River  banks  and 
copses,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  Arkansas,  and  Texas. 

28.  MACRANTH^IRA,  Torr.  {Ma^tgog,  long,  and  dvdriQog,  used  for 
anther,  but  it  is  here  the  filaments  which  are  long.)  —  Genus  of  a  single  species, 
most  related  to  Esterhazya  of  Brazil.     Fl.  autumn. 

M.  fuchsioides,  Torr.  Tall  biennial,  minutely  puberulent  or  glabrate,  3  to  5  feet  high, 
with  some  strict  virgate  branches  :  leaves  all  opposite,  short-petioled,  from  entire  to  pin- 
natifid or  pinnately  parted  (the  larger  4  to  8  inches  long)  ;  uppermost  reduced  to  linear  or 
lanceolate  bracts  of  the  elongated  virgate  raceme :  pedicels  (near  an  inch  long)  divaricate 
or  decurved  with  incurved  apex,  so  that  the  flowers  are  erect :  tube  of  the  calyx  very 
short  and  broad ;  tlie  divisions  distant,  narrowly  linear  or  somewhat  spatulate,  often  pin- 
natifid-incised,  rather  shorter  than  the  minutely  puberulent  orange-colored  corolla :  tube  of 
tiie  latter  cylindrical,  half  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  slightly  curved  at  summit ;  the  lobes 
ovate,  about  2  lines  long:  filaments  with  short  and  lax  glandular  beard:  anthers  less 
bearded  or  glabrate;  the  linear  cells  mucronate-pointed  at  base.  —  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  203, 

6  Ann.  Lycl  N.  Y.  iv.  81 ;  Benth.  I.  c,  &  DC.  Prodr.  x.  513;  Chapm.  Fl.  297.  Conradia 
fuchsioides,  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  88,  t.  11,  12.  Dasystoma  tuhulosa,  Bertol.  Misc.  13, 
t.  3.  —  Pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Florida  (not  "  Louisiana  "),  Dr.  Gates,  &c. 

Var.  Lecontei,  Chapm.  I.  c.  Calyx  smaller,  with  subulate  wholly  entire  lobes 
usually  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  but  passing  into  the  preceding  form. — 
M.  Lecontei,  Torr.  I.  c.  83,  t.  4.  — Lower  Georgia,  LeConte.     Middle  Florida,  Chapman. 

29.  G-ERARDIA,  L.  (Jo?in  Gerarde,  the  English  herbalist  of  the  16th 
century.)  —  Annual  or  perennial  erect  and  branching  herbs  (all  American  and 
mostly  of  Atlantic  U.  S.)  ;  with  mainly  opposite  leaves,  the  uppermost  reduced  to 
bracts  of  the  racemose  or  paniculate  showy  flowers.  Corolla  rose-purple  or  yel- 
low ;  the  former  color  rarely  varying  to  white.     Fl.  late  summer  and  autumn. 


Gerardia.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  291 

§  1.  Dasystoma,  Gray,  Man.  Corolla  more  or  less  funnelform,  yellow;  the 
proper  tube  within,  as  also  anthers  and  filaments,  pubescent  or  villous-woolly : 
anthers  all  alike,  hardly  included ;  the  cells  aristate  at  base :  rather  tall  and  large- 
flowered  perennials  or  biennials;  with  calyx-lobes  sometimes  foliaceous  and 
incised,  and  comparatively  broad  leaves  often  incised  or  pinnatifid.  (For  root- 
parasitism,  see  Gray,  Struct.  Bot.  1. 145.)  —Dasystoma,  Raf.  in  Jour.  Phys.  Ixxxix. 
99  ;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  520. 

*   Pubescence  partly  glandular  and  viscid,  especially  on  the  slender  pedicels  and  calyx;  corolla 
pubescent  outside :  root  biennial  or  annual. 

G.  pedicularia,  L.  Paniculately  much  branched,  2  or  3  feet  high,  soft-pubescent  or  villous 
and  viscid,  or  the  foliage  hardly  so :  leaves  mostly  sessile,  an  inch  or  two  long,  oblong-  or 
ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  all  pinnatifid  ;  the  divisions  crowded  and  incisely  pinnatifid  or 
toothed  :  pedicels  4  to  12  lines  long :  calyx-lobes  foliaceous,  from  linear  to  oblong,  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  tube,  often  denticulate  or  incisely  serrate  :  corolla  from  1  to  1^  inches 
long.  — Spec.  ii.  611;  Lam.  Diet.  ii.  529;  Ell.  Sk.  ii  121.  Dasystoma pedicularia,^QXvih..  in. 
DC.  1.  c.  —  Canada  and  west  to  the  Mississippi,  south  to  Florida. 

Var.  pectinata,  Nutt.  A  southern  more  villous  and  glandular  form,  with  rather 
narrower  leaves,  and  more  foliaceous  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer  than  its  tube.  —  Gen.  ii.  48. 
G.  pectinata,  Torr.  in  Benth.  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  206.  Dasystoma  pectinata,  Benth.  in  DC. 
1.  c;  Chapm.  Fl.  298.  — N.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Arkansas. 

*   *  No  glandular  pubescence :  corolla  glabrous  outside :  root  perennial. 

G.  grandiflora,  Benth.  Densely  cinereous-puberulent :  stem  much  branched,  2  or  3 
feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  somewhat  petioled,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  in  out- 
line, incisely  and  often  lyrately  pinnatifid,  or  the  lower  more  divided  and  the  upper  merely 
laciniate-dentate  (2  inches  long) ;  inflorescence  leafy :  pedicels  shorter  or  rarely  twice  longer 
than  the  turbinate  calyx-tube :  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed, 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  inch  and  a  half  long. —  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  I.e.; 
Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  385.  Dasystoma  Drummondii,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  —  Oak  openings,  &c.,  Wis- 
consin and  Iowa  to  Tennessee  and  Texas. 

Var.  integriuscula.  A  form  with  slender  branches,  bearing  either  sparsely  serrate 
or  entire  leaves  ;  or  the  lower  laciniate-pinnatifid.  —  G.  serrata,  Torr.,  Benth.  1.  c.  Dasy- 
stoma Drummondii,  var.  serrata,  Benth.  in  DC.  —  W.  Louisiana,  Hale. 

Gr,  flava,  L.  Densely  puberulent  and  somewhat  cinereous  :  stem  nearly  simple,  3  or  4  feet 
high  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  sparingly  sinuate-toothed 
or  pinnatifid  (2  to  4  inches  long):  pedicels  very  short:  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
entire,  about  the  length  of  the  tube :  corolla  inch  and  a  half  long,  much  dilated  upward.  — 
Spec.  ii.  610,  as  to  syn.  Gronov.  &  Pluk.,  not  herb. ;  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  19 ;  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  423 ; 
Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  47,  t.  74.  Dasystoma  pubescens,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c  — Open  woods,  Canada 
to  Wisconsin  and  Georgia. 

G.  quercif  olia,  Pursh.  Glabrous :  stem  at  first  glaucous,  3  to  6  feet  high,  simple  or 
commonly  branching :  lower  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  or  incised  (3  to  5  inches  long) 
and  the  lobes  acute ;  the  upper  often  entire  and  lanceolate,  acute :  pedicels  equalling  or 
shorter  than  the  calyx :  corolla  not  rarely  2  inches  long,  more  funnelform  and  narrower 
below  than  in  the  preceding. —Fl.  ii.  423,  t.  19.  G.  flava,  L.,  as  to  herb.  Rhinanthus  Vir- 
ginicus,  L.,  as  to  Syn.  Gronov.  G.  glauca,  Eddy,  Cat. ;  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  807.  Dasystoma 
quercifoUa,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  — Dry. woods,  from  New  England  and  W.  Canada  to  Llinois 
and  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

G.  laevigata,  Raf.  Glabrous  or  obscurely  puberulent,  not  glaucous  :  stem  slender,  a  foot 
or  two  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  (1^  to  4  inches  long) ;  all  the  upper  entire;  the  lower  often 
incised  or  irregularly  pinnatifid :  pedicels  and  lobes  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  its  tube : 
corolla  much  dilated  above  the  short  tube,  an  inch  long  and  the  limb  fully  as  broad.  — 
Ann.  Nat.  (1820),  13.  G.  integrifl}lia,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  307,  ed.  5,  335.  Dasystoma  querci- 
foUa, var.  1  integrifolia  (&  var.  intermedia  "i),  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  —  Oak  barrens,  &c.,  Penn.  to 
Illinois  and  the  mountains  of  Georgia. 

G.  patula,  Chapm.  Obscurely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  not  glaucous :  stem  weak  and 
slender,  loosely  branching  above,  2  or  3  feet  long  :  leaves  as  of  the  preceding,  but  thinner  : 


292  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Gerardla. 

pedicels  filiform,  8  to  15  lines  in  length,  widely  spreading,  mostly  longer  than  the  bracts  or 
upper  floral  leaves:  calyx-lobes  about  twice  the  length  of  the  tube,  spreading:  corolla 
funnelform,  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long.  —  Chapm.  in  herb.  Dasystoma  patula,  Chapm.  in 
Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  10,  1878.  —  Upper  Georgia,  in  the  mountains,  on  the  banks  of  Horse-leg 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Coosa  River,  Floyd  Co.,  Chapman. 

§  2.  Otophylla,  Benth.  Corolla  short-funnelform  with  very  ampliate 
throat,  purple  (rarely  white),  naked  within,  as  also  the  filaments:  anthers  muti- 
cous,  glabrous  or  sparingly  villous  ;  those  of  the  shorter  stamens  smaller:  scabrous- 
hispid  or  hirsute  annuals  ;  with  sessile  entire  or  divided  leaves,  sessile  flowers, 
and  deeply  cleft  calyx.  —  Qtophylla,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c. 

G.  aiiricillata,  Michx.  A  foot  or  two  high,  branching  above :  leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  entire,  or  some  (at  least  the 
upper)  bearing  an  oblong  or  lanceolate  lobe  on  each  side  at  base :  corolla  seldom  an  inch 
long.  —  Fl.  ii.  20 ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  335.  Seymeria  auriculata,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  810.  Otophylla 
Michauxii,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  512.  — Prairies  and  low  grounds,  W.  Penn.  to  W.  North 
Carolina,  and  west  to  Wisconsin  and  Missouri. 

G.  densiflora,  Benth.  More  hispid  and  rough,  very  leafy :  leaves  rigid,  pinnately 
parted  into  3  to  7  narrowly  linear  acute  divisions ;  those  subtending  the  densely  spicate 
flowers  similar  and  much  crowded :  corolla  over  an  inch  long.  —  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  206. 
Otophylla  Drummondi,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  — Prairies,  Kansas  to  Texas. 

§  3.  EuGERARDiA,  Benth.     Corolla  from  short-funnelform  to  nearly  campanu- 
late,  purple  or  rose-color  (with  one  exception),  varying  occasionally  to  white  : 
calyx-teeth  or  lobes  short :  anthers  all  alike  ;  the  cells  either  muticous  or  mucro- 
nulate  at  base :  cauline  leaves  linear  or  narrower  and  entire,  rarely  reduced  to 
mere  scales;    the  radical  rarely  broader  and  sometimes  incised:    flowers    from 
middle-sized  to  small ;  the  corolla  externally  and  the  anthers  usually  more  or  less 
pubescent  or  hairy  :  herbage  glabrous  or  merely  hispidulous-scabrous. 
*   Root  perennial :  leaves  erect,  very  narrowly  linear,  acute :  pedicels  erect,  as  long  as  floral  leaves : 
calyx  truncate :  anther-crlls  mucronate-pointed  at  base. 
G.  Wrightii,  Gray.     Very  scabrous-puberulent :  stems  (a  foot  or  two  high)  and  virgate 
branches  strict :  leaves  nearly  filiform,  with  revolute  margins:  calyx-teeth  short  and  subu- 
late :  corolla  glabrous  within  (and  stamens  nearly  so),  three-fourths  inch  long,  light  yellow  ! 
—  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  118.  — Valleys  and  hillsides  along  the  Sonoita,  &c.,  Arizona,  Wright, 
Bigelow,  Rothrock. 
G.  linif olia,  Nutt.     Glabrous  and  smooth :  stems  2  or  3  feet  high,  sparingly  or  panicu- 
lately  branched :  leaves  flat,  thickish,  a  line  wide :  calyx-teeth  minute :  corolla  an  inch 
long,  minutely  pubescent  outside,  villous  within  and  lobes  ciliate :  anthers  and  filaments 
very  villous.  — Gen.  ii.  47 ;   Benth.  in  DC  1.  c.   (not  of  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.);  Chapm.  Fl, 
299.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Delaware  to  Florida.     (Cuba,  C.  Wright.) 

*  *  Root  annual:  stems  more  or  less  leafy:  herbage  blackish  in  drying  except  in  the  last. 
-J—  Pedicels  little  if  at  all  longer  than  the  calyx  and  capsule :  inflorescence  racemose  or  spiciform. 
++  Calyx -lobes  as  long  as  the  turbinate  tube,  and  the  sinuses  very  acute. 
G.  heteroph^lla,  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth,  a  foot  or  two  high,  paniculately  branched,  or 
the  branches  virgate :  leaves  rather  erect,  thickish  or  rigid ;  the  lowest  3-cleft  or  laciniate 
(according  to  Nuttall) ;  the  others  narrowly  linear,  mucronate-acute,  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gins ;  those  of  the  branchlets  short  and  somewhat  subulate :  pedicels  very  short,  alter- 
nate: calyx-lobes  subulately  attenuate  from  a  broad  base,  very  acute.  In  age  spreading: 
corolla  an  inch  or  less  long.  —  Trans.Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  180 ;  Benth.  Comp.  Bot.  Mag. 
i.  207,  &  Prodr.  1.  c.  517.  —  Prairies,  Arkansas  (Nuttall)  and  Texas. 

++  -H-  Calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  and  mostly  separated  by  broad  or  open  sinuses. 
G.  dspera,  Dougl.     Stem  and  branches  strict:  leaves  rather  erect,  strongly  hispidulous- 
scabrous,  all  filiform-linear:  pedicels  mostly  equalling  and  sometimes  moderately  exceed- 
ing the  calyx,  erect,  most  of  them  alternate  :  calyx-lobes  deltoid-subulate  or  triangular- 
lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  acute,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube  :  anthers  obscurely 


Gerardia.  SCROPHULARIACEiE.  293 

if  at  all  mucronulate  at  base  :  capsule  elliptical  in  outline,  4  lines  long  :  otherwise  nearly 
like  a  scabrous  form  of  the  next,  into  which  it  may  pass.  —  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Man. 
1.  c.  G.  longifolia,  Benth.  in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  208,  not  Nutt.  —  Plains  and  prairies,  from 
Saskatchewan  and  Dakota  to  W.  Arkansas,  and  east  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 
G.  purpurea,  L.  Commonly  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  virgate  rather  spreading  branches : 
leaves  usually  spreading,  narrowly  linear,  either  somewhat  scabrous  'or  smooth  with 
merely  scabrous  margins:  pedicels  shorter  than  calyx,  mainly  opposite:  teeth  of  the 
calyx  acute,  from  very  short  and  distant  to  half  the  length  of  the  broad  tube  (then  with 
broad  base  and  narrower  sinuses):  corolla  an  inch  or  les»  long:  anther-cells  cuspidate- 
mucronate  at  base :  capsule  globular,  2  or  3  Ihies  long.  —  Spec.  ii.  610,  in  part  (confounded 
with  G.  tenui/olia),  &  of  syn.  Pluk.,  &c. ;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  97.  G.  maritima,  var. 
major,  Chapm.  Fl.  300.  —  Low  and  moist  grounds,  Canada  to  Florida  and  Texas  near  the 
coast,  also  Great  Lakes  to  Illinois,  &c.  (Cuba.)  A  polymorphous  species,  of  which  the 
following  are  extreme  forms. 

Var.  fasciculata,  Chapm.  Usually  taller,  2  to  5  feet  high :  leaves  (and  mostly 
branches)  often  alternate  (and  the  cauline  fascicled  in  the  axils),  very  scabrous,  narrowly 
linear  or  nearly  filiform :  pedicels  in  great  part  alternate :  corolla  commonly  a  full  inch 
long.  —  Fl.  300.  G.  fasciculata,  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  115.  — S.  Carolina  to  Florida,  Texas,  and  Ar- 
kansas, usually  in  brackish  soil. 

Var.  paupercula.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  smoother :  stem  more  simple  or  with  stricter 
branches :  pedicels  mainly  opposite :  flowers  decidedly  smaller :  corolla  usually  only  half 
inch  long,  lighter  rose-purple :  calyx-teeth  deltoid-subulate  from  a  broad  base,  leaving  com- 
paratively narrower  sinuses,  sometimes  over  half  the  length  of  the  tube.  —  G.  purpurea, 
Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2048 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  204.  G.  intermedia,  Porter,  in  herb.,  a  name  to  be 
adopted  if  a  distinct  species.  —  Lower  Canada  to  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  from 
coast  of  New  England  to  Penn.,  N.  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  A  maritime  form  has  many 
spreading  branches. 
Gr.  maritima,  Raf.  A  span  or  two  high,  with  short  branches  from  below,  smooth: 
leaves  fleshy,  obtuse ;  the  floral  small :  flowers  accordingly  in  a  more  naked  simple 
.  raceme :  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  teeth  of  the  latter  broad,  short,  and  very 
obtuse:  corolla  glabrous,  half  inch,  or  in  a  Texan  form  (var.  grandijiora,  Benth.,  G.  spici- 
Jlora,  Engelm.  PI.  Lindh.  i.  19),  three-fourths  inch  long:  anther-cells  mucronulate  at  base: 
capsule  globular  or  ovoid,  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  N.  Y.  Med.  Rep.  ii.  361;  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  46; 
Benth.  1.  c.  G.  purpurea,  var.  crassifolia,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  422.  —  Salt  marshes  on  the  coast, 
Maine  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
+-  -^  Pedicels  from  once  to  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  always  much  shorter  than  the  corolla: 

inflorescence  or  ramification  paniculate;  some  flowers' appearing  terminal:  anthers  mucronulate 

at  base. 
G.  Plukenetii,  Ell.  Commonly  2  feet  high,  with  many  slender  spreading  branches: 
leaves  all  filiform,  smooth  or  barely  scabrous,  seldom  in  fascicles,  only  some  of  the  upper 
alternate  :  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long  and  alternate  in  upper  axils,  and  solitary  terminating 
leafy  filiform  branchlets :  calyx  truncate  and  with  very  short  subulate  teeth  :  corolla 
three-fourths  to  near  an  inch  long,  loosely  long-villous  in  throat,  as  are  the  filaments 
and  anthers.  —  Sk.  ii.  114.  Antirrhinum  purpureum,  &c.,  Pluk.  Aim.  34,  t.  12,  fig.  4,  poor. 
G.  linifolia,  Benth.  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  209,  not  Nutt.  G.  JUifoUa,  var.  Gatesii,  Benth.  in 
DC.  1.  c.  G.  setacea,  Chapm.  Fl.  300,  not  Walt.  1  nor  Ell.?  nor  Pursh,  nor  Nutt.,  &c.  — 
Sandy  or  wet  pine  barrens.  Middle  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Florida.  Larger  leaves  an  inch 
long. 

Var.  microphylla.  Slender:  cauline  leaves  setaceous,  half  inch  or  less  long, 
rather  few,  and  on  the  branchlets  reduced  to  minute  subulate  bracts  (mostly  less  than  a 
line  long)  :  corolla  half  to  two-thirds  inch  long.  —  G.  aphi/lla,  var.  grandijiora,  Benth. 
Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  I.  c.  —  Louisiana,  Drummond,  Hale.  Keys  of  Florida,  Blodgctt,  &c. 
Plukenet's  figure  (Aim.  t.  12,  fig.  4)  may  be  rightly  referred  here  ;  but  it  is  not  character- 
istic. 
-I—  H—  +-  Filiform  pedicels  about  equalling  or  commonlj'  exceeding  the  corolla  in  length  :  woolly 

anthers  cuspidate  or  almost  aristate  at  base. 

++  Leaves  all  but  the  lowest  cauline  alternate  and  copiously  fascicled  in  the  axils. 
G.  filif olia,  Nutt.     Smooth,  often  2  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  above,  very  leafy  up 
to  the  loose  paniculate-racemose  inflorescence :  leaves  numerous  in  the  fascicles,  filiform 


294  SCROPHULARIACEiE.  Gerardia. 

and  slightly  clavate,  rather  fleshy,  less  than  an  inch  long :  pedicels  mostly  from  an  inch 
to  half  inch  long :  calyx-teeth  short,  triangular-subulate :  corolla  an  inch  or  three-fourthg 
long.  — Gen.  ii.  48;  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  116;  Benth.  I.e.  (excl.  var.);  Chapm.  I.e.  — Low  pine 
barrens,  S.  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Florida. 

++   ++   All  or  most  of  the  cauline  (or  even  the  rameal)  leaves  opposite,  and  few  or  none  fascicled  in 
the  axils, 

=  Blackening  more  or  less  in  drying :  capsule  globular,  hardly  surpassing  the  calyx. 

G.  setacea,  Walt.  Mostly  scabrous,  at  least  the  setaceous-filiform  leaves,  and  loosely 
and  paniculately  much  branched :  inflorescence  more  or  less  paniculate :  pedicels  ascend- 
ing, from  half  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long:  calyx-teeth  subulate,  from  minute  to  a  fourth 
of  the  length  of  the  tube:  corolla  three-fourths  to  about  an  inch  long,  often  pubescent  out- 
side; the  margins  of  the  lobes  thickly  lanose-ciliate  :  anther-cells  short-aristate.  —  Car. 
170;  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  422,  excl.  hab. ;  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  47;  Ell.  1.  c;  not  Benth.,  nor  Chapm. 
G.  filifolia  &  tenuifolia,  var.  Jiliformis  [leptophylla  in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  209),  Benth.  1.  c.  in 
part.  G.  tenuifolia,  \ar.  Jiliformis,  Chapm.  Fl.  300.  — Pine  barrens,  &c..  South  Carolina  to 
Florida  and  Texas. 

Var.  longifolia  (  G.  hngifoUa,  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  180,  G.Jilifolia,\&T. 
longifolia,  Benth.  in  DC.  I.e.)  is  described  from  simple-stemmed  specimens, collected  on  the 
"  banks  of  the  Arkansas,"  Nuttall,  which  have  long  (but  not  "2  inch  ")  leaves,  setaceous- 
subulate  calyx-teeth  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube  (not  "nearly  its  length")  as  in 
some  Texan  specimens,  and  corolla  barely  three-fourths  inch  long. 

G.  tenuifolia,  Vahl.  Smooth  or  usually  so,  about  a  foot  high,  paniculately  much 
branched,  but  the  inflorescence  racemose  :  leaves  mostly  narrowly  linear  and  plane,  equal- 
ling the  lower  but  mostly  shorter  than  the  uppermost  (half  to  inch  long  and  commonly  spread- 
ing) pedicels  :  calyx-teeth  very  short :  corolla  about  half  inch  long,  nearly  glabrous  outside, 
except  the  minutely  ciliate  margins  of  its  nearly  equal  lobes:  anther-cells  cuspidate- 
mucronate  at  base.  — Symb.  iii.  79,  excl.  syn.  Pluk. ;  Pursh,  1.  c;  Nutt.  1.  c;  Bart.  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  iii.  t.  82.  G.  purpurea,  L.  in  part  (as  to  ped.  filiformibus,  &c.).  G.ereda,  Walt. 
1.  C.I  ;  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  20.  —  Low  or  dry  ground,  Canada  and  Minnesota  to  Georgia  and  Louis- 
iana. This  sometimes  has  very  narrow  leaves,  approaching  filiform :  it  varies  on  the  other 
hand  into 

Var.  macrophylla,  Benth.  Stouter:  larger  leaves  1^  to  2  inches  long  and 
almost  2  lines  wide,  scabrous:  pedicels  ascending:  calyx-teeth  usually  larger:  corolla 
little  over  half  inch  long.  — Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  209.  —  Western  Iowa  to  Colorado  and 
W.  Louisiana. 

G.  Strictiflora,  Benth.  Obscurely  scabrous,  excessively  paniculate-branched,  rigid,  a 
foot  or  more  high:  leaves  filiform-linear  passing  on  the  branches  into  subulate;  these 
erect  and  half  to  quarter  inch  long,  rigid,  shorter  than  the  erect  or  ascending  (half  to 
three-fourths  inch)  pedicels:  calyx-teeth  short  but  conspicuous,  subulate,  very  acute: 
corolla  half  inch  long  or  more:  anther-cells  aristulate  at  base.  — Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  & 
Prodr.  1.  c  —  Texas,  Drumviond,  &c. 

G.  divaricata,  Chapm.  Smoothish  throughout,  very  slender,  a  foot  or  so  high,  with 
numerous  lax  'and  long  branches  and  elongated  racemose  inflorescence :  leaves  filiform, 
widely  spreading ;  the  larger  over  half  inch  long ;  upper  gradually  reduced  to  small  seta- 
ceous bracts  :  pedicels  opposite,  divaricate,  capillary,  about  inch  long :  calyx-teeth  minute  : 
corolla  barely  half  inch  long;  the  "two  posterior  lobes  shorter,  truncate,  and  erect:" 
anther-cells  abruptly  aristulate  at  base.  — Fl.  299.  G.  Mettaueri,  Wood,  Class  Book,  1861. 
—  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  W.  &  S.  Florida,  Chapman,  &c. 
z=  =  Herbage  drying  green. 
G.  Skinneriana,  "Wood.  Somewhat  scabrous  :  stem  simple  or  paniculately  branched, 
strongly  striate,  a' span  to  18  inches  high,  slender:  leaves  mostly  filiform,  ascending;  the 
larger  an  inch  long ;  those  of  the  branches  much  smaller,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  small 
bracts:  pedicels  racemose-paniculate,  ascending,  4  to  8  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  mostly 
minute  :  corolla  a  third  to  half  inch  long,  glabrous  outside,  delicately  ciliate,  usually  rose- 
color.— Class  Book,  1847,  excl.  syn.  G.  setacea,  Benth.  in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  &  DC.  1.  c. ; 
Gray,  Man.,  &c.,  not  of  Walt.,  nor  of  Chapm.  G.  parvifolia,  Chapm.  Fl.  (1860)  200.  —  Sandy 
low  ground,  coast  of  Massachusetts  (  W.  E.  Davenport,  Mrs.  Piper,  but  rare  north-east- 
ward), and  Penn.  to  Iowa,  and  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 


Castilleia.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  295 

*   *   *   Root  annual:  stems  leafless:  cauline  leaves  represented  by  minute  subulate  scales. 

G.  filicaulis,  Chapm.  1.  c.  Smooth,  glaucescent,  apparently  leafless:  stem  about  a 
foot  long,  filiform  and  weak,  diffusely  much  branched ;  the  elongated  paniculate  brannh- 
lets  terminated  by  a  flower  or  bearing  a  few  short  lateral  pedicels  :  minute  scales  or  bracts 
mostly  opposite :  calyx-teeth  minute :  corolla  3  to  5  lines  long ;  the  two  posterior  lobes 
more  erect  and  shorter:  anther-cells  aristulate  at  base.—  G.  aphylla,  var.  filicaulis,  Benth. 
in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  210.  G.  Mettaueri,  var.  nuda,  Wood,  Class  Book,  1861,  530,  &  later 
G.  nuda,  Wood.  —  Low  and  grassy  pine  barrens  of  Florida  and  Louisiana,  Drummond, 
Chapman,  &c. 

G.  aph:^lla,  Nutt.  Smooth  :  slender  stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  strict  and  simple  below, 
about  4-angled,  simple  or  mostly  paniculate-branched  above;  radical  leaves  (rarely  seen) 
small  and  oval  or  oblong,  thickish,  hispidulous,  half  inch  or  less  long ;  cauline  reduced  to 
appressed  subulate  and  mostly  scattered  minute  scales :  pedicels  short,  rather  crowded  in 
virgate  mostly  spiciform  naked  racemes  :  calyx-teeth  minute :  corolla  6  to  8  lines  long,  vil- 
lous within  ;  "  the  upper  lobes  reflexed  :  "  anther-cells  hardly  mueronulate  at  base.  —  Gen. 
ii.  47 ;  Ell.  1.  c. ;  Benth.  1.  c.  excl.  varieties  ;  Chapm.  1.  c.  —  Low  and  sandy  pine  barrens, 
coast  of  N.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

30.  CASTILLEIA,  Mutis.  Painted-Cup.  {D.  Castillejo,  a  botanist  of 
Cadiz.)  —  Herbs  (American,  mostly  N.  American,  and  two  in  N.  Asia)  ;  with 
alternate  entire  or  laciniate  leaves,  passing  above  into  usually  more  incised  and 
mostly  colored  conspicuous  bracts  of  a  terminal  spike ;  the  flowers  solitary  in 
their  axils  and  ebracteolate,  red,  purple,  yellowish,  or  whitish  ;  but  the  corolla 
almost  always  duller-colored  than  the  calyx  or  bracts,  mostly  of  yellow  or  greenish 
tinge.  Fl.  in  summer.  (Primary  divisions  generally  received  are  not  distinct 
enough  for  subgenera,  except  Epichroma  of  Mexico,  with  a  funnelform  calyx. 
Ours  accordingly  may  all  be  embraced  in  §  Euchroma,  Euchroma,  Nutt.  Gen. 
ii.  55.)  —  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiii.  335,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i,  573. 

#  Annuals  or  some  biennials  with  fibrous  root:  at  least  the  upper  part  of  the  bracts  and  sometimes 
of  the  calyx  petaloid  (bright  red  or  scarlet,  occasionally  varying  to  yellowish):  pubescence  vil- 
lous or  soft-hirsute.  / 

■i-  Atlantic  species,  flowering  in  spring  or  early  summer,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  floral  leaves  or 
bracts  dilated :  calyx  equally  cleft  before  and  behind  into  2  broad  or  upwardly  dilated  entire  or 
retuse  lobes.:  galea  (upper  lip)  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  little  surpassing  the  calyx, 
much  exceeding  the  short  lower  lip. 

C.  COCcinea,  Spreng.  (Painted-Cup.)  Biennial,  at  least  northward:  rosulate  radi- 
cal leaves  mostly  entire,  obovate  or  oblong ;  cauline  and  bracts  laciniate  or  .3-5-clef  t ;  the 
middle  lobe  of  latter  dilated :  calyx-lobes  quadrate-oblong.  —  Syst.  ii.  775;  Benth.  in  DC. 
Prodr.  X.  259.  Bartsia  coccinea,  L.  Spec.  ii.  602.  (Pluk.  Aim.  t.  102,  fig.  5.)  Euchroma  coc- 
cinea,  Nutt.  1.  c.  —  Low  sandy  ground,  Canada  and  Saskatchewan  to  Texas. 
C  indivisa,  Engelm.  Leaves  lanceolate-linear  and  entire,  or  sometimes  with  2  or  3 
slender  lateral  lobes  :  bracts  and  calyx-lobes  obovate-dilated,  bright  red.  —  PI.  Lindh.  i.  47  ; 
Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  —  Texas,  Berlandier,  Dmvimond,  Lindheimer,  &c.  Winter-annual,  flower- 
ing in  spring,  no  tuft  of  radical  leaves  surviving. 

•1—  -1—  Ultramontane  and  Pacific  annuals,  with  virgate  stems,  mostly  tall  and  slender:  leaves  and 

bracts  all  linear-lanceolate  and  entire;  the  latter  or  at  least  the  upper  with  petaloid  (red)  linear 

tips :  flowers  all  pedicellate,  the  lower  rather  remote  in  the  leafy  spike  :  calyx  gibbous  and  broadest 

at  base,  ovoid  or  oblong  in  fruit,  wholly  green,  about  equally  cleft  before"  and  behind  to  near  the 

middle  ;  the  segments  lanceolate  and  acute  or  acutely  2-cleft  at  apex:  galea  of  the  narrow  and 

straight  corolla  very  much  longer  than  the  small  not  callous  lip:  capsule  oblong. 

C.  minor,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high :  corolla  half  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  yellow : 

the  oblong  galea  much  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  573.     C.  affinis,  var.  minor. 

Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  119,  &  Am.  Jour.    Sci.   I.e.  — Wet  ground,  New   Mexico  and 

Nebraska  to  W.  Nevada. 

C.  stenantha.     Taller,  1  to  5  feet  high :  corolla  linear,  double  the  length  of  that  of  the 

preceding  species ;  the  slightly  falcate  and  commonly  reddish  galea  one-half  longer  than 

the  tube.— C.  affinis,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  329,  in  part  (no.  1897);   Gray,  1.  c.  in  part  — 


296  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Castilleia. 

Moist  grounds,  California  from  Monterey  to  San  Diego,  and  through  the  southern  part 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

#  *  Perennials. 
•h-  Calyx  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind,  tubular-cylindraceous,  mostly  colored  red,  as  are  a  part 
of  the  bracts :  corolla  large,  an  inch  or  two  long,  well  exserted  from  the  lower  side  of  the  spatha- 
ceous  calyx  and  at  length  somewhat  arcuate  or  falcate,  exposing  the  protuberant  and  very  short 
callous  lip;  its  galea  about  equalling  the  tube:  lower  flowers  commonly  pedicellate. 
C.  affinis,  Hook.  &  Arn.     A  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  strict,  villous-pubescent  or  gla- 
brate:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire,  or  some  of  the  upper  lacmiate-toothed  at  apex; 
lower  floral  or  bracts  similar;  upper  shorter  and  broader,  red:  spike  or  raceme  lax  below  : 
calyx  narrowly  cylindrical,  red,  an  inch  long,  its  anterior  fissure  hardly  twice  the  depth  of 
the  posterior ;  narrowly  oblong  lobes  acutely  2-cleft  at  apex  :  corolla  U  to  li  inches  long. 
—  Bot.  Beech.  154,  380;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c,  &  PI.  Hartw.  no.  1896 ;   Meyer,  Sert.  Petrop. 
ii.  t.  16  *?  —  California,  in  moist  grounds  about  San  Francisco  Bay,  on  the  Sacramento, 
and  south  to  Tejon,  &c. 
C.  laxa,  Gray.     A  foot  high,  weak  and  slender,  short-pubescent :  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
entire,  barely  2  inches  long,  3-nerved,  spreading :  bracts  similar  or  broader,  the  upper  red- 
dish :  flowers  few  and  crowded:  calyx  broadly  cylindraceous,  inch  long, its  anterior  fissure 
not  twice  the  depth  of  the  posterior,  both  short ;  the  lobes  broad  and  broadly  2-toothed : 
corolla  inch   and  a  half  long,  nearly  straight;   its   galea   shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  119  &  Am.  Jour.  Sci.   1.  c— Mountain  side,  southern  border  of  Arizona 
near  Santa  Cruz,  Wright. 
C.  oblongifolia.     Two  feet  or  more  high,  very  leafy,   densely   villous   or  pubescent : 
leaves  widely  spreading,  5-nerved,  1  or  2  inches  long,  narrowly  elliptical  and  very  obtuse, 
or  the  uppermost  oblong-ovate  and  acute  :  bracts  similar,  the  upper  reddish  :  spike  many- 
flowered  :   calyx-lobes  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear :   corolla  2  inches  long ;   somewhat 
falcate  narrow  galea  as  long  as  the  tube ;  lip  very  protuberant  and  fleshy  globular-saccate, 
its  minute  lobes  subulate.  — Southern  borders  of  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  Palmer.     Col- 
lected along  with  C.  miniata. 
C.  linarieef  olia,  Benth.     Mostly  tall  and  strict,  2  to  5  feet  high,  glabrous  below,  the  sev- 
eral-many-flowered spike  somewhat  pubescent  or  villous :  leaves  linear,  entire,  or  some  of 
the  upper  sparingly  laciniate,  and  the  uppermost  and  bracts  3-parted,  1-3-nerved  ;  divisions 
not  dilated  :  calyx  narrowly  cylindrical,  over  an  inch  long,  mostly  red  or  crimson,  some- 
times pale;  the  anterior  fissure  very  much  deeper  than  the  posterior;  the  long  upper  lip 
acutely  4-toothed  or  2-cleft  and  the  lobes  2-toothed :  corolla  1^  or  2  inches  long ;  its  nar- 
row falcate  and  much  exserted  galea  as  long  as  the  tube.  — DC.  1.  c;  Gray,  1.  c,  &  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  573.     C.  candens,  Durand  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  12,  a  pubescent  form.  —  Through 
the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Sierra  Nevada 
of  California. 

H-  -f-  Calvx  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind:  floral  leaves  or  bracts  more  or  less  dilated  and 
petaloid-colored  (red  or  crimson,  varying  to  yellowish  or  whitish). 

++  Pubescence  never  tomentose  nor  cinereous-tomentulose. 
=  Galea  equalling  or  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  the  lip  very  short. 
C.  latifolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base, 
'villous-hirsute  and  viscid:  leaves  short  (half •  inch  or  more),  dilated-obovate  or  oval,  very 
obtuse,  some  3-5-lobed  :  spike  leafy  :  calyx  2-cleft  to  the  middle  ;  the  oblong-obovate  lobes 
entire  or  emarginate,  almost  equalling  the  small  (B  lines  long)  corolla.  —Bot.  Beech.  154.  — 
Coast  of  California. 
C.  parvitlora,  Bong.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  villous-hirsute,  at  least  above :  leaves 
variously  laciniately  cleft  into  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes,  or  sometimes  the  cauline  mainly 
entire  and  narrow  (rarely  oblong) :  calyx-lobes  oblong  and  2-cleft  at  apex  or  to  below  the 
middle  :  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long  ;  only  the  upper  part  of  the  narrow  galea  exserted ;  the 
small  lip  not  protuberant.  —  Veg.  Sitk.  157  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  C.  Toluccensis,  Cham.  &  Schlecht. 
in  Linn.  ii.  579  ?  C.  coccinen,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1136.  C.  hispida,  Benth.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii. 
105,  &  DC.  1.  c.  532.  C.  Douc/lasii,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  530;  narrow-leaved  and  large-flow- 
ered form  of  coast  of  Cahfornia.  Euchroma  Bradburii,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vli.  47. 
E.  angustifolia,  Nutt.  1.  c,  a  low  and  small-flowered  subalpine  form :  same  as  C.  deserlorum, 
Gever,  in  Hook.  Kew  Jour.  v.  258.  — Dry  or  moist  ground,  Sitka  to  S.  California  and 


Castilleia.  SCROPHULARIACEiE.  297 

mountains  of  Arizona,  east  to  Dakota  and  Colorado.  A  most  polymorphous  species,  and 
the  oldest  name  not  a  good  one.  Bracts,  as  in  other  species,  varying  from  red  to  yellow  or 
white. 
C.  miniata,  Dougl.  A  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  simple  and  strict,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
except  the  inflorescence  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
entire  (rarely  laciniate-3-cleft) :  spike  dense  and  short:  bracts  from  lanceolate  to  oval, 
mostly  bright  red,  rarely  whitish,  seldom  lobed:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acutely  2-cleft: 
corolla  over  an  inch  long ;  the  galea  exserted,  linear,  longer  than  the  tube ;  very  short  lip 
protuberant  and  callous,  as  deep  as  long,  with  ovate  short  teeth  involute.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  106  ; 
Benth.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  574.  C.  pallida,  var.  Unalaschensis,  Cham.  &  Schlecht. 
1.  c,  partly.  C.  pallida,  var.  miniata,  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  337.  —  Alaska  to  Sas- 
katchewan and  southward  along  the  higher  mountains  through  Colorado,  Utah  and  Cali- 
fornia. 

=  Galea  decidedly  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  not  over  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of 
the  lip. 

C.  pallida,  Kunth.  A  foot  or  so  higli,  strict,  commonly  villous  with  weak  cobwebby 
hairs,  at  least  the  dense  and  short  leafy-bracted  spike,  or  below  glabrous,  not  glandular  or 
viscid:  leaves  membranaceous,  mainly  entire  ;  the  lower  linear;  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate:  bracts  oval  or  obovate,  partly  white  or  yellowish,  equalling  the  (half  to  inch 
long)  corolla:  calyx  cleft  to  or  below  the  middle  and  again  more  or  less  2-cleft;  the  lobes 
oblong  or  lanceolate :  galea  2  to  4  lines  long,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  lip,  its  base 
not  exserted  from  the  calyx.  —  Syn.  PI.  ^quin.  ii.  100 ;  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i. 
575.  C.  Sibirica,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  under  925.  Bartsia  pallida,  L.  Spec.  ii.  602.  —  Subarctic 
N.  W.  coast  and  islands,  Chamisso,  &c.     (Siberia.)     Passes  into 

Var.  septentrionalis,  Gray.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  sometimes  almost  glabrous : 
bracts  greenish-white,  varying  to  yellowish,  purple,  or  red  :  lip  smaller,  from  half  to  hardly 
a  third  the  length  of  the  galea.  —  Bot.  Calif.  I.e.  C.  septentrionalis,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  925 ;  Benth.  1.  c.  C.  pallida,  Hook.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  v.  258.  C  pallida,  var.  Unalaschensis, 
latifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  1.  c.  C.  acuminata,  Spreng.  1.  c.  Baiisia  acuminata,  Pursh,  Fl. 
ii.  429.  —  Labrador,  alpine  summits  of  White  Mountains  and  Green  Mountains  of  New  Eng- 
land, and  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  to  the  Rocky  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah, 
and  north-westward  to  Alaska,  Aleutian  Islands,  &c.  Some  larger  forms  appear  to  pass 
into  C.  miniata. 

Var.  OCCidentalis,  Gray.  Dwarf  and  narrow-leaved  form,  2  to  6  inches  high: 
bracts  comparatively  broad,  mostly  incised  or  cleft,  the  tips  and  flowers  whitish :  lip 
about  half  the  length  of  the  rather  broad  galea.  —  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  C.  occidentalis.  Torn  in 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  230 ;  Benth.  1.  c.  —  High  alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Colo- 
rado, and  Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

Var.  Ha;^deni.  More  slender,  3  to  5  inches  high :  linear  leaves  sometimes  with  one  or 
two  slender-subulate  lobes  :  bracts  merely  ciliate-pubescent,  laciniately  3-5-cleft  into  linear 
lobes,  bright  crimson:  lip  not  half  the  length  of  the  galea. — Alpine  region  of  the  Sierra 
Blanca,  S.  Colorado,  Hayden,  Hooker,  &  Gray.  Seemingly  very  distinct  from  C.  pallida, 
but  connected  through  the  preceding  variety. 
C.  viscidula.  A  span  high,  tufted,  pubescent  with  very  short  stiff  mostly  glandular- 
tipped  hairs  and  somewhat  viscid,  only  the  dense  naked  spike  with  some  short  villous 
hairs:  stems  slender:  leaves  linear,  attenuate,  entire,  or  uppermost  3-cleft:  bracts  3-5- 
cleft,  more  or  less  dilated  ;  the  upper  rather  shorter  than  the  flowers,  with  reddish  or  whit- 
ish lobes  :  calyx-segments  shorter  than  the  cylindraceous  tube,  2-parted  into  linear-lanceo- 
late lobes :  corolla  three-fourths  inch  long ;  galea  hardly  one-third  the  length  of  the  tube, 
twice  the  length  of  the  lip ;  lobes  of  the  latter  elongated-oblong,  equal  in  length  to  the 
ventricose  obscurely  3-carinate  but  not  callous  lower  portion.  — Nevada,  in  the  E.  Hum- 
boldt Mountains,  at  9,000  feet,  Watson  (part  of  no.  810). 
C.  Lemmoni.  A  span  or  more  high,  pubescent,  and  the  dense  oblong  spike  somewhat 
hirsute-villous,  not  glandular:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire  or  3-cleft;  uppermost  more 
dilated  and  cleft:  bracts  3-cleft,  the  upper  with  reddish  lobes  and  equalling  the  flowers: 
calyx-segments  as  long  as  the  tube,  oblong,  petaloid,  emarginate  or  barely  2-cleft  at  apex : 
corolla  fully  three-fourths  inch  long ;  galea  oblong,  about  a  quarter  the  length  of  tube, 
hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  ventricose  lip ;  lobes  of  the  latter  ovate,  rather  shorter  than 


298  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Castilleia. 

the  saccate  portion,  the  3  narrow  obtuse  keels  or  plicje  of  which  terminate  under  the  lobes 
in  as  many  conical  gibbosities.  —  Sierra  Co.,  California,  probably  in  the  alpine  region,  Lem- 
mon.  Referred  in  Bot.  Calif,  to  C.  pallida,  var.  occidentalis.  One  of  the  transitions  to  the 
first  section  of  Orthocarpus. 

-H-  ++  Herbage  white-woolly  throughout;  the  tomentum  loose  or  flocculent  with  age:  leaves  linear 
and  entire:    bracts  3-parted ;  tlie  divisions  more  or  less  spatulate-dilated  and  petaloid :  calyx- 
lobes  broad  and  with  rounded  entire  or  slightly  2-lobed  summit :  corolla  almost  included,  7  to  9 
lines  long,  slender;  the  narrow  galea  little  shorter  than  the  tube;  lip  very  short. 
C.  f oliolosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.     A  foot  or  two  high,  and  many-stemmed  from  a  woody 
base:    woolly   hairs   intricately   branched:    leaves   narrowly   linear   (inch  or  less  long), 
crowded  below  and  fascicled  in  lower  axils :  spike  close :  galea  shorter  than  the  tube  of 
the  corolla.  —  Bot.  Beech.  154 ;  Benth.  1.  c. ;   Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Calif,  i. 
574.  —  Dry  hills,  coast  of  California  from  San  Diego  to  Mendocino  Co. 
C.  lanata,  Gray.     Apparently  herbaceous   to  base,  branching,   white  with   appressed 
arachnoid  wool :  leaves  larger  (inch  or  two  long) ;  the  galea  longer  than  the  tube :  flowers 
larger,  more  scattered  in  the  spike:  corolla  rather  more  exserted.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  118. 

—  S.  W.  Texas  to  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

++++++  Tomentulose  or  cinereous-puberulent,  or  the  stem  only  lanate-tomentose :  bracts,  &c., 
conspicuously  petaloid  :  primary  calyx-sepments  2-cleft  or  2-parted  into  narrow  usually  acute 
lobes  :  corolla  more  exserted,  inch  long  or  over;  galea  shorter  than  the  tube; 

=  Lip  very  short;  its  lobes  not  longer  than  the  more  or  less  callous  saccat*  portion. 

C.  integra,  Gray.     A  span  to  a  foot  high :  stem  rather  stout,  tomentose :  leaves  cine- 

reous-tomentulose,  linear  (1-J^  to  3  inches  long,  1  to  3  lines  wide),  entire:  bracts  of  the 

short  spike  linear-  or  obovate-oblong,  red  or  rose-color,  entire  or  sometimes  incised  :  corolla 

inch  and  a  quarter  long ;  galea  rather  broad ;  lip  strongly  tri-callous,  its  lobes  very  short. 

—  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  119,  &  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  C.  angustifolia,  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
118,  in  part,  not  Nutt.  C.  tomentosa,  Gray,  1.  c,  a  more  tomentose  form.  — Dry  grounds, 
W.  Texas  to  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

C.  Lindheimeri.  A  span  or  two  high,  branched  or  many-stemmed  from  the  base,  cine- 
reous-puberulent or  the  stem  tomentulose:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire  or  sparingly 
laciniate,  or  the  upper  3-5-cleft,  as  are  the  bracts  of  the  dense  spike ;  these  mostly  peta- 
loid and  dilated,  from  brick-red  to  rose-color  or  sulphur-yellow :  calyx  equally  colored : 
corolla  (inch  or  so  in  length)  rather  slender ;  the  lobes  of  the  lip  ovate,  not  longer  than  the 
callous  saccate  portion  —  C.  purpurea,  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  338,  not  Don  &  Benth. 

—  Stony  or  fertile  mountain  prairies,  on  the  Pierdenales  and  Guadalupe,  W.  Texas,  Lind- 
heuner,  &c.     Much  more  showy  than  the  next,  and  with  different  corolla. 

=  =  Lip  of  corolla  with  longer  and  naiTow  lobes,  and  base  less  saccate. 
C.  purpurea,  Don.     A  foot  or  less  high,  minutely  cinereous-pubescent  and  the  stem 
appressed-tomentose :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  entire,  or  mostly  once  or  twice  3-cleft  or 
laciniate,  with  divisions  and  lobes  all  narrowly  linear:  bracts  similar  or  with  cuneate- 
dilated  base;   the  broader  lobes  of  the  upper  and  the  calyx  magenta-color  or  purple: 
corolla  (over  an  inch  long)  narrow  ;  galea  very  much  shorter  than  the  tube,  only  twice  the 
length  of  the  lip:  lobes  of  the  latter  elongated-oblong,  plane  and  petaloid,  very  much 
longer  than  the  obscurely  saccate  and  not  callous  basal  portion.—  Syst.  iv.  615;  Benth. 
1.  c.     Euchroma  purpurea,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  180.  —  Hilly  prairies, 
Arkansas,  Nultall.    E.  Texas,  Drummond  (iii.  no.  286  in  part),  Miss  Hobart,  Reverchon. 
^—  -1—  -1—  Calyx  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind  :  corolla  either  slender  or  small,  with  galea  much 
shorter  than  its  tube  and  lip  comparatively  long:  bracts  and  calyx  if  colored  at  all  yellowish: 
leaves  or  their  divisions  narrowly  linear,  rather  rigid :  stems  numerous  from  the  root. 
++  Lip  of  corolla  half  the  length  of  the  short  galea,  more  or  less  trisacculate  and  little  if  at  all 
callous  below  the  narrow  lobes :  flowers  yellowish  or  greenish  white :  clefts  of  the  calyx  moder- 
ately unequal. 
=  Cinereous-pubescent:  leaves  mostly  3-5-cleft  and  the  slender  divisions  sometimes  again  2-3- 
cleft:  bracts  similar  or  with  more  dilated  base,  not  even  their  tips  colored. 
C.  sessiliflora,  Pursh.     A  span  or  two  high,  very  leafy,  cinereous-pubescent:  leaves 
2  inches  or  more  long,  with  slender  lobes,  rarely  entire :  lobes  of  the  tubular  calyx  slender: 
corolla  exserted,  about  2  inches  long :  lip  with  linear-lanceolate  lobes  very  much  longer 
than   the   obscurely  saccate   base. — Fl.  ii.  738 ;  Benth.  I.e.;  Gray,  I.e.     C.  grandijlora, 
Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  775.     Euchroma  grandiflora,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  65. — Prairies,  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois  to  Saskatchewan,  Dakota,  and  south  to  W.  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 


Onhocarpus.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  299 

C  brevifl6ra,  Gray.  Barely  span  high,  more  pubescent :  lower  leaves  often  entire  and 
upper  only  3-5-parted,  an  inch  or  so  long :  bracts  of  the  dense  spike  more  dilated,  not  sur- 
passing the  flowers :  calyx  ovoid-oblong ;  its  lobes  lanceolate :  corolla  little  exserted,  less 
than  inch  long :  lip  with  somewhat  callous  oblong  plicae  or  saccate  keels  about  the  length 
of  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  338.  —  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
"Wyoming,  in  the  alpine  region,  Nuttall,  Parry,  &c. 

==  =  Very  glabrous  up  to  the  merely  pubescent  naked  dense  spike :  cauline  leaves  all  entire : 
bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers,  dilateci  and  3-cleft :  the  lobes  with  petaloid  yellowish  tips. 

C.  linoides.  Stems  strict,  a  foot  high,  rigid,  branching  at  summit,  very  smooth,  as  also 
the  rigid  leaves  (these  1  or  2  inches  long,  a  line  or  less  wide) :  calyx  and  corolla  nearly  of 
C.  hreviflora,  the  former  with  narrower  lobes  and  the  latter  only  half  inch  long.  —  Clover 
Mountains,  Nevada,  Watson.     In  Bot.  King,  included  under  "  C.  pallida,  var." 

++  ++  Lip  of  corolla  very  short,  globular-saccate  and  callous,  and  with  verj'  short  ovate  lobes: 
anterior  cleft  of  calyx  deeper. 

C.  flava,  "Watson.  A  foot  high,  with  numerous  slender  stems,  cinereous-puberulent,  at 
least  above,  and  the  elongated  spike  more  pubescent :  leaves  entire  or  the  upper  with  one 
or  two  lobes:  bracts  3-cleft  and  with  dilated  base;  the  upper  and  calyx  yellowish :  corolla 
hardly  an  inch  long;  narrow  galea  little  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Bot.  King,  230. — 
Mountains  of  E.  Utah  and  Wyoming,  in  and  near  the  Uintas,  Watson,  Porter. 

31.  ORTHOCARPUS,  Nutt.  (Vgdog,  upright,  and  xagTio^;,  fruit;  the 
capsule  not  oblique  as  in  Melampyrum.)  —  Low  herbs,  almost  all  annual  (W. 
North  American  and  one  Chilian)  ;  with  mainly  alternate  entire  or  3-5-parted 
and  laciniate  leaves  ;  the  upper  passing  into  bracts  of  the  dense  spike  and  not 
rarely  colored,  as  also  the  calyx-lobes  ;  the  corolla  yellow,  or  white  with  purple 
or  rose-color,  often  much  surpassing  the  calyx.  Seeds  numerous  or  rather  few. 
Fl.  spring  and  summer.  —  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  535  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King, 
230,  457  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  575. 

§  1.  Castilleioides,  Gray.  Corolla  with  lip  (i.  e.  lower  lip)  simply  or  some- 
what triply  saccate,  and  with  conspicuous  mostly  erect  lobes ;  the  galea  (i.  e. 
upper  lip)  either  broadish  or  narrow  :  anthers  all  2-celled :  bracts  with  more  or 
less  colored  tips :  seeds  with  very  loose  and  arilliform  cellular-favose  coat.  — 
Bot.  Calif.  1.  c. 

*  Root  perennial :  lips  of  the  short  and  yellowish  corolla  more  equal  and  less  dissimilar  than  in 
any  of  the  following  ;  lower  one  rather  obscurely  saccate;  galea  broadish,  obtuse  :  filaments  gla- 
brous.    Transition  to  Castilleia. 

O.  pallescens,  Gray.  Cinereous-puberulent,  not  hairy:  leaves  3-5-parted  into  linear 
lobes,  or  the  lower  entire  :  bracts  similar  with  dilated  base,  or  upper  with  shorter  obscurely 
whitish  or  yellowish  lobes  :  calyx  deeply  2-cleft,  with  broad  lobes  merely  2-cleft  at  apex: 
corolla  over  half  inch  long. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiv.  339,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad  vii. 
384,  in  part,  but  only  as  to  Nuttall's  Euchroma  pallescens  in  herb.  0.  Parryi,  Gray  in  Am. 
Naturalist,  viii.  214.  —  Rocky  Mountains  of  N.  W.  Wyoming  to  E.  Oregon,  Nuttall,  Parry, 
Cusick. 

O.  pilosus,  Watson.  From  soft-villous  to  hirsute-pubescent,  a  span  or  two  high,  very 
leafy :  leaves  of  the  preceding  or  more  divided :  bracts  usually  more  dilated  and  colored, 
from  yellow  or  whitish  to  dull  crimson  :  calyx-segments  deeply  cleft  or  parted;  the  lobes 
linear.  —  Bot.  King,  231;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  576.  0.  pallescens,  Gra)%  1.  c,  except  as  to 
Nuttall's  plant.  —  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  at  5-10,000  feet,  to  Oregon.  Varies  with  lax 
and  with  rather  rigid  leaves,  with  soft-villous  and  with  hirsute  pubescence.  &c. 

*  *  Root  annual:  filaments  glabrous:  galea  narrow  and  nearly  straight,  lanceolate-triangular  or 
broadly  subulate,  naked:  lip  moderately  ventricose  and  somewhat  plicate-trisaccate  for  its  whole 
length ;  the  teeth  or  lobes  conspicuous,  erect,  oblong-linear :  capsule  oblong  or  oval. 

O.  attenuatus,  Gray.  Erect,  slender,  a  span  or  two  high,  hirsute-pubescent  above : 
leaves  hnear  and  attenuate,  often  with  a  pair  of  filiform  lobes  :  spike  virgate :  lower 
flowers  scattered :  bracts  with  slender  lobes  barely  white-tipped  :  corolla  narrow  tliroughout, 


300  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Orthocarpus. 

half  inch  long,  white  or  whitish  :  narrow  teeth  of  purple-spotted  lip  nearly  equalling  the 
galea.  —  Pacif .  R.  Rep.  iv.  121,  &  Bot.  Calif.  I.  c.  —  Moist  ground,  San  Francisco  Bay  to 
Paget  Sound. 

O.  densiflorus,  Benth.  Erect  or  diffusely  branched  from  base,  6  to  12  inches  high, 
above  soft-pubescent :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  upward,  entire  or  with 
a  few  slender  lobes :  spike  dense,  many -flowered,  at  length  cylindrical,  or  lowest  flowers 
rather  distant:  bracts  3-cleft,  about  equalling  the  flowers  ;  their  linear  lobes  and  (8  to  10 
lines  long)  corolla  purple  and  white :  teeth  of  the  lip  shorter  than  the  galea.  —  Scroph. 
Ind.  13,  &  DC.  Prodr.  x.  636 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Coast  of  California,  in  low  grounds.  San 
Luis  Obispo  to  Sonoma  Co. 

O.  castilleioId.es,  Benth.  1.  c.  At  length  diffuse  and  corymbosely  branched,  5  to  12 
inches  high,  minutely  pubescent,  or  below  glabrate  and  above  somewhat  hirsute :  leaves 
from  lanceolate  to  oblong,  commonly  laciniate ;  the  upper  and  bracts  cuneate-dilated  and 
incisely  cleft,  herbaceous,  or  the  obtuse  tips  whitish  or  yellowish  :  spikes  dense,  short  and 
thick :  corolla  nearly  inch  long,  dull  white  or  purplish-tipped ;  lip  ventricose-dilated : 
seeds  longer  or  larger  than  in  the  preceding.  —  Pine  woods  and  low  grounds  near  the  sea- 
shore, from  Monterey,  California,  to  Puget  Soimd  or  nearly. 

*  *  *  Root  annual :  filaments  mostly  pubescent :  galea  attenuate  upward,  densely  bearded  on 
the  back  with  many-jointed  hajrs,  uncinate  or  incurved  at  the  obtuse  tip,  rather  longer  and  very 
much  narrower  than  the  open-saccate  lip,  the  summit  of  which  under  the  short  and  small  recum- 
bent lobes  is  trisacculate  and  the  middle  sacculus  didymous:  stigma  verj'  large,  depressed -capi- 
tate: capsule  ovate.     (Transition  to  §  Triphysaria.) 

O.  purpurascens,  Benth.  1.  c.  Erect,  rather  stout,  at  length  much  branched  from 
base,  6  to  12  inches  high,  hirsute :  leaves  with  lanceolate  base  or  body,  and  laciniately 
1-2-pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  or  filiform  lobes,  or  the  upper  palmately  cleft : 
spike  thick  arid  dense:  bracts  equalling  the  (inch  or  less  long)  flowers,  somewhat  dilated : 
their  lobes  and  calyx-lobes  with  upper  part  of  corolla  crimson  to  rose-color,  or  sometimes 
paler  and  duller.  —  California,  common  along  and  near  the  coast  from  Humboldt  Co. 
southward. 

Var.  Palmeri.     Flowers  smaller:  galea  more  linear:  filaments  glabrous  or  almost  so. 
—  Arizona,  near  Wickenberg,  Palmer. 

§  2.  True  Orthocarpus,  Benth.  Corolla  with  simply  saccate  lip  incon- 
spicuously or  obsoletely  3-toothed,  and  moderately  smaller  ovate-triangular  galea  ; 
its  small  tip  or  mucro  usually  somewhat  inflexed  or  uncinate :  stigma  small, 
entire:  anthers  all  2-celled:  seed-coat  very  loose,  costate-reticulated :  root  an- 
nual. —  Orthocarpus,  Nutt.   Gen.  ii.  56.      Oncorrhynchus,  Lehm. 

*  Bracts  abruptlv  and  strikinglv  different  from  the  leaves,  much  dilated,  entire  or  the  lower  with 
narrow  lateral  lobes,  more  or  less  petaloid  (purplish),  becoming  papyraceous  and  imbricated  in  the 
dense  fructiferous  f oblong  or  at  length  cylindrical)  spike,  toward  base  often  hispid-ciliate,  other- 
wise naked  :  corolla  mostly  rose-color :  cauline  leaves  linear-attenuate;  lower  mostly  entire  and 
upper  3-5-parted. 

O.  pachystachyus.  A  span  high,  scabrous-puberulent  and  the  stem  hirsute  :  bracts  an 
inch  long,  all  the  upper  entire  and  oblong,  rose-purple  as  is  the  (1^  inch)  glabrous  corolla: 
tube  of  the  latter  much  longer  than  the  calyx:  galea  with  conspicuous  and  slender 
incurved  tip:  anther-cells  linear-lunate,  mucronate-attenuate  at  base,  glabrous. —N.  Cali- 
fornia, near  Yreka,  Siskiyou  Co.,  Greene. 

O.  tenuifolius,  Benth.  More  slender,  taller,  somewhat  pubescent  or  hirsute :  bracts 
about  half  inch  long,  oblong  or  oval,  partly  purplish :  corolla  purplish,  half  inch  long, 
puberulent ;  the  tube  little  surpassing  the  calyx ;  inflexed  tip  of  galea  minute  and  incon- 
spicuous :  anther-cells  oblong,  sparsely  pubescent.  —  Scroph.  Ind.  12,  &  DC.  1.  c. ;  Gray, 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  577.  0.  imhrkatus,  Torr.  in  "Watson,  Bot.  King,  458.  Bartsia  tenuifoUa,  Pursh, 
Fl.  ii.  429,  excl.  "flowers  deep  yellow,"  which  must  refer  to  0.  luteus.  —  Dry  ground,  Mon- 
tana to  Brit.  Columbia  and  south  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

*  *  Bracts  herbaceous,  not  colored,  less  or  little  different  from  the  leaves,  all  3-  (rarely  5-)  cleft 
and  with  acute  lobes. 

-t—  Spike  dense  or  close,  mostly  many-flowered  :  seeds  costate. 
O.  bracteosus,  Benth.  1.  c.     Hirsute-pubescent:  stem  strict,  a  foot  or  less  high  :  leaves 
as  of  the  preceding  or  the  upper  broader ;  bracts  of  the  thickish  and  dense  spike  broadly 


Orthocarpus.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  301 

cuneate-dilated,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  the  divergent  lobes  broadly  lanceolate :  corolla 
rose-purple,  half  inch  long ;  tube  moderately  longer  than  the  calyx :  galea  with  minute 
inflexed  tip.  —  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Dry  ground,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  northern 
portion  of  Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

O.  luteus,  Nutt.  Pubescent  and  hirsute,  sometimes  viscid  :  stem  strict,  a- span  to  a  foot 
high :  leaves  from  linear  to  lanceolate,  occasionally  3-cleft :  bracts  of  the  dense  spike 
broader  or  with  more  dilated  base,  completely  herbaceous,  mostly  3-cleft,  about  equalling 
the  flowers :  corolla  golden  yellow,  less  than  half  inch  long,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of 
the  calyx ;  tip  of  galea  obtuse  and  straight.  —  Gen.  ii.  57.  0.  strictus,  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Hook. 
Fl.  ii.  104,  t.  172. —Plains,  &c.,  N.  Minnesota  and  Saskatchewan  to  Colorado,  eastern 
borders  of  California,  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

O.  Tolmiei,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Puberulent,  a  span  or  two  high,  loosely  branched :  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate-linear,  chiefly  entire:  bracts  of  the  small  and  short  spikes  little 
dilated,  often  3-cleft,  the  upper  shorter  than  tlie  flowers :  corolla  bright  yellow,  half  inch 
long,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  minute  tip  of  galea  inflexed.  —  Bot.  Beech.  379  ; 
Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  536 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  230.  —  Utah,  in  the  Wahsatch  Mountains, 
to  S.  Idaho. 

•I—  Spike  looser,  few-flowered :  seeds  with  loose  reticulated  coat. 

O.  purpureo-albus,  Gray.  Minutely  pubescent,  somewhat  viscid,  simple  or  branched, 
a  span  or  two  high :  leaves  entire  or  mostly  3-cleft,  filiform :  bracts  similar  or  somewhat 
dilated  at  base :  corolla  three-fourths  inch  long,  purple  and  often  partly  white,  with  tube 
twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  tip  of  galea  mucroniform,  inflexed. — Watson,  Bot. 
King,  458;  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  New  Mexico  and  S.  Utah,  Woodhouse,  Newberry,  Pairy, 
Mrs.  Thompson. 

§  3.  Triphys^ria,  Benth.  Corolla  with  conspicuously  trisaccate  lip  very 
much  larger  than  the  slender  straight  galea;  its  teeth  minute  or  small;  tube  fili- 
form or  slender :  stigma  capitate,  sometimes  2-lobed :  bracts  all  herbaceous  and 
similar  to  the  leaves  (or  with  somewhat  colored  tips  in  two  species)  :  root  annual. 
—  Triphysaria,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  ii.  52. 

*   Anthers  1-ceIled:  lip  of  corolla  saccately  3-Iobed  from  the  end:  seed-coat  close,  conformed  to  the 
nucleus,  apiculate  at  one  or  both  ends. 

-1—  Stamens  early  escaping  from  their  enclosure  in  the  less  involute  oWong-lanceoIate  galea. 
O.  pusillus,  Benth.     Small  and  weak  or  diffuse,  branched  from  the  base,  a  span  or  less 
high,  somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  and  bracts  3-5-parted  into  fili- 
form or  setaceous  divisions :  flowers  scattered,  small  and  inconspicuous,  shorter  than  the 
bracts :  corolla  purplish,  2  or  3  lines  long ;  tube  not  surpassing  the  calyx ;  lip  moderately 
3-lobed,  beardless :   capsule  globose.  —  Scroph.   Ind.   12,  &  DC.  1.  c. ;   Gray,  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  578.  —  Low  ground,  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Oregon. 
O.  floriblindus,  Benth.  1.  c.     Erect,  a  span  or  more  high,  branched  above,  almost 
glabrous :  upper  part  of  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear-filiform  divisions,  some  again 
cleft :  bracts  of  the  mostly  dense  many-flowered  spike  3-5-clef t  and  dilated  at  base  ;  upper 
ones  not  surpassing  the  calyx:  corolla  white  or  cream-color,  half  inch  long;  tube  twice 
the  length  of  calyx ;  lip  with  3  divergent  oval  sacs,  2  hairy  lines  within ;  the  teeth  lanceo- 
late, erect,  scarious.  —  Gray,   Bot.   Calif.  I.  c.     Chloropyron  palustre,  Behr  in  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  i.  62,  66 1  —  Hillsides,  California,  around  San  Francisco  Bay,  &c.  • 
H—  -1—  Stamens  more  strictl}'  enclosed  in  the  acute  involute-subulate  galea:  lip  of  3  obovate  or 
globular-inflated  sacs,  not  more  than  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  filiform  and  mostly  densely 
pubescent  tube,  the  two  folds  separating  the  sacs  within  villous-bearded :  flowers  numerous  in  a 
rather  dense  spike:  upper  bracts  not  exceeding  the  calyx;  lower  and  the  leaves  pinnately  parted 
above  the  broader  entire  base  into  setaceous  or  filiform  divisions. 
O.  erianthus,  Benth.  I.  c.     Erect,  a  span  or  more  high,  fastigiately  much  branched, 
pubescent:  corolla  sulphur-color,  with  slightly  falcate  galea  brown-purple:  tube  6  to  8 
lines  long,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Low  grounds,  coast  of  California,  from  Mon- 
terey northward. 

Var.  roseus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Corolla  rose-colored,  or  probably  cream-colored  changing 
to  rose-purple  ;  the  tube  shorter.  —  Triphysaria  versicolor,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  1.  c.  ?  —  Sandy 
fields,  Noj'o,  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander,  &c. 


302  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Orthocarpus. 

O.  faucibarbatus,  Gray.  Aspect  of  the  preceding,  but  nearly  glabrous  up  to  the 
short-hirsute  or  appressed  puberulent  bracts,  less  branched :  divisions  of  the  leaves  rather 
coarser:  corolla  apparently  white,  with  smaller  sacs  and  less  beard  within  the  lip;  the 
straight  galea  pale.  —  Pacif .  R.  Rep.  iv.  121 ;  Bot.  Calif,  i.  679.  —  Moist  ground,  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  to  Mendocino  Co.,  California. 

*  *  Anthers  2-celled  (lower  cell  mostly  imperfect  in  the  first  two  succeeding  species):  seed-coat 
loose  and  ariliiform,  coarsely  reticulated. 

-t—  Lip  of  corolla  very  broad ;  its  sacs  deeper  horizontally  than  long. 
•H-  Galea  truncate  at  tip  :  sacs  small,  somewhat  conical :  capsule  oblong,  obtuse. 

O.  gracilis,  Benth.  1.  c.  Minutely  pubescent,  or  below  glabrous,  branched  from  the 
base  :  slender  branches  a  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  mostly  3-parted,  linear-filiform :  upper 
bracts  of  the  rather  dense  spike  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  the  tips  of  their  lobes  purplish- 
tinged  :  corolla  pubescent,  purplish  (over  half  inch  long) ;  slender  tube  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx :  lip  decidedly  shorter  than  galea.  —  California,  near  San  Francisco  or  Monterey, 
Douglas,  Nuttdl.     Little  known. 

++  ++  Galea  subulate :  sacs  ample,  ver}'  ventricose :  stem  simple  or  few-branched :  spike  thickish 
and  dense,  at  least  above :  capsule  ovate. 

O.  campestris,  Benth.  Glabrous  below,  but  the  calyx  hirsute  :  stem  2  to  4  inches  high : 
leaves  and  bracts  narrowly  linear  and  entire  or  nearly  so:  corolla  white  (9  lines  long,  and 
lip  2  lines  deep) :  teeth  of  the  lip  scarious,  slender,  rather  conspicuous.  —  PI.  Hartw.  329; 
Gray,  1.  c.  —  Fields,  Butte  and  Plumas  Co.,  CaUfornia,  Hartweg,  Mrs.  Ames. 

O.  lithospermoides,  Benth.  Copiously  hirsute  above,  pubescent  below :  stem  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  strict,  simple  or  with  some  erect  branches,  very  leafy :  leaves  lanceolate  or 
somewiiat  linear,  2-5-cleft  or  lowermost  simple:  bracts  of  the  dense  many-flowered  spike 
cuneate-dilated  and  3-5-cleft,  about  equalling  the  flowers :  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long, 
cream-color,  often  turning  pale  rose-color ;  sacs  3  lines  deep ;  the  teeth  short  and  incon- 
spicuous. —  Scroph.  Ind.  &  DC.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  579.  —  Moist  and  dry  ground, 
California,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  northward. 

-)—  -)—  Lip  not  so  ample,  surpassed  by  the  subulate  galea;  sacs  not  deeper  than  long:  stems  strict 
and  simple,  or  branched  above :  leaves  or  their  lobes  linear,  mostly  attenuated :  spikes  leafy : 
calyx-lobes  slender:  pubescence  hirsute. 

-H-  Corolla  yellow;  the  sacs  nearly  as  deep  as  long. 

O.  lasiorh^nchus,  Gray.  Soft-hirsute :  leaves  mostly  3-parted  and  bracts  4-6-cleft : 
corolla  an  inch  long,  with  filiform' tube ;  lip  3  or  4  lines  long ;  galea  subulate-linear,  densely 
white-villous.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  82.  — S.  E.  California,  on  and  near  the  Mohave 
River,  Palmer,  Pairjj  &  Lemmon. 

O.  lacerus,  Benth.  Rather  soft-hirsute  and  above  viscid:  leaves  pinnately  and  bracts 
palmately  3-7-cleft  or  parted  :  corolla  half  or  two-thirds  inch  long ;  the  lip  only  2  lines 
long:  subulate  galea  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent.  — PI.  Hartw.  329;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  579.  0.  hispidus,  Watson,  Bot.  King,  230,  in  part.  — Dry  ground,  California;  .common 
through  the  whole  length  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  valley  of  the  Sacramento. 
++  ++  Corolla  white  or  merely  purplish ;  sacs  longer  than  deep. 

O.  hispidus,  Benth.  Soft-hirsute  rather  than  hispid:  stem  strict,  mostly  simple: 
leaves  with  few  and  slender  divisions,  or  the  lower  entire :  leafy  spike  virgate :  calyx-lobes 
much  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  white,  half  inch  long;  lip  barely  a  line  deep.— 
Scroph.  Ind.  &  DC  1.  c,  at  least  in  part ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Low  grounds,  W.  Ore- 
gon and  northern  part  of  California. 

O.  linearilobus,  Benth.  Hirsute  or  nearly  hispid :  stem  stouter,  more  branched  :  divi- 
sions of  the  leaves  and  bracts  long  and  slender;  tlie  latter  equalling  the  densely  spicate 
flowers,  their  tips  sometimes  purplish-tinged:  calyx-lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube: 
corolla  three-fourths  inch  long  (white  or  purplish  ?) :  sacs  deeper  than  in  the  preceding  at 
the  upper  part,  narrowing  gradually  downward.  —  PI.  Hartw.  350;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  N.  Cali- 
fornia, in  mountain  pastures,  &c.,  Butte  Co.  to  Mendocino  Co.,  Hartweg,  Bolander. 

32.  CORDYLANTHUS,  Nutt.  {Koq^vIti,  a  club,  and  avdog,  flower,  the 
corolla  somewhat  clavate.)  — W.  North  American  branching  annuals  ;  with  alter- 
nate  and   narrow  leaves,  either  entire  or  3-5-parted,  and  mostly  dull-colored 


Cordylanthus.  SCROPHULARTACE^.  303 

flowers  in  small  terminal  heads  or  clusters,  or  more  scattered  along  the  branches ; 
the  bracts  and  calyx  not  colored,  and  corolla  seldom  much  surpassing  the  calyx! 
Seeds  comparatively  few  and  large,  often  apiculate  or  appendiculate  at  one  or 
both  ends.  Fl.  summer.  —  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  597  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  381,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  580;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  450.'  Adenostegia, 
Benth.  in  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  445,  &  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  537,  but  the  name 
abandoned  in  the  same  volume  for  the  more  appropriate  one  of  Nuttall. 

§  1.  Anisochei'la.  Calyx  diphyllous :  corolla  cleft  to  the  middle;  the  lower 
lip  only  half  the  length  of  the  upper,  entire,  hardly  saccate :  stamens  4,  with 
one-celled  anthers  (and  rarely  a  vestige  of  the  lower  cell)  :  both  divisions  of  the 
calyx  6-nerved :  no  gland  at  tip  of  leaves :  corolla  "  bright  yellow." 

C.  laxiflorus,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  much  branched,  very  hirsute,  above  some- 
what viscid :  leaves  short,  linear,  entire,  or  the  uppermost  3-cleft :  flowers  approximate  or 
scattered  on  the  leafy  branchlets  (8  lines  long),  either  sessile  and  ebracteolate  or  short- 
peduncled  and  1-2-bracteolate :  corolla  little  longer  than  the  calyx:  filaments  villous 
below:  seeds  coarsely  favose,  not  appendaged.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  120,  &  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  1.  c.  383.  —  Hills  and  ravines,  Arizona,  Thurher,  Palmer,  Rothrock.  The  habitat  "  Salt 
Lake,  Utah,  Fremont,"  needs  confirmation. 

§  2.  Adenostegia,  Gray,  I.  c.  Calyx  diphyllous :  corolla  2-lipped  at  summit ; 
lower  lip  about  equalling  the  upper,  3-crenate :  flowers  short-peduncled  or  sub- 
sessile,  2-4-bracteolate  :  upper  leaves  and  bracts  commonly  with  a  depressed  gland 
or  callosity  at  the  truncate  or  retuse  apex  :  corolla  greenish-yellow  or  purplish.  — 
Adenostegia,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  537. 

*  Corolla  more  exserted  and  conspicuous,  fully  inch  long:  stamens  4:  anthers  2-celled :  seeds 
coarsely  favose. 

C.  'Wrightii,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  branched,  almost  glabrous,  or  above 
puberulent-scabrous :  leaves  setaceous-filiform,  3-5-parted ;  floral  similar,  the  tips  not 
dilated :  flowers  several  in  the  mostly  dense  terminal  heads :  corolla  purplish,  with  rather 
long  lips  :  anthers  villous.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  120,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  —  S.  W.  borders 
of  Texas  to  N.  Arizona,  Wright,  Rothrock. 

*  dlstSts'l^  ^''"°^^  included,  half  to  three-fourths  inch  long.    (Natives  of  California  and  adjacent 

+-■  Stamens  4:  anthers  2-celled:  filaments  villous:  both  divisions  of  calyx  5-6-nerved ;  the  pos- 
terior eutn-e  or  emarginate. 

++    Seeds  rather  numerous,  about  20,  delicately  favose. 

C.  ramosus,  Nutt.  l.  c.  A  span  or  two  high,  diffusely  much  branched,  cinereous-puber- 
ulent:  leaves  filiform,  all  but  the  lower  usually  3-7-parted ;  no  distinct  apical  gland  or 
dilatation :  flowers  few  in  the  small  terminal  heads  or  upper  axils :   corolla  dull  yellow, 

,  barely  lialf  inch  long.  —  Watson,  1.  c. ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Dry  interior  region  of  Oregon  and  W. 
Nevada,  to  Wyoming. 

++  ++  Seeds  fewer  and  larger,  mostly  apiculate  or  appendiculate  at  one  end;  the  coat  close, 
minutely  and  closely  hneolate  with  sinuous  lines  or  reticulations,  or  at  maturitv  smooth  and  even 
through  their  obhteration :  callous  gland  generally  apparent  at  the  tip  of  some  of  the  upper  leaves 
or  bracts.  <=.;■.  t-i 

0.  filifolius,  Nutt.  Tall,  1  to  3  feet  high,  loosely  branched  above,  roughish-puberulent 
and  somewhat  viscid  or  nearly  glabrous  below,  commonly  more  or  less  hispid  above, 
especially  the  margins  of  the  floral  leaves :  leaves  3-5-parted  or  some  of  the  lower  entire ; 
the  divisions  from  filiform  to  linear;  those  of  the  upper  and  the  more  dilated  bracts  usually 
broadening  upward  and  with  retuse  tip  :  heads  rather  many-flowered,  often  proliferous : 
corolla  purplish,  over  half  inch  long.  — Benth.  1.  c.  Adenostegia  rigida,  Benth.  in  Lindl. 
JNat.  Syst.  &  DC.  1.  c.  537.  (Name  replaced  in  the  same  volume  by  the  then  unpublished 
one  of  Nuttall.)  —  Dry  and  moist  banks,  throughout  all  but  perhaps  the  northern  part  of 
California.  Varies  greatly  in  foliage,  pubescence,  &c.,  but  generally  well  marked  by  the 
hispid-  or  setose-ciliate  bracts  and  floral  leaves. 


304  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Cordylanthus. 

Var.  brevibracteatus,  Gray,  is  glabrous  up  to  the  floral  leaves,  these  hispid-cili- 
ate  with  short  bristles,  also  shorter  and  fewer,  as  are  the  flowers  in  the  head.  —  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  622.  —  Soda  spring,  Kern  Co.,  Rothnck. 

C.  pilosus,  Gray.  Paniculately  branched,  2  to  4  feet  high,  soft-villous  throughout, 
somewhat  viscid,  no  rigid  hairs :  leaves  linear,  all  but  the  floral  entire ;  these  commonly 
3-parted  and  with  emarginate  or  callous-3-toothed  tip  :  flowers  few  in  the  irregular  termi- 
nal clusters,  or  some  lateral  and  solitary  ;  corolla  yellowish  or  purplish,  half  inch  or  more 
long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  383,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  581.—  W.  California,  in  open  dry  ground 
from  Santa  Clara  Co.  northward. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Lower,  less  pilose,  more  viscid  or  glandular :  flowers 
all  scattered.  —  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander.  Also  from  Plumas  Co.  to  Tuolumu^  Co.  in  the 
foothills  of  the  Sierra. 

C.  tenuis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Effusely  paniculate,  a  foot  or  two  high,  minutely  cinereous-puber- 
ulent,  at  summit  sometimes  more  pubescent  and  glandular ;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear, 
entire :  flowers  scattered  along  the  almost  filiform  branches,  or  some  loosely  clustered  at 
their  summit:  flowers  as  of  the  preceding  or  smaller  and  the  upper  sepal  narrower.  —  Dry 
ground,  Cahfornia  from  the  mountains  of  Mendocino  Co.  to  Lake  Tahoe,  and  adjacent 
borders  of  Nevada. 

^_  ^_  Stamens  2:  anthers  1-celled :  filaments  nearly  glabrous :  posterior  division  of  calyx  only 
2-nevved,  2-cleft  at  apex:  seeds  few,  minutely  favose. 

C.  capitatus,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high,  paniculately  much  branched,  soft-pubescent 
and  cinereous :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  or  those  subtending  the  several-flowered  ter- 
minal head  broader  and  3-5-clef  t :  corolla  purplish,  half  inch  long :  capsule  8-seeded.  — 
Benth.  1.  c.  597;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  231,  459;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c  — S.  Idaho  and  N. 
Nevada,  Nuttall,  Watson. 

§  3.  Hemist^gia,  Gray,  1.  c.  Calyx  monophyllous ;  the  anterior  division 
wanting  :  flowers  strictly  sessile  in  the  axil  of  a  clasping  bract  or  leaf,  ebracteolate : 
corolla  purplish  or  yellowish :  no  callous  gland  at  the  tip  of  leaves :  herbage  not 
glandular :  seeds  (those  of  C.  maritimus  not  seen  mature)  rather  numerous, 
scarious-appendaged  ;  the  coat  cellular-favose. 

*    Stamens  2 :   anthers  2-ceIled :  filaments  glabrous :  seeds  somewhat  reniform. 
C.  ni611is.  Gray.     Barely   a  foot   high,   rather  stout,  much   branched,   villous-hirsute : 

leaves  and  bracts  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  entire  or  the  upper  laciniate-toothed  or  pinnatifid : 

flowers  in  a  thickish  short  spike  :  corolla  three-fourths  inch  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii. 

384,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Salt  marshes  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  California,  around  Vallejo, 

Wright,  Greene. 

*  *  Stamens  4  •  anthers  of  longer  stamens  2-celled,  of  the  shorter  with  only  the  small  lower  cell : 
filaments  c;labroiis  or  nearlv  so:  leaves  and  even  bracts  all  entire,  pale  or  canescent;  lower  ones 
linear-  upper  and  especially  the  looselv  imbricated  bracts,  lanceolate  or  broader  and  concave  or 
somewhat  conduplicate:  inflorescence  at  first  capitate,  becoming  short-spicate. 

C.  maritimus,  Nutt.  1-  c.  A  span  or  two  high,  corymbosely  branched,  cinereous-pubes- 
cent: leaves  giabrate,  slightly  fleshy:  pairs  of  filaments  very  unequal.  —  Gray,  1.  c  — 
California,  in  sandy  salt  marshes,  from  San  Diego  to  San  Francisco  Bay. 

C.  canescens.  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  less  high,  corymbosely  much  branched,  canescent 
with  soft  and  short  villous  pubescence :  uppermost  leaves  and  bracts  from  oblong-  to 
ovate-lanceolate  :  smaller  filaments  sometimes  obscurely  hairy.  —  Saline  soil.  Sierra  Nevada, 
on  the  eastern  border  of  California  to  Salt  Lake,  Utah. 

Var.  Parryi.  A  slender  form,  with  narrower  bracts  and  sparser  flowers :  smaller 
filaments  with  some  scattered  hairs.— C.  Parryi,  Watson  in  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  346.— 
S.  W.  Utah,  Parry,  Palmer. 

*  *  *  Stamens  4:  anthers  all  2-celled:  filaments  villous:  leaves  and  bracts  mostly  3-5-parted 
into  linear-filiform  divisions  :  habit  and  inflorescence  of  §  Adenosteyia. 

C.  Kingii,  Watson.  A  foot  or  less  high,  diffusely  branched,  viscid-pubescent  or  villous  : 
leaves  1  or  2  inches  long:  flowers  loosely  glomerate  or  somewhat  scattered  at  the  summit 
of  the  slender  branchlets :  calyx  4-6-nerved :  corolla  less  than  an  inch  long,  purplish.  — 
Bot.  King,  2.33,  t.  22.  — W.  Nevada,  Watson.  S.  Utah,  Parry,  Siler.  S.  W.  Colorado, 
Brandegee, 


Pedicularis.  SCROPHULARIACEiE.  305 

33.  SCHWALBEA,  Gronov.  Chaff-seed.  {O.  G.  Schwalhe,  who 
wrote  a  tract  on  Sarsaparilla  in  1715.)  Clayt.  Fl.  Virg.  ed.  1,  71.— Single 
species. 

S.  Americana,  L.  Perennial  herb,  minutely  soft-pubescent :  stem  strict,  2  feet  high, 
leafy :  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  3-nerved,  entire,  an  inch  or  more  long ;  upper  grad- 
ually reduced  to  bracts  of  the  loose  virgate  spike :  corolla  full  inch  long,  yellowish  and 
purplish  :  bractlets  linear.  —  Spec.  ii.  606  (Pluk.  Mant.  t.  348,  fig.  2)  ;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr. 
X.  538.  —  Low  sandy  ground,  Mass.  to  Louisiana,  near  the  coast.    Fl.  early  summer. 

34.  EUPHRASIA,  Tourn.  Etebright.  (Greek  for  hilarity,  from 
reputed  power  to  restore  impaired  eye-sight.)  —  Genus  of  wide  distribution,  but 
only  a  single  and  insignificant  N.  American  species. 

E.  officinalis,  L.  Low  annual:  leaves  from  round-ovate  to  oblong,  incisely  dentate; 
the  upper  witli  very  strong  setaceous-tipped  teeth ;  lowest  crenate :  galea  and  lobes  of 
lower  lip  of  the  purplish  or  bluish  corolla  deeply  emarginate.— N.  E.  coast  of  Maine  and 
Canada  :  depauperate  and  small-flowered  forms,  perhaps  introduced  from  Europe.  Alpine 
region  of  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  shore  of  L.  Superior,  northern  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Aleutian  Islands  and  far  northward ;  chiefly  the  var.  Tartarica,  Benth.  in 
DC.  (E.  latifoUa,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  430) ;  a  low  form  with  small  flowers  (2  or  3  lines  long),  and 
mostly  rounded  leaves  (3  to  6  lines  long) :  fl.  summer.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

35.  B  Arts  I  A,  L.  (Dt.  I.  Bartsck,  an  early  friend  of  Linnzeus,  who  died 
in  Surinam.)  —  Herbs,  the  genuine  species  chiefly  of  mountains  or  cold  regions, 
both  of  the  Old  and  New  World  ;  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  subsessile 
flowers,  in  the  upper  axils  and  in  a  terminal  leafy  spike. 

B.  alpina,  L.  A  span  high,  simple  from  a  perennial  root,  pubescent,  leafy :  leaves  ovate, 
crenate-dentate,  half  inch  long :  spike  short :  corolla  over  half  inch  long,  purple,  with 
obovate  somewhat  arching  galea :  anthers  hairy  on  the  back.  —  Spec.  ii.  602 ;  Engl.  Bot. 
361 ;  PursTi,  Fl.  u.  430.  —  Labrador.    (Greenland,  Arct.  &  Alp.  Eu.) 

B.  Odonti'tes,  Huds.  A  span  or  two  high  from  an  annual  root,  branching,  scabrous 
pubescent:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  and  remotely  serrate:  spikes  elongated, 
loosely  flowered,  partly  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves :  corolla  small,  rose-red  :  anthers 
nearly  naked.  —  Fl.  Angl.  268 ;  Engl.  Bot.  1. 1415.  Euphrasia  Odontites,  L.  Odontites  mbra. 
Pers.  Syn.  ii.  150.  —  Coast  of  Maine  and  of  Nova  Scotia.     (Sparingly  nat.  from  Eu.) 

36.  PEDICULARIS,  Tourn.  Lousewort.  {Pediculus,  a  louse;  no 
obvious  application,  unless  the  herb  was  used  as  an  insectifuge.)  —  Large  genus, 
of  perennial  herbs,  or  rarely  biennial  or  annual  (as  in  P.  paliistris  and  P.  euphra- 
sioides)  ;  many  arctic-alpine,  rather  few  N.  American,  still  fewer  S.  American. 
Leaves  commonly  pinnately  cleft  or  dissected,  mainly  alternate ;  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal bracteate  spike,  rarely  in  a  raceme  or  scattered ;  in  spring  or  summer.  — 
Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  560  ;  Maxim.  Diagn.  in  Bull.  Acad.  Petrop.  x.  1877. 

*  Cauline  leaves  and  flowers  verticillate  or  mostly  so :  caljTc  5-toothed :  galea  toothless. 

P.  Menziesii,  Benth.  About  10  inches  high,  nearly  glabrous,  simple :  leaves  deeply 
pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted  into  oblong  incisely  toothed  divisions  :  lower  whorls  of  tlie 
spike  rather  distant:  calyx  infla,ted-globose ;  the  teeth  short,  ciliate,  somewhat  crested: 
tube  of  corolla  exceeding  the  calyx ;  galea  straightish,  slightly  if  at  all  rostrate,  shorter 
than  the  depending  lower  lip.  —  Prodr.  1.  c.  563.  —  N.  "W.  Coast,  Menzies,  in  herb.  Smith. 
Not  identified :  char,  copied.     Corolla  of  P.  versicolor,  but  with  much-thlated  throat. 

P.  verticillata,  L.  A  span  high,  glabrate  or  above  pilose :  leaves  1-2-pinnately  parted 
or  pinnatifid  into  small  ovate  or  oblong  divisions  or  lobes:  spikes  interrupted:  cal^'x-teeth 
entire  or  serrulate  :  corolla  red  (half  inch  long) :  galea  short,  barely  incurved  at  tlie  blunt 
apex,  nearly  equalled  by  the  lower  lip.  —  Jacq.  Austr.  iii.  t.  206 ;  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Reichenb.  Ic. 
Germ,  t.  1762.  —  Alaska  to  arctic  regions,  and  Aleutian  Islands.     (Asia,  Eu.) 

20 


306  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Pedicularis. 

P.  Chamissonis,  Stev.  Commonly  a  foot  high,  robust,  glabrous :  leaves  deeply  pinna- 
tifid;  divisions  lanceolate,  serrate  or  incised:  lower  whorls  of  the  spike  remote:  calyx- 
teeth  entire:  corolla  yellow  (over  half  inch  long);  galea  with  incurved  acuminate  beak, 
becoming  straitish.  —  Monogr.  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.  vi.  20,  t.  4,  fig.  1 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii. 
107.  P.  Romanzovli,  Cham,  in  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  778.  —  Aleutian  Islands,  Chamisso,  Ball,  &c. 
(Adjacent  W.  Asia.) 

*  *  Leaves  alternate,  or  some  occasionally  opposite. 
■h-  Galea  produced  into  a  filiform  porrect  or  soon  upturned  beak;  throat  with  a  tooth  on  each  side ; 
tube  of  corolla  nearly  included  in  the  5-toothed  calyx:  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnately 
parted;  the  linear  or  lanceolate  divisions  acutely  or  laciniately  serrate,  or  the  larger  again 
pinnatifid:  stems  simple,  strict,  from  a  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high  :  spike  dense  and  many- 
flowered,  naked:  corolla  dull  rose-red  or  crimson-purple. 

P.  GrcBnlandica,  Retz.  Glabrous :  spike  1  to  6  inches  long  :  calyx-teeth  short :  beak 
of  the  galea  half  inch  or  more  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  rest  of  the  corolla,  decurved 
on  the  accumbent  lower  lip,  thence  porrect  and  soon  upwardly  recurved.  —  Fl.  Scand.  ed. 
2,  45;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1166  (with  flowers  not  well  developed);  Terr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  223; 
Hook.  1.  c.  P.  Groenlandica  &  surrecta,  Benth.  1.  c.  566.  P.  incarnata,  Retz,  Fl.  Scand.  ed. 
1,  117,  &  Obs.  iv.  27,  t.  1  (representing  well  developed  ascending  beak),  not  Jacq.  &c.— 
Wet  ground,  Labrador  and  Hudson's  Bay  to  Alpine  and  subalpine  Rocky  Mountains, 
extending  south  to  borders  of  New  Mexico,  west  to  Brit.  Columbia,  and  south  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  to  King's  River,  California,  Dr.  Matthews.     (Greenland.) 

P.  attollens,  Gray.  More  slender :  spike  loosely  lanate-pubescent  when  young  :  flowers 
smaller :  calyx-teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube :  corolla  dull  violet  purple :  galea  much 
shorter  than  the  broad  lower  lip,  about  half  the  length  of  the  obtuse  and  abruptly 
upturned  or  retrocurved  filiform  beak,  which  is  only  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  384,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  682.  —  Wet  ground.  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  from  the  Yosemite 
district  to  Placer  Co.,  at  6-10,000  feet.  Bridges,  Brewer,  &c. 

H—  -1—  Galea  of  the  (short,  half  inch  long)  white  corolla  produced  into  a  slender  elongated-subu- 
late circinate-inciu-ved  beak,  nearly  reaching  the  apex  of  the  broad  lower  lip :  calyx  cleft  in 
front :  whole  plant  glabrous. 

P.  contorta,  Benth.  A  foot  or  less  high,  simple :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear 
incisely  serrate  lobes  ;  the  upper  reduced  to  simpler  small  bracts :  spike  naked,  cylindrical, 
rather  loosely  many-flowered :  galea  with  the  slender  beak  almost  circinate.  —  Hook.  Fl. 
ii.  108,  &  DC.  I.  c.  575.  —  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Idaho,  Tolmie,  Hayden,  &c. 

P.  racemosa,  Dougl.  A  foot  or  so  high,  simple  or  sometimes  branching,  leafy  to  the 
top :  leaves  lanceolate,  undivided,  minutely  and  doubly  crenulate  (2  to  4  inches  long) : 
flowers  short-pedicelled,  in  a  short  leafy  raceme  or  spike,  or  the  lower  in  remote  axils  and 
uppermost  with  bracts  hardly  surpassing  the  2-toothed  calyx  :  slender  beak  of  galea 
hamate-deflexed.  —  Hook.  1.  c,  &  DC.  1.  c.  —  Subalpine  regions,  British  Columbia  to  N. 
California,  Utah,  and  Colorado. 

4_  H_  ^^  Galea  falcate  and  with  a  conical  or  thick-subulate  beak,  edentulate  :  leaves  at  least  pin- 
natifid :  flower  about  half  inch  long. 

++  Stems  more  or  less  leafy,  low:  leaves  simply  pinnatifid:  corolla  ochroleucous. 

P.  Lapponica,  L.  Merely  puberulent :  stems  clustered,  a  span  or  more  high,  leafy  up 
to  the  short  close  spike :  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  half  way  down  in  many  and  close 
small  oblong  and  incisely  toothed  lobes  :  calyx  cleft  in  front,  minutely  2-toothed  behind : 
galea  erect,  with  abruptly  incurved  conical  short  beak. — Fl.  Lapp.  t.  4,  fig.  1;  Fl.  Dan. 
t.  2;  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  309.  —  Labrador  and  Arctic  America:  apparently  uncommon.  (Green- 
land, Lapland  to  Kamtschatka.) 

P.  Parryi,  Gray.  Glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence  slightly  pubescent :  stem  a  span  or  two 
high,  very  leafy  at  base,  slightly  so  above  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  deeply  pin- 
nately parted;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  acute  (2  or  3  lines  long),  closely  callous- 
serrate  ;  uppermost  leaves  reduced  to  narrow  linear  bracts :  spike  dense,  \\  to  4  inches 
long :  calyx  5-toothed ;  the  teeth  entire :  corolla  ochroleucous  or  more  yellow ;  galea 
strongly  falcate,  with  decurved  subulate-conical  be?ik,  of  about  the  length  of  the  width  of 
the  galea.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiii.  250;  Porter  &  Coulter,  Syn.  Fl.  Colorad.  97. — 
Rocky  Mountains,  from  Wyoming  or  Montana  through  Colorado  to  Utah,  within  and  on 
the  border  of  the  alpine  region. 


Pedicularis.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  307 

++  ++  Stem  scapiform,  or  sometimes  bearing  a  pdir  of  leaves,  low:  leaves  doubly  pinnatifid: 
corolla  probably  purple:  decurved  or  porrect  narrow  beak  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  galea: 
plants  nearly'  glabrous,  only  a  span  high. 

P.  pedicellata,  Bunge.  Leaves  pinnately  parted,  and  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  divi- 
sions incisely  pinnatifid ;  lobes  very  small,  dentate :  spike  capitate  and  with  one  or  two 
more  distant  pedicellate  leafy-bracted  flowers  at  base :  calyx-lobes  toothed  or  incised : 
corolla  fully  half  inch  long :  lower  lip  much  smaller  than  the  galea.  —  Walp.  Repert.  iii. 
432  (name  only)  &  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iii.  278 ;  Maxim.  1.  c.  111.  P.  nasuta,  Bong.  Sitk.,  not 
Bieb.  P.  subnuda,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  577.  —  Sitka,  Mertens,  &c.  Norfolk  Sound,  Eschscholtz. 
Also  Labrador,  according  to  Bunge,  1.  c. 

P.  ornithorhyncha,  Benth.     Habit,  foliage,  &c.,  of  the  preceding,  according  to  the 
character :  "  spike  interrupted :  calyx  ovate-inflated ;  the  teeth  nearly  entire."  —  Hook.  1.  c. 
&  DC.  1.  c.  —  "  On  Mount  Ranier,  Oregon,  Tolmie."    Said  to  be  related  to  P.  rostrata,  but 
with  more  dissected  leaves,  having  very  acute  lobes,  and  a  smaller  lip. 
-I—  -1—  -i—  -1—  Galea  falcate,  arcuate,  or  with  apex  more  or  less  incurved, -or  anteriorly  curvilinear; 

the  beak  very  short  and  thick,  or  commonly  none. 
•H-  Stems  branching  from  a  biennial  or  perhaps  annual  root :  flowers  from  the  axils  and  in  short 
terminal  spikes :  galea  about  the  length  of  the  lip,  slender-bidentulate  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
apex. 

P.  euphrasioides,  Stephan.  A  span  or  more  high,  puberulent:  leaves  lanceolate; 
lower  pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate  incisely  serrate  divisions ;  upper  pinnatifid ;  upper- 
most closely  crenate  :  calyx  cleft  in  front  and  with  2  or  3  entire  teeth  behind :  corolla  half 
inch  long,  yellowish  and  purplish ;  galea  little  shorter  than  the  tube,  with  a  very  short 
and  truncate  horizontal  beak.  —  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  204 ;  Reichenb.  Iconogr.  i.  t.  14 ;  Benth. 
1.  c.  P.  Labradorica,  Houtt.  Linn.  Syst.  viii.  39,  t.  57.  —  Labrador  to  Behring  Straits. 
(Kamts.  to  Greenland.) 

P.  palustris,  L.,  var.  Wlassoviana,  Bunge.  A  foot  high,  glabrous:  leaves  all  pin- 
nately parted ;  the  small  segments  oblong,  incisely  crenate :  calyx  2-clef t ;  lobes  incisely 
cristate  :  corolla  narrow,  half  inch  long,  purplish;  lips  much  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  galea 
not  at  all  rostrate,  nearly  straight,  the  anterior  face  curvilinear,  a  pair  of  minute  additional 
denticulations  at  the  throat.  —  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iii.  283 ;  Maxim.  1.  c.  P.  Wlassoviana, 
Stev.  Monogr.  27,  t.  9,  fig.  1 ;  Benth.  1.  c.  P.  parviflora,  Smith,  ex  Benth.  —  Hudson's 
Bay  to  Kotzebue  Sound,  and  south  to  Oregon.     (Siberia.) 

++  ++  Stems  simple,  from  a  perennial  root,  leafy,  and  along  with  the  spike  longer  than  the  leaves. 
=  Atlantic  States  species,  not  alpine :  leaves  pinnatifid :  spike  short  and  dense. 

P.  Canadensis,  L.  Hirsute-pubescent  and  glabrate,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate, rather  deeply  piniiatifid ;  lobes  short-oblong,  obtuse,  incisely  and  the  larger 
doubly  dentate  :  spike  leafy-bracteate  :  calyx  cleft  in  front :  corolla  ochroleucous  or  tinged 
or  variegated  with  purple,  narrow,  less  than  inch  long;  cucullate  summit  of  the  galea 
incurved,  its  slightly  produced  tip  emarginate-truncate  and  below  conspicuously  cuspidate- 
bidentate:  capsule  gladiate-lanceolate. — Mant.  86;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag  t.  2506;  Sweet,  Brit. 
Fl.  Gard.  t.  67.  P.  gladiata,  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  18.  P.  czquinodialis,  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  ii. 
232.  —  Moist  woodlands  and  gravelly  banks,  Canada  to  the  Saskatchewan,  south  to 
Florida,  and  west  to  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains.     (Mex.) 

P.  lanceolata,  Michx.  Glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent :  stem  robust,  1  to  3  feet  high  : 
leaves  not  rarely  opposite,  thickish,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  moderately  pinnatifid  and  the 
short  and  broad  lobes  doubly  crenate-dentate,  or  the  upper  leaves  merely  crenate  and  the 
teeth  minutely  crenulate :  leafy  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers :  calyx  2-lobed ;  lobes 
crested  with  a  roundish  appendage  :  corolla  straw-color,  an  inch  long,  rather  broad  ;  cucul- 
late summit  of  the  galea  incurved  and  produced  into  a  somewhat  beak-like  evenly  trun- 
cate and  edentulate  apex :  capsule  ovate,  oblique.  —  Fl.  ii.  18 ;  Benth.  1.  c.  582.  P.  T7r- 
ginica,  Poir.  Diet.  v.  126.  P.  pallida,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  424.  P.  aimculata,  Smith,  ex  Benth.  — 
Swamps,  Connecticut  to  Virginia,  Ohio  and  the  Saskatchewan.  Perhaps  tins  is  also 
P.  resupinata,  Pursh,  1.  c,  from  Canada. 

=  =  Rocky  Mountain  species,  tall  or  slender,  not  alpine, 
o.  Leaves  undivided:  galea  bidentulate  at  tip,  equalled  by  the  lip. 

P.  crenulata,  Benth.  Villous-pubescent,  at  length  glabrate  :  stems  a  foot  or  less  high : 
leaves  oblong-linear  or  narrower,  obtuse  (l-J-  to  3  inches  long),  closely  crenate  and  the 


308  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Pediculam. 

broad  crenatures  minutely  crenulate:  spike  short  and  dense:  calyx  cleft  in  front,  2-3- 
toothed  posteriorly :  corolla  whitish  or  purplish,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  like  that 
of  P.  Canadensis,  but  the  teeth  at  the  apex  of  galea  less  conspicuous.  —  Prodr.  1.  c.  668 ; 
Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorad.  97.  —  Meadows  and  parks,  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  at 
7  to  10,000  feet,  Fremont,  Vasey,  &c. 

b.  Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  the  lower  divided,  ample :  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear-lan- 
ceolate, acutely  laciniate-serrate  or  the  larger  pinnatifid :  spike  naked,  many-flowered:  bracts 
unlike  the  leaves  :  calyx  5-clef t ;  the  lobes  slender  and  entire :  galea  almost  straight,  cucullate  at 
summit. 

P.  bracteosa,  Benth.  Glabrous,  or  the  dense  cylindraceous  (1^  to  3  inch)  and  usually 
pedunculate  spike  somewhat  pilose  :  stem  1  to  3  feet  high :  divisions  of  the  leaves  ^  to  2 
inches  long,  linear-lanceolate  :  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  flowers :  calyx- 
lobes  slender-subulate,  equalling  the  tube  :  corolla  less  than  inch  long,  narrow,  pale  yellow ; 
galea  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  lip,  its  cucullate  summit  slightly  produced  at  the 
entire  edentulate  orifice,  but  not  rostrate.  —  Hook.  Fl.  &  DC.  1.  c.  P.  recutita,  Pursh,  Fl. 
ii.  425,  probably.  P.  elata,  Pursh'?  not  Willd.  —  Mountain  and  subalpine  woods,  Saskatch- 
ewan to  British  Columbia,  and  south  to  Utah  and  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  procera,  Gray.  Puberulent :  stem  robust,  l^,to  4  feet  high :  leaves  pinnately  divided 
into  lanceolate  (1  to  3  inches  long)  and  irregularly  pinnatifid  segments,  or  the  uppermost 
deeply  pinnately  parted ;  lobes  mucronately  serrate  or  incised :  bracts  lanceolate,  caudate- 
acuminate,  mostly  longer  than  the  flowers,  serrate  or  denticulate,  or  the  upper  entire: 
spike  8  to  15  inches  long :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  subulate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube  : 
corolla  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  sordid  yellowish  and  greenish-striate ;  galea  hardly 
longer  than  the  ample  lip;  its  broad  cucullate  summit  slightly  incurved,  hardly  at  all 
extended  at  the  orifice,  the  lower  angle  with  a  short  triangular  tooth  on  each  side :  capsule 
broadly  ovate.  — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiv.  251.  —  Low  or  wooded  grounds  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  at  8  or  9,000  feet.  Leaves  more  compound, 
the  bracts  and  calyx-lobes  longer,  and  corolla  larger  than  in  the  allied  Siberian  P.  striata, 
Pall. 

=^  =  =  Rockj'-Mountain-alpine :  stem  few-leaved,  only  a  span  or  so  high. 

P.  SCOpulorum.  Glabrous,  except  the  arachnoid-lanate  dense  oblong  spike  :  calyx-teeth 
triangular-subulate,  entire,  membranaceous,  very  much  shorter  than  the  tube :  galea  of 
the  reddish-purple  (three-fourths  inch  long)  corolla  with  its  somewhat  produced  apex 
obliquely  truncate,  edentulate  or  produced  on  each  side  into  an  obscure  triangular  tooth  : 
otherwise  as  the  following.  —  P.  Sudetica,  var.,  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  I.e.  —  Colorado  Rocky 
Mountains,  at  12  to  14,000  feet.  Parry,  Hall  &  Harbour,  &c. 

=  =  =  ==  Arctic-alpine,  in  America  only  in  high  northern  regions. 
a.  Galea  falcate-incurved  and  with  somewhat  produced  bidentulate  summit. 

P.  Sudetica,  Willd.     Glabrous,  or  the  spike  commonly  hjrsute-villous  or  lanate :  stem  a 
span  high,  few-leaved :  leaves  simply  pinnately-parted ;  divisions  lanceolate,  incisely  ser- 
rate or  crenate ;  the  teeth  somewhat  cartilaginous :   spike  dense,   mostly   short :   calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate  or  linear,  little  shorter  than  the  tube,  serrulate :  corolla  purple  (9  or  10 
lines  long) ;  galea  longer  than  the  erose-crenulate  lobes  of  the  lip;  the  tooth  at  the  lower 
side  of  truncate  apex  on  each  side  conspicuous  and  cuspidate,  sometimes  shorter  and 
triangular-acuminate.  —  Spec.   iii.  209;   Stev.  Monogr.  44,   t.  15;   Reichenb.  Iconogr.   iv. 
t.  390,   &  Ic.  Germ.  t.  1750;   Bunge  in  Ledeb.  1.  c  — Kotzebue  Sound,  St.  Paul  and  St. 
Lawrence  Islands,  &c.     (Adjacent  Arctic  Asia,  N*.  Siberia  to  Lapland,  E.  Alps.) 
b.  Galea  less  falcate  or  straightish,  with  rounded-obtuse  summit  not  at  all  produced  anteriorly,  yet 
sometimes  bidentulate:  calyx  5-toothed:  capsule  acuminate,  usually  double  the  length  of  the 
calyx:  spike  dense,  its  evolution  according  to  Maximowicz  centrifugal  or  nearly  coetaneous  (but 
this  hardly  iipparent),  except  in  true  P.  Langsdorffii. 

P.  Langsd6rflQ,i,  Fisch.  Stem  stout,  glabrous  below,  at  base  bearing  numerous  leafless 
brown  scales,  3  to  8  inches  high,  including  the  at  length  elongated  leafy-bracteate  more  or 
less  hirsute  or  lanate  spike :  leaves  pectinately  pinnatifid  or  the  radical  parted  into  small 
oblong  denticulate  lobes :  bracts  mostly  like  the  upper  leaves :  calyx-teeth  or  most  of 
them  denticulate :  corolla  rose-color  or  purple  (rarely  yellowish,  9  or  10  lines  long),  with 
oblong-linear  somewhat  falcate  galea  longer  than  the  lip,  commonly  with  a  slender  tooth  on 
each  side  below  the  apex;  filaments  all  or  one  pair  more  or,  less  pilose  above:  capsule 
gladiate-lanccolate.  —  Stev.  Monogr.  49,  t.  9,  fig.  2 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  109 ;  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iii. 


Pedicularis.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  309 

288;  Maxim.  1.  c.    P.  purpurascens,  Cham,  in  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  781.  —  Aleutian  and  more 
northern  Islands,  Kotzebue  Sound,  &c.     (Adjacent  N.  E.  Asia.)     Evidently  passes  into 

Var.  lanata.  Spike  conspicuously  and  densely  lanate :  galea  rather  shorter,  nearly 
equalled  by  the  lip,  often  edentulate :  one  pair  of  filaments  glabrous  :  capsule  ovate-acu- 
minate. —  P.  LaH^srfor^i,  var.,  Stev.  1.  c.  P.  lanata,  Willd.  ex  Cham,  in  Linn.  ii.  683; 
Bunge,  1.  c.  P.  arctica,  R.  Br.  App.  Parry,  280,  ex  char.  P.  Ursula,  Benth.  1.  c,  in  part. 
P.  Kanei,  Durand  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser.  ii.  195.  —  Same  range  as  the  type  on  the 
north-west  coast ;  also  arctic  coast  and  islands,  and  high  northern  Rocky  Mountains.  (Green- 
land, Nova  Zembla,  Arctic  Asia.) 

P.  hirsiita,  L.  More  sparsely-leaved,  2  to  10  inches  high:  leaves  pinnately  parted  or 
divided  down  to  the  broad  rhachis,  which  is  almost  as  wide  as  the  length  of  the  (line  long) 
divisions :  spike  capitate,  lanate,  or  the  calyx  rather  hirsute  :  corolla  smaller,  not  over  half 
inch  long,  flesh-colored ;  the  closed  galea  not  excised  or  notched  anteriorly  :  filaments  all 
glabrous.  —  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  4,  fig.  3;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1105;  Bunge,  1.  c.  —  Arctic  seacoast,  Capt. 
Parry.     (Greenland,  Spitzbergen,  Lapland,  Arct.  Siberia.) 

P.  flammea,  L.  Rather  sparsely-leaved,  glabrate  or  glabrous,  2  to  4  inches  high  :  leaves 
deeply  pinnately  parted ;  divisions  crowded,  ovate  or  oblong,  incisely  and  doubly  serrate 
(hardly  2  lines  long) :  bracts  of  the  narrow  naked  spike  shorter  "than  the  pedicellate  flow- 
ers, linear-lanceolate,  merely  denticulate :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  unequal,  much  shorter 
than  the  cylindraceous  tube :  corolla  narrow,  half  inch  long,  citron-yellow  with  crimson 
or  dark  purple  tip  to  the  oblong  almost  equal-sided  but  slightly  arcuate  galea,  which  much 
exceeds  the  small  lip :  filaments  all  glabrous.  —  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  4,  fig.  2 ;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  30,  &  t. 
1878;  Bunge,  1.  c.  —  Labrador  to  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains  and  northward.  (Green- 
land, Arct.  Eu.) 

P.  versicolor,  Wahl.  Like  the  preceding,  mostly  larger :  calyx  more  deeply  5-toothed : 
corolla  three-fourths  inch  long,  with  more  arcuate  and  gibbous  galea,  dilated  throat,  and 
larger  lip:  two  longer  filaments  hairy.  —  Veg.  Helvet.  118  (not  Fl.  Suec.)  ;  Cham.  & 
Schlecht.  in  Linn.  ii.  585 ;  Hook,  1.  c. ;  Bunge,  1.  c.  —  N.  W.  Coast  1  Island  of  St.  Lawrence, 
Chamisso.     (Arctic  E.  Asia  to  Himalayas  and  Swiss  Alps.) 

++++++  Stem  scapiform,  leafless  or  one-leaved,  and  with  the  head  of  few  large  flowers  surpassing 
the  radical  leaves :  galea  edentulate :  anthers  muticous. 

P.  capitata,  Adams.  Pubescent  or  glabrate:  leaves  pinnately  divided;  divisions 
ovate,  pinnately  incised  and  dentate :  scape  1  to  4  inches  high :  bracts  foliaceous  :  calyx 
campanulate,  5-clef t ;  the  lobes  incisely  dentate :  corolla  over  an  inch  long,  "  white  "  or 
"  yellow ; "  its  tube  little  exserted ;  galea  elongated,  arcuate-incurved,  of  equal  breadth 
throughout,  obscurely  produced  at  the  orifice,  twice  the  length  of  the  lip :  filaments  gla- 
brous. —  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.  v.  100  ;  Stev.  Monogr.  I.  c.  19,  t.  3,  fig.  2 ;  Cham.  &  Schlecht. 
1.  c. ;  Trautv.  Imag.  55,  t.  36.  P.  Nelsoni,  R.  Br.  in  Richards.  Frankl.  App.  743 ;  Hook,  in 
Parry,  App.  402,  t.  1.  P.  vertlcillata,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  426,  not  L.  —  Arctic  seacoast,  Kotzebue 
Sound,  Unalaska,  and  more  northern  islands.     (Arct.  Asia.) 

++++++++  Stem  short  or  hardly  any :  radical  leaves  exceeding  the  short  spike  or  head :  galea 
edentulate:  anther-cells  mucronate  or  aristate  at  base :  lower  lip  nearly  the  length  of  the  galea: 
calyx  5-cleft  into  lanceolate  unequal  lobes :  capsule  ovate,  nearly  included  in  the  calyx. 

P.  semibarbata,  Gray.  Nearly  acaulescent,  depressed,  pubescent  and  glabrate:  leaves 
(6  to  9  inches  long)  in  a  radical  tuft  and  as  bracts  to  the  lowest  flowers,  on  petioles  mostly 
exceeding  the  irregular  sessile  spikes,  twice  pinnately  parted  or  nearly  so,  and  the  oblong 
lobes  laciniately  few-toothed:  corolla  yellowish  and  purplish,  pubescent  outside,  two-thirds 
inch  long;  the  almost  straight  galea  rounded  obliquely  at  summit,  not  cucuUate :  longer 
filaments  villous  above  the  middle:  anthers  mucronate  at  base.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii. 
385,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  583.  —  Open  woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  at  5  to  10,000 
feet,  south  to  San  Beimardino  Co. 

P.  centranthera,  Gray.  Glabrous :  leaves  (2  to  5  inches  long)  moderately  exceeding 
the  short  and  dense  spike,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  ovate  or  oblong  divisions  doubly  crenate- 
dentate  and  their  margins  thickly  bordered  with  minute  white-cartilaginous  teeth  :  bracts 
shorter  than  the  flowers,  similarly  margined  and  toothed,  or  the  upper  and  calyx-lobes 
nearly  entire :  corolla  inch  long,  purple  and  yellowish ;  tlie  galea  slightly  incurved  and 
conspicuously  cucullate  at  summit :  filaments  glabrous  :  anthers  aristate  at  base.  —  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  120.  —  W.  New  Mexico  and  S.  Utah  to  S.  E.  California,  Bigelow,  Newberry, 
Mrs.  Thompson,  Palmer,  &c. 


310  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Pedicularis. 


much 
erefore 


^_  ^_  H_  ^_  +-  Galea  completely  straight  and  anteriorly  rectilinear,  edentulate,  very 
longer  and  larger  than  the  depauperate  hp,  slightly  broader  upwards;  the  whole  corolla  thi 
more  or  less  clavate. 

P.  densiflora,  Benth.  Pubescent  or  glabrate :  stem  stout,  6  to  20  inches  high,  leafy : 
leaves  ample  (4  to  12  inches  long),  of  oblong  outline,  twice  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted, 
and  the  lobes  laciniate-dentate ;  the  irregular  salient  teeth  cuspidate-tipped :  spike  at  first 
very  dense,  oblong  (2  or  3  inches  long), in  age  looser  and  longer  (sometimes  a  foot  or  more 
long) ;  lower  bracts  leaf-like.;  uppermost  almost  entire  and  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
short-pedicellate  or  sessile  flowers:  calyx  deeply  5-toothed;  the  teeth  lanceolate  or  subu- 
late :  corolla  scarlet-red,  fully  an  inch  long ;  lip  a  line  or  two  long :  filaments  glabrous. 
—  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  110,  &  DC.  1.  c.  574 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  583.  P.  attenuata,  Benth.  in 
PC.  1.  c.  —  Dry  hills,  almost  throughout  California,  at  least  in  the  western  part  of  the  State. 
A  variable  but  most  distinct  species. 

37.  RHINANTHUS,  L.  Yellow-rattle.  (Formed  of  qiv,  snout,  and 
uvdog,  flower,  now  meaningless,  for  the  species  with  beak  to  the  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  have  been  removed  to  another  genus.)  —  Comprises  a  very  few  annuals  of 
northern  temperate  zone ;  with  erect  stem,  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  yellow 
subsessile  flowers  in  the  axils,  the  upper  ones  crowded  and  secund  in  a  leafy- 
bracted  spike ;  in  'summer.  Seeds  when  ripe  rattle  in  the  inflated  dry  calyx, 
whence  the  popular  name. 

B.  Crista-galli,  L.  About  a  foot  high,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent  above :  leaves 
from  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate ;  bracts  more  incised  and  the  acumi- 
nate teeth  setaceous-tipped :  corolla  barely  half  inch  long,  only  the  tip  exserted ;  trans- 
verse appendages  of  the  galea  transversely  ovate,  as  broad  or  broader  than  long :  seeds 
conspicuously  winged.  —  Spec.  ii.  603,  mainly  ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  657.  R.  minor,  Ehrh.  Beitr.  vi. 
144.  _  Coast  of  New  England,  rare,  and  perhaps  introduced.  Alpine  region  of  the  Wliite 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Labrador  and  Newfoundland,  Lake  Superior,  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, extending  south  to  New  Mexico,  and  north-west  to  Alaska  and  Unalaska ;  clearly 
indigenous.  (Greenland,  Eu.,  Asia.)  Varies  much  in  size,  but  apparently  we  have  no 
R.  major,  Ehrh. 

38.  MELAMP'^RUM,  Tourn.  Cow- Wheat.  (The  name,  from  jus'la?  and 
nvQog,  means  black  wheat :  in  Europe  some  species  are  weeds  in  grain  fields.)  — 
Low  and  branching  annuals  ;  with  opposite  leaves  ;  chiefly  European,  one  Atlantic 
N.  American  :  fl.  summer. 

M.  Americanum,  Miohx.  Nearly  glabrous,  a  foot  or  so  high,  loosely  branched : 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  short-petioled  ;  lower  entire ;  upper  with  abrupt  base 
and  one  or  two  bristly-acuminate  teeth,  or  nearly  hastate  :  calyx-teeth  longer  than  the  tube, 
subulate-fiUform,  one-third  the  length  of  the  slender  pale  yellow  (barely  half  mch)  corolla  : 
flowers  scattered  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves.  -  Fl.  ii-  16;  Gray  Man.  338.  M.Jn,e«r., 
Lam.  Diet.  iv.  23.  M.  latifolium,  Muhl.  Cat. ;  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  58.  M.  sylvaticummo^.Jl  u. 
106  not  L.  M.  pratense,  var.  Americanum,  Benth.  in  DC  Prodr.  x.  584.  M.  brachmhm 
Sch'wein.  in  Keating,  Narr.  St.  Peter  R.  Appx.  115,  a  slender  form.  -  Thickets,  &c.,  Hud- 
son's Bay  to  Saskatchewan,  and  through  Atlantic  States,  chiefly  eastward,  to  the  moun- 
tains of  N.  Carolina. 

Order  XCVII.    OROBANCHACE^. 

Root-parasitic  herbs,  destitute  of  green  foliage  (whitish,  yellowish,  reddish  or 
brown),  with  alternate  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  the  two  (single  or  double)  multi- 
ovulate  placentae  parietal,  and  ovary  consequently  one-celled,  the  very  small  and 
innumerable  seeds  with  a  minute  embryo  having  no  obvious  distinction  of  parts, 
otherwise  nearly  as  Scrophulariacece.     Flowers  hermaphrodite,  5-merou3  as  to 


Orobanche.  OROBANCHACE^.  311 

perianth,  with  didynamous  stamens  and  the  dimerous  pistil  of  all  the  related 
orders,  but  the  stigmas  and  the  placenta  sometimes  divided  or  separated  so  as 
apparently  to  be  .four :  all  the  flower  commonly  marcescent-persistent.  Corolla 
ringent.  Anthers  always  2-celled.  Ovary  ovoid,  pointed  with  a  mostly  long 
style:  stigma  sometimes  peltate  or  dipshaped  and  entire,  often  bilabiate,  occa- 
sionally 4-lobed,  i.  e.  the  anterior  and  posterior  stigma  each  2-lobed,  and  some- 
times these  lobes  or  half-stigmas  combine  laterally,  forming  two  right  and  left 
stigmas  which  therefore  are  superposed  to  (instead  of  alternate  with)  the  parietal 
placenta.  When  the  latter  are  four,  it  is  because  the  half -placenta  are  borne 
more  or  less  withm  the  margin  of  each  carpel.  Capsule  2-valved,  each  valve 
bearing  on  its  face  a  single  placenta  or  a  pair.  Hypogynous  gland  not  rarely  at 
the  base  of  the  ovary  on  one  side.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  or 
scales,  sometimes  on  scapiform  peduncles,  sometimes  collected  in  a  termmal  spike  : 
evolution  always  centripetal. 

*  Flowers  all  alike  and  fertile.    - 
-1-  Anther-cells  deeply  separated  from  below,  mucronate  or  aristulate  at  base. 
++  Foreign,  sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

1.  OROBANCHE.  Flowers  spicate,  sessile.  Calyx  cleft  before  and  behind  almost  or 
quite  to  the  base  into  a  paii-  of  lateral  and  usually  2-cleft  divisions.  Corolla  bilabiate  ; 
upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed  or  emarginate;  lower  spreading,  broadly  3-lobed.  Stamens 
included.    Lobes  of  the  stigma  when  distinguishable  right  and  left. 

++  ++  Indigenous  and  peculiar  to  North  America. 

2.  APHYLLON.  Flowers  pedunculate  or  pedicellate,  sometimes  subsessile  and  thyrsoid- 
spicate.  Calyx  5-cleft ;  lobes  nearly  equal,  acute  or  acuminate.  Corolla  somewhat  bila- 
biate ;  upper  lip  more  or  less  spreading,  mostly  2-lobed,  lower  spreading.  Stamens  included. 
Stigma  peltate  or  somewhat  crateriform,  or  bilamellar,  the  lobes  anterior  and  posterior. 
Style  deciduohs.     Placentae  4,  either  equidistant  or  contiguous  m  pairs. 

3.  CONOPHOLIS.  Flowers  in  a  dense  simple  scaly-bracted  spike,  2-bracteolate.  Calyx 
spathaceous,  deeply  cleft  in  front,  posteriorly  about  4-toothed.  Corolla  ventricose-tubular, 
strongly  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  fornicate  and  emarginate;  lower  shorter,  spreading,  3-parted. 
Stamens  somewhat  exserted ;  the  pairs  little  unequal  (rarely  the  5th  stamen  present). 
Stigma  capitate,  obscurely  2-lobed ;  the  lobes  anterior  and  posterior.  Placentae  4,  almost 
equidistant.     Seeds  oval,  with  a  thick  coat. 

-1—  -t-  Anther-cells  closely  parallel  and  muticous  at  base. 

4.  BOSCHNIAKIA.  Flowers  sessile  in  a  dense  simple  scaly-bracted  spike,  ebracteolate. 
Calyx_  short,  cupuliform,  posteriorly  truncate  or  obliquely  shorter,  and  with  3  distant 
teeth  in  front.  Corolla  ventricose ;  upper  lip  erect  or  fornicate,  entire ;  lower  S-parted. 
Stamens  slightly  exserted.  Stigma  dilated  and  bilamellar  (the  lobes  right  and  left)  or  4- 
lobed.     Seeds  with  a  thin  reticulated  coat. 

*  *  Flowers  dimorphous ;  lower  cleistogamous  ;  upper  commonly  infertile. 

5.  EPIPHEGUS.  Flowers  subsessile  and  spicately  scattered  along  slender  paniculate 
branches.  Calyx  short,  5-toothed.  Corolla  cylindraceous,  slightly  curved  and  upwardly 
enlarged,  almost  equally  4-lobed  at  summit;  the  rather  larger  upper  lobe  or  lip  fornicate 
or  concave,  barely  emarginate.  Stamens  slightly  exserted :  anther-cells  parallel,  mucro- 
nate at  base.  Broad  gland  adnate  to  base  of  the  ovary  on  the  upper  side.  Style  filiform  : 
stigma  capitate-2-lobed.  Cleistogamous  flowers  short  unopened  buds  :  style  hardly  any. 
Capsule  2-valved  at  apex :  a  pair  of  contiguous  placentse  on  each  valve.  Seeds  with  a 
thin  and  shining  striate-reticulated  coat. 

1-,  OROBANCHE,  L.  Broom-Rape.  ("OQO^og  and  dvxovT],  a  vetch- 
strangler.)  —  Old- World  parasites,  on  roots  of  various  plants,  very  numerous  iu 
species  or  forms,  one  species  sparingly  and  probably  recently  introduced  into  the 
Atlantic  United  States. 

O,  MINOR,  L.  Parasitic  on  clover,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  pubescent, 
pale  yellowish-brown,  or  with  purplish-tinged  flowers  in  a  rather  loose  spike  :  corolla  half 
inch  long.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


312  OROBANCHACE^.  Aphyllon. 

2.  APH"^LLON,  Mitchell.  Cancer-root.  (From  a  privative,  and  givUoj', 
foliage,  i.  e.  leafless.)  —  North  American  and  Mexican,  brownish  or  whitish,  low, 
commonly  viscid-pubescent  or  glandular,  and  with  violet-jDurplish  or  yellowish 
flowers.  —  Nov.  Gen.  in  Act.  Phys.-Med.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  viii..(1748),  221 ;  Gray, 
Man.  ed.  1,  290,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  584;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  983. 

§  1.  Gymnocaulis,  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c.  Peduncles  or  scapes  long  and  slen- 
der from  the  axils  of  fleshy  loose  scales  of  a  short  and  commonly  fasciculate  root- 
stock  or  caudex,  naked,  not  bracteolate  under  the  flower :  calyx  regularly  5-lobed  : 
corolla  with  elongated  somewhat  curved  tube,  and  widely  spreading  somewhat 
equally  5-lobed  limb,  only  obscurely  bilabiate :  stigma  peltate  and  slightly  bila- 
mellar,  broad  and  thin :  placentae  nearly  equidistant :  seed-coat  thin  and  minutely 
reticulated.  Fl.  summer.  —  Aphyllon,  Mitchell,  1.  c.  Orohanche  §  Gymnocaulis^ 
Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  59.  0.  §  Anoplon,  Wallr.  Orobanch.  66.  Anoplanthus  §  Euano- 
plon,  Endl.  Gen.  727. 

A.  uniflorum,  Gray.  Scaly  stem  short  and  nearly  subterranean,  bearing  few  scapes  (a 
span  high):  calyx-lobes  mostly  much  longer  than  the  tube,  subulate,  usually  attenuate: 
corolla  violet-tinged  (and  flower  viole^scented,  inch  long) ;  the  lobes  obovate  and  rather  large. 
—  Man.  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  584.  Orohanche  uniflora,  L. ;  Bart.  Med.  Bot.  t.  60.  0.  biflora, 
Nutt.  1.  c.  Phelipcea  biflora,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  818.  Anoplanthus  unijlorus,  Endl.  Iconogr.  t.  72 
(stigma  wrong);  Reuter  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  41.  Anoplon  biflorum,  Don,  Syst.  iv.  633. — 
Damp  woodlands,  Newfoundland  to  Texas,  California,  and  Brit.  Columbia  :  flowers  early. 

A.  fasciculatum,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  pubescent  and  glandular :  stem  often  emergent  and 
mostly  as  long  as  the  numerous  fascicled  peduncles,  not  rarely  shorter :  calyx-lobes  broadly 
or  triangular-subulate,  not  longer  than  the  tube,  very  much  shorter  than  the  dull  yellow  or 
purplish  corolla;  lobes  of  the  latter  oblong  and  smaller. —  Orobanchefasciculata, 'Nutt.  1.  c. ; 
Hook.  n.  ii.  93,  t.  170.  Phelipcea  fasciculata,  Spreng.  1.  c.  Anoplanthus  fasciculatus,  Walp. 
Repert.  iii.  480 ;  Reuter  in  DC.  1.  c.  —  Sandy  ground.  Lake  Michigan  and  Saskatchewan, 
southward  west  of  the  Mississippi  to  Arizona,  and  west  to  Oregon  and  California;  on 
Artemisia,  Eriogonum,  &c. 

Var.  luteum,  a  very  caulescent  and  short-peduncled  form,  with  sulphur-yellow  corolla, 
and  whole  plant  light  yellow.  —  Phelipoea  lutea,  Parry  in  Am.  Naturalist,  viii.  214.  —  Wy- 
oming, Parry.    Parasitic  on  roots  of  grasses. 

§  2.  NoTHAPHYLLON,  Gray.  Caulescent,  and  the  inflorescence  racemose,  thyr- 
soidal,  or  spicate  :  pedicels  or  calyx  1-2-bracteolate :  corolla  manifestly  bilabiate ; 
upper  lip  less  or  not  at  all  2-cleft :  stigma  sometimes  crateriform :  seed-coat 
favose-reticulated :  placentae  approximate  in  pairs. 

*   Flowers  all  manifestly  pedicellate:  corolla  lobes  oblong,  spreading;  upper  lip  less  so. 

A.  comosum,  Gray.  Low,  puberulent :  short  stout  stem  branching  close  to  the  ground : 
pedicels  corymbose  or  paniculate-racemose,  shorter  than  the  (inch  or  more  long)  flower : 
bractlets  one  or  two  on  the  pedicel  or  sometimes  at  the  base  of  the  flower :  calyx  deeply 
5-parted ;  lobes  subulate-linear  and  attenuate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  pink  or  pale 
purple  corolla:  anthers  woolly. —Bot.  Calif,  i.  584.  Orohanche  comosa,  Hook.  PI.  ii.  93, 
t.  169  (but  lobes  of  lower  lip  seldom  so  notched).  Anoplanthus  comosus,  "Walp.  1.  c.  Phelipcea 
comosa.  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  118.  —  Dry  hiUs,  parasitic  on  Artemisia,  &c.,  Washington 
Terr,  to  California. 

A.  Calif  ornicum,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  pubescent  and  viscid,  and  with  stouter  and  simpler 
stem,  about  a  span  high :  flowers  crowded  in  an  oblong  dense  raceme  or  thyrsus  :  pedicels 
shorter  than  calyx :  bractlets  close  to  the  calyx,  and  with  the  subulate-linear  lobes  of  the 
latter  almost  equalling  the  yellowish  or  purplish  corolla;  the  lobes  of  which  are  shorter 
and  less  spreading :  anthers  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy.  —  Orohanche  Californica,  Cham.  & 
Schlect.  in  Linn.  iii.  134.  Phelipcea  Californica,  Don.  I.  c.  P.  erianthera,  Watson,  Bot. 
King,  225,  not  Engelm.  —  California  and  W.  Nevada.  Lower  pedicels  soinetimes  half  inch 
long ;  upper  very  short. 


BoscTiniaUa.  OROBANCHACE^.  313 

*  *  Flowers  nearly  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  short-pedicelled,  simply  spicate  or  thj'rsoid :  calyx 
bibracteolate,  deeply  5-cleft  into  linear-lanceolate  lobes :  upper  lip  "or  all  the  lobes  of  the  more 
tubular  corolla  less  spreading:  whole  plant  viscidly  pruinose-puberulent. 

A.  multifldrtim,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high :  calyx  almost  5-parted,  fully  half  the 
length  of  the  ample' (inch  or  more  long)  purplish  corolla:  anthers  very  woolly.  —  Orobanche 
multiflora,  Nutt.  PL  Gamb.  179.  Phelipoea  Ludoviciana,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  110,  in  part. 
P.  erianlhera,  Engelm.  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  372.  —  Gravelly  plains  and  pine  woods, 
W.  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  S.  Colorado,  to  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

A.  Ludovicianum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Rather  less  pubescent :  spikes  more  frequently  com- 
pound: calyx  less  deeply  and  somewhat  unequally  5-cleft:  corolla  about  half  smaller; 
upper  lip  sometimes  almost  entire:  anthers  (before  dehiscence)  glabrous  or  nearly  so. — 
Orobanche  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  58.  Pkelipaa  Ludoviciana,  Walp.  1.  c. ;  Reuter  in  DC. 
1.  c.  —  Illinois  and  Saskatchewan  to  Texas,  thence  west  to  Arizona  and  the  south-eastern 
borders  of  California.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  subsessile  or  short-pedicelled,  thyrsoid-paniculate,  small,  otherwise  nearly  as  in 
the  preceding  section:  stems  with  a  thickened  tuber-like  squamose  base:  anthers  glabrous: 
corolla  yellowish,  half  inch  long. 

A.  tuberosum.  Gray,  1.  c.  Pruinose-puberulent,  seldom  a-  span  high :  short  and  dense 
spikes  corymbose-glomerate  at  the  summit  of  the  tliick  stem :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  longer 
than  the  tube.  —  Phelipoea  tuberosa,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  371.  —  Dry  ridges,  Califor- 
nia, from  Monterey  to  San  Diego,  and  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Brewer,  Palmer,  Parry. 

A.  pinetorum,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  pubescent :  stem  rather  slender  above  the  large  tuber- 
ous base,  a  span  to  a  foot  high:  flowers  in  a  rather  loose  elongated  panicle:  calyx-lobes 
subulate  from  a  broad  base,  not  longer  than  the  tube.  —  Orobanche  pinetorum,  Geyer  in 
Hook.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  297.  —  Oregon  to  British  Columbia,  on  the  roots  of  Fir-trees. 

3.  CONOPHOLIS,  Wallr.  Squaw-root.  (Kcivoi;,  cone,  and  (folig,  scale, 
the  young  plant,  clothed  with  the  imbricated  dry  scales  and  bracts,  not  unlike  a 
slender  Fir-cone.)  —  Single  species. 

C.  Americana,  Wallr.  Glabrous,  simple,  3  or  4  and  in  fruit  becoming  6  to  10  inches 
long,  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  light  chestnut-colored,  and  with  yellowish  flowers :  scales  at 
first  rather  fleshy,  at  length  firm-chartaceous.  —  Orobanch.  78  ;  Endl.  Iconogr.  t.  81.  Oro- 
banche Americana,  L.  f.  Suppl.  88.  — Oak  woods,  in  clusters  among  decaying  fallen  leaves. 
New  England  to  Michigan  and  Florida  :  fl.  summer.     (Mex.) 

4.  BOSCHNIAKIA.  C.  a.  Meyer.  (In  memory  of  Boschniahi,  a  Rus- 
sian botanist.)  —  Short  and  thick,  simple-stemmed  from  a  tuberous  caudex,  brown, 
glabrous,  scaly  ;  the  sessile  flowers  each  subtended  by  a  scaly  bract  nearly  equal- 
ling the  corolla  ;  the  whole  forming  a  mostly  dense  cylindrical  spike.  W.  N. 
American,  E.  Asian  and  Himalayan :  fi.  summer. 

*  Calyx-teeth  short  and  broad :  placentae  2:  scales  (acutish)  and  corolla-lobes  somewhat  ciliate. 

B.  glabra,  C.  A.  Meyer.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  :  scales  ovate :  anterior  calyx-tooth 
larger  :  lower  lip  of  the  ovoid  ventricose  corolla  almost  obsolete :  filaments  merely  gland- 
ular at  base.  —  Bong.  Veg.  Sitka,  158,  where  the  genus  was  first  described.  Orobanche,  &c., 
Gmel.  Sibir.  iii.  216,  t.  46.  0.  Rossica,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  in  Linn.  iii.  132.  0.  (Bosch.) 
glabra,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  92,  t.  167.  —  Aleutian  Islands  and  east  to  Slave  Lake.  (Japan, 
Siberia.)     The  reference  in  DC.  Prodr.  to  E.  United  States  and  Mexico  was  an  oversight. 

B.  Hookeri,  Walp.  Smaller :  scales  oblong,  rather  sparse  :  spike  short :  lower  lip  of 
the  oblong  corolla  fully  half  the  length  of  the  upper ;  its  lobes  ovate-oblong :  filaments 
bearded  at  base.  —  Rep.  iii.  479 ;  Reuter  in  DC.  1.  c.  39.  Orobanche  tuberosa,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  92, 
t.  168.  —  N.  W.  Coast,  Menzies :  not  since  seen. 

*  *  Calyx-teeth  linear-subulate  and  longer  than  the  tube:  scales  very  broad  and  obtuse:  pla- 
centas 4,  equidistant. 

B.  strobilacea,  Gray.  A  span  high  or  less,  stout  and  thick,  brownish-red,  flowering 
almost  from  the  base  :  scales  much  imbricated,  orbicular  and  round-obovate  :  lower  lip  of 


314  LENTIBULARIACEiE.  Epiphegus. 

the  oblong  (white  and  brownish-striped)  corolla  about  as  long  as  the  upper;  its  lobes 
oblong,  widely  spreading:  filaments  densely  bearded  at  base.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  118,  & 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  585.  —  California ;  on  dry  steep  hills,  S.  Yuba,  Bigelow.  Santa  Lucia  Moun- 
tains, parasitic  on  Manzanita-roots,  Brewer.     San  Bernardino  Co.,  Lemmon.     (Mex.  ?) 

5.  EPIPH^G-US,  Nutt.  (Written  Epifdgus.)  Beech-drops,  Cancer- 
root.  (Composed  of  ijr/,  upon,  and  cptjyog,  Beech,  being  parasitic  on  the  roots 
of  that  tree.)  —  Single  species. 

E.  Virginiana,  Bart.  Annual,  slender,  a  foot  or  so  high,  with  thickened  base  produc- 
ing siiort  fibrous  matted  roots,  glabrous,  dull  purple  or  yellowish-brown,  paniculately 
branched :  scales  and  bracts  minute  and  sparse  :  cleistogamous  flowers  a  line  and  capsules 
2  lines  long :  developed  corolliferous  flowers  along  the  upper  part  of  the  branches  3  to  8 
lines  long,  purplish  and  whitish.  —  Comp.  Fl.  Philad.  ii.  50 ;  Gray,  Man.  1.  c. ;  Renter  in 
DC  1.  c.  4.  E.  Americanus,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  60;  Endl.  Iconogr.  t.  80.  OrohancheVirginiana,  L. 
Leptamnium  Virginianum,  Raf.  in  Am.  Month.  Mag.  1819.  Mylanche,  Wallr.  Orobanch.  75. 
—  Beech  woods,  New  Brunswick  to  Florida  and  Missouri :  fl.  autumn. 


Order  XCVIII.  LENTIBULARIACE^. 

Herbs,  growing  in  water  or  wet  soil,  when  terrestrial  acaulescent,  with  scapes 
or  scapiform  peduncles  simple  and  one-few-flowered,  calcarate  corolla  always 
and  calyx  usually  bilabiate,  a  single  (anterior)  pair  of  stamens,  confluently  one- 
celled  anthers  contiguous  under  the  broad  stigma,  no  hypogynous  disk,  and  a  free 
one-celled  ovary  with  free  central  multiovulate  placenta  (either  sessile  or  stipi- 
tate)  which  becomes  a  globular  many-seeded  capsule  ;  the  anatropous  seeds  with 
a  close  coat,  no  albumen,  and  filled  by  the  apparently  solid  ellipsoidal  or  oblong 
embryo.  Style  short  or  none :  stigma  bilamellar,  or  the  smaller  anterior  lip 
sometimes  obsolete.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  commonly  erect  or  concave,  or  the 
sides  replicate,  from  entire  to  2-lobed,  interior  in  the  bud  ;  lower  larger,  spreading 
or  reflexed,  3-lobed,  with  a  palate  projecting  into  the  throat  and  a  nectariferous 
spur  beneath.     Flowers  always  perfect.     Capsule  commonly  bursting  irregularly. 

—  The  following  are  the  two  priucijial  genera.  (For  action  of  bladders  of  Utri- 
cularia  and  leaves  of  Pinguicula,  see  Darwin,  Insectivorous  Plants,  p.  368-453.) 

1.  UTRICULARIA.  Calyx  2-parted  or  deeply  2-lobed  ;  lobes  mostly  entire,  nearly  equal. 
Upper  lip  of  strongly  bilabiate  and  more  or  less  personate  corolla  erect.  Filaments  thick, 
strongly  arcuate-incurved,  the  base  and  apex  contiguous.  Dissected  foliage  or  stems  of 
aquatic  species  bladder-bearing. 

2.  PINGUICULA.  Calyx  with  upper  lip  deeply  3-  and  lower  2-cleft  or  parted.  Corolla 
ringent  or  less  personate,  and  the  lobes  all  spreading.  Filaments  straighter  :  anthers  nearly 
transverse.    Terrestrial,  with  entire  rosulate  leaves  next  the  ground. 

1.  UTRICULARIA,  L.     Bladderwort.     (Utriculus,  a  little  bladder.) 

—  Cosmopolitan  small  herbs  :  terrestrial  species  with  inconspicuous  or  fugacious 
radical  leaves  ;  aquatic  with  the  dissected  leaves,  branches,  and  even  roots,  bearing 
little  bladders,  which  are  furnished  with  a  valvular  lid,  and  commonly  tipped  with 
a  few  bristles  at  orifice.  Scapes  one-flowered  or  racemosely  several-flowered,  in 
summer.  —  Lentibularia,  Vaill. 

§  1 .  Scape  bearing  an  involucriform  whorl  of  dissected  leaves,  which  are  buoyant 
by  ample  inflated-bladdery  petioles  filled  with  air :  cauline  leaves  of  the  immersed 
branching  stems  capillary-dissected  and  bladder-bearing,  in  the  manner  of  the  fol- 
lowing section :  roots  few  or  none. 


Utricularia.  LENTIBULARIACEiE.  315 

U.  inflata,"Walt.  Inflated  petioles  of  the  whorled  leaves  oblong  or  clavate,  tapering  to 
each  end,  the  bases  of  the  lower  divisions  also  inflated;  setaceous  divisions  pinnateiy 
multifid :  scape  3-10-flowered,  a  span  or  so  long :  pedicels  recurved  after  flowering :  flow- 
ers rather  large,  yellow :  spur  conical-lanceolate,  emarginate,  appressed  to  and  half  the 
length  of  the  lower  lip  :  capsule  apiculate  with  a  short  distinct  style :  seeds  globular, 
squamose-echinate.  —  Car.  64 ;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  20;  A.DC.  Prodr.  viiL  4  ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  6,  318. 
U.  ceratophylla,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  12 ;  LeConte  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  73,  t.  6,  fig.  1.  — Floating 
in  still  water,  Maine  to  Texas  along  the  coast. 

§  2.  Scape  leafless,  emersed  from  submersed  or  floating  leafy  stems,  which  are 
free  swimming  and  mostly  rootless  in  deep  water,  or  in  some  sparingly  rooting 
where  the  water  is  shallow :  leaves  dissected  into  capillary  or  filiform  divisions, 
some  or  many  of  them  (as  also  stems)  bearing  small  bladders :  chiefly  perennial, 
or  continued  by  hybernacular  tuber-like  buds  set  free  in  autumn. 

*  Cleistogamous  flowers  along  the  submersed  copiously  bladder-bearing  stems. 
U.  clandestina,  Nutt.  Leaves  of  the  slender  stems  repeatedly  forked  :  scapes  slender, 
3  to  5  inches  high,  3-5-flowered:  corolla  yellow,  3  lines  long;  lips  nearly  eq\ial  in  length, 
the  lower  broader,  somewhat  surpassing  the  approximate  thick  and  obtuse  spur :  cleisto- 
gamous flowers, scattered  on  the  leafy  stems;  their  short  peduncle  soon  deflexed :  seeds 
(from  the  clandestine  blossoms)  depressed-globular;  the  coat  minutely  reticulated.  —  Herb. 
Greene,  &  in  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1  (1848),  287.  U.  striata,  Tuckerm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlv.  29, 
not  of  LeConte.  U.  geminiscapa,  Benjamin  in  Linn.  xx.  305  ?  But  that  may  be  a  form 
of  U.  intermedia.  — Ponds,  from  New  Brunswick  and  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  near  the 
coast. 

*  *  No  cleistogamous  flowers. 
-1—  Pedicels  (few  or  several)  recurved  in  fruit:  corolla  j'ellow. 
U.  vulgaris,  L.  Stems  long  and  rather  stout,  densely  leafy :  leaves  2-3-pinnately 
divided,  very  bladdery  :  bladders  about  2  lines  long  :  scapes  a  foot  or  less  long,  5-16-flow- 
ered:  corolla  (half  inch  or  more  broad)  with  sides  of  lips  reflexed ;  upper  nearly  entire, 
hardly  longer  than  the  prominent  palate :  spur  conical,  porrect  toward  the  slightly  3-lobed 
lower  Up,  shorter  than  it,  in  the  N.  American  plant  (var.  Americana)  commonly  narrower 
and  less  obtuse  than  in  the  European.  —  Lam.  111.  t.  14 ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  253;  Fl.  Dan. 
t.  138 ;  Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  U.  macrorhiza,  LeConte,  1.  c.  —  Slow  streams,  &c.,  Newfoundland 
and  Saskatchewan  to  Texas,  and  west  to  California  and  Brit.  Columbia.  (N.  Asia,  Eu.) 
U.  minor,  L.  Leaves  scattered  on  the  filiform  stems,  repeatedly  dichotomous,  smaU,  se- 
taceous :  bladders  barely  a  line  long :  scapes  slender,  3  to  7  inches  high,  2-8-flowered : 
corolla  pale  yellow,  2  or  3  lines  broad,  ringent ;  upper  lip  not  longer  than  the  depressed 
palate  of  the  lower :  spur  very  short  and  obtuse.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  128 ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  254 ; 
A.DC.  1.  c.  U.  setacea,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  118,  ex  char.  —  Shallow  still  waters,  Canada  and 
Saskatchewan  to  New  Jersey,  mountains  of  Utah  and  Nevada,  northern  Sierra  Nevada, 
and  Brit.  Columbia.     (Eu.,  Siberia.) 

•<—  -i—  Pedicels  erect  in  fruit,  few  and  slender:  corolla  yellow. 
++   Spur  of  corolla  thick  and  conical,  shorter  than  the  lower  lip  and  approximate  to  it. 
U.  gibba,  Li.     Branches  delicate,  root-like :  leaves  sparse,  sparingly  dissected,  capillary, 
sparingly  bladder-bearing:   scape  filiform,  1^  to  3  inches  high,  1-2-flowered:  corolla  3 
lines  broad ;  tlie  lips  broad  and  rounded.  —  Spec.  i.  18  (Gronov.  Fl.  Virg.) ;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  116. 
U.  pumila,  Walt.  Car.  64?    Benjamin  in  Linn.  xx.  313.     U.' fomicata,  LeConte,  1.  c.     U. 
minor,  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  21,  not  L.  —  Shallow  water,   Massachusetts  to  Alabama  and 
Illinois.    Apparently  in  a  subalpine  pond  in  Colorado,  Greene. 
U.  bipartita,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  22,  from  St.  John's,  S.  Carolina,  said  to  have  "spur  scarcely 
half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  very  obtuse,"  and  "  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  generally  2-cleft, 
sometimes  divided  to  its  base  "  (an  anomalous  character),  has  not  been  identified. 
•H-  +-1-  Spur  of  corolla  narrower,  equalling  or  little  shorter  than  the  lower  lip. 
=  Scapes  2  to  4  inches  high,  1-3-flowered :  corolla  less  than  half  an  inch  broad. 
U.  biflora,  Lam.     Floating  or  submersed  stems  filiform,  small :  dichotomously  dissected 
leaves  delicately  capillary,  usually  copiously  bladder-bearing:   spur    narrowly   oblong. 


316  LENTIBULARIACEiE.  Utricularia. 

obtuse,  porrect  or  curved  upward:  seeds  somewhat  scale-shaped,  imbricated,  smooth. — 
111.  i.  60 ;  Poir.  Diet.  vui.  272  ;  Vahl,  Enum.  i.  200 ;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  23.  U.  pumila,  Walt.  1.  c.  1 
a  rather  earlier  name,  but  uncertain.  U.  integra,  LeConte,  1.  c.  ex  Ell.  0.  fibrosa,  Chapm. 
Fl.  283,  not  Walt.  &  Ell  — Ponds  and  shallow  waters,  S.  Virginia?  and  S.  Illinois  to 
Texas. 

—  =  Scapes  4  to  12  inches  high,  slender,  few-several-flowered :  corolla  over  half  inch  broad : 
leaves  dichotomously  dissected :  bladders  wholly  or  mostly  borne  along  leafless  portions  of  the 
slender  stems. 
U.  fibrosa,  Walt.     Leaves  somewhat  scattered,  small  and  capillary,  sometimes  bladder- 
bearing  :  scape  2-6-flowered  :  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal,  broad  and  expanded ;  upper 
undulate,  concave,  plicate-striate  in  the  middle;  lower  slightly  3-lobed,  with  projecting 
emarginate  palate  and  reflexed  sides ;  equalled  by  the  nearly  linear  obtuse  or  emarginate 
spur:  seeds  minutely  muricate.  — Car.  64  (ex  char.);  Vahl,   1.  c.  •?     Ell.  Sk.   i.   20.    U. 
longirostris,  LeConte  in  Ell.  1.  c.  21.     U.  longirostris  &  U.  striata,  LeConte  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
1.  c.    U.  bipartita,  Chapm.  Fl.  283.  —  Shallow  ponds  and  pine-barren  swamps.  Long  Island 
and  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Alabama. 
U.  intermedia,  Hayne.     Leaves  crowded,  2-ranked,  repeatedly  dichotomous,  rigid  ;  the 
divisions  filiform-linear,  flat,  with  margins  not  rarely^  setaceous-serrulate  ■:  scape  1-4-flow- 
ered :  lower  lip  of  corolla  very  broad  and  with  large  palate,  larger  than  the  upper,  some- 
what exceeding  the  conical-subulate  acute  spur.  —  Schrad.  Jour.  1.  18,  t.  5,  &  Fl.  Germ. 
i.  55  ;  Vahl,  1.  c. ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2489  ;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  1. 1824.     U.  vulgaris,  minor,  L. ; 
Oede'r   Fl.  Dan.  t.  1262.  —  Shallow  water,  Newfoundland  to  New  Jersey  and  Ohio,  and 
thence  far  northward.    Also  Plumas  Co.,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  Mrs.  Austin. 
(N.  Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

4_  H—  ^—  Pedicels  erect  in  fruit,  rather  long :  corolla  violet-purple. 
U.  purpurea,  Walt.  Leaves  verticillate  on  the  rather  long  and  large  free-floating 
stems,  petioled,  decompound;  the  divisions  capillary,  rather  copiously  bladder-bearing: 
scape'a  span  or  two  long,  2-4-flowered  :  corolla  over  half  inch  broad  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed,  its 
lateral  lobes  saccate  and  the  central  larger,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  conoidal  com- 
pressed spur:  seeds  globular,  chafEy-muricate.  —  Car.  64  ?  (doubtful,  because  the  flowers 
are  said  to  be  small) ;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  15;  LeConte,  1.  c. ;  A.DC.  1.  c.  5.  U.  saccata,  Ell.  Sk. 
i.  21,  said  to  have  been  so  named  by  LeConte.  — Ponds,  Maine  and  N.  Penn.  to  Florida, 
mainly  near  the  coast.     (Cuba.) 

§  3.  Scape  leafless  and  solitary,  the  base  rooting  in  the  mud  or  bog,  usually 
rising  from  or  producing  filiform  and  root-like  creeping  shoots,  which  bear  slender 
subulate-gramineous  (occasionally  septate)  simple  leaves,  or  branches  which  take 
the  place  of  leaves,  to  the  lower  part  of  which,  as  also  to  the  colorless  shoots, 
bladders  are  sparingly  attached,  usually  fugacious  or  unnoticed,  so  that  the  flower- 
ing plant  appears  to  be  a  leafless  and  naked  scape  only. 

*  Flower  ^^olet-purple,  solitary  and  transverse  on  the  summit  of  the  scape:  leaves  of  the  rooting 
shoots  sometimes  furnished  with  a  few  capillary  lobes. 

U.  resupinata,  B.  D.  Greene.  Scape  filiform,  a  span  high:  corolla  4  or  5  Unes  long, 
deeply  2-parted ;  lips  almost  entire ;  upper  narrowly  spatulate ;  lower  dilated  and  with  a 
small  palate :  spur  oblong-conical,  very  obtuse,  ascending,  shorter  than  and  remote  from 
the  corolla,  which  appears  as  if  resupinate:  leaves  an  inch  or  so  long,  attenuate.  —  Hitch- 
cock, Cat.  PI.  Mass.;  Bigel.  Bost.  ed.  3,  10;  A.DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  11;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1, 
286,  ed.  5,  319.  U.  Greenei,  Oakes  in  Hovey,  Mag.  Hort.  1841.  —  Sandy  bogs  and^ borders  of 
ponds,  Maine  to  Rhode  Island  near  the  coast,  B.  D.  Greene,  Oakes,  Olney. 

*  *  Flowers  mostly  yellow,  solitary  or  several :  spur  descending:  leaves  entire,  terete  :  these  and 
the  bladders  seldom  seen. 

U  SUbulata  L.  Filiform  radical  shoots  and  leaves  rather  copious,  but  commonly  evan- 
escent: scape  filiform,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  1-9-flowered  ;  the  raceme  becoming  zigzag: 
pedicels  slender:  corolla  2  or  3  lines  broad;  lower  lip  plane  or  with  margins  recurved, 
equally  3-lobed,  much  larger  than  the  ovate  upper  one,  nearly  equalled  by  the  oblong 
acutish  appressed  spur.  —  Spec.  i.  18  (Gronov.  Virg.,  ex  herb.  Clayt.) ;  Pursh,  1.  c. ;  A.  DC. 
1.  c.  16.  U.  setacea,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  12  ;  Vahl,  1.  c.  —  Wet  places  in  pine  barrens.  New  Jersey 
to  Florida  and  Texas  near  the  coast.    (W.  Ind.  to  Brazil.) 


Pinguicula.  LENTIBULARIACE^.  317 

Var.  cleistogama.  An  inch  or  two  l»igh,  bearing  one  or  two  evidently  cleistogamous 
purplish  flowers,  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head  :  capsule  becoming  a  line  long.  (Gray,  Man. 
ed.  5,  320;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  24.)  — With  the  ordinary  form.  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey, 
J.  A.  Paine.  Evidently  also  seen  in  Georgia  by  Elliott. 
U.  cornuta,  Michx.  Filiform  radical  shoots  apparently  none :  leaves  fasciculate,  evan- 
escent, rarely  at  all  seen :  scape  strict,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  1-10-flowered :  pedicels  very 
short,  2-bracteolate  at  base :  corolla  an  inch  long,  including  the  long  subulate  acute  spur ; 
lower  lip  very  large,  the  sides  strongly  recurved,  and  the  central  palate-like  portion  as  if 
galeate,  merely  equalled  by  the  obovate  upper  lip:  seeds  nearly  smooth.  —  Fl.  i.  12;  Pursh, 
1.  c. ;  A.  DC.  1.  c.  U.  personata,  LeConte,  1.  c.  ;  Bertol.  Misc.  viii.  21.  —  Sphagnous  or  sandy 
swamps,  Newfoundland  to  L.  Superior  and  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.     (Cuba,  Brazil.) 

2.  PINGrUlCULA,  Tourn.  Butterwort.  (From  pinguis,  fat,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  greasy- viscid  surface  of  the  leaves.)  —  Terrestrial  acaulescent  herbs,  of 
moist  or  wet  ground  (in  northern  hemisphere  and  the  Andes)  ;  with  fibrous  roots, 
broad  and  entire  leaves  in  a  rosulate  radical  tuft,  their  upper  surface  with  a  coat- 
ing of  viscid  glands,  to  which  insects,  &c.,  adhere,  the  margins  slowly  infolding 
under  irritation  ;  scapes  naked,  1 -flowered,  circinate-coiled  in  vernation.  Upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  2-  and  lower  3-lobed  or  parted ;  the  lobes  sometimes  incised ; 
the  base  anteriorly  saccate,  and  the  bottom  of  the  sac  contracted  into  a  nectari- 
ferous spur. 

*  Corolla  distinctly  bilabiate,  purple,  violet,  or  rarely  whitish  ;  upper  lip  decidedly  smaller,  2-Iobed 
or  parted;  lowerS-parted;  lobes  mostly  quite  entire  :  boreal  species. 

P.  villosa,  L.  Small:  leaves  oval,  nearly  glabrous,  half  inch  long  or  less :  scape  villous- 
pubescent,  inch  or  two  long:  corolla  (pale  violet  with  yellowish-striped  throat)  2  lines  long, 
and  with  a  slender  spur  of  nearly  the  same  length  or  half  shorter.  —  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  12,  fig.  2 ; 
Fl.  Dan.  t.  1021;  E.  Meyer,  Labrad.  39;  Reichenb.  Iconogr.  i.  t.  82;  Cham,  in  Linn, 
vi.  568.  P.  acutifolia,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  11,  the  erect-rosulate  oval  and  very  acute  leaves  described 
are  really  the  scales  of  a  hybernacular  bud,  and  the  plant  (with  mature  fruit)  had  lost  its 
leaves.  —  Labrador,  Hudson's  Bay,  Northern  islands  and  shores  of  the  N.  W.  Coast. 
(Greenland,  Arctic  Eu.,  &  Asia.) 

P.  alpina,  L.  Somewhat  glabrous :  leaves  oblong,  barely  inch  long :  scape  3  or  4  inches 
high:  corolla  (whitish)  4  lines  long,  and  with  a  conical  obtuse  divergent  incurving  spur  of 
less  than  half  the  length  of  the  lower  lip.  — Fl.  Lapp.  t.  12,  fig.  3;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  453; 
Reichenb.  1.  c.  t.  81 ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2747.  —  Labrador,  Steinhauer.  Given  by  LeConte  to 
herb.  Collins.  Specimen  not  wholly  satisfactory,  but  apparently  of  tliis  species,  not  else- 
where detected  in  America.     (Eu.  to  Siberia.) 

P.  vulgaris,  L.  Minutely  puberulent  or  almost  glabrous :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  an  inch 
or  two  long,  soft-fleshy :  scape  1  to  4  inches  high:  corolla  (violet)  about  half  inch  long, 
with  campanulate  or  short-funnelform  body  abruptly  contracted  into  a  narrow  linear- 
cylindraceous  (acutish  or  obtuse)  and  mostly  straight  spur  (of  about  2  lines  in  length). — 
Oeder.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  93;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  70;  Reichenb.  1.  c.  t.  84;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  118;  Herder  in 
Radde,  iv.  96.  P.  grandiflom,  Hook.  1.  c.  P.  macroceras,  Willd.  ;  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  Mant. 
i.  168 ;  Cham,  in  Linn.  vi.  568 ;  A.DC.  I.  c.  30 ;  a  longer-spurred  and  commonly  larger, 
flowered  form  (corolla  from  two-thirds  to  almost  an  inch  long).  P.  microceras,  Cham.  I.  c. 
(P.  macroceras,  Reichenb.  1.  c.  t.  82,  fig.  169, 170),  a  depauperate  small-flowered  and  shorter- 
spurred  form  of  high  northern  region. —  Wet  rocks,  Labrador,  Northern  New  England 
and  New  York,  L.  Superior,  &c.,  to  Alaskan  coast  and  islands,  and  northward ;  the  macro- 
ceras and  microceras  forms  north-westward.     (N.  E.  Asia  to  Europe  and  Greenland.) 

*  *   Corolla  liicht  violet,  varving  occasionallv  to  white,  less  bilabiate,  the  sinuses  equal  except 
between  the  two  lobes  of  the  upper  lip;  the 'three  lower  lobes  usually  emarginate  or  obcordate; 

Ealate  conical  or  cultriform,  verv  protuberant,  clothed  with  a  dense  yellow  or  sometime.';  white 
eard :  spur  abrupt  and  narrow  from  base  of  a  short  conical  sac :  upper  lip  of  stigma  small,  iiar- 
\     rowly  triangular ;  lower  semi-orbicular:  fl.  spring.     (P.  ccerulea,  Walt.  Car.  63,  covers  one  or  both 
the  following  species,  but  the  character  is  insufficient  to  secure  the  adoption  of  the  name.) 
P.  pumila,  Michx.     Leaves  half  to  full  inch  long,  oval  or  ovate :  scapes  filiform,  weak, 
2  to  6  inches  high :  corolla  a  quarter  to  half  inch  long ;  spur  acute,  longer  than  the  rather 


318  LENTIBULARIACE^.  Pinguicula. 

narrow  saccate  base;  lobes  retuse  or  emarginate;  palate  puberulent-bearded,  conical, 
salient.  —  FI.  i.  11;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  14;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  19.  P.  australis,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad. 
Pliilad.  vii.  103,  tiie  spur  by  no  means  "very  short."  — Low  pine-barrens,  Carolina  to 
Florida  and  Louisiana. 
P.  elatior,  Michx.  Leaves  oblong  or  spatulate-obovate,  1  to  3  inches  long :  scapes  6  to 
12  inches  high :  corolla  an  inch  long  or  considerably  smaller ;  spur  obtuse,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  saccate  base ;  lobes  obcordate ;  palate  oblong,  parallel  with  the  throat,  the  short 
free  apex  more  conspicuously  bearded.  —  Fl.  1.  c. ;  Vahl,  Enum.  i.  191 ;  Pursh,  1.  c. ;  Ell. 
1.  c.  —  Wet  soil,  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Alabama  in  the  low  country. 

*   *    *    Corolla  golden  vello'w,  not  bilabiate,  except  that  the  two  upper  lobes  arc  commonly  more 

united,  all  or  most  of' the  lobes  incisely  2-t-cleft,  equal:  stigma  of  the  precedmg,  or  lips  less 

unequal.  —  Brandonia,  Reichenb.  -  ■ 

P.  lutea,  Walt.     Leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong-obovate,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  scapes  5  to 

12  inches  high:  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long;  the  lobes  longer  than  the  short-campanulate 

tube  with  the  saccate  base,  all  or  the  lower  and  lateral  usually  4-lobed  or  2-clef t  with  the 

divisions  obcordate,  or  variously  sinuate;  spur  subulate,  as  long  as  the  sac  and  tube; 

palate  oblong,  verv  salient,  densely  bearded.  —  Car.  63;   Michx.  I.e.;   Ker,  Bot.  Reg.  t. 

126  •  Ell.  1.  c. ;  A.DC.  Prodr.  viii.  32.     P.  campanulnta,  Lam.  in  Jour.  Hist.  Nat.  1792,  336, 

t  18  fig.  1.  — Low  pine  barrens,  N.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

V'ar.  edentula,  A.DC,  1.  c.  (P.  edentula,  Hook.  Exot.  Bot.  t.  16,  cult,  from  Savan- 
nah), has  lobes  of  corolla  all  simply  and  equally  obcordate,  shorter  than  the  tube.  Possibly 
a  hybrid  of  P.  lutea  and  P.  pumila. 

Obdeb  XCIX.   BIGNONIACEiE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  either  erect  or  scandent  (very  rarely  herbs),  with  mostly  oppo- 
site leaves,  and  large  and  showy  flowers,  with  more  or  less  bilabiate  corolla,  tetra- 
dynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  single  style  and  bilabiate  stigma,  and  numerous 
anatropous  ovules  of  the  preceding  orders';  distinguished  from  them  by  the  large 
and  flat  usually  winged  and  transverse  exalbuminous  seeds,  indefinitely  numerous, 
on  parietal  placentjje,  or  usually  on  a  partition  which  separates  from  the  two  valves 
of  the  capsule  in  dehiscence,  although  in  the  ovary  and  when  the  ovules  are  in 
many  rows  the  placentation  often  appears  to  be  central ;  the  cotyledons  broad 
and  thin,  plane,  commonly  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  and  the  short  straight  radicle 
included  in  the  basal  notch.  Capsule  either  loculicidal  or  septicidal,  often  silique- 
like.  Anthers  2-celled :  suppressed  stamens  commonly  represented  by  rudimen- 
tary filaments.  Corolla  bilabiately  imbricated  in  the  bud  (in  our  genera,  in  a  few 
others  valvate).  Calyx  gamosepalous.  Leaves  compound,  or  in  two  of  our  genera 
simple ;  sometimes  a  pair  of  basal  leaflets  and  some.times  an  axillary  pair  of  leaves 
imitate  stipules.  Chiefly  a  tropical  and  rather  large  order;  but  few  North 
American. 

*  Leaves  opposite,  compound :  perfect  stamens  4 :  seeds  transversely  winged,  hj-pogynous 
disk  conspicuous  :  stems  mostly  scandent. 

1  BIGNONIA      Calyx  with  undulate   or  barely  5toothed  margin.     Corolla   campanu- 
■  late  or  cyHndraceous-ampliate  above  the  narrow  and  short  proper  tube,  somewhat  equally 

bilabiate-5-lobed.  Anther-cells  divergent,  glabrous.  Capsule  linear  compressed  parallel 
with  the  flat  valves  and  partition,  marginicidal  and  septifragal,  a  filiform  margm  usually 
separating  all  round  both  from  the  edges  of  the  valves  and  the  partition.  Seeds  attaclied 
in  a  single  series  on  each  side  of  both  margins  of  the  partition ;  the  thin  wmg  entire.  Ten- 
dril-climbers. 

2  TECOMA     Calyx  distinctly  5-toothed.     Corolla  funnelform  or  somewhat  campanulate 
'  above   the   short  proper  tube,   somewhat  bilabiately   5-lobed.      Anther-cells   divergent 

glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose.  Capsule  narrow,  somewhat  terete  or  turgid,  loculicidal  and 
lentifragal  ■  the  valves  contrary  to  the  partition.  Seeds  imbricated  in  one  or  two  or  more 
series  on  each  side  of  the  margins  of  the  partition  ;  the  wing  hyaline.  Rootlet-cliiiibing  or 
erect  shrubs;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles  or  corymbs. 


Catalpa.  BIGNONIACEiE.  319 

*  *  Leaves  simple  and  entire:  erect  trees  or  shrubs:  calyx  closed  in  the  bud,  bilabiately 
or  irregularly  dividing  or  bursting  in  anthesis :  corolla-lobes  undulate-crisped,  hardly 
unequal:  anthers  glabrous;  the  cells  narrow,  divaricate:  hypogynous  disk  obsolete: 
capsule  long-linear,  loculicidal,  terete  ;  valves  contrary  to  the  partition  :  seeds  narrow, 
in  2  or  more  series  on  each  side  of  partition ;  lateral  wings  dissected  into  copious  long 

3.  CATALPA,  Corolla  ventricose-ampliate  above,  somewhat  oblique,  bilabiate-5-lobed. 
Antheriferous  stamens  2,  anterior,  with  filaments  arcuate,  and  3  rudimentary  filaments 
(rarely  4  stamens  antlieriferous).     Leaves  mainly  opposite  and  ovate  or  cordate. 

4.  CHILOPSIS.  Corolla  more  funnelform;  the  lobes  erose.  Antheriferous  stamens  4; 
also  a  rudimentary  filament.     Leaves  oftener  alternate  or  irregularly  scattered,  linear. 

1.  BIGN6NIA,  Tourn.  (Commemorates  the  AbU  Bignon.)  —  K  large 
tropical-American  genus,  with  the  following  more  northern  one :  fl.  spring. 

B.  capreolata,  L.  (Cross-vine.)  Extensively  climbing,  glabrous:  transverse  section 
of  older  stems  exhibiting  a  medullary  cross :  leaves  of  a  single  pair  of  ovate  or  oblong 
acuminate  and  subcordate  entire  leaflets  and  a  compound  tendril;  accessory  leaves  or 
leaflets  in  some  axils  imitate  foliaceous  stipules :  pedicels  in  fascicles  of  2  to  5  on  axillary 
spurs :  calyx  membranaceous':  corolla  2  inches  long,  orange-red  without,  yellow  within : 
capsule  6  inches  long,  9  lines  wide;  valves  1-nerved.  —  Spec.  ii.  624  (Catesb.  Car.  ii.  t. 
82);  Sims,  Bot.'  Mag.  t.  864;  Jacq.  Schoenb.  t.  363;  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  25.  B.  crucigera,  L. 
as  to  syn.  Clayt.  &  Gronov.  Virg.;  Walt.  Car.  169.  — Woods,  in  low  grounds,  Virginia  and 
S.  Illinois  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

2.  T^ICOMA,  Juss.  Trumpet-flower,  or  Trumpet-creeper.  (Abridg- 
ment of  the  Mexican  name,  Tecomaxochitl.)  —  Genus  (of  late  divided  into 
several  by  monographers,  but  retained  nearly  intact  by  Benth.  &  .Hook.  Gen.  ii. 
1044,  digitate  species  excluded)  of  several  species,  widely  dispersed;  ours  impari- 
pinnate  and  the  leaflets  serrate,  ovate,  and  acuminate.  They  have  been  referred 
to  different  genera  or  subgenera  on  account  mainly  of  the  number  of  ranks  of 
seeds.     Fl.  summer. 

T.  radicans,  Juss.  Climbing  by  aerial  rootlets:  leaflets  9  to  11:  flowers  corymbose: 
corolla  tubular-funnelform,  orange  and  scarlet,  2\  or  3  inches  long :  stamens  not  exserted : 
capsule  lanceolate,  slightly  stipitate;  valves  very  convex,  acutely  narrowly  margined: 
seeds  several-ranked.  —  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  223;  Nutt.  Sylv.  iii.  t.  104;  Bureau,  Mon.  Bign. 
t.  14.  Bignonm  radicans,  L.  (Catesb.  Car.  i.  t.  65) ;  Wangenheim,  Amer.  t.  26;  Sims, 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  485;  Schk.  Handb.  t.  175.  Campsis  radicans,  Seem.  Jour.  Bot.  &c.— Moist 
soil,  Penn.  and  Illinois  to  Florida  and  Texas :  common  in  cultivation. 

T.  stans,  Juss.  Erect  shrub:  leaflets  5  to  11,  narrower  or  lanceolate,  more  incisely 
serrate :  flowers  racemose  or  paniculate :  calyx  small :  corolla  more  campanulate,  yellow, 
inch  and  a  half  long:  fifth  stamen  often  with  abortive  anther:  capsule  linear,  elongated, 
sessile  ;  valves  carinate-convex  :  seeds  single  ranked.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3191 ;  DC.  1.  c. 
224.  Bignonia  stans,  L.  (Plum.  Ic.  Amer.  t.  54) ;  Jacq.  Stirp.  Amer.  t.  176.  Stenolobium 
stans,  Seem.  Jour.  Bot.  i.  87;  Bureau,  1.  c.  t.  13.  — S.  Florida  (introduced  ?)  and  S.  Texas 
to  Arizona.     (W.  Ind.,  Mex.,  &c.) 

3.  CATALPA,  Scop.,  Walt.  (Aboriginal  name.)  —  There  are  a  N.  China 
and  a  Japanese  species  allied  to  our  own,  and  a  few  somewhat  anomalous  West 
Indian  species.     Fl.  summer;  showy. 

C.  bignonioides,  "Walt.  Low  or  large  tree,  with  spreading  branches :  leaves  pubes- 
cent, at  least  beneath,  ample,  cordate, '  acuminate,  rarely  somewhat  angulate-lobed,  long- 
petioled :  panicle  large  and  loose,  compound :  lips  of  the  calyx  obovate,  mucronate : 
corolla  inch  long  and  broad,  white  or  nearly  so,  dotted  with  purple  and  yellow  in  the 
throat:  pendulous  slender  capsules  a  foot  long.  —  Cav.  64;  DC.  1.  c.  226;  Bureau,  Mon. 
Bign.  t.  25.     C  cor(/(/o//n,  Jaume  in  Duham.  Arb.  t.  5;  Ell.  Sk.  i.24.     C.  syringa;folla,  Sims, 


320  BIGNONIACE^.  CUlopds. 

Bot.  Mag.  t.  1094;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  10.  Bignonia  CataJpa,  L.  {excl.  syn.);  Catesb.  Car.  i. 
t.  49;  Michx.  f.  Sylv.  ii.  64..— River  banks,  S.  Illinois  to  Georgia,  W.  Florida,  and  Louis- 
iana.    Cult,  north  to  New  England. 

4.  CHIL6PSIS,  Don.     {XfiXog,  lip,  and  '6\pig,  resemblance ;  name  of  no 

particular  application.)  —  Single  species. 

C.  saligna,  Don.  Shrub  or  low  tree,  10  to  20  feet  high,  with  hard  wood,  pubescent 
when  young,  soon  glabrous :  branches  slender :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  6 
inches  long,  of  firm  texture :  lower  leaves  often  opposite  or  verticillate :  flowers  in  a  short 
terminal  raceme :  corolla  an  inch  or  two  long,  white  and  purplish :  capsule  6  to  10  inches 
long.  — Edinb.  Phil.  Jour.  ix.  261:  G.  Don,  Syst.  iii.  228;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  587.  C. 
linearis,  DC  Prodr.  ix.  227.  Bignonia  linearis,  Cav.  Ic.  iii.  35,  t.  269.  —  Water-courses  in 
dry  districts,  S.  Texas  to  S.  California.  (Mex.) 
Crescentia  Cdjete,  L.,  the  Calabash  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  the  type  of  an  anomalous 

tribe  of  this  order,  with  indehiscent  cucurbitaceous-like  fruit,  has  been  introduced  on  the 

Keys  of  Florida,  and  in  consequence  has  been  figured  by  Nuttall,  Sylv.  iii.  t.  103 ;  but  it 

has  no  claim  to  a  place  in  our  flora. 

Order  C.   PEDALIACE^. 

Herbs,  with  mucilaginous  or  watery  juice,  chiefly  opposite  simple  leaves,  and 
flowers  as  of  the  preceding  order  (to  which  it  has  more  usually  been  annexed), 
except  in  the  structure  of  the  ovary  and  fruit.  Ovary  either  one-celled  with  two 
parietal  intruded  placentae  expanded  into  two  broad  lamellae  or  united  into  a 
central  columella,  or  variously  2-4-celled  by  the  extension  of  the  placentae  and  by 
spurious  partitions  from  the  wall.  Fruit  capsular,  drupaceous,  or  nucumentaceous, 
few-many-seeded.  Seeds  wingless,  mostly  with  a  thick  and  close  coat,  filled  by 
the  large  embryo  ;  the  cotyledons  thickish.  — A  small  extra-European  and  mainly 
African  order,  or  suborder,  of  warm  climates,  represented  in  the  United  States  by 
one  sparingly  naturalized,  and  one  or  two  probably  indigenous  species. 

1  SESAMUM.    Calyx  herbaceous,  5-parted,  persistent.     Corolla  ventricose-campanulate 
'  or  funnelform;  limb  bilabiately  5-parted,  spreading;  upper  lobes  smaller.     Stamens  didy- 

namous  •  anther-cells  parallel.  Stigmas  linear.  Fruit  an  oblong  quadrangular  and  4-sul- 
cate  capsule,  septicidal  at  summit,  spuriously  4-celled,  a  false  partition  from  tiie  dorsal 
suture  of  each  of  the  two  carpels  reacliing  the  columnar  placenta  at  the  centre.  Seeds 
numerous  in  a  single  series  in  each  half-cell. 

2  MARTYNIA.    Calyx  1-2-bracteolate,  membranaceous,  somewhat  bladdery-campanu- 
"  late    5-cleft,  sometimes  splitting  anteriorly  to  base,  deciduous.     Corolla  ventricose-f unnel- 

form  or  campanulate,  somewliat  oblique  or  decurved;  the  lobes  of  the  bilabiately  5- 
parted  limb  broad,  somewhat  undulate,  slightly  unequal.  Stamens  4,  strongly  didynamous, 
or  sometimes  only  the  anterior  pair  antheriferous :  anthers  tipped  by  a  gland ;  the  cells 
divaricate.  Stigma  bilamellar.  Ovary  one-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentae  which 
meet  in"  the  axis  and  there  diverge  in  broad  lamella,  bearing  single  or  double  rows  of 
ovules.  Fruit  fleshy-drupaceous,  tapering  into  an  incurved  beak:  fleshy  exocarp  at 
maturity  2-valved  and  deciduous :  endocarp  fibrous-woody,  scrobiculate,  cristate  at  the 
sutures  2-valved  through  the  slender  beak  to  the  summit  of  the  cells,  indehiscent  below  ; 
the  cavity  by  the  extension  of  the  placentae  to  the  walls  4-locelIate,  and  with  a  small 
empty  central  cavity.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  oblong,  large,  witli  a  thick  and  somewhat 
spongy  tuberculate-rugose  coat.     Cotyledons  obovate,  fleshy  :  radicle  very  short. 

.1.  SESAMUM,   L.     Bene,  Oil-plant.     (From  the  Arabic  semscn.)  — 

Chiefly  African  annuals ;  the  following  widely  dispersed  through  cultivation. 

S.  iNDicuM,  L.     Somewhat  pubescent  annual,  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  mucilaginous  juice  and 

oily  seeds:  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  petioled ;  lower  often  3-lobed  or  divided: 

corolla  white  or  tinged  with  rose,  inch  long:  capsule  velvety-pubescent.  —  Bot.  Mag. 


Marlynia.  PEDALIACEiE.  321 

i.  1688 ;  Endl.  Iconogr.  t.  70 ;  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  249.  S.  Indicum  &  S.  orientale,  L.,  &c.  —  Spar- 
ingly naturalized  in  the  Gulf  Atlantic  States.  Seeds  yield  a  useful  oil.  (Adv.  from  Old 
World.) 

2.  MART"^NIA,  L.  Unicorn-plant.  {Prof.  John  Martyn,  of  Cam- 
bridge.) —  Diffuse  and  rank  viscid-pubescent  herbs  (natives  of  America),  of  heavy 
odor ;  with  ample  rounded  and  subcordate  petioled  leaves,  the  lower  usually  oppo- 
site and  upper  alternate,  and  large  flowers  in  short  and  loose  terminal  racemes  : 
pedicels  subtended  by  small  bracts  or  none.  Fl.  summer. —  Our  species  belong 
to  §  Proboscidea,  having  4  perfect  stamens  and  beak  longer  than  the  body  of 
the  fruit,  and  the  calyx  is  more  cleft  anteriorly. 

M.  proboscidea,  Glox.  Coarse  and  heavy-s(3ented  annual :  leaves  cordate,  roundish, 
often  oblique,  entire  or  obscurely  undulate-lobed  (4  to  12  inches  in  diameter) :  bractlets 
oblong-linear:  corolla  1^  or  2  inches  long,  dull  white,  spotted  within  with  some  yellowish 
or  purplish,  also  varying  to  light  yellow  :  endocarp  crested  on  the  posterior  suture  only.— 
Obs.  14,  ex  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  253;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1056;  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  428.  M.  annua,  L. 
excl.  syn.  &  hab.  M.  Louisiana,  Mill.  Diet.  &  Ic.  t.  286.  Banks  of  the  Mississippi  and 
lower  tributaries  to  New  Mexico.  Also  naturalized  or  cultivated  about  gardens  farther 
north.     (Mex.,  &c.) 

M.  f ragrans,  Lindl.  Less  stout :  leaves  from  roundish  to  oblong-cordate,  somewhat 
lobed  and  sinuate-dentate,  3  to  5  inches  broad:  corolla  more  campanulate,  1  or  2  inches 
long  and  wide,  sweet-scented,  from  reddisli-to  violet-purple.  — Bot.  Reg.  xxvi.  misc.,  &  xxvli. 
t.6;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4292.  /!/.  violacea,  Engelm.  PI.  Wisl.  101 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
110,  partly.  —  South-western  borders  of  Texas  and  southern  part  of  New  Mexico,  Wright, 
Bigelow.     (Northern  Mex.) 

M.  altheaefolia,  Benth.  Low  and  small :  leaves  seemingly  all  alternate,  long-petioled, 
roundish-ovate  and  cordate,  sinuately  3-7-lobed,  1  or  2  inches  broad :  bractlets  linear- 
oblong  or  oval :  corolla  inch  and  a  half  or  less  long,  from  buflf-  to  chrome  yellow,  or  whit- 
ish, mottled  or  dotted  with  brown  and  orange  :  endocarp  armed  with  teeth  on  both  sutures. 
—  Bot.  Sulph.  38.  M.  arenaria,  Engelm.  PI.  Wisl.  101;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  110.— 
S.  W.  Texas  to  S.  Arizona,  Wright,  Bigelow,  Palmer.     (Lower  California.) 

Order  CI.    ACANTHACE^. 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  didynamous  or  dian- 
drous  more  or  less  bilabiate  or  irregular  flowers  with  the  general  characters  of 
Scrophulariaceee,  &c. ;  but  corolla  not  rarely  convolute  in  the  bud ;  the  anatropous 
ovules  few  and  definite  (from  2  to  8  or  10  in  each  of  the  two  cells);  fruit  always 
capsular,  2-celled,  elastically  loculicidal  scattering  the  seeds ;  seeds  without 
albumen  (except  sparingly  in  the  first  tribe),  either  globose,  or  orbicular  and  com- 
pressed and  the  hilum  marginal,  wingless,  in  most  supported  on  the  upper  face 
of  curved  processes  from  the  placentae  (indurated  and  persistent  funiculi  ?)  called 
retinacula,  the  close  coat  not  rarely  developing  mucilage  and  spiricles  when 
wetted,  in  the  manner  of  Polemoniacece.  Cotyledons  plane,  orbicular  with  cordate 
base :  radicle  straight  or  accumbently  incurved.  Hypogynous  disk  conspicuous. 
Style  filiform,  undivided,  with  one  or  two  small  stigmas.  Corolla  from  almost 
regular  and  5-lobed  (and  then  convolute  in  the  bud)  to  deeply  bilabiate  (or  in 
Acanthus  with  only  a  lower  lip).  Calyx  persistent,  of  5  or  sometimes  4  sepals, 
commonly  unequal  and  more  or  less  imbricated,  sometimes  united.  Inflores- 
cence various :  flowers  usually  conspicuously  bracteate  and  often  2-bracteolate. 
Stems   commonly  quadrangular.     Cystoliths  abound  in    the    foliage. — A  large 

21 


322  ACANTHACEiE. 

and  mainly  tropical  or  subtropical  order,  one  strongly  marked  tribe  of  which  is 
represented  in  ornamental  cultivation  by  Thunhergia,  another  sparingly  so  by 
the  Acanthus  of  the  Old  World ;  the  others  have  several  North  American  repre- 
sentatives. 

Tkire  I  NELSONIEiE.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  upper  lip  exterior.  Seeds 
small  and  globular,  attached  by  a  small  ventral  papilliform  funicle,  without  reti- 
nacula,  not  umcilaginous  when  wetted:  embryo  in  a  thin  layer  of  albumen  !  (In 
char,  nearest  to  ScrophulariaceoR,  but  capsule  and  habit  of  AcanlhncecB.) 
1  FLYTRARIA  Calyx  4-parted;  lower  division  sometimes  2-toothed.  Corolla  with 
cvlindraceous  tube,  funnelform  tliroat,  and  5-lobed  or  somewliat  bilabiate  limb.  Stamens 
2  ■  filaments  very  short,  inserted  low  in  the  throat :  anther-cells  equa  and  parallel. 
Stiema  2-lobed.  Ovules  6  to  10  in  each  cell.  Capsule  oblong,  thinner  and  contracted  at 
basi  acute  at  tip.  Seeds  globular.  Bracts  of  the  solitary  or  fasciculate-clustered  spikes 
and  the  similar  scales  of  the  scape  imbricated,  glumaceous. 
Tribe  II.  Ruellie^.  Corolla  convolute  (sinistrorsely)  in  the  bud,  either  bilabiate 
or  nearly  regular.  Seeds  flat,  attached  by  the  edge  to  retinacula.  (Stamens  in 
ours  didynamous,  the  long  and  the  short  filament  on  each  side  contiguous  or  united 
at  base  by  a  membrane  •,  the  anthers  2-celled,  and  the  cells  equal  and  parallel  : 
style  with  linear  or  subulate  stigmatose  apex,  the  posterior  lobe  wanting  or  reduced 
to  a  minute  tooth,  or  rarely  2  equal  uarrow  stigmas.) 

*   Corolla  deeply  bilabiate :  capsule  terete  and  2-celled  to  the  very  base. 

2  TTYGROPHIL A  Calyx  deeply  and  almost  equally  5-clef t  or  parted.  Corolla  narrow  ; 
lies  erect  at  base  and  above  (at  least  the  lower)  spreading, 2-  and  8-lobed.  Anthers  oblong, 
muticous.     Capsule  oblong-linear,  several-seeded.     Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils. 

*  *  Corolla  not  obviously  or  only  moderately  bilabiate,  the  5  lobes  broad  and  roundish, 
spreading :  capsule  with  the  base  more  or  less  contracted  into  a  solid  short  stipe. 

3  CALOPHANES     Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  parted  ;  lobes  elongated  setaceous-acuminate 
'  or  aristiform      Corolla  funnelform,  with  ample  limb,  either  somewhat  manifestly  bilabiate, 

or  with  5  equal  broad  and  spreading  lobes,  the  two  posterior  a  little  higher  united.  An- 
thers mucronate,  or  at  least  mucronulate,  or  sometimes  aristate  at  base.  Ovules  a  single 
pair  in  each  cell.     Capsule  oblong-linear,  2-4-seeded.  . 

4  RUELLIA  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  parted;  lobes  mostly  linear  or  lanceolate.  Corolla 
'  with  funnelform  or  campaniilate  throat  on  a  narrow  and  sometimes  elongated  tube ;  the 

5  ovate  or  rounded  lobes  nearly  similar  and  spreading,  or  the  posterior  rather  more 
united.  Anthers  muticous,  oblong-sagittate.  Ovules  3  to  10  in  each  cell.  Capsule  oblong- 
linear  or  clavate,  several-  {G-20-)  seeded. 
Tribe  III  JUSTICIEiE.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  the  posterior  lobes  or 
lip  interior.  Seeds  and  capsule  of  the  preceding  tribe  ;  in  the  last  two  genera  the 
placentiferous  half-portions  separating  below  from  the  valve  after  dehiscence. 

*  Stamens  4,  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla :  filaments  short :  anthers  one-celled,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate  or  oblong,  muticous  at  base,  their  tips  sometimes  lightly  cohering  by  a  minute 
beard:  corolla  with  5  plane  obovate  lobes,  the  two  posterior  usually  united  a  li  tie 
higher :  stigma  naked,  truncate  or  obscurely  funnelform  :  ovules  2  in  each  cell :  calyx 
5-sepalous  or  5-parted  into  narrow  nearly  equal  divisions. 

5  STENANDRIUM     Lobes  of  the  salverform  corolla  all  equally  spreading.    Low  herbs. 

6  BERGINIA  Posterior  lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  erect,  forming  an  upper  lip,  the 
3  others  larger  and  widely  spreading.  Anterior  pair  of  filaments  bearded  on  the  mner 
side:  anthers  ovate-lanceolate.     Seeds  (mostly  2)  rugose.     Fruticulose. 

*  *  Stamens  2  and  no  rudiments :  anthers  2-celled:  ovules  2  in  each  cell ;  capsule  usu- 
ally more  or  less  obcompressed,  and  with  a  conspicuous  stipe-like  solid  base. 

^-  Placentae  not  separating  from  the  valves  of  the  capsule. 

++   Anther-cells   equ.al,  parallel  and   contiguous,   muticous:   limb  of    corolla   somewhat 

eauallv  4-narted :  shrubby  plants  :  bracts  and  bractlets  small  and  narrow  or  minute : 

calyx  small,  5-parted  or  5-cleft ;   the  divisions  narrow  :   stigma  obscurely  capitate  or 

emarginate :'  filaments  filiform,  inserted  in  the  throat. 

7    PARLOV/RIGHTIA.     Corolla  with  narrow  tube  shorter  than  the  lobes ;  throat  not 

dilated;   limb   4-parted  down  to  the  tube;   lobes  entire,  oblong,  nearly  similar,  widely 


Elytrarid..  ACANTHACEiE:  323 

spreading  and  piano,  or  the  posterior  (interior  in  the  bud)  at  first  concave-infolded  and 
less  spreading.     Stamens  nearly  equalling  the  corolla-lobes.     Capsule  ovate,  acuminate, 
obconipressd,  on  a  slender  clavate  stipe.     Seeds  very  flat,  minutely  scabrous. 
,8.  ANISAOANTHUS.     Corolla  with  elongated  tube  gradually  somewhat  wider  at  the 
throat;  the  4  lo\>es  similar,  lanceolate,  entire,  erectish  recurving;  the  posterior  (or  upper 
lip)  rather  more  deeply  separatQil.     Stamens  and  style  equalling  or  exceeding  the  corolla- 
lobes.     Capsule  ovate  on  the  long  clavate  stipe.     Seeds  smooth  or  rugulose. 
++  ++  Anther-cells  unequal  or  unequally  inserted,  one  lower  than  the  other  or  oblique  ; 
=  The  lower  calcarate  or  mucronatc  at  base:  corolla  manifestly  bilabiate;  upper  lip 
erect  and  more  or  less  concave,  merely  emarginate  or  2-lobed  at  apex,  not  surpassed  by 
the  stamens  ;  these  inserted  in  or  near  the  throat :  calyx  5-parted  (sometimes  4-parted), 
small. 
9.  SIPHONOGLOSSA.     Corolla  with  long-linear  or  filiform  tube  and  short  limb  ;  lower 

lip  broad  and  spreading,  3-cleft.     Anther-cells  contiguous  and  parallel,  but  one  higher. 
XO.  BELOPERONE,     Corolla  deeply  bilabiate,  but  with  tube  much  longer  than  limb; 
throat  narrow  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed  at  apex,  erect-spreading.    Anther-cells  somewhat  unequal 
and  oblique,  on  a  more  or  less  dilated  connective.     Seeds  globular  or  thickened ! 

1 1.  JUSTICIA.  Corolla  with  short  tube,  and  rather  ampliate  throat  seldom  longer  than 
the  limb ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Anther-cells  oblique  and  disjoined.  Seeds,  as  fa.f 
as  known,  flat. 

=  ==  Anthers  muticous,  orbotli  cells  rarely  mucronulate  at  base  :  calyx  deeply  5-parted 
•  into  narrow  or  subulate  divisions,  the  fifth  commonly  siiialler :  stamens  not  surpassing 
the  corolla.    ' 

12.  DIANTHERA  Corolla  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  erect  and  concave  or  fornicate,  entire  or 
2-tootIied;  lower  spreading  and  o-lobed,  with  a  rugose  or  venose-reticulated  convex  base 
or  palate.  Anther-cells  ovato  or  oblong,  not  parallel,  moderately  or  conspicuously  dis- 
joined on  a  dilated  connective.  Seeds  glabrous,  smooth,  or  echinulate-scabrous.  Bract- 
lets  small 

13.  GATESIA.  Corolla  with  slender  tube,  somewhat  ampliate  throat,  and  almost  equally 
4-lobed  spreading  limb ;  lobes  nearly  similar,  plane,  ovate.  Anthei'-cells  oblong,  contig- 
uous and  similar,  but  one  a  little  lower  and  oblique.  Stigma  capitcllate.  Seeds  gla- 
brous, minutely  rugulose.  Spikes  short  and  dense :  bracts  and  bractlets  membranaceo- 
foliaceous,  1-nerved  and  pinnately  veined  or  triplinerved. 

+^  -i—  Placentae,  by  rupture  of  half-partition  from  the  "base  upward,  at  length  separating 
and  diverging  or  incurving :  anther-cells  muticous,  or  rarely  one  or  both  mucronulate 
at  base :  calyx  small,  dry,  or  somewhat  glumaceous,  4-5-parted ;  the  divisions  subulate 
or  linear-lanceoliite,  equal,  or  the  innermost  (posterior)  smaller:  corolla  with  narrow 
tube:  filaments  filiform. 

14.  TETRAMERIUM.  Flowers  solitary  (rarely  2  or  3)  covered  by  a  large  and  herbaceous 
primary  bract,  and  subtended  by  two  small  and  narrow  bractlets.  Corolla  with  an  almost 
equally  4-parted  limb,  or  somewhat  bilabiate ;  the  3-parted  and  widely  spreading  lower 
lip  rather  more  separated  from  tiie  less  spreading  or  rather  erect  and  slightly  concave 
entire  and  obOvate  or  oblong  upper  lip.  Anther-cells  equal  and  parallel  or  nearly  so, 
cither  contiguous  or  separated  by  a  slightly  dilated  connective.  Seeds  flat,  rauriculate 
or  papillose.     Spikes  strobflaceous,  quadrifarious. 

15.  DICLIPTERA.  Flowers  not  covered  by  primary  bracts  (of  main  axis),  but  involu- 
crate  (either  singly  or  in  a  fascicle)  by  2  valvately  opposed  and  nearly  equal  or  4  less 
d.ilated  and  unequal  herbaceous  bractlets.  Corolla  deeply  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  erect,  con- 
cave or  plane,  entire  or  emarginate ;  lower  spreading,  entire  or  3-lobed  at  apex.  Anthers 
witli  a  narrow  connective.  Seeds  either  smooth  or  muriculate.  Inflorescence  various, 
not  strobilaceous-spicate. 

1.  ELYTRARIA,  Michx.  {'EIvtqov,  a  case  or  cover,  the  scape  or  pe- 
duncle and  spike  covered  vrith  imbricated  bracts.)  —  Low  perennial  herbs  (chiefly 
tropical  American)  ;  with  leaves  crowded  at  base  of  a  naked  scape  or  at  summit 
of  a  short  naked  stem,  tapering  to  the  base,  thinnish  ;  flowers  small,  solitary  and 
~  sessile  under  the  bracts ;  these  and  the  scales  of  the  scapes  rigid-chartaceous  or 
glumaceous,  alternate !  — Michx.  FI.  i.  8  (1803);  Vahl,  Enum.  i.  106  (1804), 
excl.  spec. 

E.  virgata,  Michx.     Acaulescent :  leaves  from  oblong  to  elongated  spatulate,  obtuse  (2 
to  a  inches  'long),  with  usually  undulate  margins  :  scape  a  foot  or  less  high,  bearing  a  short 


324  ACAXTHACE^.  Elylraria. 

spike  or  a  cluster  of  spikes  :  bracts  ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate:  corolla  white  (3  or  4  lines 
long):  seeds  nearly  smooth  and  even.  — Fl.  1.9,  t.  1;  Vahl,  1.  c. ;  not  "  E.  Vahliana,"  as 
says  Nees  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  63.  Anoiiijmos  Carolinensis,  Walt.  Car.  69.  Tuhijiora  Caroli- 
nensis,  Gmel.  Syst.  E.  cupressina,  Nees,  I.  c.  65,  if  N.  Amer.  ?  —  Low  grounds,  S.  Carolina 
to  Florida:  fl.  summer. 
E.  tridentata,  Vahl,  1.  c.  Acaulescent  or  with  proliferous  low  stems  :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  2  or  3  inches  long,  clustered,  as  are  the  hardly  longer  peduncles  or  scapes,  either 
at  the  root  or  at  tlie  summit  of  naked  stems  :  spikes  slender:  bracts  ovate,  mostly  scarious- 
margined;  the  upper  commonly  tricuspidate  or  aristate :  corolla  purple.  —  Griseb.  Fl.  W. 
Ind.  451 ;  Torn  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  122.     E.  ramosa,  fiondosa,  fasciculcita,  &c.,  HBK. ;  Nees, 

1.  c.  —  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  along  the  Mexican  border.     (Mex.  to  W.  Ind.  &  S.  Brazil.) 

2.  HYGR6PHILA,  R,  Br.  (From  'vygog,  moist,  and  cpiXia,  affection  ; 
plants  which  affect  wet  places.)  —  A  large  tropical  genus,  of  which  a  single  species 
reaches  the  southernmost  Atlantic  States. 

H.  lacustris,  Nees.  Nearly  glabrous :  stem  simple,  2  or  3  feet  high  from  a  creeping 
base:  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  entire  (about  4  inches  long),  scabrous-ciliolate :  flowers 
small,  white:  calyx-lobes  and  bracts  subulate-lanceolate:  anthers  of  the  shorter  stamens 
smaller. — DC.  Prodr.  xi.  86.  Ruellia  lacustris,  Schlecht.  in  Linn.  v.  96.  R.  just  i  cue  flora. 
Hook.  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  i.  170.  —  Swamps,  Texas  and  Louisiana,  Drummond,  Riildell,  Lind- 
heimer,  &c.     W.  Florida,  Saurman.    (Mex.) 

3.  CAL6PHANES,  Don.  {Kdlog,  beautiful,  and  (faiva,  to  appear.)  — 
Low  perennials,  branched  from  the  base,  pubescent  or  hirsute,  usually  with  pro- 
portionally large  or  showy  axillary  flowers,  either  solitary  or  usually  clustered 
and  nearly  sessile  ;  the  corolla  blue  or  purplish,  rarely  white ;  its  tube  not  longer 
than  the  calyx.  Seeds  as  in  Ruellia,  or  the  hairs  nearly  destitute  of  rings  or 
spiral  fibres.     Fl.  summer. 

*   Eastern-Atlantic  species :  calyx  deeply  5-parted :  stems  from  slender  creeping  base  or  rootstocks : 
flowers  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils. 

C.  humistrata,  Nees.  Glabrous  or  almost  so  throughput,  no  hirsute  hairs  ;  stems  weak, 
erect  or  decumbent  from  the  creeping  base ;  leaves  thinnish,  oblong-obovate  or  the  upper- 
most oblong,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole  (6  to  18  lines  long) :  corolla  white,  barely  half 
inch  long,  seldom  longer  tiian  the  obovate  or  oblong  foliaceous  bractlets ;  the  tube  very 
short :  sepals  setaceous-aristiform  from  an  oblong-lanceolate  base,  little  shorter  than  the 
corolla:  anther-cells  oblong,  barely  mucronulate.  —  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  108.  Ruellia  humistrata, 
Michx.  Fl.  ii.  28.  Dipteracanthus  {Calophanes)  r ipar ius,  C\\a.T^m.  Fl.  303,  a  luxuriant  form. 
—  Low  grounds,  S.  Georgia  and  Florida. 

C  oblongifolia,  Don.  Pubescent  or  soft-hirsute,  sometimes  glabraite:  stems  usually 
erect  and  simple,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  oval,  very  obtuse, 
sessile  (an  inch  or  less  long) :  corolla  blue,  sometimes  purple-dotted  or  mottled,  seldom  an 
inch  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  narrowly  oblong  bractlets ;  the  tube  shorter  than  the 
ample  throat:  sepals  distinct  almost  to  the  very  base,  filiform-setaceous,  hirsute,  hardly 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla:  anther-cells  oblong-linear,  aristulate.  —  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser. 

2,  t.  181 ;  Nees,  1.  c.  (Ruellia  biflora,  L.  Spec.  ii.  635,  may  be  this,  but  it  rests  on  a  mere 
mention  by  Dillenius,  without  character.)  Ruellia  ohloncjifolia,  Michx.  Fl  ii.  23;  Pursh,  Fl. 
ii.  420.  Dipteracanthus  biflorus,  Nees  in  Linn.  ocvi.  294.  D.  oblongi/olius,  Chapm.  1.  c.  —  Sandy 
pine  barrens,  S.  Virginia  to  Florida.     An  almost  glabrous  large  form  in  Florida. 

Var.  anglista.  A  reduced  form,  a  span  or  so  high,  nearly  glabrous,  very  leafy : 
leaves  and  flowers  only  half  inch  long,  most  of  the  former  oblong-linear.  —  Dipteracanthus 
linearis,  Chapm.  I.e.  —  S.  Florida;  Key  West  and  Biscayan  Bay,  Blodgett,  Palmer. 
*  *  Texano-Arizonian  species:  cal3'X  5-cieft. 
C.  linearis.  Hirsute  with  somewhat  rigid  and  short  hairs,  or  glabrate,  not  cinereous: 
stems  erect  and  strict  (a  span  to  a  foot  high),  or  branched  and  diffuse:  leaves  from  linear- 
oblanceolate  to  oblong-spatulate  (9  to  20  lines  long),  rather  rigid:  flowers  usually  foliose- 
glomerate :  bracts  and  bractlets  similar  to  and  equalling  the  subtending  leaves  and  about 


Ruellia.  ACANTHACEiE.  325 

equalling  the  corolla :  calyx-lobes  subulate-setaceous,  more  or  less  liispid-ciliate,  hardly 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  narrow  tube  :  corolla  purple  ?  ( 10  lines  long) ;  the  tube 
not  longer  than  the  abruptly  ampliate  throat:  anther-cells  linear-oblong,  aristulate.— 
JJipteracantlms  ( Calopkmes)  linearis,  Torr.  &  Gray  in  PI.  Lindli.  i.  50.  C.  ovuta  Benth  PI 
Hartw.  89,  as  to  Texan  sp. ;  Nees,  1.  c. ;  surely  not  Ruellia  ovata,  Cav.  C.  oblonglfoha,  var. 
Texejws  Sees,  1.  c. ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  122  -Dry  ground,  Texas  (Derlandler,  Drum- 
vwnd,  Wrajlit,  &c.)  to  the  border  of  New  Mexico.  (Adjacent  Mex.) 
•  C.  decumbens.  Cinercous-puberulent  throughout,  not  at  all  hirsute,  nor  scabrous- 
stems  mostly  spreading  on  the  ground :  leaves  spatulate,  or  the  lowest  obovate  and  the 
uppermost  oblanceolate,  with  attenuate  base,  but  Iiardly  petioled  (6  to  14  lines  long)  : 
flowers  few  in  the  foliose-bracteolate  clusters  :  setaceous-subulate  calyx-lobes  hardly  twice 
the  length  of  the  tube  :  corolla  purple  (8  or  10  lines  long)  ;  its  tube  double  the  length  of 
the  throat,  nearly  equalling  the  calyx-lobes:  anther-cells  oblong,  mncroiMiie.—  Calopkanes 
ohlongi/olia,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  12.'),  not  Don.  —  Dry  soil,  western  borders  of  Texas 
(  Wright,  &c.)  to  S.  Arizona,  Thurber,  Wriylit,  Rolhrock,  &c.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

4.  RUELLIA,  Plum.  (/.  Ritel,  or  de  la  Ruelle,  of  France,  early  lierbalist.) 
—  Large  genus,  chiefly  American  and  tropical,  perennials  ;  witli  mostly  entire 
and  broad  leaves,  and  rather  large  flowers  (in  summer),  usually  violet  or  lilac- 
purple,  solitary  or  commonly  clustered  in  the  axils  or  in  evolute  cymes  ;  in  several 
species  the  earlier  or  later  blossoms  cleistogamous.  Seeds  in  many  clothed  with 
fine  appressed  hairs,  which  when  wetted  diverge  and  elongate,  either  marked  with 
fixed  spiral  bands  or  developing  spiricles.  — Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1077.  —  Our 
species  all  rank  under  Ruellia  proper  {Cryphiacantkus  and  Dipter acanthus,  Nees 
in  DC),  with  straight  tube  and  almost  or  quite  regular  limb  to  the  corolla,  and 
included  stamens.  Both  stigmas  equally  developed  occasionally  in  R.  strepens 
and  R.  ciliosa.     Five  stamens  have  been  found  in  the  latter. 

#  Flowers  in  open  pedunculate  cvnies  from  upper  axils  and  forming  a  terminal  panicle  :  bracts  and 
bvactlets  small,  linear  or  subulate:  capsule  8-12-seeded,  narrow:  hairs  of  the  seed  developing 
long  .spiricles  when  wetted. 

R.  tuberosa,  L.  Glabroscent  or  minutely  pubescent,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  somewhat 
tuberous-thickened  roots:  leaves  (2  or  3  inciics  long)  with  undulate  or  obscurely  repand- 
dentate  margins,  ovate-oblong  or  elliptical,  and  with  base  cuneate-contracted  or  decurrcnt 
into  a  rather  long  petiole:  primary  and  secondary  peduncles  of  tiie  loose  cyme  slender: 
calyx-lobes  subulate-filiform  (half  inch  or  more  long),  much  exceeding  the  bractlets,  hardly 
equalling  the  slender  tube  of  the  (inch  and  a  half  long  blue  or  sometimes  white)  corolla, 
which  is  about  as  long  as  the  funnelform-campanulate  throat:  capsule  narrowly  subcla- 
vate,  7  to  9  lines  long,  the  stipitiform  solid  base  mostly  short  but  manifest,  —  Spec  ii.6o5; 
Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  452,  but  hardly  of  Desc.  Ant.  ii.  1. 113.  R.  claniiesUmi,  L.  1.  c.  (Dill.  Elth. 
328,  t.  148.)  R.  humilis,  etc.,  Plum.  Nov.  Gen.  Amer.  12,  t.  2:  Crfiphiamnllms  Barbademis, 
Nees  in  DC.  1.  c.  197.  Di/ileracanl/iiis  nudijlorus,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  PI.  Lindli.  i.  21.  —  River- 
bottoms,  Texas.     (W.  Ind.,  Mex.,  S.  Am.) 

Var.  OCCidentalis.  Rather  large  and  tall :  inflorescence  and  (^aXyx  conspicuously 
viscid-pubescent;  the  latter  usually  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  (1^  to  fully  2  inch) 
corolla:  leaves  from  glabrate  to  velvety-pubescent,  mostly  ovate  and  with  more  abrupt  or 
even  subcordate  base,  sometimes  6  or  7  inches  long.  —  W.  &  S.  Texas,  DerUmdicr,  Wrigld. 
S.  Arizona,  Roilirock.  "  California  "  (or  probably  Arizona),  Coulter.  Tiie  two  latter  glabrate 
forms.     (Mex.) 

*  *  Flowers  .solitary  or  3  and  cymulose  on  an  axillary  peduncle  as  long  as  the  leaf:  bracts  foli- 
aceous:  seeds  and 'capsule  of  the  succeeding:  stems  branching. 

R.  pedunculata,  Torr.  Slightly  pubernlent,  2  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches : 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  short-petioled  (H  to  3  inches  long):  peduncles  spreading, 
slender,  1  or  2  inches  long,  bearing  a  pair  of  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves  (half  inch  or  more 
long)  and  equaUing  the  calyx  and  capsule  of  the  single  flower,  or  sliortcr  than  the  similarly 
2-.bracteolate  pedicels  when  they  are  developed:  calyx-lobes  subulate-filiform,  pubescent, 
about  the  length  of  the  narrow  tube  of  the  corolla :  throat  of  the  latter  dilated-f unnel- 


326  ACANTHACE^.  Kuellla. 

form  :  capsule  puberulent.     (Torr.  in  lierb.,  unpublished.)  —  Dry  woods,  in  W.  Louisiana, 
J.  Hale.  Arkansas,  BUje/ow,  Mrs.  Harris.     Corolla  about  an  incli  and  a  half  long. 
*  #    «    *    Flowers  subsessile  and  coninionlv  glomerate   in   the   axils,  when  short-peduncled  with 
fohaceoiis  primary  bracts  or  bractlets:  stamens  of  almost  equal  length  :  capsule  at  most  8-seedcd: 
sliort  hispid  hairs' of  the  seed  spreading  when  wet,  containing  a  fixed  spiral  iibre  or  band,  but  no 
uncoilmg  spiricles. 
•J—   Suffrutescent :  leaves  rigid:  corolla  white:  capsule  oblong,  with  hardly  any  stipe-like  base, 
R.  Parryi.     A  span  high,  mucii  branched  from  the  lignescont  base  :  leaves  obovate-oblong, . 
or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  distinct  petiole,  hispid-ciliate,  otherwise 
glabrate,  an  inch  or  less  long  (the  older  have  cystolitlis)  :  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  tlie 
axils,  on  a  peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole  or  subsessile :  bractlcts  oblong,  surpassing 
the  slender-subulate  often  unequal  calyx-lobes  :  tube  of  the  corolla  (inch  long)  slender, 
dilated  at  the  summit  into  a  small  narrowly  funnelform  throat,  which  is  shorter  than  the 
,    lohes.  —  Dipleracaiitlius  stiffnilicoaus,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  122  (but  there  is  a  R.suffni- 
//coso,  lloxb.).— Sotith-western  borders  of  Texas:   at  Presidio  del  Norte,  P«rr^,  in  flower. 
Valley  of  the  Pecos,  in  fruit,  Wr'njhl. 
'   ^_,  ^_   Herbaceous:  stems  mostly  simple:  corolla  usually  blue  wr  violet,  except  in  R.  tubljlora: 
capsule  more  broadly  clavate  an'd  obconi pressed. 
++  Calvx-lobes  liiiform-attenuate,  longer  than  the  capsule:  cleistogamous  flowers  seldom  seen. 
il.  noctiflora.     Puberulent,  or  very  young  parts  soft-villous,  a  foot  or  less  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  oblong  (1  to  0  inches  long),  mostly  with  tapering  base,  but  sessile :  bracts  and 
'   bractlets  of  the  solitary  or  few  flowers  linear-lanceolate :  calyx  generally  soft-puberulent } 
its  lobes  somewhat  linear-filiform  and  hardly  widened  at  base  {sometimes  18  lines  long), 
■    barely  half  the  length  of  the  elongated  (fully  2  inch)  tube  of  the  white  corolla,  the  throat 
of   which   is   funnelform.  — /i.  tuhijlora,  LeContc  in  Ann.   Lye.   N.  Y.   i.  142,  not  HBK. 
Dipleracanlhus  )wcliJJorns,  Nees  in  DC.  1.  c,"  partly ;   Chapm.  Fl.  304.  —  Low  pine-barrens. 
Lower  Georgia,  LeCWe.    W:  morida,  Rugel,  Chajman,  &c.     S.  Mississippi,  %a//s.    Nighty 
blooming?   ■        . 
R.  ciliosa,  Pursh.     Usually  hirsute  with  long  spreading  hairs,  especially,  the  (about  ijich 
long)  fililonn  attenuate  calyx-lobes:  leaves  oblong  or  the  lower  oval  (an  inch  or  two  long), 

•  almost  sessile :  tube  of  the  blue  corolla  cpmmonly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  of  the 
limb  with  the  obconical  throat,  the  whole  not  rarely  2  inches  long.  —  Fl.  i.  420  ;  Gray,  Man. 
ed.  5,  3;}9.  Dipleracanlhus  ciliosns,  Nees  in  Linn.  xvi.  294,  &  Prodr.  1.  c,  with  var.  hi/bridits, 
mainly!  — Dry  ground,  Michigan  and  Illinois  to  Florida  and  Lo:uisiana  :  in  various  forms. 

Var.  longiflora.  Pubescence  sometimes  cinereous,  with  or  without  long  hirsute 
hairs:  stems  sometimes  flowering  when  2  or  3  inches  high,  sometimes  tall  and  slender: 
leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  the  lower  obovate-spatulate,  usually  small:  slender  tube  of 
£orolla  1  or  2  inches  long.  —  /?,  fuunilix,  Nutt.  in  Trans.,  A.m.  Phil.  Soe.  n.  ser.  v.  182.  '  .//(s- 
Urin  with  char.  &  no  name,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  235.  DqUeracaulfms  Drmimmda, 
Torr  &  Gray  in  PI.  Lindh.  i.  50.  D.  noctiJlorus/S^eQs,  in  DC  1.  c,  as  to  Texan  pi.  and  var. 
hi,m,hs,  also  D  nhosus,  var.  Iiyhridus,  in  part. —  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  Texas. 

Var   hybrida      Either  hirsute   or  cinereous-pubescent,  sometmies   almost  velvety- 

•  pubescent:  leaves  from, ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  with  distinct  petioles  :  tube  of  the  corolla 
shorter  than  the  throat  and  limb,  sometimes  shorter  than  the  linear-setaceous  calyx-lobes, 

-.which-  often  want  the  hir.sute  hairs.  -  fi.  ^/W^/a,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.420;  LeConte^  in   Ann. 

'  Lye  1  c.  R.  sfrcnfxs,  L.  as  to  Dill.  Elth.  t.  240,  at  lea.st  in  part.  R.  hirsula,  Ell.  Sk.  u.  lOJ. 
D;,>levacnnlhus  afio.vis,  var.  fiyhridus,  m.  part,  &  /J.  Mlichilliamis,  Nees,  1.  c.     D.  strepens,  var. 

.  Dilfnili  Nees,  1.  c S.  Carolina  to  Florida.     Verges  to  the  two  followmg  species. 

Var  ambigua.  Sparingly  hirsute-pubescent  pr  glabrate  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  usu- 
ally short-petioled,  larger;  tube  of  corolla  little  exceeding  the  hardly  hirsute  calyx.— 
Dipterocanms  alwms,  var.  parrijforus,  Nees,  I.  c.  -  Virginia  and  Kentucky  to  Alabama.  As 
if  a  hybrid  "between  R.  ciUosa  !im\  R.  sirepens,  with  aspect,  of  the  latter,  but  the  calyx  of 

.    the  former.-  ,.  >      'j  "..■  ^  ,.v  '  ' 

R  Drummondiana.  Cinereous-puberulent,  tall ;  leaves  ovate,  3  to  6  inches  long,  peti- 
oled-  filiform-setaceous  and  canescent  calyx-lobes  (cpmmonly  an  inch  or.more  long)  more 
or  less  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  (inch  and  a  half  long)  corolla.-^ Dipl^raccthus  Drnm- 

.    wondiam.'!,  Nees  in  DC.  I.  c.    D.  Undheinkria>my  Sfiheeleifl:  Linn.  xxi.  i764,  1848.  —  Texas, 

-    Drummo)id\-Lmdhebncr.:    .,-  i..  ;.;;  : .;  '.).'<.';  •:■/!;  i.i  'id:-  v.'-,/;;':-;  ..I;  '. ;  iW^. 


Carlowrightia.  .  ACANTHACEa:.  327 

■H-  ++   Calvx-lobes  lanceolate  or  linear,  hardly  surpassing  the  capsule:  cleistogamous  flowers 
common. 

R.  strepens,  L.  Green  and  almost  glabrous  or  pubescent,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  oblong- 
ovate  or  oblong,  2  to  5  inches  long,  mostly  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  petiole :  calyx 
sparingly  soft-hirsute  or  ciliate :  well-developed  corolla  H  or  2  inches  long,  with  tube 
about  the  length  of  the  campanulate-funnelform  throat  and  limb.  —  Spec.  ii.  634  (partly) 
&  Mant.  422  ;  Schk.  Handb.  1. 177 ;  Pursh,  1.  c.  DipleracanLhus  strepens,  Nees,  1.  c,  mainly. 
—  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  Florida,  and  Texas. 

Var.  cleistantha.  Leaves  commonly  narrower  and  oblong :  flowers  for  most  of  the 
season  cleistogamous.  —  Dipieracanthus  {Meiophanes)  micmnthus,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  Pi.  Lindh. 
i.  49.  D.  strepens,  var.  strictus,  Nees,  1.  c,  mainly.  Hygrophila  lUinoiensis,  Wood  in  Bull. 
Torrey  Club,  v.  41.  —  Common  with  the  ordinary  form. 

5.  STENANDR-IUM,  Nees.  (Composed  of  azsvog,  narrow,  and  avdQia, 
manhood,  here  taken  for  anthers.)  —  Low  and  small  perennials,  all  American, 
commonly  with  leaves  all  at  base  of  scapiform  flowering  stems  ;  the  flowers  spi- 
cate  ;  corolla  rose-colored  or  purple. 

S.  dulce,  Nees.  Hirsute-pubescent  or  glabrate :  leave?  all  radical,  oval  or  oblong,  thick- 
ish,  9  to  IG  lines  long,  either  narrowed  or  abruptly  contracted  into  a  rather  long  naked 
petiole :  scape  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  leaves,  capitately  few-flowered :  bracts  lanceo- 
late, longer  than  the  calyx,  usually  hirsute-ciliate  (either  nerveless  or  S-nerved)  :  tube  of 
tlie  corolla  narrow,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  limb  half  inch  or  more  in  diameter : 
capsule  clavate-oblong,  somewhat  terete.  —  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  282,  with  -S.  trinerve.  Ruellia 
dulcis,  Cav.  Ic.  vi.  62,  t.  585, •fig.  2.     (Mex.  to  S.  Chili.) 

Var.  Floridanum.  Glabrous,  only  the  upper  bracts  and  bractlets  lightly  hirsute- 
ciliate. —  Indian  River,  E.  Florida,  Palmer. 

S.  barbatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Very  hirsute  with  long  and  shaggy  white  hairs,  many- 
stemmed  from  the  root ;  a  span  or  less  high :  leaves  crowded,  oblanceolate,  attenuate  at 
base  into  an  indistinct  petiole,  above  passing  into  the  lanceolate  and  crowded  foliaceous 
bracts  of  the  rather  many-flowered  spike,  which  nearly  equal  the  corolla:  tube  of  the 
latter  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx;  limb  over  half  inch  in  diameter:  capsule  ovate, 
obcompressed,  not  attenuate  at  base:  seeds  hispid.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  168,  t.  4,  &  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  122.  —  Hillsides,  western  borders  of  Texas  and  adjacent  parts  of  New  Mex- 
ico, Wright,  Gen.  Pope,  &c. 

6.  BERG-lNIA,  Harvey.  (In  honor  of  Mr.  Bergin,  of  Dublin.)  —  Benth. 
&  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1096.     A  single  species. 

B,  virgata,  Harvey.  Low  and  branching,  apparently  suffruticose,  minutely  cinereous- 
puberulent:  branches  slender:  leaves  linear-oblong,  nearly  sessile  (half  inch  long);  the 
upper  smaller  and  passing  into  obscurely  3-nerved  bracts  of  the  loose  and  interrupted 
spike:  calyx  rather  longer  than  the  bracts,  2-bracteolate :  corolla  probably  white,  less 
than  half  inch  long ;  its  lower  lobe  bearded  at  and  below  the  base.  —  Gray,  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  588.  —  "  California,"  Coulter.    Probably  Arizona :  not  since  found. 

7.  CARLOWRlGHTIA,  Gray.  {Charles  Wright,  the  discoverer  of  one 
species,  the  earliest  explorer  of  the  district  it  inhabits,  a  most  assiduous  and  suc- 
cessful collector  and  investigator  of  the  botany  of  several  parts  of  the  world.)  — 
Much  branched  undershrubs,  minutely  ciuereous-puberulent  or  glabrate  ;  with 
slender  branchlets,  small  and  narrow  entire  leaves,  and  rather  small  loosely 
spicate  or  paniculate-racemose  flowers :  corolla  purple.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xiii.  364. 

C.  linearifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  high,  ericoid-leafy :  leaves  filiform-linear,  4  to  8  lines 
long;  uppermost  passing  into  similar  bracts  and  bractlets  of  the  somewhat  paniculate  in- 
florescence :  calyx  deeply  5-parted;  the  divisions  similar  to  and  equalled  by  the  bractlets  : 


328  ACANTHACEiE.  Carlowrightia. 

lobes  of  the  purple  and  almost  rotate  corolla  oblong,  2^  lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the 
tube:  filaments  hirsute-puberulent :  anthers  sagittate,  the  cells  at  base  very  obtuse  or 
retuse :  stipe  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  capsule.  —  Shaueria  lineari/olia,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  123 :  referred  by  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1114,  to  Dianthera,  but  it  cannot  properly 
be  included  in  that  genus.  —Western  Texas  ;  on  hills  between  the  Limpio  Pass  and  the  Rio 
Grande,  Wright.  Burro  Mountains  and  Great  Canon  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Digeloio,  Parry. 
C.  Arizonica,  Gray,  1.  c.  Apparently  low,  diffuse :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  2  or  3 
lines  long :  flowers  sparsely  spicate  on  filiform  branchlets :  bracts  subulate,  shorter  than 
the  calyx :  bractlets  minute  or  none  :  calyx  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  subulate  :  lobes  of  the 
bright  purple  corolla  4  lines  long,  thrice  the  length  of  the  narrow  tube,  narrowly  oblong, 
or  the  posterior  broader  above  and  with  a  yellow  spot  on  the  face,  contracted  below :  fila- 
ments glabrous  :  anthers  oblong :  stipe  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  capsule.  —  Arizona,  on 
rocks  near  Camp  Grant,  Palmer,  1867. 

8.  ANISACANTHUS,  Nees.  {^viaog,  unequal,  and  anavdog,  the  Acan- 
thus.) —  Suffruticose  or  shrubby  plants  (of  Mexico  and  its  borders) ;  with  mostly 
lanceolate  and  entire  petioled  leaves,  and  usually  loosely  spicate  or  scattered  red 
(an  inch  or  more  long)  flowers :  branches  apt  to  be  pubescent  in  alternate  lines.  — 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1 1 17. 

A.  pumilus,  Nees.  Low  shrub,  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate 
(about  18  lines  long)  ;  the  larger  short-petioled :  calyx  pubescent  or  tomentulose,  5-parted  ; 
the  subulate  or  linear  lobes  about  equalling  the  stipe  of  the  capsule,  which  is  not  longer 
than  the  body  :  corolla  red  or  reddish.  — DC.  Prodr.  xi.  445.  Drejera  puberula,  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  121.—  S.  Arizona,  Wright,  Wheeler.  Probably  not  distinct  from  A.  virgularis, 
Nees,  the  Jnsticia  coccinea,  Cav.  and  J.  virgularis,  Salisb.  (Mex.) 
A.  Thlirberi.  Shrubby,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  young  parts  minutely  hirsute :  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate  (an  inch  or  less  long),  thickish,  subsessile :  flowers  more  pedicellate,  in  short 
leafy  clusters  at  the  axils:  calyx-lobes  long-attenuate,  equalling  the  pointed  capsule,  twice 
the  length  of  its  stipe:  corolla  red,  more  funnelform;  its  lobes  little  shorter  tlian  tlie'tube. 
—  Drejera  Thurheri,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  124.  —  S.  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  Thurber, 
Capt.  Smith,  Palmer. 
A.  Wrightii.  Suffruticose,  2  to  4  feet  high,  puberulent  or  the  foliage  glabrous,  panicu- 
I'ately  branched:  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  (an  inch  or  two 
long) :  spikes  loosely  paniculate,  naked :  lobes  of  the  deeply  5-cleft  calyx  oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  very  much  (commonly  thrice)  shorter  than  the  stipe  of  the  pointed  capsule 
(stipe  3  to  5  and  capsule  3  or  4  lines  long) :  corolla  purplish-red,  mch  and  a  half  long,  with 
lobes  considerably  shorter  than  tube. —  Z>re/era  Wrightii,  Torr.  1.  c  — S.  and  W.  Texas, 
between  the  Guadaloupe  and  the  Rio  Grande,  Wright,  &c. 

A.  Greggii,  Drejera  Greggii,  Torr.  1.  c,  of  northern  part  of  Mexico,  has  leaves  as  the 
last  species,  but  more  pubescent  and  veiny,  longer  and  slender  corolla,  with  linear  lobes 
longer  than  the  tube,  toraentose  calyx  5-cleft  only  to  the  middle,  and  the  single  capsule 
seen  is  obovate  and  obtuse  or  retuse,  on  a  stipe  of  thrice  its  length  and  double  the  length 
of  the  calyx. 

9.  SIPH0N0GL6SSA,  Oersted.     (2't'g)cor,  tube,  and  yXwaaa,  tongue.)  — 

Herbaceous  or  barely  suffrutescent,  chiefly  Mexican. 

S.  Pilosella,  Torr.  Low,  branching  from  a  suffrutescent  base,  hirsute  with  scattered 
spreading  hairs:  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  subsessile  (5  to  15  lines  long):  flowers  mostly  soli- 
tary in  the  axils :  sepals  5,  subulate :  corolla  pale  blue  or  purple,  with  tube  8  or  9  and  limb 
3  or  4  lines  long :  lower  anther-cell  conspicuously  mucronate-calcarate  at  base  ;  upper  less 
so  at  apex:  seeds  cordate-orbicular,  rugulose.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  134.  Adhuloda  dipiera- 
cantha,  Nees  in  DC.  1.  c.  396.  Monechma  Pilosella,  Nees,  1.  c.  412.  —  Dry  ground,  Texas  and 
S.  New  Mexico.     (Adjacent  Mex.)  •  ♦ 

S.  longiflora.  Glabrous,  or  the  slender  stems  cinereous-puberulent,  barely  a  foot  high  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous,  short-petioled,  an  inch  or  two  long :  flowers  clustered  in  upper 


Dianthera.  ACANTHACE^.  329 

axils:  corolla  (white  or  yellowish-white)  with  tube  inch  and  a  half  long:  lower  anther- 
cell  mucronate-appendaged  at  base.  —  Adhatoda  ?  longijlora,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  125.  — 
S.  Arizona,  Schott,  Rothrock. 

10.  BELOPERONE,  Nees.  {Bilog,  an  arrow  or  dart,  and  7tE(j6vTj,  some- 
thing pointed.)  —  Shrubby  plants ;  with  red  flowers,  all  but  the  following  tropical 
American. 

B.  Californica,  Benth.  Low  shrub,  with  spreading  often  leafless  branches,  tomentose 
or  cinereous-puberulent:  leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  subcordate,  petioled :  racemes  terminating 
the  branches,  sliort,  several-many-flowered:  bracts  and  bractlets  small,  deciduous:  calyx 
deeply  5-parted  ;  lobes  subulate-lanceolate :  corolla  dull  scarlet,  an  inch  long;  both  the  lips 
oblong  and  truncate  ;  lower  3-lobed  at  apex  :  anther-cells  oval ;  lower  mucronate  at  base  : 
capsule  obtuse,  with  broad  and  long  stipe-like  base  obcompressed :  seeds  turgid,  glabrous, 
coarsely  rugose.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  38;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  588.  Jacobinia  Californica,  Nees 
in  DC.  1.  c.  729.  Sericographis  Californica,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  125.  —  Desert  region 
along  the  southern  borders  of  California,  and  Lower  California. 

11.  JUSTfCIA,  Houston,  L.  {James  Justice,  a  Scotch  cultivator  and  ama- 
teur.) —  A  large  and  widely  distributed  genus,  chiefly  tropical,  rejjreseuted  here 
by  a  single  anomalous  and  little  known  plant. 

J.  "Wrlghtii.  A  span  or  less  high  and  much  branched  from  a  suffrutescent  base,  cinereous- 
puberulent :  leaves  rigid,  3  or  4  lines  long,  sessile  ;  lowest  obovate ;  upper  linear-lanceolate, 
mucronate-acute :  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  upper  axils ;  bractlets  similar  to  the  sub- 
tending leaf :  Corolla  purplish,  4  lines  long,  somewhat  campanulate ;  upper  lip  with  a  broad 
emargination  and  two  short  narrow  lobes ;  lower  larger  with  oval-obovate  lobes :  anther- 
cells  oblong ;  the  lower  abruptly  short-calcarate ;  the  upper  smaller  and  mucronate  at  base 
(fruit  not  seen :  ovules  4).  —  Calcareous  hills  along  the  San  Felipe,  W.  Texas,  Wright  (no. 
445  of  1st  coll.). 

12.  DIANTHERA,  L.  {/Jig,  double,  and  avdriQcc,  blooming,  used  for 
anther.)  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  mostly  American  and  of  warm  regions,  various 
in  inflorescence  and  habit:  fl. summer.  —  Rhytiglossa,  Nees  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  335. 

§  1.  EuDi  ANTHER  A.     Flowcrs  Capitate  or  spicate  on  a  long  and  naked  axillary 
peduncle  :  bracts  and  bractlets  subulate  or  linear :   tube  of  the  (purple  or  violet) 
corolla  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  limb  :  glabrous  perennials. 
D.   crassifolia,   Chapm.     Stem  barely  a  foot  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched: 
leaves  few  in  distant  pairs,  fleshy,  linear,  or  the  lowest  spatulate-lanceolate  and  short,  and 
tlie  upper  filiform  and  elongated  (4  to  6  inches),  about  the  length  of  the  2-6-flowered 
peduncles:  corolla  an  inch  long,  bright  purple:  capsule  (with  the  long  stipe)  of  the  same 
length.  — Fl.  304.  —  Apalachicola,  Florida,  in  wet  pine  barrens.  Chapman. 
D.  Americana,  L.     Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  sulcate-angled :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
3  or  4  inches  long,  tapering  at  base,  subsessile :  peduncles  mostly  exceeding  the  leaves, 
capitately  several-flowered :  corolla  pale  violet  or  whitish,  less  than  half  inch  long;  base 
of  lower   lip  rugose.  —  Spec.  i.  27 ;  Gray,  Man.   ed.  i.  293.  '  D.  ensi/onnis,  Walt.  Car.  03. 
Justicia  linearifolia,  Lam.  HI.  i.  41.     J.  pedunculosa,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  7.     J.  Americana,  Vahl, 
Enum.  i.  140.     Rhgtiglossa  pedunculosa,  Nees  in  DC.  1.  c.  339.  — In  water,  Canada  to  South 
Carolina,  Arkansas,  and  Texas. 
D.  humilis,  Eagelm.  &  Gray.     Stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a  creeping  base  or 
rootstock,  mostly  slender :  leaves  from  oblong  or  obovate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  ses- 
sile or  slightly  petioled,  1  to  3  inches  long :  flowers  at  length  scattered  in  slender  spikes  on 
a  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaf:  bract  and  bractlets  much  shorter  than  the  5  equal  subu- 
late-linear caly'x-lobes  :  corolla  violet  or  pale  purple,  4  or  5  lines  long :  anther-cells  more  or 
less   mucronate  at  base.  — PI.  Lindh.   i.  22.     D.   ovata,  WaXt.  Car.   63;   Chapm.  Fl.  304 
(with  var.  lanceolata  &  angusta),  a  misleading  name,  as  the  leaves  are  never  so  broad 


330  ACANTHACEiE.  Dianlhera. 

as  ovate.  Justicia  humilis,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  8;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  13;  Vahl,  Enum.  i.  43.  lihyti- 
glossa  humilis,  Nees,  1.  c.  340.  R.  obtusi/olia,  Nees,  1.  c.  338,  as  to  N.  Am.  plant  7  —  Muddy 
borders  of  streams,  S.  Carolina,  near  the  coast,  to  Texas.  Narrowest  leaved  forms  much 
resemble  the  tropical  D.  pectoralis,  which  has  smaller  flowers  and  fifth  sepal  small. 

p.  parviflora,  Drejera  paivijiora,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  Dec.  1861,  is  like  the 
preceding,  so  far  as  an  imperfect  specimen  shows :  but  leaves  shorter  (an  inch  or  so  long), 
lanceolate  from  a  broader  and  rounded  subsessile  base,  the  younger  with  a  few  hairs,  and 
tlie  inflorescence  puberulent,  with  also  some  short-stipitate  glands.  —  W.  Texas,  Buckley. 
§  2.  Anomalous    species,  cinereous-pubescent:  flowers  small,  in  the   axils  of 

ordinary  leaves  and  in  slender  spikes   terminating  the  branches.     {D.  Sagrceana, 

Griseb.  with  somewhat  similar  habit,  is  Justicia  SagrcBana,  the  lower  anther-cell 

calcarate.) 

D.  parvif olia.  Much  branched  from  a  somewhat  woody  root  or  base,  a  span  or  more 
higli,  erect  or  diffuse:  leaves  ovate,  3  to  8  lines  long,  petioled ;  upper  axils  floriferous : 
flowering  branches  mostly  extended  into  slender  sparsely-flowered  spikes  :  bracts  with 
bractlets  and  sepals  subulate,  small :  corolla  white  or  purple,  4  lines  long;  the  lips  nearly 
equal  and  about  the  length  of  the  rather  broad  tube :  anther-cells  separated  by  a  narrow 

.  connective,  somewhat  oblique  and  one  a  little  lower.  —  Shaueria  parvifolia,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound  122  —  Dry  soil,  W.  Texas  to  New  Mexico,  Wright,  Schott,  Liiidheimer,  &c.  Re- 
ferred to  this  genus  on  the  authority  of  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1114. 

13.  G-ATESIA,  Gray.  (In  memory  oi  Dr.  ffezekiak  Gates, -who  almost  hali 
a  century  ago  made  and  distributed  a  collection  of  Alabama  plants,  upon  one  of 
which,  viz.  Petalostemon  corymbosus,  mistaken  for  a  Composita,  Bertoloni  founded 
his  genus  Gatesia.)  — Single  species  :  fl.  summer.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiii.  365. 

G.  laete-virens,  Gray,  I.  c.  Perennial  herb  a  foot  or  two  high,  puberulent  or  almost 
glabrous :  stem  when  dry  with  a  contracted  ring  above  each  node,  as  if  articulated :  leaves 
bright  green,  membranaceous,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval  and  acuminate  at  both  ends  (2^  to 
5  inches  long),  petioled:   flowers  in  oblong  and  somewhat  strobilaceous   usually  short- 

.  peduncled  spikes,  both  terminal  and  axillary  :  bracts  oval  or  obovate  with  narrowed  base, 
mucronate,  hirsute-ciliate  (half  inch  long) :  bractlets  similar  but  smaller,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  clavate-oblong  firm-coriaceous  capsule :  calyx  somewhat  glumaceous,  deeply 
5-parted ;  lobes  setaceous-subulate,  sparingly  hirsute-ciliate,  the  innermost  smaller :  corolla 

-  white  or  flesh-color,  almost  salverform  (about  half  inch  and  the  lobes  2  lines  long) :  stipe- 
like  base  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  4-seeded  capsule.  —  Justicia  Imte-vireiis,  Buckley  in  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  xlv.  176  (1843).  Ehytiglossa  viridijlora  (meant  for  viridifoUa),  Nees  in  DC.  Prodr. 
xi.  346.  DicUptera  Halei,  Riddell,  Cat.  Fl.  Ludov.  in  N.  Orl.  Med.  Jour.  1852 ;  Chapm.  Fl. 
305.  —  Shady  damp  ground,  Northern  Alabama,  Buckley,  Cabell,  Beaumont.  Lookout  Moun- 
tain, Tennessee,  A.  H.  Curtiss.  W.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Eastern  Texas,  Wright.  "  Flowers  open- 
ing in  the  night :  corolla  dropping  early  next  day,"  Lh:  Cabell.  More  allied  to  Tetranierium 
than  to  Dianthera,  having, only  the  capsule  of  the  latter,  and  the  bractlets  of  DicUptera. 

14.  TETRAM:fiRIUM,  Nees.  {TEZQa^EQrig,  quadripartite,  limb  of  corolla 
4-parted.)  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  or  barely  suffrutescent  at  base  (of  and  near 
Mexico)  ;  with  oblong  or  ovate  and  petioled  leaves,  dense  spike  terminating  stem 
and  branches,  its  4-ranked  bracts  imbricated  and  little  exceeded  by  the  (white  or 
purplish)  corollas.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  147,  &  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  467.  {Hennja,  Nees, 
referred  here  iu  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1121,  is  distinguished  by  its  small 
primary  bract,  or  ordinary  leaf  in  place  of  it,  aild  conspicuous  herbaceous  bractlets, 
as  of  DicUptera,  which  are  usually  vaginate  and  connate.) 

T.  hispidum,  Nees,  1.  c.     Hirsute-pubescent,  and  the   ovate   or  oblong  strongly  3-5- 
•    nerved  spinulose-pointed  bracts  hispid:  leaves  oblong,  1  or  2  inches  long:  calyx  4-parted: 

lobes  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  its  tube :  seeds  muriculate.  —  T.  nervosum,  var.,  Torr. 

Bot,  Mex.  Bound.  125.  —  S.  Arizona  to  the  borders  of  Texas.     (Mex.) 


Dlcliptera.  ACANTHACEiE.  §31 

^'lanSfo^TT'  l''^^'  ^-  '•  S'^^^^^^^-P^terulent.  not  at  all  hirsute:  leaves  oblong- 
t".  nil      ■  f  «»l>V"rd=^te.  rhucronate-acuminate  (half  or  two-thirds  inch  long),  ligl.tly 

trorrTol     :,"^\7^=  bractlets  minute  and  subulate:  calyx  5-partod:  tube  of  purple 

'    TPvi«  ^'  f  R  '^'^'•r-^ly  oblong  lobes  :  seeds  muriculate-scabrous.-S.  borders  of 

Texas,  near  Rniggold  Barracks  on  the  Rio  Grande,  Schott. 

15.  piCLlPTERA,  Juss.  (z/tx^tV,  two-valved,  and  mBQov,  wing :  applies 
to  the  involucre  of  the  typical  species,  but  was  explained  to  relate  to  the  bipar- 
tition  and  separation  of  the  two  parts  of  each  valve  of  the  capsule  after  dehiscence.) 
—  Chiefly  herbs,  dispersed  over  the  warmer  regions  of  the  world.  Fl.  summer. 
■Corolla  often  seemingly  resupinate  as  relates  to  primary  axis,  on  account  of  the 
cymose  inflorescence  or  the  evolution  of  more  than  one  flower  in  the  involucre. 
I^eaves  petiolate.  In  the  disruption  of  the  valves  of  the  capsule,  the  sides  are 
usually  carried  away  with  the  placentae,  leaving  only  a  stalk-like  base. 

§  1.  EuDiCLi'pTE'.A.  Bractlets  of  the  flat  involucre  a  single  pair  and  broad, 
opposite  :  internal  bractlets  small  and  tliin  like  the  sepals :  anther-cells  oval,  dis- 
joined, one  nearly  over  the  other. 

D.  resupinata,  Juss.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  two  higli  from  an  annual  or  perennial  root 
nearly  glabrous:  stem  G-angled :  leaves  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  oblong:  involucres  on 
naked  simple  or  commonly  trifid  peduncles,  l-3flowered,  rotund-  or  deltoid-subcordate 
rarely  round-obovate,  very  flat,  a  tliird  to  half  inch  long  and  nearly  as  wide:  lobes  of  tiie 

•    purple  corolla  obovate.  —  Ann.  Mus.  ix.  268  ;  Nees  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  474 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex. 

.  Bound.  124.  JusUcia  sexangulans,  Cav.  Ic.  ili.  2,  t.  203.  .7.  resupinata,  Vahl,  Enum.  i.  114. 
Dlcliplera   ihhspwides,  Nees,  1.  c.  1     S.  Arizona  (and  California  ?  Coulter),  Thurber,  Schott. 

■     Wrifjht,&c.     (Mex.) 

D.  brachiata,  Spreng.  A  foot  or  two  high,  from  almost  glabrous  to  pilose-pubescent : 
stem  G-angh^d,  ratlier  slender,  witJi  numerous  spreading  brandies:  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
mostly -acuminate,  membranaceous  (2  to  4  inches  long),  slender-petioled :  involucres  clus- 
tered in  tiio  axils  and  more  or  less  paniculate,  short-pedunclcd  and  subsessile,  somewhat 
convex,  or  at  lengtli  ventricose,  its  valves  narrowed  at  base,  3  to  5  lines  long,  from  broadly 
obovate  with  rounded  summit  to  spatulate-oblong,  often  unequal,  frequently  mucronate  or 
mucronulate:  lobes  of  the  purple  or  flesh-colored  corolla  elongated-oblong,  half  inch  or 
less  long,  about  the  length  of  the  slender  curved  tube.  —  Syst.  i.  80 ;  Nees,  1.  c. ;  Chapm. 
n.  305.  D.  resupinata,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  18.3,  not  Vahl.  B.  glaudulosa, 
Scheele  in  Limi  xxi.  765,  a  villous-pubescent  form.  —  Shady  and  moist  ground,  N.  Caro- 
lina to  Florida  and  Texas. 

Var.  attenuata,  a  form  with  the  involucral  valves  narrower,  spatulate  or  oblong,  and 
cuspidate-acuminate;  and  attenuate-acuminate  leaves  on  long  (sometimes  2  inch)  petioles.  • 
—  E.  Texas,  Wriyht.     Also  Arkansas,  Nuttull:  therefore  his  D.  resupinata,  in  part;  but  not 
according  to  his  character  "  bracteis  bivalvibus  subcordatis." 

§  2.  Dactylostegium.  Bractlets  2  and  narrow,  and  at  base  supplemented  by 
and  sometimes  partially  concreted  with  a  smaller  aiid  alternate  pair,  being  the 
outer  and  larger  of  the  internal  bractlets  :  anthers  oblong-sagittate,  the  cells 
usually  pai-allel  and  equal :  flowers  loosely  secund-spicate  or  paniculate  :  primary 
bracts  small  and  subulate.  —  Dactylostegium,  Nees  in  Fl.  Bras.,  Oersted.  §  Dac- 
tylosteyice,  Nees  in  DC.  Prodr. 

D.  assurgens,  Juss.  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  puberulent :  stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  virgate 
branches:  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  or  the  smaller  upper  ones  oblong  and  obtuse:  invol- 
ucres cliiefly  sessile  and  rather  sparse  in  the  slander  simple  or  paniculate  spikes  :  principal 
bractlets  of  tiie  involucre  linear-spatulate,  4  or  5  lines  long,  1-nerved,  mucronate,  nearly 
twice  the  lengtli  of  the  slender-subulate  interior  ones  :  cprolla  much  exserted,  an  inch  long, 
red  or  crimson,  arcuate  ;  tlie  nearly  entire  lanceolate-oblong  iips  shorter  than  tlie  upwardly 
ampliate  tube. ^ Nees  in  DC.  1.  c.  489;  Cliapm.  Fl.  305.  '  Jusllcia  assurgens,  L.  (P.  IJrowne, 
Jam.  110,  t.  2,  fig.  l.[— Eastern  S.  Florida.     (AV.  Ind.,  Centr.  Am.) 


332  SELAGINACE^.  Gymnandra. 


Order  CII.  SELAGINACE^. 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  of  various  habit,  confined  to  the  southern  hemisphere,  except 
two  anomalous  northern  genera  of  dubious  association,  in  character  most  like 
Verbenacece,  but  the  solitary  ovules  anatropous  and  suspended,  and  the  radicle 
of  the  terete  straight  embryo  superior. 

1 .  G-YMN ANDRA,  Pall,  (rvfxrog,  naked,  driiQ,  man  ;  stamens  somewhat 
protruding.)  —  Calyx  spathaceous,  cleft  anteriorly,  entire  or  2-3-toothed  pos- 
teriorly. Corolla  tubular,  ampliate  at  the  throat;  limb  2-labiate ;  upper  lip 
entire,  erose-  2-3-crenulate,  or  2-cleft ;  lower  usually  longer,  2-3-cleft.  Stamens  2, 
inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  not  surpassing  its  lobes :  anthers  versatile, 
confluently  1-celled.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovulate:  style  filiform  and  elongated: 
stigma  subcapitate  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  dry  or  slightly  drupaceous,  small,  included 
in  the  calyx  and  marcescent  corolla,  separating  into  two  akene-like  nutlets,  or  one 
of  them  often  abortive.  Seed  suspended :  embryo  a  little  shorter  than  the  fleshy 
albumen.  —  Perennial  and  subcaulesceut  glabrous  herbs  ;  with  the  aspect  of  Syn- 
thjris  in  Scrophulariacece  (p.  285)  ;  rootstock^ somewhat  creeping:  leaves  alter- 
nate ;  the  radical  obovate  or  oblong  and  petioled ;  those  of  the  scapiform  and 
simple  flowering  stem  sessile:  flowers  in  a. dense  terminal  spike,  each  solitary 
and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  a  bract :  corolla  bluish.  A  few  montane  and  arctic 
Asiatic  species,  two  of  them  reachhig  N.  America.  —  Pall.  It.  iii.  710  ;  Choisy  in 
DC.  Prodr.  xii.  24;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1130. 

G.  Gmelini,  Cham.  &  Schl.  Somewliat  robust,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  radical  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  obtuse  at  both  ends,  rcpand-crenate  (2  to'  4  inches  long)  :  cauline 
smaller,  passing  into  bracts  of  the  dense  and  thick  oblong  spike  :  stamens  much  shorter 
than  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  exceeding  the  style.  — Linn.  ii.  561;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  102. 
6'.  lioreulis,  var.,  Pall.  1.  c.  G.  ovata  &  reniformis,  Willd.  Lagotts  ylauca,  Gaertn.  in  Nov.  Conun. 
Tetrop.  xiv.  533,  t.  18,  fig.  2.  (Bartsia  gijimandm,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  4-30,  referred  here  as  to 
plant  of  Columbia  River,  is  probably  Sijnthyris  ?•«;»•«. ) —Unalaska,  PopofE  Islands,  &c., 
recently  coll.  by  Harringlon  and  EllioU.     (Kamts.,  &c.) 

G.  Stelleri,  Cham.  &  Schl.  1-  c.  Slender  and  smaller :  radical  leaves  oblong,  acute, 
more  attenuate  at  base,  unequally  and  obtusely  serrate:  stamens  about  equalling  the 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  shorter  than  the  style.  —  Hook.  1.  c.  G.  minor,  dentala,  &  (jraahs, 
Willd.  — Kotzebue  Sound,  Lnij  &  Collie.  Arctic  coast,  Richardson.  Perhaps  Island  of  St. 
Lawrence,  Chamisso.     St.  Paul's  Island,  EllioU.     (Arctic  Asia.) 

Order  CIII.   VERBENACE.E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (in  tropical  regions  some  are  trees),  with  chiefly  opposite  or 
verticillate  leaves,  no  stipules,  bilabiate  or  almost  regular  corolla,  with  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  mostly  didynamous  stamens,  single  style  with  one  or  two 
stio-mas,  an  undivided  mostly  2-carpellary  but  more  or  less  completely  2-4-celled 
(rarely  8-locellate)  ovary,  a  pair  of  ovules  to  each  carpel  (one  to  each  locellus  or 
half-carpel)  ;  the  fruit  either  drnpaceo>us  and  2-4-pyranous,  or  dry  and  separating 
at  maturity  into  as  many  nutlets ;  embryo  straight,  and  in  true  Verbenacea  with 
the  radicle  inferior.  P/iryma,  appended  to  this  order  for  lack  of  other  afifinity, 
is  a  notable  exception.  Albumen  in  our  genera  scanty  or  none.  Inflorescence 
various.     Foliage  sometimes  aromatic. 


VERBENACEiE.  333 

Tribe  I.  PHRYME^.  Ovary  one-celled,  and  with  a  single  erect  or  ascending 
orthotropous  ovule.  Seed  without  albumen.  Radicle  superior:  cotyledons  broad, 
convolute  round  their  axis.     Inflorescence  centripetal. 

1.  PHRYMA.  Calyx  cylindraceous,  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  of  3  setaceous-subulate  teeth: 
lower  of  2  short  subulate  teetli.  Corolla  with  cylindrical  tube  equalling  the  upper  lip  of 
the  calyx,  and  a  bilabiate  limb:  upper  lip  almost  erect,  emarginate ;  lower  much  larger, 
spreading,  .^-lobed.  Stamens  didynamous,  included :  antliers  2-celled,  opening  longitudinally. 
Style  slender:  stigma  2-c!eft.  Fruit  a  dry  akene  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Calyx 
abruptly  reflexed  on  the  axis  of  the  spike  in  fruit,  strongly  ribbed,  and  closed  by  the 
narrowing  of  the  orifice :  the  long  slender  teeth  hooked  at  the  tip. 

Tribe  II.  VERBENE^.  Ovary,  or  at  least  the  fruit,  with  2  to  8  cells  or  nutlets: 
ovules  anatropous  or  nearly  so,  erect.  Radicle  accordingly  inferior.  Inflorescence 
centripetal  and  simple;  the  flowers  in  the  spike  commonly  alternate:  bractlets 
none.  Leaves  simple,  sometimes  divided,  but  not  compound.  Stamens  in  our 
genera  included  and  distinctly  didynamous. 

*  Flowers  spicate  or  capitate. 
+-  Calyx  ampliate-globular  and  closed  over  the  fruit. 

2.  PRIVA.  Flowers  slender-spicate.  Calyx  at  first  cylindraceous,  .with  5  ribs  produced 
into  short  teetli,  membranaceous  and  enlarging  with  and  closely  investing  the  dry  indu- 
rated fruit,  which  splits  into  a  pair  of  2-locellate  or  by  abortion  1-loccllate  nutlets. 
Corolla  salverform,  5-lobed,  obscurely  bilabiate. 

-t-  -1—  Calyx  narrow,  tubular,  plicately  5-angled,  5-toothed,  mostly  enclosing  the  dry  fruit : 
corolla  salverforin ;  limb  somewhat  equally  or  unequally  6-lobed :  akene-like  nutlets 
1-celIed,  1-seeded. 

3.  STACHYTARPHETA.  Perfect  stamens  2  (the  anterior  pair)  and  with  divaricate 
vertical  anther-cells :  posterior  reduced  to  sterile  filaments.  Stigma  terminal,  orbicular, 
subcapitate.    Fruit  separating  into  2  oblong-linear  nutlets. 

4.  BOUCHEA.  Perfect  stamens  4:  anthers  ovate,  the  cells -parallel.  Stigma  2-lobed, 
one  lobe  abortive,  the  other  subclavate-stigmatose.  Fruit  separating  into  2  nutlets. 
Seed  linear. 

5.  VERBENA.  Perfect  stamens  4  :  anthers  ovate ;  the  cells  nearly  parallel.  Stigma  mostly 
2-lobed;  anterior  lobe  larger ;  posterior  smooth  and  sterile.  Fruit  separating  into  4  nutlets. 
•»—  -1—  -)—  Calyx  small  and  short :  anthers  short,  the  cells  parallel :  cells  of  the  ovary  and 

nutlets  of  the  fruit  2,  one-seeded  :  style  mostly  short :  stigma  thickish,  mostly  oblique. 

6.  LIPPIA.  Calyx  2-4-cleft  or  toothed,  ovoid,  oblong-campanulate  or  compressed  and 
bicarinate,  enclosing  the  dry  fruit,  which  separates  into  2  nutlets.  Limb  of  corolla 
oblique  or  bilabiate,  4-lobed. 

7.  LANTANA.  Calyx  very  small  and  membranaceous,  truncate  or  sinuate-toothed. 
Limb  of  the  corolla  not  bilabiate,  obsiiurely  irregular,  4-5-parted;  the  broad  lobes  obtuse 
or  retuse ;  tube  slender.  Fruit  drupaceous,  merely  girt  at  base  by  the  calyx,  fleshy  or 
juicy;  its  nutlets  bony,  mostly  roughened. 

*  *  Flowers  in  open  racen'ies,  minutely  bracteate  :  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  with  trun- 
cate minutely  .5-toothed  border :  corolla  salverform  ;  the  5-partcd  limb  somewhat  oblique 
or  unequal :  anther-cells  parallel :  ovules  aniphitropous  :  drupe  juicy,  containing  2  to  4 
bilocellate  2-seeded  bony  nutlets  :  subtropical  and  tropical  shrubs  or  trees. 

8.  CITHAREXYLUM.  Calyx  in  fruit  girting  the  base  of  the  drupe.  Stigmas  2.  Nut- 
lets 2.     Sterile  fifth  stamen  present,  rarely  antheriferous. 

9.  DURANTA.  Calyx  in  fruit  ampliate  and  enclosing  the  drupe.  Corolla  commonly 
curved.     Stigma  unequally  4-lobed.     Nutlets  4  :  seeds  therefore  8. 

Tribe  III.  VITICE^E.  Ovary,  embryo,  &c  ,  of  the  preceding  tribe.  Ovules  later- 
ally affixed,  amphitropous.     Inflorescence  centrifugal,  cymose. 

1 0.  CALLICARPA.  Flowers  4-merous  (rarely  5-merous  in  calyx  and  corolla),  nearly  regu- 
lar. Calyx  short,  sinuately  toothed.  Corolla  with  short  or  campanulate  tube.  Stamens 
4,  equal,  exserted :  anthers  «hort ;  cells  parallel.  Stylo  elongated:  stigma  capitate  or 
2-lobed.  Baccate  drupe  small,  the  base  subtended  by  the  calyx,  containing  4  small 
1-seeded  nutlets  or  by  abortion  fewer.    Cymes  axillary. 

Tribe  IV.  AVICENNIE.Sl.  Ovary  imperfectly  4-celled,  with  a  central  4-winged 
columella  bearing  4  pendulous  amphitropous  ovules,  these  and  the  solitary  seed  des- 


'334  TERBENACE^.  Phryma. 

titute  of  any  coats.  Fruit  fleshy-capsular.  Seed  consisting  solely  of  a'  large 
embiyo,  which  begins  gennination  at  or  before  dehiscence:  radicle  villous,  inferior: 
cotyledons  large,  amygdaloid,  conduplicate  longitudinally:  plumule  conspicuous. 
Flowers  glomerate  (inflorescence  centrifugal);  the  capituUform  clusters  variously 
disposed. 
1 1  AVICENNIA.  Calvx  of  6  imbricated  concave  sepals.  Corolla  with  short  campan- 
"ulate  tube,  and  sliglitly  irregular  4-parted  spreading  limb.  Stamens  4,  somewhat  unequal 
and  exserted.     Style  short  or  none.     Stigmas  2.     Fruit  compressed,  2-valved. 

1.  PHR"^MA,  L.  LoPSEED.  (An  unexplained  name,  substituted  by  Lin- 
niBus  for  Leptostachya,  Mitch,  in  Act.  Phys.-Med.  Nat.  Cur.  viii.  212,  1748.)  — 
Single  species. 

P.  Leptostachya,  L.  Perennial  herb,  2  to  4  feet  high,  slender,  somewhat  pubescent: 
leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate;  lower  ones  long-petioled :  flowers  small  and 
inconspicuous,  sessile  in  slender  and  filiform  at  lengtli  much  elongated  terminal  spikes, 
purplish,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  setaceous  bract  and  subtended  by  a  pair  of  minute  bractlets, 
at  Icngtii  strictly  reflexed ;  the  fructiferous  calyx,  detaching  at  maturity,  apt  to  adhere  to 
fleece  and  clothing  by  the  hooked  tips  of  the  awn-like  teeth  in  the  manner  of  a  bur.  — 
Gsertn.  Fr.  t.  75;  Lam.  111.  t.  516;  Schauer  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  520.  — Moist  and  open  woods, 
Canada  to  Florida  and  Missouri:  fl.  summer.     (Japan  to  Nepal.) 

2.  PRIVA,  Adans.  (Name  of  unknown  derivation.)  —  Homely  perennial 
herbs  of  warm  climates;  with  petioled  coarsely  serrate  leaves,  and  terminal  spikes 
of  small  dull  flowers,  in  sumther. 

P.  echinata,  JUSS.  Somewhat  pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  somewhat  cordate:  flowers 
alternate-in  the  slender  spike:  fruiting  calyx  hirsute  with  small  hooked  hairs:  fruit  ovate, 
4-angled,  splitting  into  2  nutlets,  eacli  2-seeded,  spiny-toothed  on  the  back.  — Jacq.  Obs. 
t.  24;  Sloane,  Jam.  t.  110;  Chapm.  Fl.  206.  — S.  Florida.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

3.  STACHYTARPH£1TA,  Vahl.  (Name  formed  of  craxvg,  spike,  and 
raQ(fvg,  dense,  written  Stachytarpha  by  Link  and  some  succeeding  authors,  that  it 
might  better  accord  with  the  etymology.)  —Tropical  herbs  or  undershrubs,  chiefly 
American  ;  with  mostly  serrate  and  sometimes  alternate  leaves,  and  dense  ter- 
minal spik,es ;  the  flowers,  or  at  least  the  fruiting  calyx,  often  half  immersed  in 
longitudinal  excavations  of  the  stout  rhachis,  subtended  each  by  a  small  and 
usually  paleaceous  bract. 

S  Jamaicensis,  Vahl.  Annual,  but  suffrutescent,  glab'rate :  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
coarsely  serrate,  tapering  into  the  petiole :  spike  as  thick  as  a  goose-qmll,  6  to  10  mches 
long :  bracts  appressed,  striate,  aristulate-acuminate :  flowers  sunk  in  deep  excavations  of 
the  tliickening  rhachis:  calyx  becoming  compressed  and  2-cleft:  corolla  blue,  its  borcter 
4  lines  broad. -Enum.  i.  206  (Sloane,  Jam.  t.  107;  Uesc.  Ant.  vi.  t.  692) ;  Chapm.  Fl. 
"  308.      Verbena  Jamaicensis,  L.  —  S.  Florida.     ( W.  Ind.  to  Guiana.) 

4.  BOtrCHEA,  Cham.  {Charles  and  Peter  Bouche,  Berlin  gardeners.)  — 
Between  the  preceding  and  following  genera,  American,  African,  and  Indian: 
flowers  not  immersed  in  the  slender  rhachis  of  the  spike ;  in  summer. 

§  1.  Leaves  petioled  and  serrate  (as  in  the  genus  generally)  :  flowers  small. 
B.  Ehrenbergii,  Cham.  Annual,  a  span  to  2  feet  high",  barely  puberulent,  brachiately 
branched:  leaves  ovate  or  oval:  spikes  short:  flowers  crowded:  corolla  little  exserted, 
bluish,  3  lines  long:  tip  of  fruit  exserted  from  the  shortish  tube  of  calyx.  — Linn.  vii.  253; 
Schauer  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  558;  Torr.  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  126.  Verbena  prismatica,  Jacq. 
Ic.  Rar.  t.  208.  — S.  Arizona,  Thurber,  Wright,     (Mex.  &  W.  Ind.  to  Venezuela.) 


Verbena.  VERBENACE^.  335 

§  2.  Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  entire :  spikes  lax  :  tube  of  (purple  or  white) 
corolla  exserted,  and  limb  6  to  9  lines  broad:  fruit  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
narrow  cylindrical  calyx-tube.     Peculiar  species. 

B.  spatulata,  Torr.  Suffrutescent,  puberulent:  branches  terete,  very  leafy:  leaves 
tliickish,  obovate,  entire,  obtuse,  tnucronate  (9  lines  long) ;  upper  ones  passing  into  similar 
foliaceous  brarts ;  uppermost  lanceolate,  about  equalling  the  calyx.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
126.  —  S.  W.  Texas,  canon  of  the  Rio  Grande,  near  Mount  Carmel,  Parry. 

B.  linifolia,  Gray.  Fastigiately  and  alternately  branched  from  a  perennial  or  suffrutes- 
cent base,  a  foot  or  two  high,  glabrous  and  smooth:  branches  rigid,  striate-angled  and 
sulcate,  very  leafy :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends,  l-nerved ;  upper- 
most passing  into  bracts  of  the  loose  spike :  upper  bracts  subulate,  much  shorter  than  the 
slightly  pedicellate  striate  calyx :  throat  of  corolla  f unnelf orm.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2, 
xvi.  98 ;  Torr.  1.  c.  —  Dry  bed  or  banks  of  the  San  Pedro  and  Rio  Grande,  S.  W.  Texas, 
Wright,  Schott. 

3.  VERBi^NA,  Tourn.  Vervain.  (Roman  name  of  a  sacred  herb,  of 
Celtic  derivation.)  —  A  large  genus  of  herbs  (or  a  few  S.  American  species  suf- 
fruticose),  chiefly  American,  some  mere  weeds,  some  ornamental ;  fl.  summer. 
Spontaneous  hybrids  abound,  not  here  to  be  described ;  many  are  noted  by  En- 
gelmann  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlvi.  (1843)  99. 

§  1.  Flowers  small  or  comparatively  so,  in  narrow  spikes:  anthers  unappen- 
daged. 

*   Spikes  filiform,  with  the  flowers  or  at  least  the  fruits  scattered,  naked,  and  the  inconspicuous 
bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

•i—  Leaves  1-2-pinnately  cleft  or  incised,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

V.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  Annual,  slender :  stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  minutely  strigu- 
lose-pubescent,  chiefly  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  or  3-5-cleft ;  lower  obovate,  sometimes  only 
incised,  narrowed  below  into  a  tapering  base  ;  uppermost  lanceolate :  spikes  very  slender, 
solitary  or  panicled  :  bracts  shorter  than  calyx  :  lobes  of  the  small  purplish  corolla  usually 
less  than  a  line  long.  — Fl.  Dan.  t.  628;  Lam.  111.  t.  17.  V.  officinalis  &  V.  spuria,  L. 
Spec.  i.  18.  —  Road-sides  and  old  fields,  New  Jersey  to  Texas,  Arizona,  and  S.  California. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.,  &c.) 

V.  Xlitha,  Lehm.  Stouter  and  taller  (2  or  3  feet  high,  from  a  perennial  root  ? ),  hirsute- 
pubescent  :  leaves  more  or  less  canescent,  incisely  pinnatifid  or  laeiniate,  or  some  of  the 
lower  3-parted ;  lobes  coarsely  toothed :  flowers  more  crowded  in  the  strict  spikes,  larger : 
bracts  equalling  the  calyx :  lobes  of  the  purple  or  blue  corolla  commonly  a  line  and  a  half 
long.  —  Ind.  Sem.  Hamb.  1834,  &  Linn.  x.  Literb.  115.  V.  strigosa.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Comp.  Bbt. 
Mag  i.  176,  not  Cham.  V.  Lucmana,  Walp.  Rep.  iv.  23;  Schauer  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  547. 
V.'ccErulea,  Vatke  in  App.  Ind.  Sem.  hort.  Berol.  1876,  1.  V.  sororia,  Don,  Prodr.  Fl.  Nepal. 
104,  &  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  202,  is  perhaps  the  same  species.  —  Louisiana  and  Texas,  southern 
borders  of  California.     (Mex.) 

-f-   -1-    Leaves  merely  serrate,  or  sometimes  sparingly  incised :  root  perennial. 

V.  urticaefolia,  L.  From  minutely  hirsute-pubescent  to  almost  glabrous,  3  to  5  feet 
high:  leaves  thin,  petioled,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  evenly  or 
doubly  serrate :  spikes  slender-filiform,  panicled,  more  or  less  sparsely  flowered :  bracts 

■  ovate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  short  calyx  :  corolla  a  line  or  two,  and  lobes  only  half 
a  line  long,  white,  sometimes  bluish  or  purplish.  —  Waste  or  open  grounds,  Canada  to 
Texas,  &c.     (Trop.  Am.) 

V.  polystachya,  HBK.  Less  tall,  more  scabrous,  sometimes  hirsute  or  hispid,  panicu- 
lately  branched :  leaves  from  oblong  to  broadlj'  lanceolate  (1  or  2  inches  long),  sessile  by  a 
narrowed  base  or  short-petioled,  obtuse  or  acute,  incisely  serrate,  occasionally  somewhat 
lobed :  spikes  thicker  and  denser  than  in  the  preceding.  —  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  608.  V.  poli/- 
stachya,  biserrata,  &  veroniccefolin  ?  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  ii.  274,  &c.  V.  Caroliniensis, 
Dill.  Elth.  ii.  407,  t.  301,  fig.  388 :  therefore  V.  Carolina,  L.  Spec.  ed.  2,  ii.  29,  but  not  in 
Carolina.  V.  CaroUniana,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  748;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  156;  Schauer 
in  DC.  I.  c.  546.    California  and  Arizona  :  rare.     (Mex.)  ' 


336  VERBENACE^.  Verbena. 

V.  Carolinidna,  Michx.  Cinereous-puberulent  and  scabrous-pubescent :  stems  mostly 
simple,  ascending,  from  6  inches  to  2  feet  liigli,  including  the  commonly  solitary  long  and 
virgate  spike  :  leaves  oblong  and  the  lowest  obovate,  obtuse,  sessile,  finely  and  often  doubly 
serrate  :  flowers  in  the  upper  part  of  the  spike  crowded  :  bracts  subulate,  equalling  the  calyx  : 
corolla  flesh-color;  the  lower  lobe  a  line  long,  the  others  shorter.  — Fl.  ii.  13;  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  99. 
Phryma  Carolimensis,  Walt.  Car.  166.  Verbena  CaroUniana,  Ray,  and  as  to  this  at  least 
V.  Carolina,  L.,  but  seemingly  not  T.  CaroUnensis,  Dill.  Elth.  V.  carnea,  Med.  ex  Schauer 
in  DC.  1.  c.  545.  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  Carolina  to  Florida. 
*   *   Spikes  thicker  or  densely-flowered ;  the   fruits  crowded,  mostly  overlapping  each  other  or 

imbricated:  bracts  inconspicuous,  not  exceeding  the  flowers:  root  perennial. 
^—  Pubescence  short,  sparse  and  hirsute  or  scabrous :  spikes  dense,  strict,  naked  at  base  or  more 
or  less  peduncled:  stem  erect. 
V.  angUStif olia,  Michx.  1-  c.     Stem  and  spikes  often  simple,  a  foot  or  two  Tiigh :  leaves 
linear  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  rugose-veiny,  serrate,  tapering  mto   nearly   sessile  base: 
corolla  purple  or  lilac  (3  lines  long).  — F.  rugosa,  Willd.  Enum.  633.     V.  simplex,  Lehm. 
Pugill.  i.  37.  — Dry  or  sandy  ground,  Massachusetts  (Amherst)  to  Wisconsin  and  Florida. 
V.  hastata,  L.     Tall,  3  to  6  feet  high:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate, 
coarsely  or'  incisely  serrate,  petioled,  some   of  the  lower  commonly   hastate-3-lobed  at 
base :  spikes  numerous  in  a  panicle  :  corolla  blue  —  V.  paniculata,  Lam. ;  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1102 ; 
name  applied  to  the  form  which  wants  the  3-lobed  leaves;  the  better  but  the  later  name 
for  the  species.  — Canada  and  Saskatchewan  to  Florida,  New  Mexico,  and  (according  to 
Torrey  in  Wilkes  Exped.  Bot.)  California:  chiefly  waste  grounds  and  road-sides.  —  Var. 
pinnatijida,  Schauer  (V.  pinnalijida.  Lam.),  is  a  probable  hybrid,  of  occasional  occurrence. 
^__  ^_  Pubescence  softer  and  denser,  commonly  cinereous  or  canescent :   spikes  mostly  sessile  or 
leafy-bracted  at  base. 
V.  Stricta,  Vent.     Erect,  rather  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  cinereous  with  dense 
soft-hirsute-villous  pubescence,  thickish,  rugose-veiny,  ovate  or  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  very 
sharply  and  densely  mostly  doubly  serrate,  rarely  incised:  spikes  comparatively  thick, 
dense  both  in  flower  and  fruit,  canescent :  bracts  subalate-setaceous,  equalling  the  calyx  : 
corolla  blue  (4  or  5  lines  long) :' nutlets  linear.  —  Hort.  Cels,  t.  53.     V.  rigens,  Michx.  Fl. 
ii,  14.     V.  cnnei/olia,  Raf.  in  Med.   Rep.  N.  Y.  xi  260?— Barrens  and  prairies,  Ohio  to 
Dakota,  Texas,  and  New  Mexico,  where  a  hybrid  occurs  between  it  and   V.  bradeosa, 
V.  lanceolata,  Beck  in   Am.   Jour.    Sci.   xiv.   118,  may  be  one  of  the  hybrids  between 
V.  stricta  and  V.  am/ustifolia  which  occur  at  St.  Louis. 
V.  prostrata,  R.  Br.     Diffusely  spreading,  at  length  much  branched,  from  soft-villous 
to  hirsute :  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  with  cuneate  base  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole, 
veiny,  acutely  incised  and  serrate,  often  3-5-cleft :  spikes  solitary  or  somewhat  clustered, 
elongated,  hirsute  or  villous,  dense  when  in  flower:   bracts  subulate,  shorter  than  the 
calyx:   corolla   violet  or  blue,  2  lines  long:   nutlets  oblong.  — Ait.  Kew.  ed.  2,  iv.  41; 
Schauer,  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  609.     V.  lasiosfachys,  Link ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech. 
156. —  Plains  and  open  grounds,  throughout  W.  California.     Very  variable. 
*    *    Spikes  (either  thickish  or  slender)  sessile  and  bracteose,  i.  e  the  rigid  and  somewhat  foliaceous 
bracts,  or  some  of  them,  surpassing  the  flowers:  root  annual  or  becommg  ligiiescent-perennial. 
V.  bracteosa,  Michx.     Much  branched  from  the  base,  diffuse  or  decumbent,  hirsute : 
leaves  cuneate-oblong  or  cuneate-obovate,  narrowed  mostly  into  a  sliort  margined  petiole, 
pinnately  incised  or  3-clcft,  and  coarsely  dentate :  spikes  terminating  tiie  branches,  thick : 
lowest  bracts  often  pinnatifid  or  incised ;  the  others  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  rigid, 
sparsely  hispid,  all  exceeding  the  flowers :  corolla  purpHsh  or  blue,  very  small :  nutlets 
with  a' broad  and  strongly  convex  or  2-facetted  granulate-scabrous  commissure.  —  Fl.  ii. 
14;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2910.      F!  s<7wnros«.  Roth,  Catal.  Bot.  iii.  3.     V.  canescens  t   Chapm. 
Fl.'307,  not  HBK.  — Prairies  and  open  waste  grounds,  Wisconsin  to  W.  Florida,  and  west 
to  Oregon,  California,  and  Arizona. 

Var.  brevibracteata,  a  peculiar  form,  with  dense  spikes,  most  of  the  bracts  little 
longer  than  the  flowers,  and  the  uppermost  barely  equalling  them,  in  fruit  all  ascending  or 
appressed.  —  W.  Texas  to  Arizona.  (Adjacent  Mex.) 
V.  canescens,  HBK.  Much  branched  from  the  base,  ascending  or  erect,  canescent- 
hirsute :  leaves'  oblong-lanceolate  and  cuneate-obovate,  contracted  into  a  margined  base, 
rigid,  sharply  toothed,  incised,  or  some  of  them  pinnatifld :  spikes  solitary,  filiform, 
mostly  loosely-flowered  :  bracts  subulate,  the  lower  almost  filiform  and  more  or  less  ex- 


Verbe7ia.  VERBENACE^.  337 

ceedlng  the  flowers,  the  uppermost  ovate-lanceolate  and  only  equalling  them:  corolla 
bluish  (about  2  Imes  long) :  nutlets  with  a  narrower  almost  smooth  commissure. -HBK 
Nov.  Gen  &  Spec.  ii.  274,  t.  136.  V.  gracilis,  Best  Cat.  ed.  3,  393.  V.  remola,  Benth. 
"^^^T-.  R^'neriana,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxi.  755  ?  -Dry  open  grounds,  W.  Texas  to 

S.  California.     (Mex.) 

Var.  Neo-Mexicana.  Stems  rather  strict  and  slender :  leaves  bipinnately  cleft  or 
almost  parted:  bracts  not  longer  than  the  calyx.—  V.  officinalis,  var.  hirsula,  Torr  Bot 
Mex.  Bound.  28.  —  Borders  of  thickets  near  the  Coppermines,  New  Mexico^  Wright  Bigelow 
Appears  as  if  a  hybrid  between  V.  canescens  and  V.  officinalis.  S.  Arizona,  similar  in  foliage 
but  with  long  bracts,  Rothrock. 

§  2.  Flowers  more  showy,  at  first  depressed-capitate,  becoming  spicate  in  fruit : 
anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  appendaged  by  a  gland  on  the  connective ;  tube  of 
corolla  at  the  upper  part  lined  with  reflexed  bristly  hairs,  especially  the  anterior 
side :  anther-cells  slightly  oblique  or  unequal.  —  Glandularia,  Gmelin,  Nutt. 
Billardiera,  Moench.     Shuttleworthia,  Meissner.      Uwarowia,  Bunge. 

*  ^^?^,^  2I  ^^^  anthers  small  and  short,  sometimes  inconspicuous,  on  the  middle  of  the  bacit: 
mainly  fibrous-rooted  peveniiiais;  but  seedlings  flowering  as  annuals:  nutlets  reticulate-rugulose 
mostly  scabrous  on  the  commissure.     Species  difficult  to  distinguish,  apparently  passing  into 

v.  Ciliata,  Benth.  Low  or  depressed,  hirsute-pubescent  or  hispid,  3  to  10  inches  high, 
diffusely  spreading  from  an  apparently  annual  root;  the  branches  not  creeping  nor  rooting 
at  base :  leaves  once  or  twice  3-cleft  or  parted  and  variously  incisely  lobed,  6  to  12  lines 
long,  with  cuneate  base  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole ;  lobes  from  linear  to  oblong : 
spikes  short-peduncled  or  sessile,  dense,  at  most  oblong:  fructiferous  calyx  oblong,  2^  or  3 
lines  long,  with  short  subulate  teeth:  limb  of  the  purple  or  bluish  corolla  2  to  4  lines 
broad:  gland  of  the  anther^  usually  very  small.  — PI.  Hartw.  21 ;  Schauer  in  DC  Prodr. 
xi.  553;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  608.  — Dry  plains,  W.  Texas  to  Arizona  and  the  southern 
border  of  California.     (Mex.) 

V.  bipinnatiflda,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  hispid-hirsute,  perennial,  rooting  from 
subterranean  branches:  leaves  (H  to  4  inches  long),  bipinnately  parted,  or  3-parted  into 
more  or  less  bipinnatifid  divisions;  the  lobes  commonly  linear  or  rather  broader:  spikes 
in  age  elongated,  bracts  setaceous-attenuate,  mostly  surpassing  the  calyx;  teeth  of  the 
latter  slender,  subulate-setaceous  from  a  broader  base,  unequal:  limb  of  the  bluish-pur- 
ple or  lilac  corolla  4  or  6  lines  broad;  lobes  obcordate :  nutlets  at  maturity  usually 
retrorsely  murieulate-scabrous  or  hispidulous  on  the  commissure.  —  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  ii. 
123 ;  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  2-33 ;  Schauer  in  DC.  1.  c.  553.  Glandularia  bipinnaiifida, 
Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  184.  —  Plains  and  prairies,  Arkansas  and  Texas  to 
the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado,  &c.     Cult  as  "  V.  monlana." 

V.  Aubletia,  L.  A  foot  or  less  high,  branching  and  ascending  from  a  creeping  or'  root- 
ing base,  perennial  (as  rightly  said  by  Jacquin),  slender,  soft-pubescent,  hirsute,  or  gla- 
brate:  leaves  (1  or  2  inches  long)  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  with  truncate  or  broadly 
cuneate  base  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  often  more  deeply 
3-cleft:  spikes  pedunculate,  elongated  in  fruit:  bracts  subulate  or  linear-attenuate,  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  similar  slender  and  unequal  teeth  of  the  narrow  calyx :  limb  of  the 
reddish-purple  or  lilac  (rarely  white)  corolla  half  or  two-tliirds  inch  broad:  commissure  of 
the  nutlets  minutely  white-dotted  or  nearly  smooth.  —  Jacq.  Vind.  ii.  82,  1. 176;  L.  f.  Suppl. 
86;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  308;  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  13;  Bot.  Reg.  t.294,  1. 1925  (var.  Dnunmondi) ;  Schauer 
in  DC.  1.  c.  554,  V.  Ohletia,  Retz.  V.  longifiora.  Lam.  Buchnera  Canadensis,  L.  Mant.  88. 
Glandularia  Carolinensis,  Gmel.  Billardiera  explanata,  Moench.  V.  Lamberti,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  2200 ;  Schauer,  1.  c. ;  form  with  narrower  and  more  incised  leaves.  V.  Lamberti,  var. 
rosea,  Don,  Brit  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  363,  with  large  and  light-colored  corolla  (three-fourths 
inch  wide,  fragrant).  —  Open  woods  and  prairies,  Florida  to  Illinois,  Arkansas,  and  New 
Mexico.    (Mex.)     Cult.,  variously  mixed. 

*  *   Gland  of  the  anthers  oval,  as  high  and  almost  as  large  as  one  of  the  cells:  stem  erect  from  an 
annual  root. 
V.  "Wrightii.     Hispidulous-pubescent :  stem  simple  below,  2  feet  high  :  leaves  pinnateiy 
3-7-parted  or  deeply  cleft,  contracted  at  base  into  a  margined  petiole ;  lobes  mostly  lan- 

22 


338  VERBENACE.E.  Verbena. 

ceolate,  acute :  fructiferous  pedunculate  spikes  dense,  oblong  :  fructiferous  calyx  with  teeth 
very  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  tube  :  corolla  light  purple :  nutlets,  &c.,  of  V.  Aubletia. 
—  Near  Frontera,  on  the  borders  of  Texas,  and  adjacent  New  Mexico,  and  Chihuahua, 
Wright  (no.  1504). 

V.  VENOSA,  Gillies  &  Hook.j  of  S.  America,  one  of  the  species  cultivated  for  ornament,  has 
escaped  into  prairies  in  the  vicinity  of  Houston,  Texas. 

6.  LiPPIA,  L.  (Dr.  A.  Lippi,  killed  in  Abyssinia  early  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury.) —  Herbs  or  shrubs  (American,  mainly  southern,  a  few  African,  (fee,  and  one 
or  two  widely  dispersed  species)  ;  with  spikes  or  heads  of  small  flowers,  in  summer. 
Leaves  often  verticillate. 

§  1.  Aloys  I  A,  Schauer,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Flowers  in  slender  and  naked  spikes, 

with   small   and   narrow  bracts  :  calyx  about  equally  4-cleft,   herbaceous,  often 

densely  hirsute,  the  tube  not  compressed  :  nutlets  thin-walled :  shrubs,  with  foliage 

commonly   sweet-aromatic.  —  Aloysia,  Ortega.     (Z,.  citriodora,  of  Uruguay,  with 

smooth  calyx,  &c.,  is  the  Lemon  Verbena  shrub,  of  cultivation.) 

L.  lycioides,  Steud.     Shrub  4  to  10  feet  high,  with  long  and  slender  branches,  sometimes 

splnescent,  minutely  puberulent:    leaves  (3  to  12  lines  long)  lanceolate-oblong,   obtuse, 

1-nerved,  scabrous  above,  pale  beneath,  veinless,  small  and  entire  on  flowering  branches, 

larger  and  incised  or  few-toothed  on  strong  sterile  shoots:    spikes   axillary,  raceniose- 

panicled,  filiform  :  flowers  white  or  tinged  violet  (fragrance  of  vanilla).  —  Schauer  in  Fl. 

Bras,  ix.'t.  36  &  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  574.     Verbena  liguslrina.  Lag.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  18.  —  Texas 

to  Arizona  and  "  California,"  Coulter.     (Mex.,  Uruguay,  &c.) 

L.  Wrightii,  Gray.     Shrub  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  many  spreading  slender  branches, 

minutely  canescent-tomentose :  leaves  (4  to  8  lines  long)  orbicular-ovate,  crenate,  rugose, 

abruptly  short-petioled  :  spikes  short-peduncled,  densely  flowered  :  calyx-teeth  triangular  : 

corolla  white,  glabrous  within  :  "  odor  of  Sage."  — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xvi.  98;  Torr.  in 

Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  126.  —  S.'  W.  Texas  to  Arizona,  Thurher,  Wright,  Palmer,  &c.     (Adjacent 

Mex.,  where  var.  macrostachya,  Torr.  1.  c,  approaches  L.scorodonioides,  HBK.,  of  S.  Am.) 

§  2.  ZapXnia,  Schauer,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Flowers  capitate  or  in  short  and 

dense  spikes,  subtended  and  imbricated  by  broad  bracts. 

*  Bracts  decussately  4-ranked,  complicate-carinate,  persistent:  flowers  very  small. 
L.  graveolens,  HBK.  Shrubby,  2  to  4  feet  high,  cinereous  with  close  pubescence :  leaves 
ovate-oblong  or 'oval,  crenate-reticulate-rugose,  hirsute-pubescent  above,  canescent  beneath, 
petioled :  umbellate  peduncles  3  to  6  in  each  axil,  shorter  than  the  leaves :  bracts  thin, 
ovate,  acute,  silky,  shorter  than  the  yellowish-white  salverform  corolla.  —  Nov.  Gen.  & 
Spec'  ii.  266 ;  Schauer,  1.  c.  L.  Berlandieri,  Torr.  1.  c,  not  Schauer.  —  Texas,  along  and 
near  the  Uio  Grande.     (Mex.,  &c.) 

*  *  Bracts  several-ranked,  concave  or  flattish :  calyx  thin,  more  or  less  compressed  fore  and  aft 
and  the  sides  carinate.  —  §  Zf^xmia,  Schauer. 

H-  More  or  less  shrubby,  erect:  heads  on  short  axillary  peduncles. 
L  geminata  HBK.  1.  c.  Pubescent  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  closely  serrate,  tripllnerved, 
pinnately  veined,  and  with  rugose-reticulated  veinlets,  minutely  strigose  above,  canescently 
tomentose-pubescent  beneath,  petioled:  peduncles  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  hardly 
longer  than  the  petiole :  Jiead  globular,  at  length  cylindraceous  :  bracts  broadly  ovate, 
abruptly  cuspidate-acuminate,  villous-canescent,  a  little  shorter  than  the  purple  or  violet 
corolla.  (Foliage  with  odor  of  citron.)-  Verbena  lanlanoldes,  L.  —  S.  Texas  on  the  Kio 
Grande.     (Mex.  to  Uruguay.) 

*  *  Herbaceous,  procumbent  or  creeping:  pubescence  of  fine  and  close  hairs  fixed  by  their  middle 
and  both  ends  acute:  peduncles  chiefly  axillary  and  slender:  bracts  closely  imbricated:  calyx 
stronclv  flattened  fore  and  aft,  with  carinafe  margins,  and  cleft  into  2  lateral  more  or  less  con- 
duplicate  lobes  :  limb  of  corolla  manifestly  bilabiate;  the  smaller  upper  one  refuse  or  emargmate: 
pericarp  crustaceous  or  corky,  not  readily  separating  into  the  two  nutlets. 

L.  cuneif olia,  Steud.     Diffusely  branched  from  a  lignescent  perennial  base,  procumbent 
(not  creeping),  minutely  canescent  throughout :  leaves  rigid,  cuneate-linear,  sessile,  incisely 


Lantana.  VERBENACE^.  339 

2-6-toothed  above  the  middle,  nearly  veinless,  the  midrib  prominent :  peduncles  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaves :  heads  at  length  cyUndraceous,  almost  half  inch  thick :  bracts 
rigid,  broadly  cuneate,  abruptly  acuminate  from  tiie  truncate  or  retuse  dilated  summit : 
calyx  deeply  2-cleft ;  tlie  lobes  oblong  and  emarginate,  shorter  than  the  tube  of  tlie  (white?) 
corolla  :  fruit  oblong-oval.  —  Torr.  in  Marcy,  Rep.  293,  t.  17.  Zapania  cunei/olia,  Torr.  in 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  234.  —  Plains,  Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

L.  nodiflora,  Michx.  Creeping  extensively,  some  branches  ascending,  "annual"  or 
probably  perennial,  cinereous  or  greenish  :  leaves  cuneate-spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  obscurely  veiny  or  almost  veinless,  tlie  long  tapering  base  entire,  sharply  ser- 
rate from  above  the  middle  to  the  apex:  peduncles  filiform  (1  to  4  inches  long),  much 
exceeding  the  leaves  :  heads  cylindraceous  in  age,  quarter  inch  thick  :  bracts  mucronate  or 
pointless:  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate;  corolla  rose-purple  or  nearly  wiiite,  short: 
fruit  globose  or  didymous.  —  Fl.  ii.  15.  Zapania  nodiflora,  Lam.  III.  1. 17.  Verbena  nodiflora, 
L. ;  Sibth.  Fl.  Graec.  t.  553.  —  Low  grounds,  Georgia  to  Texas  and  southward  :  also  Cali- 
fornia.    (Cosmopolite  in  torrid  zone.) 

L.  lanceolata,  Michx.  l.  c.  Like  the  preceding,  and  perhaps  passes  into  it,  but  greener, 
minutely  and  sparsely  strigulose:  leaves  thinner,  mostly  broader  (name  therefore  inapt)' 
varying  from  obovate  and  lanceolate-spatulate  to  ovate,  narrowed  at  base  mostly  into  a 
petiole,  above  sharply  serrate,  pinnately  straight-veined;  veins  ending  in  the  sinuses: 
corolla  bluish-white.  — Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  341.  L.  replans,  HBK.  1.  c?  Zapania  lanceolata. 
Beck  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xiv.  284.  — River  banks,  E.  Penn.  to  lUinois  and  Missouri,  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.     (Mex.) 

7.  LANTANA,  L.  (An  old  name  of  a  Viburnum,  transferred  by  Linnteus, 
in  view  of  some  resemblance  to  this  genus,  which  should  have  retained  Plumier's 
name  of  Camara).  —  Shrubs  or  undershrubby  plants  of  warm  regions ;  with 
mostly  rugose  and  somewhat  glandular-odorous  pinnately  veined  petioled  leaves 
(not  rarely  in  threes),  and  axillary  pedunculate  heads  of  rather  showy  small 
flowers  ;  in  summer.  Several  species  common  in  gardens,  two  or  three  indigenous 
to  our  southern  borders. 

§  1.  Drupe  thin-fleshed  or  somewhat  dry,  at  least  with  nutlets  contiguous  and 
usually  cohering  more  or  less 'into  a  2-celled  putamen  :  stems  never  prickly. 
(Transition  to  Lippia.) 

L.  involucrata,  L.  Canescent,  much  branched  :  leaves  obovate-oval  or  ovate,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  crenate,  rugulose  and  veiny,  scabrous  above,  soft-tomentose  beneath,  cuneate 
at  base,  rather  slender-petioled :  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaf:  head  hemi- 
spherical or  at  length  globose,  not  elongating :  bracts  silky,  ovate,  or  the  outermost  some- 
times oblong,  these  as  long  as  the  (white  or  hlac)  flowers,  and  forming  an  involucre. — 
S.  Florida  [L.  imolucrata,  var.  Floriduna,  Chapm. ;  a  form  with  long  peduncles  and  white 
flowers).  S.  borders  of  Texas  {L.  odorata,  var.  Berlandieri,  Torr.  Mex.  Bound,  and  L.  parvi- 
fo/ia,  Raf.' ) :  a  form  with  less  obtuse  leaves  and  white  flowers.  L.  odorala,  L.  Syst.,  seems 
not  distinct.     (Trop.  Am.) 

L.  canescens,  HBK.  Cinereous-canescent  throughout  with  fine  and  soft  strigose  pu- 
bescence :  branches  slender :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  gradually 
acuminate,  with  cuneate  base,  somewhat  appressed-serrate,  lineate-veined  and  minutely 
rugose,  about  the  length  of  the  slender  peduncles  :  heads  ovoid,  small,  in  age  short-oblong : 
bracts  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  lax ;  the  exterior  larger,  spreading  and  in- 
volucrate  :  corolla  small,  white.  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  ii.  259.  Lippia  pa/lescens,  Bentli.  Hartw. 
245.  As  yet  collected  only  on  the  Coahuila  (Mexican)  side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Berlundier, 
Bigelow.     (Trop.  Am.) 

L.  macropoda,  Torr.  Cinereous  with  minute  strigulose  pubescence :  stems  slender, 
1  to  3  feet  higli,  herbaceous  almost  or  quite  to  the  base :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  obtuse  or  somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  petioled,  usually 
scabrous  above  and  slightly  canescent  beneath,  not  at  all  rugose-reticulated,  the  primary 
veins  conspicuous  and  running  straight  to  the  sinuses :  peduncles  twice  or  thrice  the  length 


340  VERBENACEiE.  Lantana. 

of  the  leaf  (2  to  5  inches  long) :  heads  globular,  at  length  oblong  :  bracts  ovate,  cuspidate- 
acuminate,  nearly  equalling  the  white  or  purple  corolla;  the  outermost  gradually  larger 
but  hardly  forming  an  involucre. —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  127.  —  S.  W.  borders  of  Texas 
(  Wright,  &c.),  and  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico,  Gregg,  Palmer. 

§  2.  Drupe  juicy;  the  2  nutlets  separated,  at  least  at  base.     Stems  sometimes 

prickly  or  hispid,  but  this  very  variable. 

L.  Camara,  L.  Scabrous  and  more  or  less  hirsute,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  prickles  on  the  stem 
short  and  hooked  :  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  often  subcordate,  crenate-serrate,  very 
scabrous  above,  scabrous-iiirsute  or  softer-pubescent  beneath  (about  2  inches  long)  :  pe- 
duncles rigid,  about  the  length  of  the  leaf :  head  flat-topped  in  anthesis  ;  the  rhacliis  not 
elongating :  bracts  lanceolate,  strigose-iiirsute,  about  half  the  length  of  the  yellow  at 
length  orange  or  even  flame-colored  corolla.  —  Plum.  Ic.  t.  71 ;  Dill.  Elth.  t.  56.  L.  horrida, 
var.  parvijiora,  Schauer  in  DC.  1.  c. ;  Torr.  I.e.  —  S.  Georgia  and  Florida,  S.  Texas  and 
southward.     (Trop.  Am.) 

8.  CITHARlfiXYLUM,  L.  (Name  c6mposed  of  Hiddga,  guitar  or  lyre, 
and  ^vXov,  wood,  a  translation  into  Greek  of  the  colonial-English  Fiddle-wood  ; 
but  this  name,  unfortunately  for  the  etymology,  is  an  English  corruption  of  the 
earlier  French-colonial  name,  hois  jidele,  meaning  a  wood  trustworthy  for  strength.) 
— .  Tropical  American  shrubs  or  trees  ;  with  somewhat  coriaceous  leaves,  and  small 
flowers  on  a  filiform  rhachis,  each  subtended  by  a  minute  bract. 

C.  villosum,  Jacq.  Soft-pubescent  or  glabrate :  leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oblong,  entire 
or  occasionally  few-tootlied  above  the  middle,  veiny  and  with  finely  reticulated  veinlets, 
shining  and  barely  scabrous  above,  pale  and  sometimes  soft-canescent  beneath,  biglandular 
at  the  narrowed  base,  tapering  into  the  petiole  :  racemes  declining,  loose,  but  spike-like  : 
flowers  very  sliort-pedicelled :  corolla  white,  glabrous  externally.  —  Coll.  i.  72,  &  Ic.  Rar. 
t.  118  ;  Chapm.  Fl.  309.  —Key  West,  S.  Florida  ;  perliaps  S.  Texas.     ( W.  Ind.,  Mex.) 

9.  DUHANTA,  L.  (  Castor  Durantes,  wrote  upon  W.  Indian  plants  in  the 
16th  century.")  — W.  Indian  and  S.  American  shrubs,  often  armed  with  axillary 
spines  ;  one  has  reached  our  borders. 

D.  Plumieri,  Jacq.  Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrate :  branches  4-angled :  leaves  obovate, 
oblong,  or  ovate,  mostly  entire,  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  petiole :  racemes  panicled, 
loose :  lower  bracts  often  leafy :  calyx-teeth  subulate  from  a  broad  base :  corolla  lilac  : 
drupe  yellow  ;  the  enclosing  persistent  calyx  also  yellowish,  closed  into  a  straight  or  con- 
torted beak.— Jacq.  Stirp.  t.  176,  fig.  76,  &  Ic.  Rar.  t.  502;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  244;  Chapm.  I.e. 
D.  spinosa  &  D.  jjierwis,  L. ;  the  branches  sometimes  spiny,  sometimes  unarmed.  D.  Ellisia, 
Jacq.  Amer.  t.  170,  f.  77,  &  Hort.  Schcenb.  iii.  t.  99;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1759.  Ellisia  acuta,  L.  — 
Key  West,  S.  Florida,  Bhdgelt.     (Trop.  Am.) 

10.  CALLICARPA,  L.  (/CftUo?,  beauty,  and  aaQnog,  fruit:  the  berry- 
like  drupes  ornamental.)  —  A  rather  large  E.  Asiatic  and  American  genus,  chiefly 
of  the  warmer  regions,  one  in  the  Atlantic  States ;  fl.  late  summer.  Pubescence 
stellular-branched  or  scurfy. 

C.  Americana,  L.  (French  Mulberry.)  Shrub  low,  with  scurfy-stellate  down  and 
glandular-dotted  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  obtusely  serrate,  greenish  above,  whitish 
or  rusty  beneath,  acute  or  cuneate  at  base  :  cymes  shorter  than  the  petiole,  many-flowered  : 
corolla  bluish,  iiardly  2  lines  long:  fruit  violet-colored.  —  Catesb.  Car.  t.  47;  Lam.  111.  t.  69. 
SpondyJococcus,  Mitchell,  Nov.  Gen.  Burchardta  Americana,  Duliam.  Arb.  ed.  1,  i.  t.  44.  — 
Rich  or  moist  grounds,  Virginia  to  Texas.     (W.  Ind.) 

11.  AVICIENNIA,  L.  White  Mangrove.  (Dedicated  to  Avicenna, 
the  Latinized  name   of  Ihusina,  most  illustrious  of  Arabian  physicians  ;  died  in 


LABIATJE.  341 

1037.)— Maritime  evergreen  trees,  of  tropical  regions,  spreading  from  creeping 
shoots  ;  their  opposite  entire  and  mostly  canescent  coriaceous  leaves  connected  at 
base  by  an  interpetiolar  line,  giving  the  branchlets  the  appearance  of  being  articu- 
lated :  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  commonly  cymosely  trichotomous  :  flowers 
small,  white  or  whitish,  in  late  summer. 

A.  nitida,  Jacq.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-elliptical,  glabrate  and  at  length  sometimes 
shining  above :  peduncles  ternate  or  trichotomous :  lobes  of  corolla  minutely  sericeous  or 
tomentulose  both  sides  :  style  as  long  as  stamens.— Jacq.  Amer.  t.  112,  fig.  1 ;  Schauer  in 
DC.  Prodr.  xi.  699  ;  Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  502.  A.  tomentosa,  Meyer,  Essequib. ;  Nutt.  Sylv. 
iii.  79,  t.  105,  exserted  style  shown.  A.  ohlongifolia,  "Nutt.?  "  Chapm.  Fl.  310:  name  not 
mentioned  by  Nuttall  in  Sylv.  1.  c.  —  Keys  and  coasts  of  S.  Florida,  and  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi.  (W.  Ind.  to  Brazil.) 
A.  TOMENTOSA,  Jacq.  1.  c.  fig.  2,  with  hardly  any  style,  and  corolla-lobes  glabrous  above,  is 

in  the  Prodromus  and  in  Chapman's  Flora  attributed  to  "  Florida,  Nutlall."    But  Nuttall's 

species  figured  under  this  name  in  the  Sylva  is  clearly  the  A.  nitida,  and  that  is  probably  our 

only  species. 

Order  CIV.    LABIATE. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  aromatic  herbage  (usually  dotted  with  small  im- 
mersed glands  replete  with  volatile  oil),  with  square  stems,  opposite  simple  leaves 
and  no  stipules ;  the  perfect  flowers  with  irregular  more  or  less  bilabiate  corolla, 
didynamous  or  diandrous  ;  filiform  style  mostly  2-cleft  and  2-stigmatose  at  apex, 
and  around  its  base  the  divisions  of  a  4-parted  (sometimes  only  4-lobed)  ovary, 
which  are  uniovulate  and  ripen  into  akene-like  nutlets,  in  the  bottom  of  a  gamo- 
sepalous  calyx.  Ovule  and  seed  mostly  amphitropous  or  anatropous,  and  erect. 
Embryo  straight  except  in  the  Scutellarinece,  with  plane  or  plano-convex  coty- 
ledons and  inferior  radicle :  albumen  usually  none  or  hardly  any.  Lobes  of  the 
corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  posterior  or  the  upper  lip  exterior  and  the 
middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  innermost.  Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
distinct  or  rarely  monadelphous  ;  the  fifth  (posterior)  stamen,  and  in  diandrous 
flowers  the  adjacent  pair  also,  not  rarely  represented  by  sterile  filaments  or  rudi- 
ments :  rarely  the  4  fertile  stamens  equal.  Hypogynous  disk  generally  present, 
sometimes  as  (one  to  four)  gland-like  lobes.  Pistil  as  in  all  the  related  orders 
dimerous,  each  carpel  deeply  2-parted  or  2-lobed.  Inflorescence  thyrsoidal ;  the 
general  evolution  of  the  clusters  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  primary  bracts  (these 
occasionally  reduced  to  single  flowers)  centripetal ;  that  of  the  clusters  (cymes  or 
glomerules)  centrifugal.  The  pair  of  sessile  clusters,  one  to  each  axil,  having 
the  appearance  of  a  whorl  (verticil)  form  what  has  been  termed  a  verticiU aster. 
Bracts  or  bractlets  various.  Leaves  occasionally  verticillate.  Seed  transverse 
and  the  radicle  incurved  in  Scutellarinece.  (The  Ajugoidem  connect  with  the 
tribe  Viticece  of  the  preceding  order,  and  therefore  are  placed  foremost.  A 
larger  proportion  of  our  Labiatce  are  Old  World  naturalized  plants  than  of 
any  other  order.)  —  Benth.  Lab.  &  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  26  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen. 
ii.  1160. 

I.  Nutlets  rugose-reticulated,  with  introrsely  very  oblique  or  even  ventral  and 
comparatively  large  areola  (scar  of  the  attachment)  :  ovary  merely  4-lobed  or  not 
deeply  4-pa)led.  (Seeds  in  the  tribe  here  represented,  as  in  most  of  the  order, 
exalbuminous.) 


342  LABIATiE. 

Tribe  I.  AJUGOIDE^.  Stamens  ascending,  mostly  exserted  from  the  upper  side 
of  the  corolla,  4  in  all  our  genera.  Nutlets  obovoid,  dry.  Ovule  and  seed  more 
or  less  amphitropous :  calyx  5-10-nerved. 

*  Limb  of  the  corolla  merely  or  hardly  oblique,  of  5  somewhat  equal  and  similar  lobes, 
therefore  obscurely  if  at  all  bilabiate. 

1.  TETRACLEA.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  regular;  the  lanceolate  lobes  twice  the  length 
of  the  short  turbinate  tube.  Corolla  nearly  salverform  in  anthesis,  with  narrow  tube  sun 
passing  the  calyx  ;  limb  globular  and  erect  (not  oblique)  in  the  bud;  lobes  oval  oroblong- 
obovate,  similar  and  equally  spreading,  the  three  lower  obscurely  more  united  at  base. 
Filaments  filiform,  involute  in  bud,  exserted :  anthers  cordate-oblong  ;  cells  permanently 
parallel  and  distinct.  Ovary  barely  4-lobed.  Ovule  and  seed  descending-amphitropous, 
i.  e.  attached  above  its  middle,  rostellate  at  the  micropyle.  Areola  of  the  nutlet  very 
large  and  ventral. 

2.  TRICHOSTEMA.  Calyx  barely  5-cleft,  either  oblique  or  almost  regular.  Corolla 
with  narrow  tube  and  more  or  less  obUque  limb;  the  somewhat  similar  lobes  oblong, more 
or  less  declined.  Filaments  spirally  coiled  in  the  oblique  unopened  limb,  curved  in  an- 
thesis, capillary,  very  long-exserted,  didynamous,  sometimes  monadelphous  at  base : 
anther-cells  divaricate  or  divergent,  at  length  often  confluent.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed. 
Amphitropous  ovule  and  seed  ascending,  being  attached  below  the  middle. 

3.  ISANTHUS.  Calyx  nearly  equally  5-cleft,  campanulate ;  lobes  lanceolate.  Corolla 
short;  tube  included  in  the  calyx  ;  throat  somewhat  campanulate  ;  limb  almost  regularly 
5-parted ;  lobes  obovate,  not  declined.  Stamens  slightly  incurved-ascending,  not  longer 
than  the  corolla,  didynamous :  anther-cells  at  length  divergent.  Ovary  deeply  5-lobed. 
Ovule  and  seed  nearly  anatropous  and  erect.     Areola  of  nutlet  introrsely  basal. 

*  *  Limb  of  corolla  irregular,  seemingly  unilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  being  either  spht  down 
or  very  short :  stamens  exserted  from  the  cleft. 

4.  TEUCRIUM.  Corolla  deeply  cleft  between  the  two  small  lobes  of  the  upper  lip, 
which  are  united  one  on  each  side  with  tlie  lateral  lobes  of  the  declined  lower  lip ;  middle 
lobe  much  larger.     Anthers  confluently  one-celled.     Nutlets  with  a  broad  introrse  areola. 

5.  AJUGA.  Corolla  with  very  short  and  as  if  truncate  upper  lip  ;  the  large  and  spreading 
lower  lip  with  middle  lobe  emarginate  or  2-cleft.    Anther-cells  less  confluent. 

II.  Nutlets  smooth  or  granulate ;  areola  basal,  small :  ovary  deeply  4-parted. 

Tribe  II.  OCIMOIDEjE.  Stamens  declined  toward  or  resting  on  the  lower  lip  of 
the  corolla,  didynamous,  all  fertile.  Corolla  declined;  lower  lip  apparently  formed 
of  the  anterior  lobe  only,  which  is  unlike  the  other  somewhat  equal  four  lobes. 

6.  OCIMUM.  Calyx  deflexed  after  flowering;  its  posterior  tooth  broad,  orbicular  or 
obovate,  and  with  decurrent  often  wing-like  margins ;  the  4  others  narrower.  Corolla 
with  short  tube,  and  flat  or  concave  declined  lower  lobe.     Disk  enlarging  into  glands. 

7.  HYPTIS.  Calyx  mostly  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  the  lower  lobe  saccate, 
abruptly  deflexed  at  the  contracted  and  callous  base.  Disk  entire  or  with  a  gland  on  the 
anterior  side.     Nutlets  ovoid  or  oblong. 

Tribe  III.  SATUREINE.1E.  Stamens  not  declined;  the  posterior  pair  shorter  or 
wanting:  anthers  (in  ours)  2-celled;  the  cells  distinct  or  more  or  less  confluent, 
short.  Corolla  less  strongly  bilabiate  and  the  lobes  flatter  than  in  succeeding  tribes; 
upper  lip  not  galeate  or  concave,  except  in  Acanlhominlha. 

*  Corolla  with  lower  lobe  larger  and  pendent,  fimbriate  or  lacerate-toothed,  very  unlike 
the  4  shorter  and  nearly  equal  lobes,  which  in  appearance  form  the  upper  lip :  stamens 
straight  and  long,  divergent:  anther-cells  divaricate  and  contiguous,  or  at  length  some- 
what confluent :  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

8.  COLLINSONIA.  Calyx  short,  small  in  flower,  enlarging  and  declined  in  fruit,  about 
10-nerved,  mostly  somewhat  hirsute  in  the  throat,  bilabiate ;  the  broader  and  at  length 
flattish  upper  lip  3-toothed  ;  the  lower  2-parted.  Corolla  elongated,  somewhat  funnelform, 
with  a  bearded  ring  inside  at  the  insertion  of  the  stamens.  Stamens  2  or  4,  much  exserted, 
spirally  coiled  in  the  bud. 

*  *  Corolla  about  equally  4-lobed,  small  and  short,  hardly  irregular,  but  the  upper  lobe 
often  broader  than  the  others  and  emarginate :  stamens  erect,  straight  and  distant : 
anther-cells  parallel,  destitute  of  any  thickish  connective:  flowers  capitate-glomerate, 
and  the  clusters  sometimes  confluent-spiked. 

9.  MENTHA.  Stamens  4,  similar  and  nearly  equal.  Calyx  campanulate  or  short-tubular, 
and  5-toothed.     Upper  lobe  of  corolla  sometimes  emarginate. 


LABIATiE.  343 

10.  LYCOPUS.  Stamens  only  2  with  anthers;  the  upper  pan*  sterile  rudiments  or  else 
wanting.  Calyx  campanulate,  4-5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Upper  lobe  of  corolla 
entire.    Nutlets  3-sided,  truncate  at  top,  narrow  at  base,  thickened-margined. 

*  *  •*  71^°™^^^  ™*^'"^  °^  ^^^^  evidently  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emarginate, 
or  m  Monardella  2-cle£t ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-clef  t,  destitute  of  bearded  ring  within, 
except  in  Poliomintha.  Calyx  striate-nerved  or  costate,  not  much  changed  after 
flowering. 

•I—  Stamens  distant  and  straight,  often  divergent,  never  convergent  nor  curved. 
++  Antheriferous  stamens  only  2 ;  witli  or  without  abortive  rudiments  of  the  upper  pair. 
ll.CUNILA.    Calyx  ovate-tubular,  equally  6-toothed,  very  villous  in  the  throat,  10-13-' 
nerved.     Upper  lip  of  corolla  emarginate ;  the  lower  somewhat  equally  3-clef t.     Stamens 
long-exserted.    Nutlets  smooth. 

++  ++  Antheriferous  stamens  4,  didynamous :  calyx  15-nerved. 

12.  HYSSOPUS.  Calyx  tubular,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Tube  of  corolla 
short :  upper  lip  emarginate ;  the  lower  3-clef t,  its  middle  lobe  larger  and  2-clef t.  Stamens 
exserted,  divergent :  anther-cells  linear,  divaricate. 

•H-  ++  ++  Antheriferous  stamens  4,  didynamous :  calyx  10-13-(in  Monardella  15-)nerved, 

=  Naked  in  the  throat :  flowers  capitate-verticillastrate,  or  sometimes  sparser. 

13.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  tubular;  the  6  teeth  equal,  or  the  3 
upper  more  or  less  united.  Corolla  short,  with  entire  or  barely  emarginate  upper  lip,  and 
3-clef t  lower  one  ;  the  lobes  all  short,  ovate,  obtuse.  Stamens  little  imequal :  anther-cells 
parallel. 

14.  MONARDELLA.  Calyx  tubular,  narrow  ;  the  6  teeth  equal  or  nearly  so.  Corolla 
glabrous  within ;  the  2-cleft  upper  lip  and  lobes  of  the  3-parted  lower  one  all  linear  or 
narrowly  oblong,  plane.  Stamens  strongly  or  moderately  unequal,  exserted:  anther- 
cells  often  divergent  or  divaricate.  Flowers  densely  capitate-verticillastrate  in  the  man- 
ner of  Monarda. 

=  =  Calyx  villous  or  hirsute-bearded  in  the  throat :  corolla  short. 

15.  ORIGANUM.  Calyx  ovate-campanulate,  in  our  (introduced)  species  equally  5-toothed. 
Stamens  exserted.  Flowers  spicate-  or  capitate-verticillastrate,  imbricated  with  broad 
colored  bracts. 

1 6.  THYMUS.  Calyx  ovate,  declined  in  fruit,  villous  in  the  throat,  distinctly  bilabiate ; 
upper  lip  3-toothed,  spreading ;  lower  2-cleft,  its  divisions  subulate  and  ciliate.  Flowers 
scattered  or  crowded,  the  bracts  inconspicuous. 

H—  -I—  Stamens  ascending  (at  least  the  lower  part)  or  arcuate,  often  more  or  less  con- 
verging and  sometimes  ascending  parallel  under  the  erect  upper  lip  of  the  corolla :  con- 
nective of  the  anther  commonly  more  or  less  thickened,  sometimes  separating  the 
oblique  or  divaricate  cells. 

++  Calyx  only  about  10-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat,  not  declined  nor  gibbous :  fertile 
stamens  4. 

17.  SATUREIA.  Calyx  campanulate  or  short.  Tube  of  the  corolla  short,  or  not  ex- 
ceeding the  bracts. 

++  -t-i-  Calyx  12-15-nerved  :  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  plane  or  slightly  concave  and  straight, 
as  in  the  tribe  generally. 

=  Style  beardless :  anthers  muticous. 
a.  Stamens  4,  all  antheriferous. 

18.  MICROMERIA.  Calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  terete,  not  gibbous  nor  declined,  about 
equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  short,  its  straight  tube  usually  shorter  qr  hardly  longer  than 
the  calyx.     Stamens  arcuate,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

1 9.  CALAMINTHA.  Calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  often  gibbous,  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip 
3-toothed  or  3-cleft,  the  lower  2-parted.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  mostly  exceeding 
the  calyx,  anc^  a  commonly  enlarging  throat.  Stamens  ascending  parallel  under  or 
beyond  the  upper  lip,  or  conniving  in  pairs. 

20.  MELISSA.  Calyx  oblong-campanulate,  bilabiate  as  in  the  preceding,  but  the  broad 
upper  lip  becoming  flatter.  Corolla  rather  short ;  its  tube  at  base  declined,  then  ascend- 
ing, included  in  the  calyx.     Otherwise  like  Calamintha.     Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  veiny. 

21.  CONRADINA.  Calyx,  &c.,  of  Calamivtha.  Corolla  with  a  narrow  and  straight  tube 
rather  shorter  than  the  calyx,  abruptly  bent  backwards  at  the  throat,  deeply  bilabiate, 
ringent ;  the  upper  lip  somewhat  concave  and  incurved,  emarginate  or  retuse  ;  the  lower 
dependent,  contracted  at  the  base,  deeply  3-lobed ;  the  lateral  lobes  roundish,  the  dilated 


344  LABIATE. 

middle  one  emarginate-2-lobed.  Stamens  arcuate-ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  parallel : 
.cells  of  the  anther  at  length  separated  on  a  transversely  dilated  connective,  their  base 
bearing  a  small  tuft  of  delicate  villous  hairs.  Leaves  linear,  with  entire  revolute  margins, 
one-ribbed. 

b.  Stamens  2  antheriferous,  ascending  parallel  under  the  upper  lip  ;  the  posterior  pair  either 
wanting  or  rudimentary,  or  with  imperfect  (rarely  perfect  and  poUiniferous)  anthers  : 
calyx  tubular  or  tubular-campanulate,  more  or  less  villous-bearded  in  the  throat. 

22.  POLIOMINTHA.  Calyx  cylindraceous  or  cylindrical,  terete  and  regular,  13-15- 
striate,  bearded  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  mostly  with  a  hairy 
ring  within  the  throat  or  tube  ;  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate  ;  lower  3-cleft  and  spreading, 
the  broader  middle  lobe  emarginate.  Posterior  filaments  mere  subulate  rudiments. 
Fruticulose  and  canescent. 

23.  HEDEOMA.  Calyx  from  tubular  to  oblong,  usually  gibbous,  more  or  less  bilabiate 
or  unequally  5-toothed  (the  two  lower  teetli  diiierent  and  longer),  mostly  13-striate,  hairy 
or  villous-bearded  in  the  tliroat,  which  is  commonly  contracted  in  fruit.  Tube  of  corolla 
naked  :  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  2-lobed ;  lower  3-cleft,  spreading.  Posterior  stamens 
either  none,  or  sterile,  or  in  the  original  species  sometimes  antheriferous  !    Low  herbs. 

=  =  Style  bearded  or  villous,  sometimes  sparingly  so :  antheriferous  stamens  4  or  some- 
times 2. 

24.  POGOGrYNE.  Calyx  very  deeply  and  unequally  5-cleft.  at  least  the  two  longer  (low.er) 
lobes  much  longer  than  the  campanulate  or  turbinate  15-nerved  tube ;  throat  naked. 
Corolla  straight,  tubular-funnelform,  with  short  lips ;  the  erect  entire  upper  lip  and  the 
spreading  lobes  of  the  lower  one  oval  and  somewhat  similar.  Stamens  ascending  and 
above  somewhat  approximate  in  pairs :  anther-cells  parallel  and  muticous  :  posterior  fila- 
ments much  shorter  and  sometimes  sterile.  Style  more  or  less  hirsute-bearded  above. 
Flowers  verticillastrate-glomerate  and  spicate :  bracts  and  calyx  strongly  ciliate. 

25.  CERANTHERA.  Calyx  tubulose-campanulate,  13-nerved,  nearly  terete,  villous  in 
the  throat,  bilabiate;  lips  short;  the  upper  recurved-spreading  and  entire  or  slightly 
3-toothed ;  the  lower  scarcely  longer  and  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  straight  narrow  tube 
barely  exceeding  the  calyx,  an  abruptly  much-dilated  short  throat,  and  rather  short  and 
spreading  lips  ;  the  upper  one  nearly  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  4  :  filaments 
capillary,  somewhat  ascending,  exserted,  and  above  diverging :  cells  of  the  anther  divari- 
cate on  a  broad  connective,  aristate  or  pointed !  Style  long-exserted,  pubescent.  Leaves 
linear,  entire. 

+++-•-++  Calyx  13-nerved :  upper  lip  of  corolla  concave  and  more  or  less  incurved  or 
fornicate,  after  the  manner  of  the  succeeding  tribes. 

26.  ACANTHOMINTHA.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  13-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat, 
bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  3-toothed ;  lower  2-cleft ;  teeth  all  acerose-spinulose  from  a  broader 
base  ;  the  anterior  shorter.  Corolla  with  tube  exceeding  the  calyx,  naked  within  ;  upper 
lip  entire,  oblong  ;  lower  broad  and  spreading,  3-lobed  ;  lobes  siiort  and  rounded,  middle 
one  deeply  and  the  lateral  slightly  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  inserted  high  in  the  ampliate 
throat :  anterior  pair  fertile,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  bearing  2-celled  anthers,  the 
cells  divaricate  and  somewhat  confluent :  posterior  pair  much  shorter,  with  filiform  fila- 
ments, and  small  Imperfect  or  abortive  anthers.  Style  2-lobed  at  apex;  lobes  or  stigmas 
subulate,  the  posterior  shorter.     Nutlets  smooth. 

*  *  *  *  Corolla  obscurely  bilabiate :  a  hairy  ring  at  base  of  the  tube  within :  calyx 
irregularly  about  10-nerved,  reticulate-veiny,'  enlarging  and  commonly  inflated  after 
flowering. 

27.  SPHACELE.  Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  and  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  membra- 
naceous at  least  in  fruit,  naked  within.  Corolla  with  a  broad  tube,  and  5  broad  or 
roundish  and  plane  rather  erect  lobes,  the  lower  one  longest.  Stamens4,  distant,  some- 
what ascending :  filaments  naked  :  anthers  somewhat  approximate,,  the  cells  diverging. 
Leaves  veiny. 

Tribe  IV.  MONARDE^.  Antheriferous  stamens  only  2  Cthe  posterior  pair  rudi- 
mentary or  wanting),  straight  or  commonly  parallel-ascending;  the  anther  with  nar- 
row usually  oblong-linear  cells,  which  are  either  widely  separated  on  the  upper  and 
lower  ends  of  a  linear  or  filiform  commonly  filament-like  connective  (which  is  usually 
longer  than  the  filament  itself  and  articulated  with  it),  or  the  lower  cell  wanting  or 
difformed,  or  the  two  cells  confluent  into  one  linear  cell.     Corolla  bilabiate. 

*  Anther  dimidiate  on  the  elongated  filament-like  connective,  which  is  articulated  with 
the  filament,  a  fertile  anther-cell  at  the  ascending  end,  and  sometimes  one  at  the  lower. 
Calyx  bilabiate;  its  lower  lip  2-cleft. 


LABIATiE.  345 

28.  SALVIA.  Corolla  with  upper  lip  erect  (entire,  emarginate,  or  rarely  2-lobed  above), 
straight  or  falcate,  usually  concave ;  the  lower  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  often  emar- 
ginate. Stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla :  connective  commonly  linear  or  fili- 
form, transverse  on  the  short  (sometimes  very  short)  and  mostly  horizontal  filament,  its 
descending  or  porrect  portion  continued  beyond  the  articulation  and  either  more  or  less 
dilated  and  naked,  or  bearing  an  abortive  rudiment  of  the  second  anther-cell,  or  some- 
times one  which  is  poUiniferous  but  unlike  the  upper  one.    Nutlets  commonly  developing 

.   mucilage  and  long  spiricles  when  wetted. 

29.  AUDIBERTIA.  Corolla  with  upper  lip  spreading,  2-Iobed  or  emarginate  ;  lower 
spreading  and  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broad  and  emarginate.  Filaments  slender,  exserted, 
seemingly  simple  and  bearing  a  linear  one-celled  anther,  or  with  an  articulation,  showing  ' 
that  the  portion  above  the  joint  answers  to  a  filiform  connective,  the  lower  end  of  which 
sometimes  obliquely  projects  into  a  subulate  point,  but  never  bears  even  a  trace  of  an 
anther-cell.  Otherwise  as  Salvia,  but  the  calyx  (always  naked  in  the  throat)  more  deeply 
cleft  in  front,  or  oblique,  or  as  it  were  spathaceous.  Nutlets  smooth,  unchanged  when 
wetted. 

*  *  Anther  with  both  cells  fertile  and  similar,  contiguous  and  divaricate,  more  or  less 
connate  or  confluent  at  their  junction,  so  as  to  become  or  to  Imitate  a  single  linear 
cell,  on  a  very  small  and  inconspicuous  dorsal  connective :  corolla  with  slender  tube, 
and  lips  of  somewhat  equal  length  ;  the  upper  erect,  linear  or  oblong,  entire  or  barely 
emarginate  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  retuse  or  emarginate  :  stamens 

•  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  ascending,  usually  more  or  less  projecting  from 
the  upper  lip:  calyx  tubular,  13-15-nerved :  inflorescence  verticillastrate-capitate, 
dense,  many-flowered,  multi-bracteate :  outer  bracts  and  bractlets  broad ;  inner  from 
lanceolate  to  setaceous. 

30.  MONARDA.  Calyx  elongated-tubular,  mostly  15-nerved,  regular  or  nearly  so,  almost 
equally  5-toothed,  more  or  less  villous-bearded  or  hirsute  at  the  orifice.  Corolla  narrow 
or  dilated  at  the  throat;  middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  larger  or  longer  than  the  lateral. 

31.  BLEPHILIA.  Calyx  shorter,  naked  in  the  throat,  bilabiate;  upper  lip  3-  and  the 
shorter  lower  one  2-toothed;  teeth  aristiform  or  subulate.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat; 
lower  lip  broader ;  its  linear-oblong  middle  narrower  than  the  roundish  lateral  lobes. 

Tribe  V.  NEPETE^.  Stamens  4,  both  pairs  fertile;  the  posterior  (inner  or  upper) 
pair  surpassing  the  anterior.  Corolla  distinctly  bilabiate.  Calyx  usually  15-nerved; 
the  upper  teeth  or  lip  commonly  larger  or  longer. 

*  Anthers  separated  or  distant  (not  approximate  in  pairs) ;  their  cells  parallel  or  nearly  so. 

32.  LOPHANTHUS.  Stamens  divergent  or  distant,  exserted;  the  upper  pair  usually 
declined ;  the  lower  or  shorter  pair  ascending.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  more  or  less 
oblique,  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx ;  upper  lip  nearly  erect, 
2-lobed  at  the  apex ;  lower  spreading,  its  broad  middle  lobe  crenate. 

33.  CEDRONELLA.  Stamens  parallel,  ascending.  Calyx  campanulate  or  short-tubular, 
5-toothed,  the  throat  little  oblique.  Corolla  with  short  lips  ;  the  fiattish  erect  upper  one 
2-lobed ;  middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  largest,  commonly  crenulate-erose  and  more  or  less 
2-lobed. 

*  *  Anthers  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs  ;  their  cells  divaricate  or  divergent :  fila- 
ments ascending,  not  exserted. 

34.  NEPETA.  Calyx  more  or  less  oblique  at  the  throat,  equally  (or  somewhat  unequally) 
5-toothed.  Corolla  with  tube  narrow  at  base  ;  throat  dilated  ;  upper  lip  somewhat  con- 
cave, emarginate  or  2-lobed;  lower  spreading,  with  middle  lobe  large. 

35.  DRACOCEPHALUM.  Calyx  equal  at  the  throat,  5-toothed ;  the  upper  tooth  (at 
least  in  ours)  very  much  larger  than  the  others,  sometimes  the  3  upper  partly  united. 
Corolla,  &c.,  of  Nepeta. 

Thibe  VI.  SCUTELLARINEiE,  Visiani.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel;  both 
pairs  fertile ;  the  anterior  (lower  or  outer)  pair  longer  and  with  anthers  mostly  one- 
celled  by  abortion  (the  other  cell  rudimentary  or  wanting) ;  those  of  the  posterior 
pair  2-celled.  Corolla  bilabiate;  but  with  the  small  lateral  lobes  more  connected 
with  the  galeate  upper  lip;  lower  lip  therefore  of  a  single  lobe.  Calyx  bilabiate, 
closed  in  fruit;  the  lips  entire.  Upper  fork  of  the  style  very  short  or  none.  Ovule 
campylotropous  or  amphitropous.     Nutlets  depressed  or  globular,  rough-granulate 

■  or  ttiberculate :  seed  transverse.  Embryo  curved ;  the  short  radicle  incumbent  on 
one  of  the  cotyledons !    Herbage  bitterish,  little  or  not  at  all  aromatic. 


346  LABIATiE. 

36.  SCUTELLARIA,  Calyx  in  anthesis  campanulate,  gibbous,  with  a  crest-like  or 
casque-shaped  projection  (answering  to  the  upper  sepal)  on  the  back,  closed  after  the 
corolla  falls,  not  inflated,  at  maturity  of  the  fruit  splitting  to  the  base ;  upper  part  not 
rarely  falling  away  ;  the  lower  persistent.  Corolla  with  long  exserted  tube,  naked  within ; 
its  anterior  lobe  or  lower  lip  with  the  sides  recurved.  Anthers  ciliate-pilose.  Nutlets  very 
rarely  wing-margined. 

37.  SALIZARIA.  Calyx  globular  or  at  first  oblong,  barely  repand-bilabiate,  not  appen- 
daged  or  gibbous  on  the  back,  much  enlarged  after  anthesis,  becoming  vesicular-inflated 
and  reticulated.  Nutlets  depressed,  tuberculate-roughened,  marginless.  Corolla,  &c.,  of 
Scutellaria. 

Tribk  VII.  STACHYDEiE,  Benth.  (Lab.,  with  part  of  Scutellarineoe.)  Stamens  4; 
both  pairs  fertile,  parallel  and  ascending  under  the  concave  and  commonly  galeate 
upper  lip  of  the  bilabiate  corolla  (or  in  Marrubium  included  in  the  throat) ;  the  an- 
terior (lower  or  outei-)  pair  longer  (except  in  a  Phlomis) :  anthers  2-celled  or  con- 
fluently  somewhat  1-celled.  Calyx  5-10-nerved,  or  veiny.  Bitter-aromatic  or  with 
hardly  aromatic  herbage. 

*  Calyx  reticulate-veiny,  membranaceous  or  chartaceous,  more  or  less  inflated,  deeply 
bilabiate;  the  lips  flattened  and  closed  in  fruit;  upper  lip  plane  and  broad:  corolla 
with  inflated  throat  from  a  more  or  less  exserted  tube. 

38.  BRUNELLA.  Calyx  oblong,  somewhat  lOnerved  ;  upper  lip  truncate,  3-toothed,  its 
teeth  very  broad  and  short ;  lower  2-cleft,  its  teeth  lanceolate.  Corolla  with  assurgent 
tube,  ringent  lips,  and  slightly  contracted  orifice  ;  upper  lip  galeate,  entire  ;  lower  3-lobed  ; 
its  middle  lobe  dependent,  rounded,  concave,  denticulate.  Filaments,  at  least  of  the  upper 
pair,  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  one  tooth  naked,  the  other  bearing  the  2-celled  anther,  the 
cells  of  which  are  divaricate.  Nutlets  smooth  and  glabrous.  Inflorescence  verticillas- 
trate-capitate  or  spicate. 

39.  BRAZORIA.  Calyx  short-campanulate,  indistinctly  nerved,  mostly  decHned  in  fruit ; 
both  lips  broad;  the  upper  3-lobed  and  somewhat  recurved;  the  lower  2-lobed  and  sur- 
rected  in  fruit.  Corolla  with  inflated  throat,  broad  and  barely  concave  upper  lip,  and 
spreading  3-lobed  lower  one ;  its  lobes  short  and  roundish.  Filaments  simple :  anthers  with 
somewhat  divergent  cells.  Nutlets  smooth,  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Inflorescence  race- 
mose-spicate. 

*  *  Calyx  more  or  less  membranaceous  and  inflated  or  enlarged  after  flowering,  obscurely 
nerved,  but  somewhat  veiny,  3-5-lobed,  not  bilabiate,  open :  corolla  showy ;  throat  in- 
flated ;  upper  lip  more  or  less  concave,  not  galeate :  filaments  more  or  less  villous. 

40.  PHYSOSTEGIA.  Calyx  nearly  regular,  and  equally  5-toothed  ;  the  tube  campanu- 
late or  oblong,  hardly  nerved  or  veined,  moderately  turgid  in  fruit.  Corolla  gradually 
inflated  upward  ;  lips  short ;  the  upper  erect,  rounded,  entire  ;  lower  somewhat  spreading, 
3-parted,  its  roundish  middle  lobe  emarginate.  Anthers  uniform  ;  the  cells  nearly  parallel, 
denticulate  or  shghtly  spinulose  along  the  edges  of  the  valves.  Style  almost  equally 
2-cleft  at  apex.  Nutlets  triquetrous,  smooth  and  even.  Flowers  simply  opposite  in  the 
spikes,  one  under  each  bract. 

41.  MACBRIDEA.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate  or  funnelform,  3-lobed;  upper  lobe  nar- 
rower, oblong,  entire,  obtuse;  the  two  others  broad  (each  of  two  combined  sepals)  and 
2-lobed  or  entire.  Corolla  much  inflated  above,  rather  deeply  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  round- 
ish and  fornicate,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  lower  spreading,  with  3  roundish  lobes,  middle  one 
larger.  Anthers  unconnected,  hairy  on  the  face ;  cells  divergent.  Style  equally  2-toothed 
at  apex.  Nutlets  oblong,  nervose.  Inflorescence  terininal  and  capitate,  2  or  3  flowers 
under  each  bract. 

42.  SYNANDRA.  Calyx  campanulate,  inflated,  membranaceous,  deeply  4-cleft ;  the  lobes 
lanceolate-subulate,  somewhat  equal;  the  2  lower  slightly  smaller,  the  fifth  or  uppermost 
wanting.  Corolla  with  narrow  tube,  inflated  above  into  a  very  ventricose  throat ;  upper 
lip  somewhat  fornicate,  entire  ;  lower  widely  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  emar- 
ginate. Filaments  very  villous  above  :  anthers  nearly  glabrous ;  the  cells  divergent,  the 
contiguous  ones  of  the  upper  stamens  sterile  and  connate !  Upper  fork  of  the  style  very 
short.  Nutlets  smooth,  ovate-compressed,  with  lateral  angles  almost  winged.  Inflores- 
cence simply  and  loosely  leafy-spicate. 

*  *  *   Calyx  of  firmer  texture,  distinctly  5-10-nerved  or  striate,  5-10-toothed. 
-1—  Stamens  included  in  the  short  tube  of  the  corolla,  the  upper  lip  of  which  is  merely 
concave. 

43.  MARRUBIUM.  Calyx  tubular-cylindraceous,  strongly  ribbed,  and  with  5  or  10  sub- 
ulate or  spinulose  teeth.    Tube  of  corolla  included  in  the  calyx;  lips  short;  the  upper 


Trichostema.  LABIATE.  347 

erect  and  narrow,  2-lobed ;  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.    Anther-cells  more  or  less  confluent. 
Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth,  obtuse.    Leaves  rugose. 

■t-  -f-  Stamens  ascending  under  the  galeate  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

++   Introduced  and  naturalized  from  the  Old  World :  stamens  not  deflexed  after  anthesis. 

44.  BALLOTA.     Cal^x  funnelform-dilated  at  tlie  tliroat  or  border,  10-nerved,  5-toothed  in 

ours.     Corolla  nearly  as  in  Stachys.    Filaments  not  appendaged. 
43.  PHLOMIS.    Calyx  tubular,  5-10-nerved,  5-toothed  in  ours.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
strongly  galeate;  tlie  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.     Upper  pair  of  stamens  (in  our  species 
rather  longer)  furnished  with  a  subulate  or  hooked  appendage  at  base  ! 

46.  LEONOTIS.  Calyx  tubular,  10-nerved,  at  length  incurved  above,  oblique  at  the 
orifice,  and  witii  5  or  more  unequal  spinulose-tipped  teeth,  the  upper  one  largest.  Corolla 
slender;  the  upper  lip  erect  or  incurved  and  elongated,  entire;  lower  short  and  spreading, 
3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  not  larger.  Filaments  not  appendaged  at  base  :  anthers  approxi- 
mate in  pairs.  Upper  fork  of  the  style  very  short.  Flowers  densely  capitate-verticil- 
lastrate. 

47.  LEONURUS.  Calyx  turbinate,  5-nerved,  with  nearly  equal  truncate  orifice,  and  5 
rigid  and  at  length  spreading  subulate-spinescent  teeth.  Corolla  short ;  upper  lip  oblong, 
entire.  Filaments  not  appendaged  :  antlier-cells  parallel  or  sometimes  divergent ;  valves 
naked.  Nutlets  smooth,  truncate  at  apex.  Leaves  cleft  or  incised,  vehiy,  all  longer  than 
the  capitate-verticillastrate  flowers. 

48.  LAMIUM.  Calyx  tubular-  or  turbinate-campanulate,  somewhat  5-nerved,  commonly 
oblique  at '  the  orifice  ;  tlie  5  teeth  subulate  but  not  spinescent.  Corolla  dilated  at  the 
throat ;  upper  lip  ovate  or  oblong,  fornicate,  narrowed  at  base  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  its 
lateral  lobes  truncate  down  to  the  throat,  or  sometimes  oblong,  and  with  or  witliout  a 
tooth-like  appendage ;  middle  one  broad,  emarginate,  contracted  and  as  it  were  stipitate 
at  base.  Filaments  not  appendaged :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs ;  their  cells  oblong, 
divaricate,  sometimes  hairy;  valves  not  ciliate.  Nutlets  trimcate  at  the  apex.  Leaves 
mostly  cordate. 

49.  GALEOPSIS.  Resembles  Lamium  in  habit  and  Stachys  generally  in  flowers.  But 
antiiers  transversely  2-'valved ;  the  inner  valve  of  each  cell  hirsute-ciUate,  the  outer  and 
larger  one  naked. 

•H-  -H-  Lidigenous  (chiefly) :  stamens  all  or  the  lower  pair  sometimes  de^exed  to  the  sides 
of  the  throat  or  contorted  after  anthesis. 

50.  STACHYS.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-10-nerved,  equally  5-tootlied, 
sometimes  the  upper  teeth  larger  and  more  or  less  united.  Corolla  with  cylindrical  or 
cylindraceous  tube,  not  dilated  at  the  throat ;  upper  lip  erect,  more  or  less  fornicate  or 
concave,  sometimes  rather  thrown  back,  entire  or  emarginate ;  lower  spreading,  3-lobed, 
its  middle  lobe  larger.  Filaments  naked  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs ;  the  cells  either 
parallel  or  divergent.    Nutlets  obtuse  at  the  apex,  not  truncate. 

1.  TETRACL!^A,  Gray.  (From  rnQa,  four,  and  kXsigj,  to  close,  referring 
to  the  four  distinct  or  closed  nutlets  of  the  fruit :  first  described  as  a  Verbenaceous 
genus.)  —  Single  species. 

T.  Coulteri,  Gray.  Herb  a  foot  or  more  high  from  a  perennial  root  or  suffrutescent  base, 
minutely  puberulent :  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  nearly  entire :  flowers  2  or  3  on  the  short 
axillary  peduncles,  short-pedicelled,  cream-colored,  in  summer.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xvi. 
98 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  134,  t.  41 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1220.  —  Rocky  hills,  S.  W. 
Texas- to  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

2.  TRICH0ST:&MA,  Gronov.  (Trichostemma  of  some.)  Blue-Curls. 
(From  dQi'i,  hair,  and  (Tt/]/w«,  for  stamen,  referring  to  the  capillary  filaments.)  — 
Herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  sweet-aromatic  or  strong-scented,  mostly  low ;  with 
entire  leaves,  and  commonly  blue  or  violet  corolla  and  stamens:  fl.  summer:  all 
belonging  to  the  U.  S. 

§  1.  Calyx  very  oblique  and  bilabiate  ;  its  3  upper  divisions  twice  or  thrice  the 
length  of  the  lower  two  and  united  to  above  the  middle :  tube  of  the  corolla 
shorter  than  the  limb :  flowers  loose,  1  to  3  on  slender  bibracteate  peduncles,  or 
scattered  on  paniculate  branches ;  the  alar  ones,  becoming  lateral  and  secund  or 


348  LABIATE.  Trichostema. 

decurved,  appear  as  if  resupinate,  and  have  the  two  short  teeth  of  the  calyx 

uppermost:    cismontane,  low  and    pauiculately   branched   annuals.  —  %  Strepto- 

podium,  Benth. 

T.  dichotomum,  L.  Viscid  with  rather  minute  pubescence :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late-oblong, obtuse,  short-petioled :  corolla  blue  or  pink,  sometimes  white :  stamens  half 
inch  long.  —  Spec.  ii.  598 ;  Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  iii.  93.  T.  pilosum,  Roth.  —  Sandy  fields, 
E.  Massachusetts  to  Kentucky,  Texas,  and  Florida. 

T.  lineare,  Nutt.     Puberulent :  leaves  linear,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous :  stems  more 
slender ;  corolla  rather  larger :  otlierwise  similar.  —  T.  dichotomum,  Roth.     T.  brachiatum, 
Lam.,  not  L.     T.  linaruefolium,  Bertoloni,  Misc.  xiii.  t.  2.  —  Connecticut  to  Alabama  and 
Louisiana,  near  the  coast,  in  sandy  ground. 
§  2.  Calyx  campanulate,  regular,  almost  equally  5-cleft  (as  in  Isanthus)  :  far 

western  species.  —  §  Orthopodium,  Benth. 

*  Tube  of  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx, 
-t-  Peduncles  (in  the  manner  of  the  preceding)  loosely  1-5-flowered  and  much  longer  than  the 
leaves. 
T.  Arizonicum,  Gray.  Puberulent,  a  foot  or  less  high  from  a  ligneous  perennial  root : 
leaves  ovate  or  oval,  half  inch  long,  short-petioled :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  bracts 
minute  :  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  sometimes  irregularly  united :  lobes  of  the  blue  or 
whitish  corolla  3  to  5  lines  long,  oblong-spatulate,  very  much  longer  than  the  tube,  much 
shorter  tlian  the  filaments. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  371.  T.  dichotomum,  Torr.  Bot.  Max. 
Bound.  134,  not  L.  —  S-  Arizona,  Wright,  Rothrock. 

•i-  -i-  Peduncles  and  pedicels  short;  the  inflorescence  shorter  than  the  leaves,  which  are  similar  to 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  and  are  narrowed  at  base  into  short  petioles :  corolla  small  and  mconspic- 
uoiis:  branching  annuals. 
T.  micranthum.     A  span  high,  cinereous-pubescent :  leaves  lanceolate,  not  costate-veiny  : 
peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  3-7-flowered  cyraule :  calyx-lobes  little  longer  than  the 
tube,  nearly  equalling  the  (only  line  long)  corolla:  stamens  moderately  exserted.  —  San 
Bernardino  Co.,  California,  in  Bear  Valley,  Parri/  &  Lemmon. 
T.  oblongum,  Benth.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  soft-villous  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval  with 
narrowed  base,  membranaceous,  costate-veined :  glomerate   cymules  many-flowered,  sub- 
sessile,  villous  :  calyx-lobes  narrow,  much  longer  than  the  tube,  nearly  equalling  the  (3  line) 
coroUa:  filaments  4  or  5  lines  long. —Lab.  659;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  606.— Oregon  and 
California  to  Mariposa  Co. 

*   *   Tube  of  the  corolla  slender  and  exserted,  longer  than  the  limb :  nutlets  sometimes  tuberculate. 
H-  Annuals,  a  span  to  two  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves  nervose-costate :  cymes  several- 
many-flowered,  when  fullv  developed  the  pedicels  becoming  secund-racemose  in  age :  calyx-lobes 
ovate  or  triangular-lanceolate:  tube  of  blue  corolla  about  3  and  hmb  2  lines  long:  stamens  half 
an  inch  longer. 
T.  labium,  Gray.     Diffusely  branched,  minutely  soft-pubescent,  rather  sparsely  leafy : 
leaves  lanceolate  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate-obtusish  (2  or  3  inches  long),  rather 
slender-petiolcd :  cymes  pedunculate,  loose.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  387,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c. 
—  California,  from  Sonoma  Co.  northward. 
T.  lanceolatum,  Benth.  1.  c.    More  strict  and  simple,  with  ascending  branches  from  the 
base :  leaves  crowded,  sessile,  lanceolate  or  the  upper  almost  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually 
tapering  from  near  the  broad  base  to  a  very  acute  tip,  strongly  3-5-nervose  (an  inch  or 
more  long) :  cymes  subsessile  or  short-peduncled,  dense,  mostly  undivided :  calyx  villous  : 
corolla  somewhat  pubescent.  —  California,  throughout  the  whole  western  part  of  the  State, 
and  north  to  Oregon. 

^_  ^_  Shrubby,  taller:  cymes  in  a  naked  terminal  thyrsus  :  leaves  Rosemary-like. 
T.  lanatum,  Benth.  1.  c.  Very  leafy  :  leaves  thickish,  narrowly  linear  and  with  revolute 
margins,  1-nerved,  glabrate  and  shining  above,  canescent-tomentulose  beneath,  sessile,  many 
fascicled  in  the  axils  ;  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts  :  thyrsus  racemiform,  interrupted ; 
cymules  short-peduncled  or  subsessile ;  whole  inflorescence  with  calyx  and  even  corolla 
clothed  with  dense  violet  or  purple  wool :  corolla  half  inch  long  and  filaments  an  inch 
or  more  longer.  —  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  134,  t.  40;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  607.  — Rocky 
places,  California,  from  Santa  Barbara  southward. 


^y«^a-  LABIATE.  349 

3.  ISANTHUS,  Michx.     (From  i'aog,  equal,  and  avdog,  flower :  calyx  and 
corolla  nearly  regular.)  —  Single  species. 

I.  caeruleus,  Michx.  Low  and  erect  annual,  somewhat  viscid-pubescent,  pungently 
aromatic,  copiously  branched:  leaves  obloug-lanceolate  or  broader,  acute  at  both  ends, 
somewhat    petioled :   peduncles   axillary,  1-3-flowered  :   corolla   blue,  2  or  3  lines  long, 

-  little  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Fl.  ii.  3,  t.  30.  Trichostema  brachiatum,  L.  I.e.  (Dill.  Elth. 
t.  285.)— Dry  or  sterile  ground,  common  from  Canada  to  Georgia,  Kentucky,  and  Texas  : 
fl.  all  summer. 

4.  TEtrCRIUM,  L.     Germander.     (Teucer,  first  king  of  Troy.)  —Less 
aromatic  herbs  or  undershrubs,  mainly  of  the  Old  World :  fl.  summer. 

*    Erect  perennial  herbs:  leaves  undivided:  flowers  in  naked  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  short- 
pedicelled,  1  to  3  to  each  bract :  calyx  campauulate,  moderately  5-lobed ;  two  lower  teeth  tri- 
angular-subulate; three  upper  ovate:  nutlets  globular  and  with  a  roundish  scar. 
T.  Canadense,  L.      Soft-pubescent  to   canescenUomentose,  1   to  3  feet  high:   leaves 
oblong-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  short-petioled :  spike  at  length  6  to  12 
inches  long  :  flowers  short-pedicelled  :  corolla  purple,  rost,  or  sometimes  cream-color,  half 
inch  long :  calyx  canescent,  sometimes  distinctly  short-pubescent ;  the  3  upper  lobes  very 
obtuse.  —  Spec.  ii.  564.     T.  Virginicum,  L.  1.  c.  (pi.  Gronov.  Virg.) ;  Schk.  Handb.  t.  155.  — 
Low  grounds,  Canada  to  Texas.     (Mex.) 

Var.  angustatum.  Leaves  lanceolate,  very  acutely  serrate  (2  inches  long,  3  to  6 
lines  wide)  :  pubescence  all  minute.  —Camp  Grant,  Arizona,  Palmer. 
T.  occidentale.  Loosely  pubescent,  more  branched,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  smaller 
(1  or  2  inches  long),  ovate-oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate  :  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long  :  calyx 
villous  with  viscid  hairs ;  upper  lobes  acute  or  the  middle  one  acuminate.  —  Nebraska, 
(Hayden,  &c  )  to  New  Mexico  {Fendler,  Wright),  Arizona  (Palmer),  and  on  the  Sacramento, 
California  (T.  Canadense,  Torr.  in  Bot.  Wilkes),  collected  there  only  by  the  Wilkes  Expe- 
dition. [T.  inflalum,  Swartz,  has  a  globular  fructiferous  calyx,  with  upper  lobes  obtuse, 
nutlets  angulate  ventrally,  &c.) 

*  *  Low  and  diffuse  herbs:  leaves  multifid  or  incised,  having  solitary  pedicellate  flowers  in  their 
axils;  the  uppermost  more  or  less  reduced  or  bract-like:  calj'X  almost  5-parted  into  subulate- 
lanceolate  equal  lobes. 

T.  Cubense,  L.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  branched  from  the  annual  root,  about  a  foot 
high :  leaves  cuneate ;  the  lower  obovate-cuneate  or  rhomboidal  and  short-petioled,  cre- 
nately  incised,  sometimes  3-5-cleft  to  the  middle ;  upper  sessile,  palmately  3-cleft  or  3-5- 
toothed,  exceeding  the  flowers :  corolla  (pale  blue  or  white,  3  or  4  lines  long)  hardly 
exceeding  the  calyx :  nutlets  suberous-thickened,  obscurely  few-ribbed  lengthwise  and 
punctate-impressed  between  the  ribs.  —  Mant.  80;  Jacq.  Stirp.  t.  183,  f.  74,  &  Obs.  t.  30. 
T.  laivigatum,  Vahl,  Symb.  i.  40.  —  Texas  to  S.  E.  Calif prnia.  (W.  Ind.,  Mex.  to  Buenos- 
Ayres.) 

T.  laciniatum,  Torr.  Glabrous  or  liirsute-pubeseent,  much  branched  from  a  lignescent 
perennial  root,  a  span  or  so  high  :  leaves  pinnately  3-7-parted  into  narrow  linear  entire  or 
2-3-lobed  or  toothed  divisions,  rather  rigid ;  the  floral  much  crowded,  3-parted ;  upper 
equalling  the  flowers :  corolla  (pale  blue  or  lilac,  6  to  10  lines  long)  with  spatulate  lower 
lobe  much  surpassing  the  calyx:  nutlets  not  obviously  costate.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  231  ; 
Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  578.  T.  Cubense,  in  part,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  135.  —  Plains 
of  Colorado  to  W.  Texas  and  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Me-x.) 

5.  AJUGA,  L.  (Formed  of  «  privative,  and  ^vyov,  a  yoke,  from  the  seeming 
absence  of  a  yoke-fellow  to  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla.)  —  Low  herbs  of  the  Old 
World  (Europe  to  Japan  and  Australia),  one  scantily  naturalized  in  a  few  stations  : 
fl.  summer. 

A.  REPTANS,  L.  Perennial,  a  span  or  so  high,  with  copious  creeping  stolons  :  leaves  obovate 
or  spatulate,  sometimes  repand-sinuate  ;  cauline  sessile ;  lowest  and  radical  with  long  taper- 
ing base  ;  floral  approximate,  subtending  several  sessile  blue  flowers.  —  Fields,  Montreal, 
Canada,  Maclagan.    Saco,  Maine,  Goodale.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 


350  LABIATiE.  Oclmum. 

6.  6CIMUM,  Tourn.  (Ocymum  of  some  authors.)  Basil,  ("i^xfjuov,  the 
ancient  Greek  name.)  —  Sweet-aromatic  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  of  warm 
regions,  largely  African  and  Brazilian. 

O.  BAsfLicuM,  L.,  of  the  Old  World,  the  Sweet  Basil,  is  one  of  the  sweet  herbs  of  the 

gardens. 

O.  micranthum,  Willd.  Glabrate  or  nearly  glabrous  low  annual :  leaves  long-petioled, 
ovate,  more  or  less  serrate  :  flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  about  3  to  each  early  deciduous 
small  bract :  calyx  with  large  and  roundish  upper  tooth,  in  fruit  the  decurrent  wing  ex- 
tending down  to  the  short  pedicel :  corolla  white,  2  lines  long:  filaments  separate,  naked, 
toothless.  —  Enum.  630.  0.  Campechianum,  Chapm.  Fl.,  not  Mill.  •^  S.  Florida,  Key  West. 
(W.  Ind.,  S.  Am.) 

7.  H"^PTIS,  Jacq.  {"Tnriog,  resupinate,  or  turned  back,  referring  to  the 
lower  lobe  of  the  corolla.)  —  A  large  genus  in  South  America,  a  few  species 
within  our  borders.     Fl.  summer. 

#  Herbs,  minutely  pubescent  or  smoothish,  not  canescent  or  white-woolly:   flowers  capitate  or 
spicate :  leaves  slender-petioled. 

H.  radiata,  "Willd.  Stems  tall,  mostly  simple  from  a  perennial  root :  leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, too'thed,  and  with  entire  long-tapering  base :  axillary  peduncles  usually  shorter 
than  the  leaf,  bearing  a  many-flowered  soft-puberulent  capitate  glomerule  which  is  mostly 
shorter  than  its  involucre  of  several  lanceolate  obtuse  whitish  bracts  :  calyx  campanulate  : 
its  teeth  lanceolate-subulate  and  rigid:  corolla  white,  purple-dotted.  —  Spec.  iii.  84;  Poit. 
Ann.  Mu8.  vii.  t.  27.  CUnopodium  rugosum,  L.  — Low  ground,  from  North  Carolina  towards 
the  coast  to  Texas. 

H.  spicigera,  Lam.  Stem  stout,  from  an  annual  root,  rough-muriculate  on  the  angles : 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  serrate :  flowers  in  small  and  sessile  glqmerules  aggre- 
gated in  dense  and  narrow  spikes  (1  to  3  inches  long] :  bracts  linear  and  subulate,  equalling 
the  calyx  ;  teeth  of  the  latter  subulate,  strict,  rigid,  equalling  the  small  white  corolla.  — 
Diet.  iii.  186 ;  Desc.  Ant.  viii.  t.  581  ;  Chapm.  in  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  10.  —  S.  Florida,  Garber. 
Perhaps  an  introduced  weed.     (W.  Ind.  to  Brazil,  Afr.,  E.  Ind.) 

H.  spicata,  Poit.  Stem  tall  from  an  annual  root,  branching,  rough-angled :  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate, 'unequally  serrate:  flowers  in  small  capitate  glomerules,  which  are  short- 
peduncled'or  sessile,  and  form  Interrupted  and  often  paniculate  terminal  racemes  or  spikes  : 
calyx  cylindrical,  with  base  somewhat  inflated  in  fruit,  then  much  exceeding  the  bracts  ; 
teeth  subulate-setaceous,  short,  strict.  —  S.  Florida.  Ann.  Mus.  Par.  vii.  474,  t.  28,  fig.  2  ; 
Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  121.—  (Mex.,  S.  Am.) 
H.  polystAchya,  HBK  ,  allied  to  this,  is  said  in  Bot.Beechey,  156,  but  doubtfully,  to  have 

been  collected  in  California. 

*  *   Shrubby,  at  least  the  calyx  and  short  pedicels  white-woolly  with  many-branched  implexed 
hah-s:  bracts  inconspicuous. 

H  Emoryi  Torr.  Shrub  6  feet  high,  lavender-scented,  f urfuraceous-canescent :  leaves 
ovate  crenate  (inch  or  less  long),  rather  slender-petioled:  flowers  on  pedicels  about  the 
length  of  the  lanatc-furfuraceous  calyx,  in  axillary  short-peduncled  cymes,  and  m  denser 
somewhat  paniculate  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets :  corolla  violet,  only  2  lines 
long  -Bot.  Ives  Colorad.  Exped.  20  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  591.  //.  lanata,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  129,  excl.  syn.  —  Arid  region,  S.  E.  California  and  Arizona.  (Adjacent  Mex.) 
H  Albida  HBK  of  Mexico,  not  yet  found  within  our  borders  (although  a  form  of  H. 

Emoryi  has  been  mistaken  for  it),  has  more  oblong  leaves,  and  sessile  glomerules  crowded  in 

terminal  naked  spikes. 

H  lanifl6ra  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  t.  20,  a  remarkable  species,  with  rotund  and  angulate- 

dentate  glabrous  leaves   on  slender  petioles,  open  cymes  on  filiform  peduncles  and  very 

densely  long-woolly  calyx  (the  wool  dendritic-branched),  is  known  only  from  Cape  San  Lucas, 

in  Lower  California. 

H  tephr6des,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  164,  from  the  same  place,  collected  by  Xantus, 

is  minutely  canescent,  except  the  furfuraceous  calyx,  and  has  subsessile  lanceolate  leaves, 

and  paniculate  inflorescence. 


Mentha.  LABIATE.  351 

8.  C0LLINS6NIA,  L.  Horse-Balm,  Citronella.  {Peter  Collin- 
son  of  Londou,  who  corresponded  with  Linnceus  and  John  Bartram,  and  received 
from  the  latter  the  original  species.)—  Odorous  and  large-leaved  perennials  (of 
Atlantic  North  America)  ;  with  thickened  roots  or  rootstocks,  ovate  and  serrate 
veiny  leaves,  mostly  on  long  petioles,  and  simple  or  panicled  naked  terminal 
racemes  of  yellow  or  whitish  flowers ;  mostly  only  a  single  naked  pedicel  to  each 
small  bract. 

*  Fertile  stamens  2;  upper  pair  rudimentary  or  obsolete:  cah'x-teeth  all  subulate-acute:  flowers 
ill  late  summer  or  autumn,  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  from  the  axil  of  each  small  subulate  bract. 

C.  SCabriuscula,  Ait.  Glabrate  orminutely  pubescent,  1  to  3  feet  high  from  a  tuberous 
stock,  commonly  leafless  below  :  leaves  small  for  the  genus  (2  or  3  inches  long),  broadly 
ovate,  often  rather  scabrous  above :  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long,  yellowish  or  purple-spotted. 
—  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  1,  1.  47  (1789) ;  Benth.  Lab.  &  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  253.  C.  prmcox,  Walt.  Car. 
65?  (1788),  but  not  early  flowering.  C.  tuberosa,  Michx.  Fl.  1.17.  C.  scabra,  Pers.  Syn. 
i.  29;  Pursh,  Fl  1.20;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  35.  C.  ovalis,  Pursh,  1.  c,  from  the  char.?— Open 
woods,  S.  Carolina  to  Florida  and  E.  Arkansas. 

O.  Canadensis,  L.  (Horse-weed,  Stone-root,  &c.)  Glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence 
glandular-puberulent,  2  to  4  feet  high,  leafy :  leaves  ample  (4  to  9  inches  long),  from 
broadly  ovate  to  oblong,  rarely  subcordate :  racemes  amply  paniculate  :  calyx  in  flower  a 
line,  in  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long :  corolla  lemon  yellow,  lemon-scented,  5  or  6  lines  long.  — 
Hort.  Cliff,  t.  5,  &  Spec.  i.  28 ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  t.  75.  C.  decussata,  Moencli,  Meth.  379.  C. 
ovalis,  Pursh,  1.  c.  &  herb.,,  ex  Benth.  —  Rich  woods,  Canada  to  Wisconsin  and  south  to 
Florida,  chiefly  in  the  upper  country. 

Var.  punctata.  Inflorescence  more  puberulent  and  glandular:  leaves  minutely 
tomentose-pubescent  beneath  and  more  obviously  punctate.  —  C.  serotlna,  Walt.  Car.  65. 
C.  punctata,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  36. -^  Rich  soil,  Carolina  and  Georgia,  towards  tlie  coast. 

*  *   Fertile  stamens  4,  usually  2  ascending  and  2  descending:  corolla  rather  broader,  about  half 
inch  long,  viscid-pubescent :  flowers  earlier. 

C.  verticillata,  Baldw.  Stem  a  foot  high,  leafless  and  glabrous  below,  at  summit 
bearing  two  approximate  pairs  or  a  seeming  whorl  of  thin  and  large  (3  to  7  inch)  ovate 
coarsely  serrate  and  glabrous  leaves  :  peduncle  mostly  simple  and  slender,  viscid-pubes- 
cent, supporting  a  single  raceme  :  bracts  minute  :  lower  pedicels  often  in  pairs  or  threes : 
calyx-teeth  all  attenuate-subulate :  corolla  yellow  or  purplish,  Ell.  Sk.  i. -37  ;  Benth.  Lab. 
&  in  DC.  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  Fl.  316.  —  Rich  woods,  western  part  of  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia  to 
Tennessee  and  Mississippi :  fl.  May. 

C.  anisata,  Sims.  (Citronella,  French  Tea.)  Copiously  viscid-pubescent,  or  the 
foliage  glabrate,  sweet-scented :  stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  leafy  :  leaves  ovate,  rarely  subcord- 
ate, obtusely  serrate,  veiny,  somewhat  rugose,  3  to  8  inches  long :  racemes  paniculate : 
bracts  ovate,  conspicuous,  mostly  subtending  single  short  pedicels :  upper  lip  of  calyx  with 
very  broad  and  ovate  mostly  obtuse  teetli ;  those  of  the  lower  lanceolate :  corolla  yellow- 
ish or  cream-color.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  1213;  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  21;  Ell.  Sk.  i.  37.  — S.  Carohna  to 
Alabama  and  Florida,  chiefly  in  the  middle  country :  fl.  summer. 

9.  M:6NTHA,  Tourn.  Mint.  (Mivdtj,  the  ancient  Greek  name.)  —  Odorous 
perennial  herbs,  mostly  spreading  by  slender  creeping  rootstocks  :  calyx  naked  at 
the  throat  in  our  species.  Flowers  small,  whitish  or  purplish,  glomerate  (in 
summer),  not  rarely  gynodioccious,  i.e.  some  individuals  produce  female  flowers 
with  impotent  stamens  instead  of  perfect  ones. 

*   Introduced  from  the  Old  World,  to  which  most  of  the  species  belong.    Many  hybrids. 
H-    Inflorescence  terminal. 
++  Densely  capitate  glomerules  all  much  crowded  in  leafless  narrow  spikes:  leaves  either  sessile  or 
very  short  petioled. 
M.  SYLVESTRLS,  L.     (HoRSE  MiNT  of  Eu. )     Finely  pubescent  or  canescent:  leaves  from 
ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  often  glabrous  above:  spikes 
rather  slender,  canescently  pubescent  or  cinereous.  —  Spec.  ed.  2,  ii.  804;  Engl.  Bot.  ed. 


352  LABIATE.  Mentha. 

Syme,  t.  1022.  —  Road-sides,  &c.,  Pennsylvania,  Porter.    Also  a  seeming  iiybrid  between  it 
and  M.  viridis.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  ALOPECURofoES,  Baker.  Intermediate  between  the  above  and  the  next  species  : 
leaves  larger,  more  nearly  sessile,  broadly  oval  and  obtuse,  often  subcordate,  coarsely  and 
sharply  serrate,  more  veiny,  but  not  rugose :  spikes  usually  thicker ;  bracts  broader.  — 
Baker  in  Seem.  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  238 ;  Hook.  f.  Fl.  Brit.  Isl.  279.  M.  alopecuroides,  Hull,  ex 
Smith;  Engl.  Bot.  ed.  Syme,  t.  1021.  M.  rolundifolia,  Sole,  Menth.  Brit.  t.  4,  not  L.— 
Penn.  and  New  Jersey,  Porter,  Parker,  Lcggett.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

M.  KOTUNDij'OLiA,  L.  Tomentose-canesccnt :  stem  strict :  leaves  from  broadly  elliptical  to 
roundish-subcordate,  sessile,  rugose,  rather  finely  serrate :  spikes  slender,  not  canescent.  — 
Reichenb.  Ic.  Germ.  t.  1282 ;  Engl.  Bot.  ed.  Syme,  t.  1020.  M.  syhestris,  Sole,  1.  c.  t.  3,  not 
L.  —  Atlantic  States,  at  a  few  stations,  Maine  to  Texas  :  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

M.  vfRiDis,  L.  (Spearmint.)  Glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
sparsely  and  sharply  serrate :  bracts  linear-lanceolate  and  subulate,  conspicuous.  —  Wet 
ground,  in  cultivated  districts.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

++  +-h  Less  capitate  glomerules  in  interrupted  leafless  spikes,  or  some  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves : 
flowers  distinctly  pedicellate:  leaves  distinctly  petioled:  stems  less  erect. 

M.  PIPERITA,  L.  (Peppermint.)  Glabrous,  or  in  one  variety  somewhat  hairy,  very  pun- 
gent-tasted :  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate  :  spikes  nar- 
row, of  numerous  glomerules.  — Along  brooks,  escaped  from  cult.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

M.  aquAtica,  L.  Soft-pubescent  or  glabrate,  the  stem  with  reflexed  hairs  :  leaves  ovate, 
roundish,  or  subcordate  :  spikes  oblong  and  interrupted  or  capitate,  thick  :  calyx  and 
usually  the  ^pedicels  hairy. — M.  citrata,  Ehrh. ;  Engl.  Bot.  ed.  Syme,  t.  1029  (Bergamot 
Mint),  a  more  glabrous  and  sweet-odorous  variety.  —  Wet  places,  New  England  to  Penn- 
sylvania, &c. ;  rare.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  CRisPA,  Benth.  A  glabrous  or  glabrate  form,  with  lacerate-dentate  and  crisped 
leaves.  —  M.  crispa,  L. ;  Engl.  Bot.  ed.  Syme,  t.  1028.  —  Wet  ditches,  New  Jersey,  &c.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

H—  -1—  Inflorescence  axillarj',  in  dense  verticillastrate  glomerules,  on  stems  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves 
more  or  less  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  pubescent  or  glabrate. 

M.  ARA^ENSLS,  L.  Leaves  obtusely  serrate :  calyx-teeth  deltoid,  acute  or  obtuse,  about  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  eampanul^te  tube :  otherwise  same  as  forms  of  the  next,  which 
passes  into  it.  —  Engl.  Bot.  ed.  Syme,  t.  1038.  —  New  England,  &c.,  at  a  few  stations.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

M.  sativa,  L.  Taller,  generally  more  pubescent,  the  stem  with  reflexed  soft  hairs :  leaves 
sharply  serrate:  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  lialf  the  length  of  the  cylindraceous 
tube,  commonly  hairy  — Engl.  Bot.  ed.  Syme,  t.  1031,  1032.  M.  genlilis,  Smith  in  Linn. 
Trans,  v.  208,  &  Engl.  Bot.  t.  2118,  a  glabrate  variety  with  only  calyx-teeth  hairy,  and 
these  longer.  —  Waste  damp  places,  Mass.  to  Penn. ;  uncommon.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

»  *  Tnditfenous  :  inflorescence  axillary,  consisting  of  distant  sessile  verticillastrate  glomerules 
in  the  axils  of  leaves,  as  iii  the  preceding  species,  the  uppermost  axils  flowerless. 
M.  Canadensis,  L.  Stem  often  simple :  leaves  varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  acute,  generally  tapering  into  the  petiole  :  calyx  hairy ;  the 
short  teeth  triangular-subulate.  —  Spec.  ii.  577.  —  Wet  places,  through  the  Northern  U.  S. 
from  Atlantic  to  Pacific,  and  Canada  and  Saskatchewan  to  New  Mexico  and  California. 
Villous-hairy,  with  Pennyroyal  odor  :  passes  into 

Var.  glabrata,  Benth.,  with  leaves  and  stem  almost  glabrous,  the  former  sometimes 
very  short-petioled,  and  a  sweater  scent,  as  of  Monarda. — M.  boreuUs,  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  2. — 
Similar  range. 

10.  L'^COPUS,  Tourn.  Wateu  Horehound,  Bugle-weed,  Gipsy- 
wort.  {Amog,  wolf,  Trout;,  foot,  wolf's-foot.)  —  Perennials,  of  wet  or  low  ground 
(northern  temperate  and  Australian),  Mint-like,  but  bitter  and  only  slightly 
aromatic  ;  with  sharply  toothed  or  lobed  leaves,  and  small  white  or  whitish  flowers 
in  their  axils,  in  sessile  capitate-verticillastrate  glomerules.  the  uppermost  axils 
flowerless.     Fl.  summer.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  285. 


Cunila,  LABIATE. 


,353 


*  ffro'irifThe fr  ap°e">f  ^"^°™  '■"°"'"  ^''^'"''^  ^"  '"'"""''■  ^^"^  ^^«  ^»««  °^  '*>«  ^t^'"'  ^^'^^  t^^eri- 

■^shor&t"S;"the  nutleisf'™"  ''  °''""  ""^  '''^'^'  ^'=""^'^'  ^^  ^'^  ''^^  -••->'  ^^^^  ^'•-^«.  -  ^-'^ 
L.  Virginicus,  L.  (Bugle-weed.)  Glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent:  stem  obtusely 
angled,  b  to  24  inches  high :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  in  the 
middle,  acummate  at  both  ends,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole :  calyx-teeth  ovate  or  lanceo- 
,  late-ovate :  sterile  stamens  minute  rudiments.  —  Spec.  i.  21;  Raf  Med.  Fl.  t.  61.  L  uni- 
Jlorus,  Michx.  i.  14  (L.  p«wi7«s,  Vahl,  L.  Vinj.y&v.  paucijiorus,  Benth.),'a  diminutive' and 
northern  few-flowered  form,  a  span  high.  L.  macroplajllus,  Benth.  Lab.  &  in  DC.  Prodr. 
xu.  177  (var.  macrophyllus,  Gray,  1.  c),  a  tall  and  large-leaved  form  of  Northern  Pacific 
coast.  — Labrador  to  Florida,  Missouri,  and  north-westward  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Oregon. 

■J-  -t-  Calyx-teeth  5,  or  occasionally  4,  very  acute,  in  fruit  longer  than  the  nutlets. 
++   Bracts  minute:  corolla  nearly  twice  the   length  of  the  calyx:  rudiments  of  posterior  stamens 
very  short,  oval  or  lingulate  :  herbage  glabrous  or  puberulent :  stems  6  to  20  inches  high. 
L.  sessilifolius,  Gray,  1.  c.     Stem  ascending,  rather  acutely  4-angled :  leaves  all  closely 
sessile,  ovate  or  lanceolate-oblong  (inch  or  two  long),  sparsely  sharply  serrate  :  calyx-teeth 
subulate,  rigid.  —  /..  £'«ro/wus,  var.  sessilifolius,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5, 345.  —  New  Jersey,  in  pine 
barrens,  late-flowering,  Canby,  Parker. 
L.  rubellus,  Moench.     Stem  rather  obtusely  4-angled,  erect  or  ascending:  leaves  ovate- 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle,  attenuate-acuminate  at  both 
ends  (3  inches  long),  petioled:  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  not  rigid-pointed.  —  Moench, 
Meth.  Suppl.  44G ;  Fresenius  in  Regensb.  Flora,  1842 ;  Benth.  ip  DC.  1.  c.     L.  obtusifolius, 
Vahl  ■?  not  Centh.     L.  Arkansams,  Fresenius,  1.  c.  :  puberulent  form,  with  rather  broader 
triangular-lanceolate  less  pointed  calyx-teeth,  the  rudiments  of  sterile  stamens  varying 
from  lingulate  to  linear-spatulate.     L.  Exiropreus,  var.  integrij'ulius,  Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  —  Pcnn.? 
and  Ohio  to  S.  Carolina,  Louisiana  and  Arkansas. 

++  ++  Outer  bracts  conspicuous,  very  acute,  often  equalling  the  flowers:  corolla  hardiv  exceeding 
the  calyx :  rudiments  of  sterile  stamens  slender  and  capitellate  or  clavate-tipped. 
L.  lucidus,  Turcz.  Stem  strict,  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  hirsute-pubescent  or  glabrate, 
acutely  angled  above:  leaves  lanceolate  and  oblong-lanceolate  (2  to  4  inches  long),  acute 
or  acuminate,  very  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate  with  triangular-subulate  ascending  teeth, 
sessile  or  nearly  so  by  an  obtuse  or  acute  base,  coarsely  punctate :  calyx-teeth  attenuate- 
subulate.     (Siberia,  Japan.) 

Var.  Americanus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  dull,  often  minutely  puberulent  both  sides  : 
calyx-teeth  less  rigid.  —  Bot.  Calif.  1.  592.  L.  obtusifolius,  Benth!  in  DC.  1.  c.  ?  —  Saskatche- 
wan to  Kansas,  Arizona,  and  California. 

*  *  Not  sfoloniferous,  but  rootstocks  more  or  less  creeping:  calvx-teeth  5,  cuspidate  or  spinulose- 
tipped,  rigid,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  in  fruit  surpassing  the  nutlets :  subulate  outer  bracU 
often  equalling  the  flowers. 

L.  sinuatus,  Ell.  Stem  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  acutely  4-angled,  glabrous,  roughish,  or 
minutely  pubescent:  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  (H  or  2  inches  long),  acuminate,  irregu- 
larly incised  or  laciniate-pinnatlfid,  or  some  of  the  upper  merely  sinuate  or  incisely  toothed, 
tapering  at  base  mostly  into  a  slender  petiole :  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate  and  short- 
cuspidate  :  rudiments  of  sterile  stamens  slender,  conspicuous,  and  with  a  globular  or  sub- 
clavate  tip.  —  Sk.  i.  187.  L.  Europceus,  Walt.  &c.  L.  sinuatus,  exaltatus  &  anrjustifolius,  Ell. 
1.  C.  L.  vulgaris  &  L.  angustifolius,  Nutt.  Gen.,  without  char.  L.  Europa^us,  var.  sinuatus. 
Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  —  N.  Canada  to  Florida,  Texas,  and  west  to  Oregon  and  N.  California. 

L.  EuROP^us,  L.,  has  less  acutely  angled  stems,  mostly  broader  and.shorter  subsessile  leaves 
with  less  unequal  teeth  or  lobes,  subulate-spinulose  calyx-teeth,  and  rudiments  of  sterile 
stamens  obsolete  or  minute.  —  Occurs  as  a  ballast-weed  at  Norfolk  and  Philadelphia,  Durand, 
Parker.     (Probably  not  yet  nat.  from  Eu.) 

11.  CUNILA,  L.     Dittany.     (An  ancient  Latin  name  of  some  Labiate 

plant,  applied  by  Linnjeus  to  a  small  American  genus.)  —  Perennials,  with  small 

purplish  flowers,  in  summer.     (Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8,  365.) 

C.  Mariana,  L.     Herbaceous,  cymosely  much  branched,  a  foot  high,  glabrous  except  the 

nodes :  leaves  nearly  sessile,  ovate  with  subcordate  or  rounded  base,  serrate,  much  punc- 

23 


354  LABIATE.  Hyssopu.^. 

tate  •  flowers  in  peduncled  loose  cymes,  rudiments  of  the  upper  pair  of  stamens  generally 
apparent.  —  Spec.  ed.  2,  i.  30;  Bart.  Med.  Bot.  t.  42;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1205;  Sweet,  Brit, 
n.  Card.  t.  243;  Terr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  t.  76.  Satureia  origanoides,  L.,  ed.  1.  — Dry  soil,  S.  New 
York  and  Ohio  to  Georgia. 

12.  HYSSOPUS,  Tourn.  Hyssop.  (The  ancient  name,  from  a  Hebrew 
word.)      Only  one  species. 

H.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  Perennial  herb,  with  somewhat  woody  base,  virgate  branches,  lanceo- 
late or  linear  entire  leaves,  and  blue-purple  flowers  in  small  spiked  clusters,  in  summer.  — 
Sparingly  on  roadsides  eastward,  and  in  California,  escaped  from  gardens.  (Nat.  from 
Eu.  and  Asia.) 

13.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  Michx.  Mountain  Mint  or  Basil.  (From 
Tlvxvog,  dense,  avde^ov,  blossom :  glomerate  inflorescence.)  —  Perennial  erect 
herbs  (all  N.  American,  and  all  but  one  eastern),  pleasantly  pungent-aromatic, 
branching  above ;  with  capitate-verticillastrate  glomerules  or  dense  cymes  (com- 
monly multibracteate)  in  the  upper  axils,  or  mainly  cymosely  terminal ;  flowers 
small,  w'hitish  or  purplish,  often  purple-dotted,  in  summer.  —  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  7,  with 
Brachystemum,  1.  c.  5  ;  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlii.  44. 

§  1.  Flower-clusters  naked  in  a  terminal  corymbose  cyme,  small,  rather  dense  ; 
the  proper  bracts  minute  and  loose  :  calyx  short-tubular  ;  the  teeth  equal :  leaves 
sessile  and  small. 
P.  nudum,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous ;  stem  strict,  2  feet  high  :  leaves  oval,  nearly  entire, 

less  than  inch  long,  shorter  than  the  internodes :  calyx-teeth  triangular,  villous.  —  Gen.  ii. 

34.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  N.  Carolina  ■?  to  Florida,  Alabama,  &c. 

§  2.  Flowers  densely  verticillastrate-cymose  or  glomerate,  usually  conspicuously 
much  bracted :  calyx  oblong  or  short-tubular.  (Many  of  the  species  difficult  of 
discrimination,  perhaps  on  account  of  hybridizing.) 

*    Bracts  and  equal  calyx-teeth  aristate-tipped,  rigid,  naked,  equalling  the  corolla :  leaves  slightly 
petioled,  rather  rigid. 
P.  aristatum,  Michx.     Minutely  sof t-puberulent,  mostly  canescent :  leaves  ovate-  and 

lanceolate-oblong,  sparingly  denticulate;  flower-clusters  dense  or  capitate,  terminal. — Fl. 

ii.  8,  t.  33.     P.  verticiUatum,  Pursh,  not  Michx.     P.  setosum,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad. 

vii.  100.     Origanum  incanum,  Walt.  — Pine  barrens.  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
Var.   hyssopifolium,   Gray,    1-  c.      (P.  hyssopifolium,  Benth.):    leaves   narrowly 

oblong  or  almost  linear,  nearly  entire,  obtuse.  —  Virginia  to  Florida. 

*   *   Bracts  and  equal  (or  later  species  nearly  equal)  and  similar  calyx-teeth  not  arislate. 

^—  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  entire,  mostly  glabrous,  very  numerous  throughout 
the  stems  and  copious  braiichiets  : "capitate  glomerules  small  and  numerous,  densely  fastigiate- 
cvmose,  copiously  imbricaied  with  short  appressed  rigid  and  subulate-pointed  or  a"cute  bracts, 
which  do  not  exceed  the  equally  5-toothed  calyx  :  lips  of  the  corolla  very  short.  i^Brachystemuvi 
Vir<jmlcuin,  Michx. ) 
P.  linif olium,  Pursh.     Glabrous  up  to  the  canescent  inflorescence,  2  feet  high,  slender : 

leaves  linear,  somewliat  3-nerved  :  bracts  subulate  or  cuspidate-tipped  from  a  broad  base  : 

calyx-teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  rigid-pointed.  —  Fl.  ii.  409.     Satureia  Virginiana,  L.,  as  to 

syn.  Pluk.     Kodlia  capilata,  Moench,  Meth.  408.     Brachystemum  linifoUam,  Willd.  Enum.  623. 

Pycnanthemum  temiifolium,   Schrad.  Hort.   Gott.   10,  t.  4.  —  Dry  ground,   Massachusetts  to 

Elinois,  Florida,  and  Texas. 
P.  lanceolatum,   Pursh,  1.  c.     Stem  stouter  and  somewhat  pubescent :  inflorescence 

viilous-canescent :    leaves    lanceolate   or  almost   linear,  nervose-veined,   obtuse   at  base: 

bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate :  calyx-teeth  ovate-deltoid,  merely  acute  —  Satureia  Virginiana, 

Herm.  Parad.  t.  218 ;  L.    Spec.  ii.  567.     Thymus  Virginicus,  L.  Mant.  409.     T.   lanceolatus, 

Poir.  Suppl.  V.  305.     Nepeta  Virginica,  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  56.     Brachystemum  lanceolatum,  Willd. 

Enum.  623.     Pycnanthemum  Virginicum,  Pers.  Syn.  ii.  128. — Dry  ground,  Mass.  and  Canada 

to  Nebraska  .and  Georgia. 


Pycnanthemum.  LABIATE.  355 

■i—  -t—  Leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate  sessile,  or  almost  so,  denticulate  or  sometimes  entire,  pin- 
nately  veined  :  flowers  in  larger  and  fewer  less  dense  heads:  verticillastrateglomeruies,  subtended 
by  fewer  and  looser  bracts. 

P.  Calif ornicum,  Torr.  Usually  tomentose-canescent,  rather  etout:  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  almost  ovate,  with  rounded  or  subcordate  sessile  base ;  glomerules  terminal 
and  in  the  axils  of  2  or  3  uppermost  pairs  of  leaves,  at  first  very  dense  ((3  to  12  lines  in 
diameter):  bracts  setaceous,  lax :  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate-triangular,  villous,  3  or  4 
times  shorter  than  the  cylindraceous  tube.  —  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser.  ii.  99,  &  Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  ir.  122;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  592.    California  and  borders  of  Nevada.     Passes  into 

Var.  glabellum,  not  canescent :  leaves  and  stems  from  pubescent  to  almost  glabrous  : 
inflorescence  less  dense.  —  Torr.  1.  c.  —  Upper  Sacramento,  Bigelow,  Brewer,  &c. 

P.  muticum,  Pers.  1.  c.  Puberulent,  cinereous-pubescent,  or  glabrate  but  pale,  much 
branched :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  subsessile,  rather  rigid,  commonly  obtuse  at 
base;  those  subtending  the  (sometimes  proliferous)  dense  capitate  glomerules  canescent: 
calyx-teeth  ovate-deltoid  or  triangular-lanceolate,  acute.  —  Brachi/stemum  muticum,  Michx. 
Fl.  ii.  6,  t.  32.  Pyc.  Arkansanum,  Fresenius  in  Regensb.  Flora,  1842,  325.  — Maine  to  Flor- 
ida and  Arkansas.  —  Brachyslemum  verticillatum,  Michx.  1.  c.  t.  31  (coll.  at  Pittsburgh,  Penn.), 
is  intermediate  between  the  typical  (eastern)  plant,  with  short  bracts,  shorter  and  broader 
calyx-teeth,  and  leaves  glabrate  or  minutely  cinereous,  and 

Var.  pilosum.  Cinereous  with  looser  pubescence :  leaves  thinner,  oblong-lanceolate, 
mostly  acute  or  acutish  at  base,  sometimes  ovate  (Memphis,  Fendler) :  bracts  and  especially 
the  rather  narrower  calyx-teeth  canescent  with  more  copious  often  villous  pubescence. — 
P.  pilosum,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  33 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Arkansas.  —  Calyx  often 
(but  inconstantly)  somewhat  unequal,  two  or  three  of  the  teeth  more  united. 

P.  leptodon.  Soft-pubescent,  or  glabrate  below,  loosely  branched,  tall :  leaves  mem- 
branaceous, green  (1^  or  2  inches  long),  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  subsessile:  glom- 
erules larger  and  looser  than  in  the  preceding,  canescent-hirsute :  long-acuminate  bracts 
and  calyx-teeth  slender-subulate,  villous-hirsute.  —  P.  pilosum,  var.  t  leptodon.  Gray  in  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  I.  c.  —  North-western  N.  Carolina  and  S.  Missouri,  Gray  &  Carey,  Geyer.  —  Per- 
haps a  hybrid  between  P.  muticum,  var.  pilosum,  and  P.  Tullia,  var.  dubium. 

+-  -1—  4—  Leaves  linear-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  not  even  the  uppermost  canescent : 
flowers  in  mostly  terminal  capitate  glomerules,  wliich  are  dense  even  in  fruit:  calyx  almost  or  quite 
equally  5-toothe"d,  cauescently  pubescent,  the  teeth  subulate.     (Ambiguous  species.) 
P.  Torreyi,  Benth.     Puberulent :  stem  strict,  corymbose  at  summit ;  leaves  narrowly 

lanceolate,  green,  glabrate,  entire  or  slightly  and  sparingly  denticulate :  heads  cymose- 

corymbed,  small;  "the  bracts  subulate,  mostly  appressed :  corolla  rather  large.  —  Prodr. 

1.  c.  188.     P.  Virginicum,  Nutt.  Gen.  I.  c.  1  —  Dry  ground,  S.  New  York  to  Pennsylvania. 
P.  clinopodioides,  Gray,  1.  c.    Pubescent :  leaves  broadly  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply 

denticulate  or  sometimes  entire:  heads  fewer  and  larger:  bracts  loose.  —  Dry  soil,  S.  New 

York  to  E.  Pennsylvania. 

*   *   *   Calyx  distinctly  bilabiate  through  the  union  of  three  teeth  to  form  the  upper  lip:  the  (eefh 
and  the  tips  of  the  loose  bracts  if  slender  not  rigid :  flowers  in  dense  flattened  glomerate  c_vmes, 
which  are  usually  expanded  with  age:  leaves  membranaceous,  mostly  serrate,  distinctly'  petioled, 
the  uppermost  more  or  less  canescent :   stems  loosely  branching. 
P.  Tullia,  Benth.     Rather  stout,  loosely  more  or  less  pubescent :  leaves  ovate-  or  lanceo- 
late-oblong, acuminate,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  base,  somewhat  serrate,  thin  (2  to  4  inches 
long),  pale  green  both  sides,  only  the  uppermost  tomentulose-whitened :  calyx-teeth  aristi- 
form-subulate,  equalling  the  tube  in  length,  above  and  the  long-attenuate  tips  of  the  bracts 
setose-barbate.  —  Lab.  328,  &  in  DC.  I.e.  i.  87.     Tullia  Pycnanthemoides,  Leavenworth  in 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xx.  243,  t.  5.  —  S.  Virginia  and  N.  Carolina  to  Tennessee  and  Georgia, 
chiefly  in  and  near  the  mountains. 

Var.  dubium.  Greener,  not  canescent,  except  the  setose-villous  bracts  and  calyx ; 
the  teeth  of  the  latter  shorter  than  the  tube:  leaves  lanceolate.  — P.  dubium,  Gray,  1.  c. — 
Ashe  Co.,  N.  Carolina,  Gray  &,  Carey.  Perhaps  a  hybrid  between  P.  Tullia  and  P.  leptodon, 
or  even  P.  muticum,  var.  jnlosum. 
P.  incanum,  Michx.  1.  c.  Cinereous-pubescent:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  with  obtuse  or 
rounded  base,  serrate  (2  to  4  inches  long),  the  lower  surface  or  both  surfaces  of  tlie  upper- 
most canescent,  at  least  when  young,  and  with  more  or  less  loose  or  villous  pubescence : 
calyx-teeth  subulate  or  triangular-lanceolate  and  cuspidate  or  pointed,  not  exceeding  half 


356  LABIATiE.  Pi/cnanthemum. 

the  length  of  the  tube,  often  bearing  one  or  two  bristle-like  hairs.  —  Clinopodium  incanum, 
L.  Spec.  ii.  588.  Origanum  punctatnm,  Poir.  Pycnanthemum  Loomisit,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad. 
Fhilad.  vii.  100;  form  approaching  the  next.  —  New  England  and  W.  Canada  to  Ohio,  and 
south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

P,  albescens,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  puberulent,  all  the  parts  smaller 
leaves  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  serrate,  small  (inch  or  so  long),  canescent 
beneath  and  the  uppermost  on  both  sides  with  a  minute  close  pubescence,  as  also  are  the 
short  and  beardless  calyx  and  bracts ;  teeth  of  the  former  short,  triangular-ovate,  obtuse. 
—  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  P.  incanum,  var.  albescms,  Chapm.  Fl.  316.  — Alabama  and  Florida 
to  Texas. 
§  3.  Flowers  densely  verticillastrate-capitate  ;    the  globose  glomerules  sessile 

and  solitary  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  and  in  some  of  the  upper  axils,  copiously 

and  conspicuously  bracteate  :  calyx  tubular  ;  the  short  teeth  nearly  equal :  aspect 

somewhat  of  Monarda. 

P.  montanum,  Michx.  Sweet-aromatic,  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  leaves  ovate-  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  membranaceous  (2  to  4  inches  long),  short- 
petioled;  bracts  thin,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  villous-ciliate :  calyx-teeth  triangular- 
subulate,  naked,  very  much  shorter  than  the  narrow  tube.  —  Fl.  ii.  8;  Gray,  1.  c.  Monar- 
della  montana,  Benth.  Lab.  331.  Monarda  gracilis,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  17'?— Moist  woods,  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  S.  Virginia  and  Tennessee  to  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

14,  MONARDI^LLA,  Benth.  (Diminutive  of  Monarda,  which  this 
wholly  western  American  genus  resembles  in  aspect,  inflorescence,  and  calyx ; 
while  in  the  rest  of  the  flower  it  is  near  Pycnanthe^num.)  —  Flowers  in  terminal 
and  solitary  verticillastrate  heads,  subtended  or  involucrate  by  broad  often  mem- 
branaceous and  colored  bracts  :  corolla  red,  rose,  purple,  or  rarely  white.  Pleas- 
antly aromatic  fragrant  herbs,  mostly  entire-leaved.  —  Benth.  Lab.  331,  &  in  DC. 
Prodr.  xii.  190  ;  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  100. 

§  1.  Flowers  large  and  comparatively  few,  rather  loosely  glomerate:  tube  of 
corolla  much  longer  than  the  limb :  anther-cells  oval-oblong,  divaricate  :  root 
perennial. 

M.  macrantha,  Gray.     A  span  high  from  creeping  sufErutescent  rootstocks,  puberulent 
or  pubescent:  leaves  subcoriaceous,  ovate,  obtuse,  glabrate,  5  to  10  lines  long,  slender- 
petioled :  heads  10-25-flowered,  with  lax  and  thin  ovate  or  oblong  obtuse  bracts  :  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate,  acute :  corolla  very  much  exserted,  inch  and  a  half  long,  scarlet,  with 
tube  slightly  trumpet-shaped,  and  comparatively  small  lanceolate  lobes  only  3  or  4  lines 
long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  593;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6270.  — San  Diego 
Co.,  California,  Cleveland,  Palmer.     Also,  in  a  more  foliaceous  and  less  showy  form  (taller, 
more  hirsute-pubescent,  with  leaves  tliinner   and   a  full  inch  long,  and  flowers  rather 
smaller),  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Parry  &  Leinmon. 
M.  nana,  Gray,  1-  c.     Hirsute-pubescent,  a  span  high :  leaves  and  heads  nearly  of  the 
preceding :  corolla  slender,  less  than  an  inch  long,  white  tinged  with  rose ;  pubescent  tube, 
little  exceeding  the  calyx.  — S.  California,  in  mountains  behind  San  Diego,  Cleveland. 
§  2.  Flowers   smaller,  more  numerous,  and  densely   capitate  :    calyx    only  a 
quarter  or  a  third  of  an  inch  long :  tube  of  the  corolla  little  exserted  and  little 
longer  than  the  limb :  anther-cells  shorter  and  less  divaricate. 

*   Perennials,  in  tufts,  often  slightlv  lignesceut  at  base  :  corolla  from  whitish  or  flesh-color  to  rose- 
purple-  the  lobes  linear:  calvx-teeth  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  merely  or  hardly  acute, 
soft.     (Seemingly  transitional  forms  occur  between  all  but  the  first  species.) 
•J-  Leaves  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  petioled,  more  or  less  obviously  pinnately  veined :  bracts 
obtuse  and  pointless. 
M.  hypoleuca.     Pubescent,   a  foot   or  two   high  :   leaves   densely  tomentose-oanescent 
beneath,  silvery-white  when  young,  glabrate  and  green  above,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  entire. 


Monardella.  LABIATE.  357 

an  inch  or  two  long,  all  distinctly  petioled ;  veins  conspicuous,  impressed  above :  heads 
large  :  bracts  orbicular  and  ovate,  nervose.  —  S.  E.  California,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Pmru 
&  Lemmon. 

M.  villosa,  Benth.  Soft-pubescent,  or  the  heads  and  lower  face  of  leaves  villous,  or 
sometimes  the  whole  herbage  glabrate,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  ovate,  6  to  14  lines 
long,  all  petioled,  from  sparsely  crenate-dentate  to  nearly  entire:  veins  conspicuous,  widely 
spreading:  bracts  .ovate,  foliaceous,  more  or  less  pinnately  veined.  —  Lab.  332,  Bot.  Sulph. 
t.  21,  &  DC.  1.  c.  190;  Gray,  Bot.  Cahf.  i.  692.  —  Woods  and  banks,  nearly  throughout  the 
western  part  of  California,  especially  along  the  coast.  Leaves  in  the  typical  form  often 
tomentose  beneath 

Var.  leptosiphon,  Torr.  A  rather  large-flowered  form,  cinereous  with  a  finer 
pubescence,  and  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  nearly  entire  leaves.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
129.  —  Li  tl)e  central  part  of  the  State. 

Var.  glabella,  Gray.  Minutely  cinereous-pubescent  or  puberulent,  or  glabrate, 
except  the  head :  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  barely  and  sparingly  denticulate ;  upper  ones 
sometimes  subsessile :  veins  much  less  conspicuous.  —  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  M.  Shelioni,  Torr.  in 
Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser.  ii.  99.  —  Pine  woods,  tlirough  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  valley  of 
the  Sacramento.     There  are  transitions  to  the  next. 

M.  odoratissima,  Benth.  1.  c.  Cinereous-puberulent  or  minutely  tomentulose,  or 
nearly  glabrous,  but  pale ;  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  broadly 
lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  short-petioled,  or  the  upper  subsessile,  firm  in  texture,  both 
sides  alike ;  the  veins  inconspicuous  or  obscure :  bracts  thin-membranaceous  and  colored 
(whitish  or  purple),  nervose:  calyx-teeth  (as  in  the  preceding)  hirsute  without  and  within  : 
odor  of  Pennyroyal.  —  Dry  hills,  Washington  Terr.,  Oregon,  and  through  the  higher 
mountains  of  California,  Nevada,  and  Utah. 

-t—  -1—  Leaves  linear  or  oblong-linear,  entire,  thickish  and  nearly  veinless,  half  to  two-thirds  inch 
long,  subsessile,  or  the  lower  oblong  and  petioled  and  with  a  few  veins. 

M.  linoides,  Gray.  Canescent  or  cinereous  with  an  almost  imperceptible  puberulence : 
stems  a  span  to  18  inches  high,  strict  and  rigid :  bracts  ovate,  mucronate-acute,  scarious- 
membranaceous  and  wliite  with  pinkish,  pinnately  nervose :  calyx-teeth  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, merely  pubescent :  odor  of  Bergamot.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Southern 
California,  in  mountains  of  San  Diego  Co.  and  on  the  Mohave,  Cleveland,  Palmer,  Parry  & 
Lemmon,  &c. 

M.  Palmeri.  Glabrous  and  green,  or  obscurely  puberulent  up  to  the  pubescent  and  pro- 
portionally large  head,  a  span  high :  bracts  ovate,  very  obtuse,  more  nervose,  otherwise 
as  in  the  preceding :  calyx-teeth  linear-lanceolate.  —  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  California,  under 
Redwoods  in  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains.  Palmer. 

*  *  Annuals:  from  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  loosely  branching:  leaves  entire  or  merely 
undulate,  more  distant,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole :  calyx-teeth  mostly  with  rather  strong 
marginal  nerves. 

•i-  Bracts  rigidly  cuspidate-acuminate,  white  and  transparent-scaridus,  except  the  nerves  or  veins : 
corolla  biiglit  rose  or  pui-ple. 

M.  Douglasii,  Benth.  1.  c.  Pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate:  bracts  ovate  and  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, tapering  gradually  into  the  cusp,  more  or  less  hirsute,  fenestrate,  the  pinnate 
spreading  greenish  veins  running  from  midrib  to  stout  marginal  nerves,  forming  a  firm 
frame  for  the  hyaline  and  silvery  interspaces :  teeth  of  tiie  hirsute  calyx  rigid  and  subu- 
late :  scent  strong.  —  M.  candicans,  var.  venosa,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  123.  — California, 
through  the  valley  and  westward. 

M.  Breweri,  Gray.  Puberulent :  leaves  ovate-oblong :  bracts  broadly  ovate,  abruptly 
cuspidate-pointed,  less  translucent,  and  with  slender  more  nervose  and  whitish  veins,  only 
those  of  the  outermost  bracts  strongly  pinnate,  destitute  of  strong  marginal  nerves  :  calyx- 
teeth  triangular-subulate,  merely  acute.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  386,  xi.  102,  &  Bot.  Calif. 
i.  594.  —  California,  in  Corral-Hollow,  Contra-Costa  Co. 

•*—  H—  Bracts  acute  or  obtuse:  nervose,  less  translucent  or  tlie  outer  herbaceous:  corolla  rose-color 
or  purple :  calyx-teeth  not  subulate,  short. 

M.  lanceolata,  Gray.  Green  and  almost  glabrous,  or  the  stem  puberulent :  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  narrower,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole;  the  uppermost  and  the 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  acute ;  the  latter  with  cross-veinlets  between  the  nerves  or 


358  LABIATE.  Monardella. 

primary  veins:  calyx-teeth  acutish,  glabrate  outside,  densely  hirsute  within.— Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  102,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c  — California,  common  nearly  through  the  State  except  on 
mountains. 
M.  undulata,  Benth.  1.  c.  Cinereous-pubescent  or  glabrate  :  leaves  spatulate-oblong  to 
oblanceolate  or  linear  with  tapering  base,  obtuse,  undulate-margined :  heads  mostly  villous 
or  pubescent:  bracts  broadly  ovate,  thin,  whitish-scarious,  obtuse,  no  cross-veinlets  be- 
tween tlie  parallel  nerves  :  calyx-teeth  villous,  obtuse :  "  odor  of  peppermint."  —  Gray,  I.  c. 
—  California,  near  the  coast. 
^_  ^_  +-  Bracts  obtuse  or  obtuselv  and  sliffhtlv  acuminate,  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  white- 

scarious,  nervosa,  and  with  some  cross-veinlets'  between  the  nerves:  corolla  white  or  nearly  so, 

small  and  short,  not  over  3  or  4  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  villous  and  with  white-scanous  tips: 

herbage  cinereous  or  canescent. 
M.  candicans,  Benth.  Soft-puberulent,  cinereous,  but  hardly  canescent :  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole  :  bracts  minutely  pubes- 
cent outside,  ovate,  greenish  along  the  numerous  nerves,  at  least  the  tip  and  margins 
white-scarious,  shorter  than  the  flowers  :  calyx-teeth  short,  rather  broad  and  obtuse,  villous 
both  sides. PI.  Hartw.  330 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  California,  valley  of  the  Sacramento  and  foot- 
hills of  the  neighboring  Sierra  Nevada. 

Var.  exilis.  Smaller :  bracts  mostly  with  a  short  scarious  acumination :  calyx-teeth 
acute. —  S.  E.  California  or  adjacent  Arizona,  Palmer. 
M.  leucocephala,  Gray.  Low,  much  branched,  cinereous-pubescent :  leaves  oblong  or 
broadly  lanceolate,  short-petioled  :  bracts  ovate-orbicular  with  slight  acumination,  wholly 
thin-scarious  and  bright  white,  lightly  nervose  and  with  very  sparing  cross-veinlets  (about 
4  lines  long  and  broad):  calyx  hirsute;  the  teeth  attenuate-subulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  385,  xi.  102,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  California,  on  the  plains  near  Merced,  in  sandy  soil, 
Brewer. 

15.  ORfG-ANUM,  Toum.     Wild  Marjoram.      (Ancient  Greek   name, 
from  OQog,  a  mountain,  and  ydvog,  delight.)  —  Old  World  plants,  one  introduced. 
O.  vulgAre,  L.    iiranching  erect  perennial,  villous  :  leaves  ovate,  petioled :  short  spiciform 

branches  of  the  cymes  densely  panicled,  crowded  with  ovate  and  obtuse  purplish-colored 
bracts  :  corolla  purple.  —  Roadsides,  Atlantic  States  :  fl.  summer.    (Sparingly  nat.  from  Eu.) 

16.  TH"^MUS,  Tourn.  Thyme.  (Classical  name,  perhaps  from  dim,  to 
burn  perfume.  Thyme  having  been  used  for  incense.)  —  Low  and  small-leaved 
and  small-Howered  perennials,  with  persistent  often  somewhat  woody  base;  11. 
summer.     Old  World  genus,  one  species  introduced. 

T.  Sekpyllum,  L.  (Creeping  Thyme.)  Prostrate-tufted:  leaves  green,  flat,  ovate,  entire, 
'veiny,  more  or  less  ciliate,  short-petioled,  2  to  4  lines  long,  the  floral  ones  similar:  flowers 
crowded  at  the  end  of  the  ascending  branches,  purplish.  —  Old  fields,  E.  Massachusetts  and 
Pennsylvania.     (Sparingly  nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.  SATUIi:6lA,  Tourn.  Savory.  (Ancient  Latin  name.)  —  Small- 
leaved  and  low  plants,  sweet  aromatic  ;  the  genuine  species  all  of  the  Old  World ; 
the  single  American  one  almost  generically  distinct. 

§  1.  Satureia  proper.     Bracts  of  the  loose  inflorescence  small  or  none  :  calyx 
mostly  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  fl.  summer. 
S.  HORTENSis,  L.    (Summer  Savory.)   Annual,  much  branched,  minutely  pubescent:  leaves 

oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  :  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  above  becoming 

interruptedly  spicate  :  corolla  short,  pale  purphsh :  stamens  short.  —  Cult,  as  a  sweet-herb ; 

escaping  from  gardens  is  sparingly  wild  in  Ohio,  Illinois,  Nevada,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Pycnothtmus,  Benth.  Flower-clusters  crowded  in  a  terminal  oblong 
head  or  spike,  conspicuously  bracteate :  bracts  as  long  as  the  corolla :  calyx  very 
small,  thin,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  tube  of  the  corolla :  fl.  spring. 


Calamintha,  LABIATE.  359 

S.  rigida,  Bartram.  Cespitose-procumbent,  sufErutescent :  leaves  crowded,  rigid,  subu- 
late-lanceolate, with  strongly  revolute  margins,  obtuse,  quarter  inch  long,  scabrous  or 
becoming  smooth,  above  passing  into  the  broader  and  flatter  villous-lursute  bracts  :  calyx 
equally  and  deeply  5-cle£t,  membranaceous:  corolla  light  purple;  the  tube  (3  lines  long) 
much  shorter  tiian  the  lips :  filaments  at  length  exserted.  —  Benth.  Lab.  354,  &  DC.  Prodr. 
xi.  211.  —E.  Florida,  in  sand. 

^  18.  MICROMllRIA,  Benth.  {Mikq6?,  small,  and  iiiQog,  a  part,  from  small 
size  of  flowers,  &c.)  —  Chiefly  of  the  Old  World.  Our  two  species,  of  the  section 
Hesperothymus,  are  diffusely  spreading  or  creeping  perennial  herbs,  with  slender 
stems,  rounded  and  petioled  veiny  thin  leaves,  and  1  to  3  slender-pedicelled  purplish 
flowers  in  their  axils  ;  in  summer.  To  these  an  anomalous  Californian  species  is 
added. 

M.  Brownei,  Benth.  Glabrous,  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  roundish,  obscurely  crenate :  pedi- 
cels bractless  :  calyx  villous  in  the  throat ;  teeth  lanceolate-ovate.  —  Lab.  372  ;  Schmidt  in 
n.  Bras.  viii.  t.  32.     Thymus  Brownei,  Swartz.  —  River-banks,  Florida.     ( W.  Ind.,  S.  Am.) 

Var.  pilosiuscula,  with  leaves  (perhaps  shorter-petioled)  and  sometimes  stem  and 
calyx  sparsely  pilose-pubescent :  passes  into  M.  Xalapensis,  Benth.,  and  as  such  is  enume- 
rated in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  129.  —Texas,  near  San  Antonio  ( Thurber),  and  southward.  (Mata- 
moras,  Berlandier,  Mex.,  &c.) 

M.  Douglasii,  Benth.  1.  c.  (Yerba  Bdena.)  Somewhat  pubescent:  trailing  and  creep, 
ing  stem  elongated  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  roundish  :  pedicels  2-bracteolate  below  :  calyx 
naked  in  the  throat ;  the  teeth  subulate.  —  M.  barbata,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Thymus  Douglasii 
&  T.  Chamissonis,  Benth.  in  Lmn.  vi.  80.  —  Woods,  Vancouver's  Island  to  Los  Angeles  Co., 
California. 

M.  purpurea,  Gray.  Erect,  much  branched,  probably  from  an  annual  root,  minutely 
and  loosely  pubescent :  leaves  short-petioled,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate  (inch 
long),  with  dense  umbelliform  cymules  subsessile  in  their  axils  :  calyx  oblong-campanulate, 
a  line  and  a  half  long,  about  equalling  the  pedicels,  naked  in  the  throat ;  teeth  slender- 
subulate,  almost  equalling  the  small  "  purple-blue  "  corolla.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  595.  Hedeoma 
purpurea,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  52.  (All  4  stamens  antheriferous.)  —  Webb's 
Landing  on  an  island  in  the  San  Joaquin  River,  California,  Kellogg.      ■ 

M.  bracteolAta,  Benth.  1.  c,  founded  on  "  Hedeoma  bracteolaia.  Pubescent,  stem  simple, 
slender  :  leaves  linear-sublanceolate,  acute  at  each  extremity,  entire  :  pedicels  setaceously 
bracteolate,  3-5-flowered:  calyx  oblong,  equal:  corolla  minute'?  In  Carolina."  —  Nutt. 
Gen.  Addend.    This  is  wholly  obscure. 

19.  CALAMfNTHA,  Tourn.,  Mcench.  Calamint.  (Old  Greek  name 
of  some  plant  of  this  order.)  —  Herbs  or  undershrubs,  chiefly  of  warm-temperate 
regions,  of  various  habit,  flowering  all  summer.  Ours  are  perennials,  and  are 
various  in  habit. 

C.  PAlmeri,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  100,  an  annual,  of  the  Acinos  section  and  the  habit 
and  odor  of  Hedeoma,  belongs  to  Lower  California,  much  beyond  our  limits. 

§  1.  Flowers  loose,  and  without  long-subulate  bracts :  calyx  in  ours  usually 
villous  in  the  throat :  anthers  naked. 

*   Herbaceous,  small-flowered:  corolla  pale  purple  or  nearly  white. 

4—  Introduced,  pubescent:  peduncles  short  but  mostly  distinct,  several-flowered :  calyx  conspicu- 
ously villous  ill  the  throat. 
C.  Nepeta,  Link.     (Basil  Thyme.)     Villous-  or  cinereous-pubescent,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves 

roundisli-ovate,  crenate  (half  inch  long),  short-petioled  ;  uppermost  reduced   to  bracts : 

bractlets  minute  :  corolla  4  lines  long.  —  Benth.  Lab.  &  in  DC.  xii.  228.    Melissa  Nepeta,  L. 

Thymus  Nepeta,  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.  1. 1414.  —  Dry  waste  grounds,  from  Maryland  to  Arkansas. 

(Nat.  from  Eu.) 
C.  OFFICINALIS,  Moerich,  Meth.  409,  the  common  Calamint  of  Europe,  is  inclined  to  escape 

from  cultivation  in  a  few  places. 


360  LABI  AT  JE.  Calamintha. 

•i~-  +-  Indigenous  on  wet  limestone  river-banks,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  except  a  villous  ring  in  the 
throat  of  the  calyx:  common  peduncles  in  the  axils  hardly  any:  pedicels  1  to  5  :   conspicuous 
bracts  at  tlieir  base  subulate-acuminate  :  petioles  short  or  none. 
C.  glabella,  Benth.     Stems  lax  or  decumbent,  a  foot  or  two  long :   leaves  oblong  or 
broadly  lanceolate  with  tapering  base  ;  the  larger  ones  serrate :  axils  3-5-flowered  :  calyx- 
teeth  of  both  lips  attenuate-subulate  :  corolla  nearly  half  inch  long,  barely  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx.  — DC.  Prodr.  xii.  230.     Cunila  glabella,  Michx.  Fl.  i.   13.    Zizophora  glabella, 
Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  i.  209.  --Banks  of  the  Tennessee  near  Nashville  (Michaux)  and  of  the 
Kentucky  River  near  Frankfort,  Short  &  Peter. 
C.  Nuttallii,  Benth.  1-  c.     Stems  slender,  branching,  erect  or  ascending,  a  span  or  two 
high,  copiously  stoloniferous  at  base  :  leaves  entire,  thickisli  and  veinless,  with  slightly 
revolute  margins;  cauline  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate,  sessile,  5  to  9  lines  long;  those  of 
the  creeping  stolons  ovate  and  orbicular,  short-petioled,  2  or  3  lines  long:  flowers   1  to 
3  in  the  axils:  corolla  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.— 
Gray,  Man.  ed.  1  (1848),  325.    Hedeoma  glabra,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  16.     H.  Aikansana,  Nutt.  in 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  186.      Cunila  glabra,  Torr.   Fl.  23.      Micromeria  glabella 
(mainly)  &  M.  Arkansana,  Benth.  Lab.  730,  871.     M.  glabella,  var.  angustifoUa,  Torr.  Fl. 
N.  Y.  ii.  67.     Calamintha  glabella,  var.  Nuttallii,  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  307,  ed.  5,  349.  —Niagara 
Falls  to  Lake  Superior,  S.  Missouri  to  Texas. 

*  *  More  or  less  woody  or  shrubby  at  base :  a  foot  or  two  high  :  lips  of  the  calyx-teeth  more  un- 
equal; the  broader  upper  one  barely  and  mostly  obtusely  3-toothed. 
C.  Caroliniana,  Sweet.  Nearly  glabrous:  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  somewhat  crenate 
(6  to  14  lines  long),  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole :  flowers  few  or  several  in  the 
axils,  in  a  crowded  subsessile  cyme  :  bracts  foliaceous  :  calyx  oblong,  strongly  striate,  very 
villous  in  the  throat,  scarcely  gibbous :  corolla  pink-purple  or  whitish  and  purple-spotted, 
half  inch  long;  the  upper  lip  somewhat  concave  and  incurved.  —  Hort.  Brit.  809;  Benth. 
in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  229.  Thymus  Carolinianus,  Michx.  ii.  9.  T.  grandiflorus,  Sims,  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  997.  Melissa  Caroliniana,  Benth.  Lab.  388.  — Dry  ground,  N.  Carolina  to  Florida. 
C.  COCcinea,  Benth.  1.  c.  Very  minutely  cinereous-puberulent  or  glabrous,  bushy  : 
branches  virgate :  leaves  obovate  or  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  subsessile,  entire  or  obscurely 
crenate,  with  somewhat  revolute  margins,  thickish,  veinless,  about  half  inch  long :  short 
peduncles  1-3-flowered :  corolla  scarlet,  narrow,  inch  and  a  half  long;  the  lips  much 
shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Melissa  coccinea,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  224.  Cunila  coccinea,  Nutt. ;  Hook. 
Exot.  Fl.  1. 163.  —  Gardoquia  Hoolceri,  Benth.  Lab.  401 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1747 ;  Brit.  Fl.  Card, 
ser.  2,  t.  271.  Satureia  coccinea,  Bertol.  Misc.  viii.  23.  — Sandy  soil,  W.  Florida  to  Mobile, 
Alabama,  near  the  shore  ;  flowering  late. 
C.  ■  dentata,  Chapm.  Tomentulose-cinereous,  diffusely  branched :  leaves  obovate  or 
'somewhat  cuneate,  few-toothed  at  the  rounded  apex,  subsessile,  canescent  and  obscurely 
veined  beneath :  flowers  solitary  or  in  threes,  short-pedicelled :  calyx  shorter  than  in  the 
preceding;  the  short  obscurely  3-toothed  upper  lip  tinged  with  purple;  subulate  teeth  of 
the  lower  lip  hairy:  "upper  stamens  abbreviated,  sterile."  — FL  118. —  Sand  ridges  near 
Aspalaga,  W.  Florida,  Chapman.  In  foUage,  &c.  much  resembles  C.  coccinea,  apparently 
smaller-flowered  :  no  perfect  corolla  seen. 

*  *   *   Herbaceous  to  the  base?  and  large-flowered:  calyx  less  bilabiate;  the  teeth  of  the  upper 
lip  very  like  those  of  the  lower:  corolla  orange. 
C.  mimuloides,  Benth.     Tall,  somewhat  viscidly  hirsute :  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, membranaceous,  on  slender  petioles  :  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  slender 
pedicels  foliaceous-bracteate  at  base :  calyx  tubular  (8  lines  long),  nearly  naked  in  the 
.  throat ;  the  teeth  cuspidate  from  a  broad  ovate  or  triangular  base,  equal  in  length,  those 
of  tlie  upper  lip  spreading :  corolla  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  a  narrow  tube  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  — PI.  Hartw.  33.  —  California,  on  shady  banks  of  Carmel  River,  near 
Monterey,  Hartweg. 

§  2.  Clinopodium,  Benth.  Flowers  verticillastrate-capitate,  and  as  it  were 
involucrate  with  conspicuous  setaceous-subulate  rigid  bracts  :  calyx  nearly  naked 
in  the  throat:  anthers  naked. 

C.  Clinopodium,  Benth.    (Basil.)     Herbaceous,  hirsute:  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  almost 
entire,  petioled  :  verticillastrate  heads  globular,  many-flowered :  teeth  of  the  narrow  tubu- 


Hedeoma.  LABIATiE.  361 

lar  and  gibbous  calyx  and  the  bracts  very  hirsute,  nearly  equalling  the  light  purple  nar- 
row corolla. —  Clinopodiumvidgare,  L. ;  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.  t.  1401.  — Borders  of  thickets  and 
fields,  common  northward,  and  seemingly  introduced :  indigenous  from  the  Great  Lakes  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

20.  MELlSSA,  Toura.  Balm.  (Greek  name  of  the  honey-bee,  trans- 
ferred to  a  plant  the  blossoms  of  which  are  sought  by  bees.)  —  Herbs,  of  the  Old 
World,  only  one  common  species. 

M.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (Common  Balm.)  Upright  or  spreading  and  branching  perennial, 
pubescent ;  with  broadly  ovate  or  cordate  crenate-tootiied  lemon-scented  leaves,  and  loose 
axillary  cymes  of  white  or  whitish  flowers ;  in  summer.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  waste 
grounds,  eastward.     (Sparingly  nat.  from  Eu.) 

21.  CONRADINA,  Gray.  (Named  in  memory  of  Solomon  W.  Conrad,  of 
Philadelphia,  botanist,  and  publisher  of  his  friend  Muhlenberg's  works.)  — Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  244.  —  Founded  on  a  single  species ;  with  leaves  resembling  Rose- 
mary. 

C.  canescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Somewhat  shrubby,  much  branched,  minutely  canescent, 
leafy :  the  leaves  also  fascicled  in  the  axils,  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  with  revolute  mar- 
gins :  flowers  solitary  or  in  threes  in  the  upper  axils,  short-pedicelled :  teeth  of  the  calyx 
and  sometimes  the  tube  villous  with  long  spreading  hairs  :  corolla  pink  or  white,  dotted  in 
the  throat,  hairy  outside,  half  inch  long.  —  Calamintha  canescens,  Torr.  &  Gray  in  DC. 
Prodr.  xii.  229 ;  Ciiapm.  Fl.  318.  —  Sandy  sea-shore  and  adjacent  pine  woods,  Alabama  and 
Florida,  from  Mobile  to  Tampa  Bay  (Hulse),  and  Indian  River  on  the.  east  (Palmer) :  fl. 
summer. 

22.  POLIOMINTHA,  Gray.  {Tlohog,  hoary-white,  and  iiivOa,  Mint.)  — 
Texano-Mexican  low  suffrutescent  plants,  canescent  throughout  or  nearly  so ; 
with  entire  leaves,  and  few-several-flowered  cymes  or  glomerules  in  their  axils, 
the  uppermost  sometimes  diminished  and  bract-like.  Corolla  rose-color  or  purple, 
with  tube  either  equalling  or  much  surpassing  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii. 
295,  365;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1189.  (Genus  too  near  Gardoquia,  of  the 
Andes  from  Mexico  to  Chili,  not  to  be  distinguished  if  that  becomes  really 
diandrous.) 

P.  incana,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  so  high,  very  much  branched,  silvery  with  very  close 
and  minute  tomentum :  branches  virgate :  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblong  (3  to  9  lines 
long),  sessile,  veinless  and  the  midrib  obscure;  the  upper  floral  shorter  than  the  1  to  3  sub- 
sessile  flowers  in  their  axils :  calyx  oblong  or  cylindraceous,  15-nerved,  white-villous 
(3  lines  long),  with  conspicuous  subulate  teeth,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  equalling  its 
tube,  which  is  pilose-annulate  at  the  summit.  —  Hedeoma  incana,  Torr.  Mex.  Bound.  130. — 
Western  Texas  to  S.  Utah,  Wright,  Bigelow,  Parry,  Brandegee,  Mrs.  Thompson,  &c. 

P.  mollis.  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  more  high,  more  tomentose,  herbaceous  nearly  to  the 
base:  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  3-5-plinerved :  calyx-teeth 
minute,  unequally  spreading,  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  13-striate  tube,  which  is  hardly 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla :  tube  of  the  latter  not  annulate  but  sparsely  pilose  within. 
—  Hedeoma  mollis,  Torr.  1.  c  129. —Borders  of  Mexico  and  Texas,  on  cliffs  of  the  Rio 
Grande  at  Puerte  de  Paysano,  Bigelow. 

23.  HEDEOMA,  Pers.  (Name  altered  from  the  Greek' Hdvoa^wv,  a  sweet- 
smelling  herb,  probably  of  this  family.  The  plants  have  the  scent  and  taste  of 
the  European  Pennyroyal,  Mentha  Pidegium.)  —  Low  herbs,  all  American,  chiefly 
of  Atlantic  U.  S.  and  Mexico  ;  with  small  flowers,  in  summer.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  366;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1188. 


362  LABIATE.  Hedeoma.' 

§  1.  EuHEDEOMA,  Gray,  1.  c.  Flowers  pedicellate,  cymulose  or  rarely  sub- 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  uppermost  of  which  are  sometimes  dimin- 
ished and  bract-like :  corolla  with  an  even  open  throat :  throat  of  the  calyx  in 
fruit  closed  with  a  ring  of  villous  hairs  (except  in  H.  acinoides)  :  low  and  diffuse 
or  much  branched  herbs,  of  dry  soil,  pungently  sweet-aromatic,  with  small  and 
whitish  or  purplish  flowers :  pubescence  of  the  stem  usually  retrorse. 

*  Filaments  of  the  posterior  stamens  manifest,  bearing  a  capitate  rudiment  or  sometimes  a  polli- 
niferous  anther:  calyx  rather  short,  conspicuously  bilabiate;  its  upper  and  lower  lips  very 
dissimilar. 

H.  pulegioides,  Pers.  (American  Pennyroyal.)  Annual,  erect,  minutely  pubes- 
cent: leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  somewhat  serrate,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  slender  petiole; 
floral  similar  or  the  upper  merely  smaller:  calyx  in  fruit  ovate-campanulate  or  oblong, 
strongly  gibbous ;  upper  lip  broad  and  spreading,  with  3  triangular  teeth,  about  equalling 
the  two  setaceous-subulate  and  hispid-ciliate  teeth :  corolla  hardly  exserted,  2  or  3  lines 
long.  —  Syn.  ii.  131 ;  Bart.  Med.  t.  41.  Melissa  &  Cunila  pulegioides,  L.  Canada  to  Iowa 
and  southward ;  common. 

#  *   Filaments  of  the  posterior  stamens  minute  subulate  rudiments,  or  sometimes  obsolete :  teeth 

of  both  lips  of  the  calyx  subulate, 
-(—  About  equal  in  length,  all  erect  or  in  fruit  curved  upward :  bracts  linear  or  acerose-subulate, 

spreading  or  at  length  reflexed :  erect  annuals,  with  the  upper  flowers  somewhat  capitately  or 

spicately  crowded. 

H.  acinoides,  Scheele.  Minutely  pubescent,  slender:  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  thinnish, 
slenderpetioled,  obscurely  denticulate ;  the  lower  ovate,  upper  oblong,  or  the  upper  floral 
oblong-linear :  bracts  equalling  the  slender  pedicels  :  calyx  tubular,  gibbous  at  base  (3  lines 
long),  barely  hairy  in  the  throat;  limb  slightly  bilabiate;  the  teeth  setaceous-subulate, 
minutely  ciliate,  barely  one-third  the  length  of  the  tube :  tube  of  the  purple  corolla 
exserted,  slender  (4  lines  long)  ;  its  lower  lip  much  larger  than  the  upper,  and  middle  lobe 
deeply  emarginate.  —  Linn.  xxii.  592 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  366.  —  Arkansas,  Leaven- 
worth. Texas,  Wright,  Lindheimer,  &c. 
H.  hispida,  Pursh.  Mostly  low:  leaves  all  similar,  linear,  entire,  thickish,  somewhat 
nervose-veined,  nearly  sessile,  crowded,  almost  glabrous,  but  their  margins  at  least  towards 
the  base  hispid-ciliate  :  bracts  mostly  equalling  the  calyx,  rigid :  limb  of  the  calyx  bilabi- 
ate ;  the  lips  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  gibbous  hispid  tube  ;  the  teeth  of  the 
upper  subulate,  of  the  lower  more  aristiform  and  hispid,  equalling  the  (3  lines  long)  bluish 
corolla. —Fl.  ii.  414.  H.  hirta,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  16.  Cunila  hispida,  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  54.— 
Plains  west  of  the  Mississippi,  from  Dakota  to  Louisiana  and  Arkansas;  also  Ilbnois, 
there  apparently  lately  introduced. 
•H-  -K    Two  lower  calyx-teeth  decidedly  longer  than  the  three  upper:  bracts  mostly  erect  and 

subulate. 
++  Leaves  entire,  or  in  the  first  species  with  rare  and  obscure  denticulations  or  crenulations,  into 

which  the  few  and  inconspicuous  veins  do  not  run:  root  either  indurated  and  perduring-annual  or 

perennial 
H.  thymoides.  Cinereous-pubescent  or  puberulent,  about  a  span  high,  at  length  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse  (3  to  5  lines  long),  petioled  ;  the  lower  little 
exceeding  and  the  upper  shorter  than  the  flowers  :  bracts  mostly  subulate  and  shorter  than 
the  pedicels  :  calyx  oblong-tubular  and  at  length  rather  strongly  gibbous  (the  tube  1^  or  2 
lines  and  the  setaceous  lower  teeth  a  line  or  sometimes  more  in  length);  teeth  of  the  upper 
lip  recurved  away  from  the  straightish  and  moderately  longer  lower  ones  :  corolla  little  ex- 
serted, only  3  lines  long.  —  H.  de.ntala,  var.  nana,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  130.  H.  piperita  ? 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  366,  not  Benth.,  which  must  have  much  larger  calyx,  flat  pedicels, 
and  more  crenate  leaves.  —  E.  New  Mexico  to  Arizona,  Wright,  Bigelow,  Palmer,  &c. 

Var.  oblongif olia.  Stems  ereqt,  even  strict,  sometimes  a  foot  high :  leaves  oblong, 
or  the  lower  ovate,  shorter-petioled ;  the  reduced  floral  ones  subsessile  and  acute.  —  H. 
piperita,  var.  ohlongifolia.  Gray,  1.  c.  —  New  Mexico  and  Arizona ;  same  collectors. 
H.  Drummondi,  Benth.  Cinereous-pubescent  or  puberulent,  a  span  or  two  high, 
copiously  branched  :  leaves  from  oblong  (or  the  lowest  oval)  to  linear,  obtuse,  subsessile, 
or  narrowed  at  base  into  a  very  short  petiole,  thickish ;  the  upper  mostly  rather  shorter 
than  the  few  flowers  in  their  axils :  small  subulate  bracts  not  longer  than  the  pedicels : 


Eedeoma.  LABIATE.  363 

calyx  hirsute  or  hispid,  from  cylindraceous  to  at  length  ovate-tubular,  sliglitly  gibbous,  in 
age  more  or  less  curved,  not  obviously  bilabiate ;  the  subulate-setaceous  teetli  at  length  all 
connivent  and  slightly  curved  upward ;  tlie  lower  nearly  twice  the  lengtli  of  the  upper : 
corolla  from  3  or  4  lines  long,  and  little  exserted,  to  G  lines  and  double  tiie  length  of  the 
calyx.  — Lab.  308,  &  DC.  1.  c.  245;  Gray,  1.  c.  H.  ciliata,  Nutt.  Gamb.  183,  not  Benth.— 
Common  from  Texas  to  Arizona,  and  north  to  the  plains  of  Colorado  and  even  Nebraska. 
(Adjacent  Mex. ) 

Var.  Reverchoni.  Rigid :  leaves  greener,  coriaceous,  elliptical  (half  inch  long,  3 
lines  or  more  broad),  or  the  floral  oblong,  hirsute-pubescent  or  at  least  ciliate,  the  few 
veins  more  prominent  beneath.  —  Rocks,  Brown  Co.,  Texas,  Reverchon. 
II.  hyssopifolia,  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous  throughout :  stems  slender,  erect  and  simple 
from  a  lignescent  perennial  base,  8  to  12  inches  high :  leaves  all  sessile  and  entire,  nervose 
veined  (especially  beneath),  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  and  about  iialf  inch  long,  or  the 
lowest  much  shorter  and  oblong  or  oval :  short  peduncles  linear-bracteate,  1-5-flowered : 
calyx  obscurely  pubescent,  narrowly  cylindrical,  not  gibbous  (tlie  tube  2i  lines  long),  not 
bilabiate ;  the  subulate-setaceous  lower  teeth  nearly  twice  tlie  length  of  the  similar  upper 
ones,  all  straightish :  corolla  much  exserted,  7  or  8  lines  long,  purplish.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xi.  96 ;  Rothrock  in  Wheeler  Rep.  ined.  t.  17.  —  Arizona,  on  Mount  Graham,  Rothrock. 

'  ++  ++  Leaves  senate  with  salient  acute  and  callous  teeth  in  which  the  veins  terminate,  all  sub- 
sessile  or  the  lower  short -petioled :  many-stemmed  perennials:  cymes  few-flowered:  calyx  nar- 
row, at  length  somewhat  gibbous  or  curved,  2  or  3  lines  long,  minutely  hirsute. 

H.  dentata,  Torr.  Hirsute-pubescent :  stems  erect  and  slender,  a  foot  high :  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  (4  to  6  lines  long),  coarsely  few-dentate ;  veins  ascending,  rather  indis- 
tinct:  calyx-tube  slender;  limb  hardly  bilabiate;  subulate-setaceous  lower  teeth  erect  and 
moderately  longer  than  the  recurved-spreading  upper  ones  :  corolla  pink,  nearly  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  4  lines  long.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  130,  in  part ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  S.  Arizona, 
near  Santa  Cruz,  Thurher,  Rothrock. 

H.  plicata,  Torr.  1.  c.  Minutely  soft-pubescent,  a  span  or  more  high,  at  length  diffuse : 
leaves  approximate,  rigid,  rhombic-ovate  or  the  lower  roundish-ovate  and  the  uppermost 
floral  oblong  (3  or  4  lines  long),  numerously  and  coarsely  callous-serrate,  conspicuously 
lineate  with  the  copious  strong  and  straight  mostly  simple  veins,  which  are  very  prominent 
beneath  and  extend  from  the  midrib  through  the  acute  teeth :  calyx  of  the  preceding,  but 
less  slender  and  more  gibbous  or  curved,  also  more  evidently  bilabiate :  corolla  shorter,  2 
or  3  lines  long.  —  Mountains  along  the  Rio  Limpio  and  Rio  Grande,  S.  W.  Texas,  Wright, 
Bigelow.  (There  is  a  similar,  but  larger  flowered  and  villous  species,  H.  costata,  S.  Mex., 
Ghieshreyht,  no.  815.) 

§  2.  Stachydeoma,  Gray,  1.  c.  Flowers  sessile  or  subsessile,  verticillastrate 
in  a  terminal  interrupted  spike,  the  floral  leaves  diminished  to  bracts,  except 
sometimes  the  lowermost :  throat  of  the  pink  or  purple  corolla  with  a  pair  of 
longitudinal  projecting  folds  under  the  lower  lip :  calyx  hardly  at  all  gibbous, 
rather  short,  long-hirsute  :  stem  erect :  leaves  all  sessile  or  nearly  so,  glabrous  or 
glabrate,  with  at  least  the  uppermost  hirsute-ciliate. 

H.  ciliata,  Benth.  A  span  or  two  high  from  an  annual  root :  stem  retrorsely  puberu- 
lent  and  above  mostly  hirsute  with  some  spreading  hairs :  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
veinless  (inch  or  less  long)  :  flowers  several  in  the  clusters  of  the  spike:  calyx  moderately 
bilabiate;  its  15-nerved  tube  and  the  subulate-linear  bractlets  conspicuously  white-liirsute; 
throat  villous-bearded ;  teeth  more  naked,  similar  and  of  equal  length,  slender-subulate 
ciliolate,  connivent  after  anthesis :  tube  of  the  rose-purple  corolla  not  exserted ;  upper  lip 
2-lobed;  throat  hairy  at  the  insertion  of  the  short  included  stamens:  sterile  filaments 
wanting.  — DC.  Prodr.  xii.  245;  Gray,  I.e.  367.  — Sandy  ground,  Texas,  Berlandier  (ex 
Benth.),  Dnnnmond,  E.  Hall.  • 

H.  graveolens,  Chapm.  Stems  numerous,  a  foot  or  more  high  from  a  perennial  base 
or  root,  strict,  often  simple,  soft-hirsute  or  pubescent:  leaves  round-ovate,  subcordate, 
obscurely  pinnately  veined  (the  larger  half  inch  long) ;  lower  short-petioled  and  sparingly 
dentate;  upper  passing  into  similar  bracts,  which  are  shorter  tlian  the  usually  solitary 
flowers  they  subtend :  bi-actlets  oblong,  foliaceous :  tube  of  the  12-13-nerved  and  conspic- 


364  LABIATE.  Pogogyne. 

uously  bilabiate  calyx  oblong-campanulate ;  the  teeth  especially  hispid  or  hirsute  with 
long  whitisli  hairs ;  those  of  the  broad  upper  Up  short  aiid  deltoid ;  the  two  of  the  lower 
aristiforiu  subulate,  equalling  the  tube  of  the  purple  and  spotted  corolla :  fertile  stamens 
equaUing  tlie  emarginate  upper  lip  of  the  corolla;  sterile  filaments  subulate,  sometimes 
with  small  rudiments  of  anthers.  —  Gray,  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  in  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  (1878),  10.— 
Low  pine  barrens,  W.  Florida,  Chapman.  From  the  name  the  species  apparently  is  not 
sweet-scented. 

24.  P0G6GYNE,  Benth.  {Tlcoycov,  beard,  yvv/j,  female  ;  the  style  bearded.) 
—  Califoruian  aunuals,  of  low  stature,  sweet-aromatic;  with  oblong-ovate  or  ob- 
lanceolate  mostly  entire  leaves,  the  lower  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the  upper 
diminished  into  bracts,  these  and  the  calyx  usually  conspicuously  ciliate-bearded 
with  hirsute  or  hispid  hairs.  Flowers  verticillastrate-glomerate  and  sessile,  at  least 
the  upper  glomeruies  spicate  or  capitate.  Calyx-teeth  mostly  3-nerved.  Corolla 
blue  or  violet  purple,  sometimes  paler.  Fl.  spring  and  summer.  —  Benth.  Lab. 
414,  &  DC.  I.e.  243 ;  Gray  in  Bot.  Calif,  i.  596. 

§  1.  Stamens  all  four  with  perfect  anthers:  style  conspicuously  bearded  above  ; 
its  subulate  lobes  or  stigmas  almost  equal :  corolla  6  to  9  lines  long,  with  funnel- 
form  tube,  and  throat  surpassing  the  (variable)  calyx. 

*   Inflorescence  oblong-  or  cylindrical-spicate  and  nearly  continuous,  conspicuously  white-hirsute  or 
hispid  witli  the  long  and  rigid  marginal  iiaii-s  of  the  bracts  and  calyx. 
P.  Douglasii,  Benth.  1.  c.     Rather  stout,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  spatulate-oblong 
or  narrower,  veiny,  rarely  dentate :  bracts  linear,  acute :  flowers  comparatively  large,  blue 
or  violet ;  lower  calyx-lobes  twice  the  length  of  the  tube,  much  longer  and  narrower  than 
the  others.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5886  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  697.     P.  mullijlora,  Benth.  1.  c, 
is  merely  a  smaller  form,  with  rather  shorter  bracts.  —  California,  through  the  foothills  of 
the  Sierra  and  westward. 
P.  parviflora,  Benth.  1.  c.    More  slender  and  lower:   leaves  narrower:  spike  shorter: 
bracts  mostly  obtuse :  corolla  barely  half  inch  long :  lower  calyx-lobes  hardly  longer  and 
the  upper  ones  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  From  San  Francisco  Bay  northward,  Douglas, 
Bolander,  &c. 

*    *    Verticillastrate  clusters  more  or  less  distant:  bracts  and  calyx  inconspicuously  hirsute-ciliate: 

anthers  of  posterior  stamens  smaller  but  polliniferous. 

P.  nudiuscula,  Gray.     A  span  to  a  foot  high:  branches  slender,  puberulent:  leaves 

spatulate  or  narrower,  obtuse,  not  over  an  inch  long,  glabrous :  bracts  linear-subulate  and 

cuspidate :  corolla  only  half  inch  long,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  lobes  of  the 

latter  lanceolate-  or  linear-subulate  and  cuspidate.  —  Bot,  Calif,  i.  597.  —Near  San  Diego, 

.    D.  Cleveland. 

§  2.  Hedeomoides,  Gray,  1.  c.  Posterior  stamens  sterile  :  style  sparingly 
hairy,  its  lobes  very  unequal :  flowers  smaller,  some  of  the  lower  ones  often  dis- 
tant and  solitary  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves. 

P.  TENDi FLORA,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  100,  of  Guadalupe  Island  off  Lower  California,, 
has  the  tube  of  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  as  in  the  preceding  section.  In  the  following 
species  the  corolla  is  only  2  lines  long,  and  at  least  its  tube  included. 

P.  ziziphoroides,  Benth.  Stem  2  to  6  inches  high :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  thickish  ; 
'  uppermost,  witli  the  rigid  narrow  bracts  and  calyx,  hirsute-ciliate  with  strong  and  white 
bristly  hairs:  inflorescence  capitate  or  short-spicate :  calyx-lobes  slightly  unequal,  broadly 
lanceolate,  very  acute,  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  tube,  the  longer  about  equalling 
the  corolla :  posterior  filaments  as  large  as  the  anterior,  but  their  anthers  abortive.  — 
PI.  Hartw.  330  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Cahf.  1.  c.  —Valley  of  the  Sacramento  River,  Hartweg,  Andrews, 
Bolander. 
P.  serpylloid.es,  Gray.  Stems  slender,  branched  from  the  base,  ascending  or  at  length 
"diffuse,  3  to  6  inches  high :  leaves  obovate-oval  or  spatulate,  3  or  4  hnes  long ;  the  lower 
distant,  most  of  them  single-  or  few-flowered  in  tlie  axils  ;  upper  more  floriferous,  approxi- 
mate and  becoming  bracts  to  the  oblong  or  often  longer  and  much  interrupted  spike ;  the 


Sphacele.  LABIATiE.  365 

base  of  these  and  the  calyx  hirsute :  lobes  of  the  latter  unequal,  all  much  longer  than  the 
tube,  the  longer  fully  equalling  tlie  violet  or  bluish  corolla :  sterile  filaments  small,  with ' 
small  capitellate  rudiment  of  antiiers :  style  bearded  above  with  very  few  coarse  hairs.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  386,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  598.  Hedeoma  ?  serpylloides,  Torr.  in  Pacif .  R.  Rep. 
iv.  123.  —  Monterey  to  Humboldt  Co. ;  common. 

25.  CERANTHERA,  Ell.  {K^Qug,  a  horn,  aud  dvOrjQa,  anther :  cells  of 
the  anther  cornute.)  —  Peculiar  to  the  southern  Atlantic  States,  nearly  glabrous 
and  slender  erect  annuals,  a  foot  high,  sweet-aromatic ;  with  broadly  or  narrowly 
linear  and  obtuse  entire  leaves  ;  the  uppermost  on  the  virgate  branches  diminished 
to  similar  bracts  of  the  thyrsoid-racemose  inflorescence.  Flowers  autumnal, 
handsome :  corolla  pink-purple  and  spotted,  the  calyx  commonly  purplish.  — 
Sk.  ii.  93;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1191.  Dicerandra,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg. 
1300,  Lab.  413,  &  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  242. 

C.  linearifolia,  Ell,  1.  c.  Inflorescence  loose :  cymes  short-peduncled,  few-flowered  :  calyx- 
teeth  obscurely  ciliolate,  hardly  equalUng  the  tube  of  the  (about  half  inch)  corolla:  anther- 
cells  slender-aristate.  —  i>/cera7!cfra  linearis,  Benth.  Lab.  1.  c.  D.  Iineari/olia,  Benth.  in  DC. 
Prodr.  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  El.  318.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Alabama. 

C.  densiflora.  Inflorescence  dense ;  the  pedicels  shorter  and  peduncle  hardly  any : 
calyx-teeth  appressed-ciliate,  equalling  the  tube  of  tlie  corolla  :  anther-cells  conical-cor- 
nute :  leaves  mostly  sliorter  and  broader.  —  Dicerandra  densijlora,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c. 
—  E.  Florida,  J.  Reed,  &c. 

26.  ACANTHOMfNTHA,  Gray,  (^xav^a,  a  prickle  or  thorn,  and  pV^«, 
mint.)  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1192.  Calami7it/ia  ?  §  Acanthomintha,  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  368,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  .596.  —  Single  species. 

A.  ilicifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  Low  and  nearly  glabrous  annual,  slightly  aromatic  (rather 
heavy-scented),  branching  from  tlie  base,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  coriaceous,  rotund  or 
broadly  cuneate,  coarsely  crenate-dentate  (half  inch  or  more  long,  the  blunt  teeth  of  the 
upper  ones  mostly  niucronate  or  cuspidate),  contracted  at  base  into  a  slender  petiole: 
axils  nearly  all  verticillastrate-floriferous  :  bracts  a  pair  in  each  axil,  almost  as  large  as  the 
leaves,  but  sessile,  equally  coriaceous  and  more  rigid,  orbicular  or  dilated-subcordate,  pin- 
na tely  few-veined  and  witii  fine  reticulated  veinlets,  tlie  callous  margin  armed  with  a  few 
distant  and  long  slender  prickles,  each  pair  subtending  3  to  5  sessile  flowers :  corolla  white 
and  rose-color,  lialf  inch  long.  — Southern  borders  of  California,  San  Diego  Co.,  Wm.  Rich, 
Cleveland.  Allied  to  Gleclwn  of  Brazil,  which  is  also  referred  to  this  tribe,  rather  than  to 
the  Stachi/dea:. 

27.  SPHACELE,  Benth,  (^qidxog  is  the  Greek  name  of  Sage,  which 
these  plants  resemble  in  foliage.)  —  Shrubby  or  suffrutescent  plants  (chiefly*  S. 
American)  ;  with  tlie  floral  leaves  gradually  reduced  in  size,  and  the  flowers  single 
in  their  axils,  above  forming  a  leafy  raceme. 

S.  calycina,  Benth.  Shrubby  at  base,  2  to  5  feet  high,tomentulose-villous  or  glabrate: 
branches  leafy :  leaves  (2  to  4  inches  long)  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  from  crenate  or 
obtusely  serrate  to  entire,  obtuse  or  rarely  subcordate  at  base,  rugose-veiny,  more  or  less 
petioled  ;  uppermost  and  bracts  of  the  short  raceme  sessile  :  lobes  of  the  very  loose  calyx 
triangular-lanceolate,  rather  shorter  than  the  purplish  or  lead-colored  (inch  long)  corolla: 
anthers  short  — Lab.  563,  &  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  265;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  131,  t^37;  Gray, 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  598.  —  Hillsides,  common  throughout  the  western  part  of  California,  especially 
from  San  Francisco  southward. 

Var,  glabella,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  minutely  tomentulose  and  soon  glabrate  form,  prob- 
ably of  sliady  places.  —  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  and  southward. 

Var.  TA7"allacei.  Copiously  villous  :  lower  cauline  leaves  with  truncate  or  hastate- 
subcordate  base:  calyx-lobes  attenuate-lanceolate  from  a  narrower  base,  over  half  inch 
long.  —  Probably  near  Los  Angeles,  Wallace. 


366  LABIATE.  Salvia. 

28.  SALVIA,  L.  Sage.  (The  old  Latin  name,  from  salveo,  to  save.)  — A 
vast  genus,  widely  dispersed,  comparatively  few  species  N.  American,  and  those 
mainly  southward  :  fl.  chiefly  in  summer. 

S.  OFFICINALIS,  L.,  Common  Sage,  of  the  Old  World,  represents  the  genus  in  the  gardens. 
S.  SPLENDENS,  Sellow,  of  Brazil,  and  S.  fulgens,  Cav.,  of  Mexico,  are  the  two  commoner 
red-flowered  species  of  ornamental  cultivation. 

§  1.  SalviXstrum,  Gray.  Throat  of  the  calyx  conspicuously  bearded  and  in 
fruit  closed  by  a  ring  of  long  and  dense  villous  hairs  :  upper  lip  with  3  broad  and 
short  teeth,  lower  2-parted  into  lanceolate  teeth,  all  cuspidate:  corolla  ringeiit 
(blue  or  purple),  pilose-annulate  within  :  upper  emarginate-2-lobed ;  lower  ample, 
with  3  roundish  spreading  lobes,  middle  one  2-lobed :  stamens  separate :  lower 
anther-cells  porrect,  shorter,  more  or  less  polliniferous :  nutlets  abundantly  spiril- 
liferous:  Texan  low  perennials,  simple-stemmed,  with  copious  mostly  narrow 
and  entire  leaves ;  the  diminished  floral  or  bracts  persistent,  subtending  1  to  3 
flowers  ;  these  racemose  or  spicate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii.  308.  Salviastrum, 
Scheele  in  Linn.  xxii.  584;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  1196.  §  Trichosphace, 
Engelm.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  ix.  45. 

S.  Texana,  Torr.  Stems  (a  span  or  two  high)  with  margins  of  the  leaves  and  the  calyx 
hirsute  with  long  and  spreading  bristly  hairs :  flowers  spicate,  the  upper  floral  leaves  not 
exceeding  the  calyx,  which  equals  the  dilated  throat  of  the  widely  ringent  blue  corolla.  — 
Mex.  Bound.  132;  Gray,  1.  c.  Salviastrum  Texanum,  Scheele,  1.  c. ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Pacif  R. 
Rep.  ii.  t.  6.  —  Open  rocky  soil,  W.  Texas  to  the  borders  of  New  Mexico. 

Var.  canescens,  Gray,  1.  c.,  a  form  with  leaves  hoary-white  with  fine  tomentum, 
all  narrowly  linear,  with  strongly  revolute  margins,  and  fewer  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  ones. —  Hills  of  the  Pecos  and  Rio  Grande,  S.  W.  Texas,  Wriijht,  Schott. 

S.  Engelmanni,  Gray,  1.  c.  Minutely  puberulent  and  glabrate,  the  setose  hairs  few 
and  scattered  or  nearly  wanting:  leaves  thinner;  lower  sometimes  denticulate;  floral 
mostly  equalling  the  more  scattered  flowers  :  corolla  (an  inch  or  mpre  long)  with  narrower 
tube  and  throat  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  light  purple.  —  W.  Texas,  Wright,  Lindheimer. 

§  2.  EcHiNOSPHACE.  (§  EcMnosphace  &  §  Pycnosphace,  Benth.  Lab.)  Throat 
of  the  calyx  villous-hairy  or  naked :  upper  lip  much  longer  than  the  lower,  more 
or  less  incurved,  3-2-toothed ;  the  lower  2-parted ;  teeth  all  spinulose-aristate : 
corolla  ringent  (blue  or  purple) ;  tube  pilose-annulate  inside ;  upper  lip  2-lobed  : 
stamens  separate,  remote  from  the  upper  lip  ;  lower  fork  of  the  long  filiform 
connective  bearing  a  polliniferous  anther-cell  :  Californian  winter-annuals ;  with 
pinnatifid  leaves,  and  densely  capitate-verticillastrate  inflorescence :  globular  heads 
many-flowered,  involucrate  with  the  persistent  bract-like  floral  leaves.  (Called 
Chia  :  nutlets  abundantly  mucilaginous  in  water,  infused  for  drink.) 

S.  carduacea,  Benth.  White-woolly  with  lax  cobwebby  hairs  :  stem  stout,  simple,  a 
foot  or  two  high,  naked  and  scape-like,  only  at  base  subtended  by  a  cluster  of  oblong  sin- 
uate-pinnatifid  and  spinulose-toothed  Thistle-like  leaves :  verticillastrate  heads  1  to  4  (an 
inch  or  more  in  diameter),  equalled  or  somewhat  surpassed  by  the  involucrate  whorl  of 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  bracts,  which  are  oftener  pectinate  with  spinescent  teeth  : 
calyx  long-lanate  ;  the  tube  multi-ncrvulose  between  the  principal  nerves  ;  the  large  upper 
lip  strongly  3-toothed,  the  middle  tooth  much  the  larger,  the  lateral  distant,  mostly  sur- 
passing those  of  the  lower  lip  :  throat  villous :  corolla  lavender-color  (an  inch  long) ;  its 
tube  slightly  exserted  ;  iippcr  lip  erose-dentate  or  fimbriate  and  2-cleft ;  lower  with  small 
lateral  erose  lobes,  and  a  larger  flabelliform  and  deeply  fimbriately  multifid  middle  one  : 
proper  filament  hardly  any :  anther-cells  pubescent.  —  Lab.  302,  &  Prodr.  I.e.  349;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  4874;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  599.  S.  (Echinosphace)  gossijpina,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw. 
330.  —  Dry  grounds  through  the  lower  parts  of  California,  especially  southward. 


Salvia.  LABIATiB.  367 

S.  Columbarise,  Benth.  Soft-pubenilent :  stems  slender,  branching  and  leafy  below, 
6  to  20  inches  high,  naked  and  pedunculiform  above,  terminated  by  soHtary  or  two  pro- 
liferous heads:  leaves  deeply  1-2-pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted  into  oblong  crenately 
toothed  or  incised  obtuse  divisions,  muticous,  rugose :  involucrate  floral  leaves  or  bracts 
not  exceeding  the  head,  broadly  ovate,  entire,  resembling  the  more  membranaceous  some- 
times purplish  abruptly  acuminate-aristate  inner  bracts :  flowers  small :  calyx  naked  with- 
in; its  large  upper  lip  arcuate-concave,  hispid  at  base  outside,  tipped  with  a  pair  of  con- 

•  nivent  and  partly  connate  short  aristiform  teeth  (the  third  or  middle  tooth  apparently 
always  wanting),  very  much  surpassing  the  two  small  at  length  porrect  teeth  of  the 
lower  lip  :  corolla  blue,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx ;  its  upper  lip  emarginate-2-lobed  at 
apex,  the  lower  with  small  lateral  lobes  and  a  much  larger  transversely  oval  short- 
unguiculate  somewhat  2-lobed  but  otherwise  entire  or  merely  crenulate  middle  one :  fila- 
ments slender.  —  Common  through  California,  and  in  adjacent  Arizona  and  Nevada. 

§  3.  Heterosphace,  Benth.  Throat  of  the  calyx  naked  (or  in  a  single  species 
ciliate-hirsute)  ;  the  upper  lip  broadly  truncate  and  remotely  3-toothed ;  the  lower 
2-cleft:  corolla  elongated,  mostly  pilose-annulate  inside;  upper  lip  emargiuate  or 
entire  :  stamens  separate  :  connective  shorter  than  the  slender  often  exserted  fila- 
ment ;  the  porrected  lower  fork  also  bearing  a  polliniferous  anther-cell :  herbs, 
ours  Atlantic- American  perennials,  with  mostly  lyrately-lobed  or  toothed  or  pin- 
nately divided  leaves ;  inflorescence  loosely  racemose,  the  small  bract-like  floral 
leaves  persistent. 

*  Corolla  blue  or  violet,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  leaves  at  most  pinnatifid  ;  the  cauline, 
if  any,  sessile  or  narrowed  at  base  into  wing-margined  petioles. 

S.  lyrata,  L.  Perennial  from  a  somewhat  tuberous  root,  pilose  or  hirsute:  stem  com- 
monly scapiform,  a  foot  or,  more  high :  radical  leaves  obovate,  sinuate-  or  ropand-dentate,  or 
lyrate-pinnatifid;  cauline  of  one  or  two  somewhat  similar  pairs,  or  none  ;  floral  oblong  or 
lanceolate  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx :  raceme  of  few  or  several  at  length  dis- 
tant about  6-flowered  loose  clusters,  rarely  branching :  calyx  campanulate,  membranaceous ; 
the  broad  and  truncate  upper  lip  with  short  or  very  short  widely  separated  aristulate 
teeth;  lower  with  2  longer  lanceolate  cuspidate-pointed  teeth:  corolla  (almost  an  inch 
long)  ampliate-f unnelform  beyond  the  calyx  ;  its  erect  upper  lip  much  shorter  and  smaller 
than  the  lower.  — Spec.  i.  23  (Dill.  Elth.  t.  175;  Moris.  Hist.  &c.);  Michx.  Fl.  i.  14. 
S.  Ifp-ala  &  iS.  ohovala,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  33 ;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  353 ;  the  latter  merely  a  form  with 
thin  and  barely  dentate  leaves ;  calyx-teeth  variable  in  length.  —  Sandy  woodlands.  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois,  Florida,  and  Texas;  flowering  early. 

*  *    Corolla  scarlet-red,  four  times  the  length  of  the  calyx:  herbage  softly  and  often  canescently 
pubescent:  cauline  leaves  all  slender-petioled,  at  least  the  lower  ones  3-5-foliolate. 

S.  Roemeriana,  Scheele.  Stems  (afoot  or  two  high)  and  petioles  below  often  sparsely 
hirsute  with  long  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  or  terminal  leaflet  roundish  or  reniform-cordate, 
coarsely  repand-toothed  or  crenately  incised  (an  inch  or  two  broad),  membranaceous;  the 
lower  usually  witii  2  or  3  similar  but  smaller  (subsessile  or  slender-petiolulate)  lateral 
leaflets,  these  occasionally  reduced  to  dentiform  appendages  on  the  petiole :  raceme  loose 
and  elongated :  floral  leaves  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels :  calyx  somewhat  pubescent, 
naked  within ;  its  upper  lip  3-aristulate  or  with  the  middle  tooth  obsolete ;  the  2-parted 
lower  one  of  triangular-lanceolate  cuspidate-acuminate  teeth :  corolla  (an  inch  or  more 
long)  deep  scarlet,  puberulent,  narrowly  tubular-funnelform,  somewhat  arcuate ;  its 
spreading  lower  lip  with  rounded  and  obcordate-2-cleft  middle  lobe,  hardly  longer  than  the 
erect  strongly  emarginate  upper  lip  ;  lobes  of  the  style  more  or  less  unequal.  —  Scheele  in 
Linn.  xxii.  586;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1.32.  S.  porphymntha  (or  porphijrata),  Decaisne  in 
Rev.  Hort.  1854,  t.  16;  Fl.  Serres,  t.  1080;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4939.  — In  light  fertile  soil, 
W.  Texas,  Wright,- Lindheimer,  &c.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

S.  Henryi,  Gray.  More  slender,  less  soft-pubescent :  leaves  or  mostly  leaflets  smaller, 
seldom  cordate,  angulate-lobed  ;  lower  floral  ones  often  similar,  all  as  long  as  the  pedicels  : 
calyx  hirsute,  ciliate-bearded  or  villous  in  the  sinuses  and  throat:  corolla  apparently  nar- 
rower and  with  shorter  less  notched  lips ;  the  bearded  ring  at  base  within  obsolete.  — Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  368.    5.  Rwmeriana,  Torr.  1.  c,  in  part.  —  New  Mexico,  on  the  Mimbres, 


368  LABIATE.  Salvia. 

Dr.  Henry,  Thurber ;  Florence  Mountains,  Bigelow.    Adjacent  borders  of  Texas,  Wright. — 
Throat  of  the  calyx  rather  sparsely  but  not  inconspicuously  bearded ! 

§  4.  Calosphace,  Benth.  Throat  of  calyx  naked,  and  of  corolla  not  pilose- 
annulate  :  anterior  portion  of  the  connective  deflexed,  linear  or  gradually  some- 
what dilated  downward,  closely  approximate  or  connate,  and  destitute  of  an 
anther-cell :  all  American  species,  with  upper  lip  of  corolla  erect  and  concave.  • 

«  Corolla  crimson,  its  tube  vilious-annulate  towards  the  base  inside  ;  upper  lip  conspicuously 
larger  and  longer  than  tiie  lower:  anterior  fork  of  connectives  free  and  spatulate-dilated  down- 
wards, obscurely  one-toothed  at  base,  longer  than  the  filament. 

S.  pentstemonoides,  Kunth.  Perennial,  nearly  glabrous,  or  below  sparsely  liirsute : 
stems  2  to  5  feet  higli,  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves  thickish,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
nmcronate,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate  and  with  ciliolate-scabrous  margins,  the  lower 
(3  to  5  inches  long)  on  long  margined  petioles ;  upper  gradually  much  smaller  and  sessile  ; 
the  floral  and  the  similar  persistent  bracts  and  bractlets  of  the  elongated  racemiform  or 
narrowly  thyrsoidal  inflorescence  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrower,  cuspidate :  cymules  subses- 
sile,  3-5-flowered:  calyx  equalled  by  the  pedicels,  campanulate,  strongly  bilabiate  (lialf 
incli  long),  glandular-puberulent ;  upper  lip  broad,  truncate,  with  3  short  and  broad  cuspi- 
date-mucronate  teeth ;  lower  2-parted,  its  teeth  lanceolate  and  cuspidate :  corolla  inch  and 
a  half  long,  slightly  pubescent ;  its  large  and  nearly  straight  upper  lip  lialf  the  length  of 
the  gradually  enlarged  exserted  tube ;  middle  lobe  of  the  small  lower  lip  concave  and  entire  : 
style  glabrous  —  Ind.  Sem.  Berol.  1848, 13.  —  W.  Texas,  on  the  Cibolo  and  Pierdenales  and 
towards  tlie  Rio  Grande,  Lindheimer,  Wright. 
*    *   Lower  and  sterile  forlvs  of  the  connectives  mostly  united  with  each  other  longitudinally,  linear, 

oblong,  or  semiiiastate:  corolla  naked  within  throug'hout, 
.|.     Red  or  scarlet,  with  tube  exserted;  the  spreading  lower  lip  longer  than  the  erect  upper  one,  its 
broad  middle  lobe  2-cleft:  upper  lip  of  tubular-campanulate  calyx  and  teeth  of  the  2-parted  lower 
lip  ovate,  mucronate-acute:  inflorescence  naked-racemose;  the' small  floral  leaves  or  bracts  more 
or  less  deciduous  or  caducous. 
S.  Greggii,  Gray.     Shrubby,  1  to  3  feet  high,  glabrous  or  obscurely  farinaceous-puberu- 
lent:  branches  slender,  leafy  :  leaves  coriaceous  (3  to  9  lines  long),  1-ribbed,  almost  vein- 
less,  oblong,  very  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole :  flowers  rather  few 
in  the  raceme:  calyx  slightly  pubescent  or  glandular  (barely  half  inch  long),  with  at 
length  spreading  lips  fully  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  corolla  (inch  long,  "red"  or  "pur- 
plish-red ")  glabrous;  its  tube  enlarging  and  strongly  ventricose-gibbous ;  throat  abruptly 
contracted  under  the  lower  lip,  which  nearly  equals  the  slightly  glandular-puberulent  upper 
one :  lower  fork  of  connective  oblong-linear  :  style  hairy  along  the  upper  side.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  369.     5.  microphi/lla,  Torr.   Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  131,  not  HBK.  — S.  borders  of 
Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  Pmry,  ScAott.     (Near  Saltillo,  Mex.,  Gregg.) 
S.  COCCinea,  L.     Perennial  or  annual,  canescently  pubescent  or  glabrate,  or  hirsute  tow- 
ards the  base  with  long  spreading  hairs :  leaves  membranaceous,  veiny,  cordate  or  ovate, 
mostly  acute,  crenate,  slender-petioled,  mostly  soft-tomentulose  beneath  :  raceme  virgate  ; 
tl>e  clusters  few-several-flowercd  and  rather  distant:  lips  of  the  calyx  hardly  half  the 
length  of  its  tube:  corolla  (inch  or  less  long,  pubescent  or  pubernlent  outside)  deep  scar- 
let-red, twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  its  narrow  tube  moderately  enlarging 
above ';  lower  lip  twice  the  length  of  the  upper,  from  which  the  stamens  protrude :  lower 
forks  of  the  connective  long  and  narrowly  linear:  style  glabrous.  — Mant.  88;   Murr. 
Comm.  Gott.   1778,  t.  1.  — Var.  pseudo-coccinea  is  a  commonly  tall  form  of  this   species, 
with  stem,  petioles,  and  often  margins  of  floral  leaves  conspicuously  beset  with  hirsute 
hairs.     S.  pspudo-cocciriea,  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  t.  209 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2864.     S.  ciliata,  Benth.  Lab. 
286.  —  S.  Carolina  to  Florida  (but  probably  introduced),  S.  Texas.    (Mex.,  &e.) 
^_  4_  Corolla  blue  or  purplish,  sometimes  white,  never  red. 
++  Herbs. 
=  Flowers  from  near  an  inch  to  over  half  inch  and  calyx  fully  quarter  inch  long:  inflorescence 
virgate-racemose  or  spiciform,  sometimes  paniculate:  small  floral  leaves  or  bracts  mostly  decidu- 
ous: corolla  with  prominentlv  exserted  tube,  erect  and  verj'  concave  or  galeate  and  pubescent 
upper  lip:  the  lower  longer  aiid  much  larger:  style  bearded  above:  perennials,  1  (o  5  teet  high. 
S.  farinacea,  Benth.     Minutely  and  canescently  pubernlent,  or  below  glabrous :  stems 
numerous  in  a  cluster :  lower  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  even  ovate,  with  obtuse  or  cuneate 


Salvia.  LABIATiE.  369 

or  rarely  subcordate  base,  coarsely  and  irregularly  serrate,  on  slender  petioles ;  upper  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-lanceolate,  sometimes  entire;  floral  subulate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
caducous :  spiciform  inflorescence  on  a  long  naked  peduncle,  interrupted,  of  densely  many- 
flowered  clusters,  finely  and  the  calyx  very  densely  and  softly  wiiite-tomentose  (often 
tinged  with  violet) ;  the  latter  oblong-cylindraceous  and  in  age  striate-sulcate,  as  it  were 
truncate ;  the  teeth  3,  very  broad  and  obtuse,  exceedingly  sliort :  lower  lip  of  the  violet- 
blue  corolla  with  middle  division  obcordate-two-lobed.  —  Lab.  274;  Braun  in  Bot.  Zeit. 
ix.  44.  S.  iricliostijla,  Bischoff,  Ind.  Sem.  Heidelb.  1^47.  .S".  aimibilis,  Kunth,  Ind.  Sem. 
Berol.  1848.     S.  cwsia,  Scheele  in  Linn.  xxii.  588.  — Texas,  in  rich  soil;  common. 

S.  aziirea,  Lam.  Glabrous  or  puberulent:  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse, 
denticulate  or  serrate,  tapering  into  a  slight  petiole ;  upper  narrower,  often  linear,  entire  ; 
floral  or  bracts  subulate,  somewhat  persistent :  spiciform  inflorescence  looser,  more  inter- 
rupted, and  fewer  flowers  in  the  clusters,  sometimes  thyrsoidal  or  paniculate-branched : 
pedicels  short:  calyx  oblong-campanulate,  usually  minutely  puberulent,  obscurely  bila- 
biate ;  the  very  broad  and  obtuse  upper  hp  and  the  two  similar  but  acutish  lobes  of  the  2- 
parted  lower  lip  distinct  but  short :  corolla  deep  blue  (sometimes  varying  .to  white)  ;  lower 
lip  sinuately  3-lobed  and  emarginatc.  —  "  Diar.  Hist.  Nat.  i.  409,"  &  Diet.  vi.  626 ;  Pursh, 
Fl.  i.  19 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1728.  S.  Mexicana,  Walt.  Car.  65,  not  L.  S.  acuminatisslma,  Vent. 
Cels,  t.  50.  S.  angustlfolia,  Michx.-Fl.  I.  13,  not  Cav.  aS.  acuminata,  Pers.  Syn.  i.  24.  S. 
ehtla,  Poir,  Diet.  vi.  625.  S.  coriifolia,  Scheele  in  Linn.  1.  c— S.  Carolina  to  Florida  and 
Texas.     Westward  varies  insensibly  into 

Var,  grandiflora,  Benth.  Cinereous-puberulent :  denser  inflorescence  and  calyx 
tonientulose-sericeous.  —  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  .302.  S.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  in  Benth.  Lab.'  &  DC.  1.  c. 
S.  elomjuta,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  231,  hot  HBK.  5.  lomjifolia,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  185.  —  Mississippi  tp.  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Texas. 

S.  angustif  olia,  Cav.  Slender,  usually  glabrous,  except  usually  some  scattered  spread- 
ing bristly  hairs,  especially  at  the  nodes:  leaves  linear  (H  to  3  inches  long,  1  or  2  lines 
Avide),  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate,  acute,  somewhat  petioled :  inflorescence  virgate, 
slender,  of  distant  few-flowered  clusters :  pedicels  very  short :  calyx  narrowly  oblong  or 
cylindraceous,  with  lips  half  the  length  of  the  tube;  upper  ovate,  entire,  acute;  lower  of  2 
similar  but  more  pointed  lobes:  lower  lip  of  tlie  blue  corolla  as  wide  as  long;  the  middle 
lobe  emarginate  or  undulate.  —  Ic.  iv.  9,  t.  317;  Benth.  I.e.;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1554;  Brit.  Fl. 
Card.  n.  ser.^  t.  219.     S.  replans,  Jacq.  Schoenbr.  t.  319.     S.  vircjata,  Ort.—  (Mex.) 

Var.  glabra.  Wholly  glabrous,  even  the  hairy  ring  at  the  nodes  wanting  or  obsolete. 
—  S.  azurea,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  131,  in  part :  that  including  these  three  species.  —  S.  W. 
Texas,  Wright,  &c.     (Mex.,  Ilartwecj.) 

=  =  Flowers  barely  half  inch  long  or  shovter,  and  bilabiate  calyx  a  quarter  inch  long :  corolla- 
tube  hardly  at  all  exserted:  st3-le  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

a.  Annuals  :_  leaves  from  linear-  to  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  into  the  slender  petiole :  inflorescence 
virgate-spiciform,  interrupted,  naked,  the  floral  leaves  or  bracts  very  small :  upper  lip  of  calyx 
ovate  and  entire. 

S.  lanceolata,  VsT'illd.  Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  branched  from  the  base,  5  to 
12  inches  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  irregularly  serrate  witii  obtuse 
appressed  teeth  or  nearly  entire:  the  inconspicuous  floral  ones  lanceolate  or  subulate, 
somewhat  persistent,  seldom  exceeding  the  pedicels :  calyx  minutely  hairy  on  the  nerves, 
deeply  bilabiate ;  its  lower  lip  2-cleft,  the  teeth  ovate  and  mucronatc-acute  :  corolla  small 
(4  lines  long),  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  its  lower  lip  little  prolonged :  lower  fork  of  the  con- 
nective narrowly  linear,  bearing  its  lateral  lobe  nearer  the  insertion.  —  Enum.  37  ;  Jacq.  f. 
Eel.  i.  t.  13.  S.  tric/wstemoides,  Pursli,  Fl.  i.  19. — Plains,. Nebraska  to  Texas,  Arizona,  and 
southward.     Also  E.  Florida,  Leavenworth.     (Mex.) 

S.  subincisa,  Benth.  More  pubescent  above,  a  foot  or  more  high :  leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, incisely  dentate  (inch  or  two  long) ;  the  floral  minute,  ovate,  caducous  :  calyx  gland- 
ular-pilose, hardly  equalling  the  throat  of  the  (half  inch)  corolla;  the  broad  lower  lip 
merely  2-toothed :  lower  fork  of  the  connective  bearing  its  lateral  lobe  at  the  middle.  —  PI. 
Hartw.  20.  — New  Mexico  and  Adjacent  Texas,  Fcndler,  Wriyht,  Bigelow.     (Mex.) 

b.  Perennials,  or  the  Arizonian  species  uncertain :  leaves  ovate,  serrate,  mostly  slender-petioled ; 
those  of  the  iutevnipted  spiciform  or  racemiform  inflorescence  small  and  caducous. 

S.  serotina,  L.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  much  branched,  pubescent:  leaves  ovate  and 
with  truncate  or  subcordate  base,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate  (9  to  20  lines  long)  ;  floral  minute  : 

24 


370  LABIATE.  Salvia. 

racemes  simple,  at  first  oblong,  and  the  flowers  crowded:  calyx  glandular-hirsute,  with 
obiong-campanulate  tube  (3  lines  long  in  fruit)  of  nearly  thrice  the  length  of  the  lips  ; 
upper  lip  broadly  ovate,  acutish ;  lower  deltoid-ovate,  mucronate-acute :  corolla  3  to  5 
lines  long,  tlie  whole  tube  included:  style  beardless.  —  Mant.  25;  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  t.  3 ; 
Chapm.  Fl.  319.  S.  Dominica,  Vahl,  Euum.  i.  233 ;  Swartz,  Obs.  18,  t.  1,  fig.  1,  not  L.  — 
S.  Florida.     (W.  Ind.) 

S.  albiflora,  Mart.  &  Gal.  Glabrous  throughout,  2  to  4  feet  high,  paniculately  branched : 
leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate  (inch  or  two  long) ; 
floral  abruptly  reduced  to  minute  lanceolate  and  subulate  bracts :  clusters  of  rather  loose 
raceme  approximate:  calyx  (often  amethystine-tinged)  with  campanulate  tube  (2  lines 
long),  twice  the  length  of  the  lips ;  upper  lip  broadly  ovate  and  entire  ;  lower  2-toothed 
or  parted  into  broad  acute  lobes:  corolla  (probably  bluish)  4  or  5  lines  long,  with  tube 
almost  included:  style  bearded  along  the  base  of  the  much  longer  upper  lobe. —  (Bull. 
Acad.  Brux.,  ex  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  307  ? )  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  131.  —  S.  Arizona 
or  Mexican  border  near  it,  Thurher,  Scholt.     (Mex.) 

S.  Arizonica.  Glabrous,  except  2  puberulent  lines  down  the  stem,  a  foot  or  more  high  : 
leaves  deltoid-ovate  or  with  abruptly  cuneate  base,  acute,  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate  (an 
inch  long  besides  the  slender  petiole) :  inflorescence  spiciformand  interrupted;  clusters  sev- 
eral-flowered :  pedicels  short  (a  line  long) :  floral'leaves  abruptly  reduced  to  membranaceous 
ovate-lanceolate  and  caudate  bracts,  which  equal  the  flowers  and  are  caducous:  calyx 
4  lines  long,  bilabiate  to  the  middle  or  nearly ;  its  upper  lip  subulately  3-toothed  and 
lower  more  strongly  2-toothed :  corolla  (blue)  fully  half  inch  long,  with  tube  a  little 
exserted  :  style  beardless.  —  S.  Arizona,  on  Mount  Graham,  at  9,250  feet,  Rothrock. 

S.  urticifolia,  L.  A  foot  or  two  high,  villous-pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid,  or  glabrate  : 
leaves  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate,  ovate,  acute,  with  truncate  or  sometimes  cuneate 
base  decurrent  into  a  winged  petiole,  pale  beneath, 2  to  4  inches  long;  floral  all  reduced  to 
small  ovate  and  slender-acuminate  very  caducous  bracts  :  inflorescence  racemose-spiciform, 
of  numerous  and  several-flowered  distant  clusters:  pedicels  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
obiong-campanulate  calyx ;  the  broad  lips  of  which  are  divergent  and  half  the  length  of 
the  tube,  the  upper  mucronately  (often  minutely)  3-toothed,  lower  2-cleft,  its  teeth  broadly 
triangular-ovate  and  mucronate  :  corolla  blue  and  white  (5  or  6  lines  long),  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  its  ample  sinuately  3-lobed  lower  lip  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
upper,  its  broad  middle  lobe  emarginate :  connective  ciliate  opposite  the  insertion;  its 
subulate  antheriferous  fork  obtusely  toothed  toward  the  base,  and  lower  fork  semihastate  : 
style  strongly  villous-bearded  along  the  base  of  its  much  longer  upper  fork.  —  Spec.  i.  24. 
S.  Chu/toni,  M.  A.  Curtis,  Cat.  PI.  N.  Car.,  not  Ell.  1  —  Maryland  and  Kentucky  to  Georgia 
and  Louisiana. 

=  ====  Flowers  onlv  a  third  or  a  quarter  inch  long:  corolla  tube  not  exserted:  inflorescence 
slendcr-spicate  ;  the  flowers  or  small  chisters  mostly  distant, 

a.  Style-lobes  or  stigmas  one  or  both  subulate. 

S.  Chapmani.  Tall  and  erect  perennial,  tomentulose  or  cinereous-puberulent :  leaves 
thickisli,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  with  short  cuneate  base,  somewhat  appressed-serrate  or 
crenulate  (2  or  3  inclies  long) ;  the  floral  all  reduced  to  small  and  membranaceous  ovate 
cordate-acuminate  caducous  bracts:  calyx  campanulate,  in  fruit  2  lines  long;  teeth  sliort 
and  broad,  mucronate:  corolla  4  lines  long  and  with  the  ample  lower  lip  of  the  preceding 
species.  — 5.  urticiJhUa,  var.  major,  Chapm.  Fl.  319.  —  Middle  Florida,  Chapman.  Alabama, 
Buckley. 

S.  Blodgettii,  Chapm.  Fl.  319,  founded  on  incomplete  specimens  from  S.  Florida  (Key 
West),  Blochjetl,  apparently  an  annual,  with  indurated  base;  thin  ovate  leaves  obtuse  at 
both  ends,  about  half  inch  long,  on  filiform  petioles  of  equal  length ;  bracts  of  filiform 
racemes  lanceolate  or  subulate,  rather  persistent,  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  these  a  Ime 
long;  calyx  2  lines,  very  like  that  oi  S.  serotina.  It  may  prove  to  be  either  S.  tenella, 
Swartz,  or  5.  micrantha,  Vahl  (referred  to  it  by  Grisebach),  weedy  and  insignificant  W. 
Indian  species,  likely  to  stray  to  Key  West. 

b.  Style-lobes  or  stigmas  both  broad  and  thin,  roundish,  very  obtuse  or  truncate:  calyx  glandular- 
hirsute. 

S.  OCCidentalis,  Swartz.  Diffuse  annual,  minutely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  up  to 
the  very  slender  inflorescence  (which  has  the  aspect  of  that  of  Verbena  officinalis)  :  stems  2 


Saloia.  LABIATE.  371 

to  6  feet  long :  leaves  ovate,  with  rounded  or  cuneate  base,  serrate ;  floral  or  bracts 
minute,  ovate,  acuminate,  persistent:  flowers  few  in  the  clusters,  subsessilo.  seldom  2  lines 
long  including  the  slightly  exserted  corolla:  calyx  oblong,  with  very  short  pointless  or 
mucronate  teeth,  nearly  closed  in  fruit,  then  only  2  lines  long.  —  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i.  43 ;  Benth. 
in  DC.  1.  c.  296.  —  S.  Florida,  Garher.  (Trop.  Am.,  &c.) 
S.  privoides,  Benth.  1.  c.  Resembles  the  preceding  (and  both  stigmas  in  our  specimens 
obtuse):  but  flowers  more  pedicellate,  larger ;  with  fructiferous  calyx  fully  3  lines  long, 
rather  deeply  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  and  the  lobes  of  the  lower  abruptly  aristulate. — 
Bot  Sulph.  150  &  in  DC.  1.  c.  S.  occidenlalis,  var.  ?  Garberi,  Chapm.  in  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  10. 
—  Manatee,  Southern  Florida,  Garber.  A  much  less  hairy  form  than  the  original,  and  more 
resembling  the  West  Indian  S.  micrantha,  Yahl,  except  in  the  style  and  the  awn-tipped 
calyx-lobes.     (Trop.  Am.) 

++  ++  Shrubby. 
=  Leaves  oblong  or  elliptical,  short-petioled :  calyx  cylindraceous  or  campanulate. 

S.  chamaedryoides,  Cav.  Low,  much  branched,  canescent  and  scabrous :  leaves 
thickish,  more  or  less  crenulate,  obtuse  (less  than  inch  long) ;  bract-like  floral  ones  cadu- 
cous :  flowers  geminate  or  few  in  the  clusters  of  the  raceme :  calyx  cylindracepus-campan- 
ulate  (4  lines  long),  striate,  hispidulous  on  the  nerves  ;  ovate  upper  lip  and  teeth  of  the 
2-parted  lower  lip  acute  or  acuminate,  not  half  the  length  of  the  tube :  corolla  blue,  over 
half  inch  long ;  middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  broader  than  long,  obcordate-lobed.  —  Ic.  ii.  77, 
t.  197 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  808.  S.  Chamaedrys,  Willd.  Hort.  Berol.  t.  29.  —  S.  W.  borders  of 
Texas,  in  cafions  of  the  Rio  Grande,  &c.,  Wright,  Parry.  Specimens  insuflBcient,  probably 
of  this  species.     (Mex.) 

S.  Parryi,  Gray.  Low,  much  branched  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  mostly  with  truncate 
base,  obtuse,  crenate,  short-petioled,  tomentulose-canescent,  as  are  the  branchlets :  bract- 
like floral  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  membranaceous,  glabrous  above,  apparently  persistent, 
longer  than  the  interruptedly  spicate  flowers  :  these  several  in  each  cluster:  calyx  campan- 
ulate, densely  lanate  with  white  dendritic-branched  hairs;  upper  lip  3-toothed,  lower  2- 
clef t,  equalling  the  tube  of  the  short  and  small  (blue  1 )  slightly  dendritic-pubescent 
corolla :  upper  lip  of  the  latter  emarginate  ;  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  ample,  3-lobed,  with 
its  middle  portion  much  larger,  rounded,  and  emarginate :  connectives  free ;  lower  fork 
semihastate,  as  long  as  the  subulate  antheriferous  one.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  369. 
S.  spicata?  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  131,  not  Rcem.  &  Sch.  —  Apache  Springs  on  the  Rio 
Grande,  on  the  borders  of  Texas.  Lower  leaves  not  seen,  upper  9  to  5  and  floral  3  or  4 
lines  long. 

=  =  Leaves  mostly  ovate,  slender-petioled :  calyx  short-funnelform,  in  fruit  with  ampliate  reti- 
culate-veiny 2-3-lobed  limb  exceeding  the  tube  of  the  short  corolla:  lower  fork  of  the  connective 
linear-obloiig:  style  ciliate-bearded  above. 

S.  ballotseflora,  Benth.  (Majorano  of  the  Mexicans.)  Shrub  2  to  8  feet  high, 
tomentulose-canescent:  leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  oblong,  truncate-cuneate  or  subcordate 
at  base,  crenate,  reticulate-veiny,  mostly  rugose,  glabrate  and  green  above,  white  beneatli 
(4  to  12  lines  long) :  flowers  in  short  and  rather  dense  simple  racemes  and  in  axils  of  upper 
ordinary  leaves,  4  lines  long:  calyx  twice  the  length  of  the  pedicel,  in  flower  2  or  barely  3 
and  in  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long,  then  pendulous ;  narrow  tube  striate-nerved ;  its  3  lobes 
broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  almost  equal:  connective  hairy  opposite  its  insertion  :  throat 
of  small  bluish  or  purple  corolla  ventricose-gibbous.  —  Benth.  Lab.  270;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  131.  S.  baUotftflora  &  S.  laxa,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  313.  —  Southern  and  Western 
Texas.  (Adjacent  Mex.) 
S.  PLATYCHEiLA,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   viii.  292,  from  Carmen  Island  in  the  Gulf  of 

California  resembles  the  preceding,  but  has  the  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  similar  to  the  upper, 

except  that  tlie  apex  is  2-toothed. 

§  5.  SclXrea,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Throat  of  calyx  naked,  and  of  corolla  not 
pilose-annulate  :  anterior  portion  of  the  connectives  deflexed,  abruptly  dilated 
and  connected  by  the  callose  lower  extremity,  destitute  of  an  anther-cell,  or  with 
a  sterile  rudiment :  upper  lip  of  corolla  erect  and  concave,  or  falcate-compressed. 
Old  World  species,  sparingly  introduced. 


372  LABIATE.  Salvia. 

S.  SclArea,  L.  (Clary.)  Biennial,  villous-pubescent,  viscid :  stem  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high  : 
leaves  ample,  long-petioled,  ovate  and  cordate,  crenate,  rugose ;  floral  forming  bracts  of 
the  cylindrical  or  interrupted  spike,  ovate,  acuminate,  tinged  with  white  and  rose-color : 
calyx  campanulate;  teeth  spinulose-acuminate :  corolla  white  and  bluish,  rather  large, 
widely  ringent ;  its  short  tube  included;  long  upper  lip  falcate  and  compressed.  —  Penn- 
sylvania, escaped  from  gardens.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

S.  VERBENACEA,  L.,  Muhl.  Perennial,  pubescent  or  villous,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong,  often  cordate  at  base,  obtuse,  mostly  sinuate-incised  or  moderately  pinnatifid 
and  the  lobes  crenate-toothed,  rugose,  almost  glabrous;  the  few  cauhne  mostly  sessile; 
the  floral  inconspicuous,  rounded-ovate :  raceme  interrupted :  calyx  reflexed  after  flower- 
ing; its  broad  and  rounded  upper  lip  recurved-spreading,  with  3  minute  connivent  teeth  ; 
the  lower  of  2  longer  triangular-subulate  and  cuspidate  teeth,  equalling  the  throat  of  the 
small  bluish  corolla,  the  upper  lip  of  which  is  nearly  straight.  —  S-  Cluytoni,  EU.,  excl. 
reference  to  Clayton,  whose  plant  is  S.  h/rata?  — Dry  sandy  pastures  around  Beaufort, 
S.  Carolina,  Elliott.     Sparingly  seen  in  the  Middle  States.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

29.  AUDIBEBTIA,  Benth.  {3f.  Audihert  of  Tarascon,  Provence.)  — 
W.  North  American  (all  Californian,  one  species  of  wider  range),  fruticose  or 
perennial-herbaceous,  mostly  canescent-tomentose ;  with  crenate  or  crenulate  and 
reticulated  leaves,  and  flowers  resembling  those  of  Salvia  of  the  S.  officinalis 
type  :  fl.  spring  and  summer.     (Noted  bee-plants  in  S.  California.) 

§  1.  Inflorescence  densely  verticillastrate-glomerate  and  interrupted-spicate, 
much  bracteate  :  corolla  with  tube  longer  than  the  limb. 

*    Large-flowered:  corolla  fully  inch  and  a  half  long,  crimson-purple;  upper  lip  rather  erect  and 

short,  emarginate :  lower  leaves  cordate  or  hastate  at  base. 
A.  grandiflora,  Benth.  Stem  villous  and  glandular,  stout,'  suffrutescent,  2  or  3  feet 
high :  leaves  very  rugose,  tomentose  beneath,  sinuate-crenate ;  lower  mostly  hastate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse,  3  to  8  inches  long,  on  margined  petioles ;  upper  oblong  and  sessile ;  floral 
and  bracts  of  the  large  heads  broadly  ovate,  membranaceous :  calyx  spathaceous,  deeply 
cleft  between  the  two  small  anterior  cuspidate-tipped  teeth ;  ample  concave  upper  lip 
3-denticuIate :  stamens  much  exserted  :  a  conspicuous  slender  tooth  representing  the  lower 
fork  of  the  connective.  — Lab.  312,  &  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  359;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  38 
(sterile  filaments  wrongly  represented) ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  600.  —  California  Coast  Ranges, 
&c.,  from  San  Mateo  Co.  southward. 

*  *   Smaller-flowered :  corolla  less  than  an  inch  long,  violet  or  bluish :  leaves  not  cordate, 
-t-  Bracts,  upper  floral  lea^-es,  and  bilabiate  calyx  scarious-membranaceous,  reticulated,  usually 

colored,  obtuse  and  muticous  (or  at  most  niucronate);  the  former  large  and  roundish,  half  inch  or 

more  long,  hnbricating  the  close  heads:  corolla  only  half  inch  long,  narrow,  and  with  short  hmb: 

low  suffniticose  species  of  the  interior  arid  region. 
A.  incana,  Benth.  1.  c.     Closely  tomentose-canescent,  leafy  :  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate, 
obtuse  or  'refuse,  not  rugose,  entire  (or   sparsely    crenulate),  seldom  inch  long :  bracts 
obovate  or  oval,  pubescent  and  ciliate,  purple-tinged:  calyx   turbinate;   anterior  teeth 
ovate  or  oblong,  rather  shorter  than  the  truncate  and  emarginate  very  broad  upper  lip : 
stamens  much  exserted :  connective  with  or  without  a  dentiform  appendage.  —Lindl.  Bot. 
Reg.  t.  1469 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  —  From  interior  of  Washington  Terr,  and  Idaho  south  to  Arizona, 
and  along  the  eastern  borders  of  California. 
A.  capitata,  Gray.     Cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  oblong,  acutish,  very  rugose,  crenu- 
late, slender-petioled :  bracts  of  solitary  head  ovate  or  oval,  apparently  whitish :  flowers, 
&c.,'of  the  preceding.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  387,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Providence  Moun- 
tains, San  Bernardino  Co.,  S.  E.  California,  Cooper. 
^_  4_  Bracts  more  or  less  herbaceous,  at  least  not  colored:  leaves  minutely  rugose,  crenulate: 

species  restricted  to  California. 

•t-i-  Corolla  barely  half  inch  long :  all  the  calyx-teeth  and  bracts  subulate  or  aristate-tipped. 
A.  humilis,  Benth.  1.  c.     Stems  simple  and  only  a  span  high  from  a  thickened  suffruti- 
cose  base,  almost  leafless  and  scapiform  :  leaves  crowded  at  the  base,  lanceolate  or  spatu- 
late-oblon'g,  very  obtuse,  finely  rugose,  densely  crenulate,  canescent,  an  inch  or  more  long, 


Audibertia.  LABIATE.  373 

tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  the  mostly  inconspicuous  floral  ones  and  the  bracts  vil- 
lous, membranaceous,  ovate-lanceolate  and  lanceolate:  calyx  distinctly  bilabiate  but 
rather  more  deeply  cleft  between  the  anterior  teetli ;  these  and  tlie  3  teeth  of  the  ample 
concave  upper  lip  subulate  but  not  rigid ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  crenulate-erose  :  stamens 
and  style  long-exserted :  connective  continuous  with  the  filament.  —  From  tlie  Yuba  River 
to  San  Diego  Co.,  but  rare. 
A.  Stachyoides,  Benth.  I.e.  Shrubby,  branching  and  leafy,  a  yard  or  more  high, 
cinereous-tomentulose  or  glabrate,  rigid:  leaves  somewhat  less  rugose  than  in  the  last, 
more  crenate,  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base  or  short-petioled ;  tlie  floral  and  ovate 
or^  oblong  bracts  with  the  teeth  of  the  bilabiate  calyx  cuspidate-acuminate  or  spinulose- 
aristulate  (rarely  almost  muticous)  :  style  and  especially  the  stamens  little  exserted :  sub- 
ulate appendage  of  connective  often  manifest.  —  From  San  Francisco  Bay  to  the  southern 
borders  of  the  State :  forming  thickets. 

•H-  ++  Corolla  from  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  inch  long,  with  tube  much  surpassing  the  calyx  and 
short  more  or  less  pointed  thinnish  bracts:  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  1-3-mucronatc;  teeth'of  the 
lower  cuspidate:  .stamens  and  style  moderately  exserted:  stems  woody  below,  4  to  8  feet  high, 
with  herbaceous  long  and  virpate  branches:  glbmerules  rather  large,  scattered  or  rather  distant: 
foliage  minutely  tomentose-cauescent. 

A.  Palmeri,  Gray.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  (not  unlike  those  of  the  preceding 
species),  the  larger  2  or  3  inches  long:  verticillastrate  heads  several  (4  to  8)  and  remote  in 
the  elongated  virgate  spike :  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate,  slender-cuspidate  or  acuminate  : 
lower  calyx-teeth  subulate-setaceous.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  601.  —  Near  Tighe's  Ranch,  mountains 
north-east  of  San  Diego,  Palmer.  , 

A.  Clevelandi,  Gray.  Leaves  oblong,  or  the.  upper  lanceolate-oblong,  all  obtuse,  sel- 
dom over  an  inch  or  so  in  length  :  heads  fewer,  often  solitary  or  terminating  short  axillary 
branches :  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  mucronate  or  abruptly  short-pointed,  viscid-pubescent, 
as  is  the  calyx ;  the  lower  teeth  of  which  are  short  and  subulate,  the  upper  lip  entire  and 
cuspidate-tipped.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  76,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Mountains  behind  San 
Diego,  Cleveland,  Palmer. 

++++++  Corolla  barel3'  half  inch  long;  its  tube  hardlj-  exceeding  the  herbaceous  obtuse  and 
muticous  bracts  and  calyx  teeth :  whole  plant  hoary-white. 

A.  nivea,  Benth.  Canescent  with  a  close  white-farinose  tomentum,  3  or  4  feet  high, 
shrubby  below,  leafy :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  ovate,  obtuse ;  upper  with 
truncate  base,  very  short-petioled :  bracts  oval  or  oblong  :  calyx  splitting  down  anteriorly, 
at  length  emarginate  posteriorly  :  corolla  light-purple  :  stamens  and  style  mucli  exserted  : 
connective  almost  continuous  with  the  filament. — Lab.  313  &  DC.  1.  c  — Dry  hills,  from 
Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego  Co. 

§  2.  Inflorescence  thyrsoid-paniculate :  floral  leaves,  bracts,  and  bractlets  small 
and  loose,  at  length  reflexed,  lanceolate  or  subulate,  cuspidate-tipped :  corolla  with 
ample  lower  lip  twice  the  length  of  the  upper ;  the  tube  very  short. 

A.  polystachya,  Benth.  1.  c.  Shrubby,  3  to  10  feet  high,  minutely  tomentose-canes- 
cent :  branches  and  elongated  naked  thyrsus  virgate  :  leaves  mostly  very  white,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, minutely  rugose  and  crenulate,  2  or  3  inches  long:  flowers  subsessile,  loose  :  upper 
lip  of  the  calyx  truncate  or  3-toothed,  at  length  concave  or  galeate,  longer  than  the  trian- 
gular-subulate lower  teeth:  corolla  pale  or  white;  lower  lip  half  inch  and  tube  quarter 
inch  long  :  style  and  divergent  stamens  long-exserted  :  filiform  connective  continuous  with 
the  filament,  its  lower  end  usually  indicated  by  a  minute  tooth.  —  Arid  hills,  Santa  Bar- 
bara to  San  Diego  Co.     One  of  the  shrubs  called  Grease-wood. 

30.  MONARDA,  L.  Horse-Mint.  (Nicolas  Monardes,  early  writer  upon 
American  medicinal  plants.) — Aromatic  erect  herbs  (of  Atlantic  N.  America, 
reaching  to  the  Rocky  Mountains),  usually  tall ;  with  the  large  verticillastrate-capi- 
tate  glomerules  single,  or  as  if  proliferous-spicate,  or  in  upper  axils,  and  involu- 
crate  by  numerous  sometimes  colored  outer  bracts  and  floral  leaves  :  flowers  rather 
large,  in  summer.     (Gray,  Pi'oc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  369.) 


374  LABIATE.  Monarda. 

§  1.  EumonXrda,  Benth.     Heads  solitary  and  terminal  or  sometimes  2  or  3,  as 

if  proliferous  :  stamens  and  style  consi)icuously  exserted  from  the  linear  and  mostly 

acute  upper  lip  of  the  (red,  purple,  or  white)  corolla :  leaves  acutely  more  or  less 

sei'rate,  pinnately  veiny  :  root  perennial. 
*    Leaves  distinctly  petioled:  calyx-teeth  little  if  at  all  longer  than  the  width  of  the  tube:  corolla 
with  middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  longer  and  narrower,  eniarginate. 

M.  didyma,  L.  (Oswego  Tea,  Bee-Balm.)  Villous-hirsute  to  glabrate:  stem  acutely 
4-angled  :  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate :  bracts,  &c.,  tinged  with  red :  calyx 
slightly  hirsute  in  the  throat;  teeth  narrowly  subulate :  corolla  nearly  glabrous,  scarlet- 
red  (U  or  2  inches  long).  — Spec.  i.  22;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  540;  Schk.  Handb.  t.  2.  M. 
purpurea,  Lara  Diet.  iv.  256.  M.Jisiulosa,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  145.  M.  coccinea,  Michx.  ¥1. 
i.  16;  Desc.  Ant.  v.  t.  369.  M.  Kalmiana, Fursh,  Fl.  i.  17,  1. 1.  M.  Oswer;oensis,BnTt.  Prodr. 
Penn.  i.  34.  —  Wet  banks  of  streamlets,  Canada  to  Michigan,  and  south  to  Georgia  in  the 
mountains  ;  also  in  gardens. 

M.  clinopodia,  L.  Nearly  glabrous  to  villous-pubescent :  stem  rather  acutely  angled : 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  ovate,  slender-petioled,  thin,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate : 
bracts  whitish :  calyx  moderately  hirsute  in  the  throat :  corolla  slightly  pubescent,  dull 
white  or  flesh-colored,  an  inch  long.  —  Spec.  i.  22,  excl.  syn.  Gronov.  M.  glabra,  Lam. 
Diet.  iv.  256.  M.  rur/osa,  Ait  Kew.  ed.  1,  i.  36.  M.  altissima,  Willd.  Enum.  33 ;  Rcichcnb. 
Ic.  Exot.  ii.  t.  182.  P ycnanlhemum  MonardeUa,  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  8,  t.  34.  Monardella  Carolin- 
iana,  Benth.  Lab.  332.  —  Shady  places,  ravines,  &c.,  W.  Canada  to  Illinois,  and  along  the 
mountains  to  Georgia. 

M.  fistulosa,  Li.  1.  c.  Soft-pubescent  with  short  hairs,  or  somewhat  hairy,  or  glabrate  : 
stem  mostly  with  obtuse  angles :  leaves  commonly  of  firmer  texture  than  in  the  preceding : 
bracts  whitish  or  rarely  purplish,  the  inner  mostly  hirsute-ciliate :  calyx  conspicuously  and 
densely  bearded  at  the  throat :  corolla  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  upper  lip,  purple  or  pur- 
plish-dotted, an  inch  or  more  long.  —  Origanum  JisUdosum  Canadense,  Cornuti,  Canad.  1.3, 
t.  14.  Moiiarda  oblongata.  Ait.  1.  c,  narrow-leaved  form.  M.  longifolia.  Lam.  1.  c,  narrow- 
leaved  form.  M.  allophylla,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  16.  M.  varians,  Bart.  1.  c.  M.  involucrata,  and 
many  others,  Wenderoth,  Sem.  hort.  Marb.  M.  altissima,  mollis  (Willd.),  undulata  (Tausch), 
&affinis  (Link),  Reichenb.  Ic.  Exot.  t.  170,  171,  181,  182.— Dry  soil,  Canada  and  Vermont 
to  Florida  and  Texas,  west  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Arizona.  The  following  are  the  more 
marked  forms  of  this  polymorphous  species. 

Var.  rubra.  Corolla  bright  crimson-  or  rose-red :  habit  of  M.  didyma,  but  upper  lip 
of  corolla  villous-bearded  on  the  back  at  tip :  throat  of  calyx  conspicuously  hirsute,  with 
external  bristly  hairs  widely  spreading.  —  M.  purpurea,  Pursh,  1.  c,  excl.  syn.  Bot.  Mag.1 
—  Alleghany  Mountains,  in  moist  ground. 

Var.  media.  Corolla  deep  purple.  —  M.  media,  Willd.  Enum.  32 ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl. 
Gard.  t.  98.  ^1/.  purpurea,  Lodd.  Cab.  1. 1396.  —  Alleghany  and  soutliern  Rocky  Mountains. 
Var.  mollis,  Benth.  Corolla  from  flesh-color  to  lilac,  glandular,  and  its  upper  lip 
liairy  outside  or  more  bearded  at  the  tip:  leaves  paler,  soft-pubescent  beneath,  often 
shorter-petioled ;  throat  of  the  calyx  mostly  filled  with  dense  beard,  with  or  without  an 
external  ring  of  more  bristly  widely  spreading  hairs.  —  M.  mollis,  L.  Amoen.  Acad  iii.  399; 
Reichenb.  1.  c.  t.  171.  M.  scabra.  Beck  (in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  x.  260),  &  M.  menthce/olia, 
Graham,  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2958  ;  form  with  smaller  firmer  leaves  and  stem  roughish-liirsute 
on  the  angles.  M.  Lindheimeri,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  PI.  Lindh.  i.  20.  —  This  extends  to  Sas- 
katchewan, Brit.  Columbia,  interior  of  Oregon  and  Arizona. 

*  *  Leaves  subsessile  or  very  short-petioled;  floral  ones  often  purplish  or  whitish:  corolla  flesh- 
color  or  whitish,  its  lower  lip"  usually  spotted  with  purple:  calyx-teeth  loose  or  stellate-spreading 
after  flowering:  stem  slender:  head  solitary. 

M.  Bradburiana,  Beck.  Pubescent  with  slender  hairs  or  glabrate :  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate  from  a  broad  roundish  or  subcordate  base,  acuminate :  calyx  hirsute  and 
somewhat  contracted  at  the  orifice  ;  its  teeth  elongated  and  aristiform :  tube  of  the  corolla 
not  exceeding  the  long  and  narrow  pubescent  upper  lip;  the  middle  lobe  of  its  broad 
lower  lip  much  longer  than  the  lateral  ones. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  x.  260;  Benth.  Lab.  317. 
^f.  Jistulosa,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3310,  excl.  syn.  M.  amplexicaulis,  Bischoff,  Ind.  Sem. 
Heidelb.  1838.  M.  villosa,  Martens ;  Walp.  Repert.  iii.  683.  —  Thickets,  Illinois  to  Tennes- 
see and  Kansas. 


Monarda.  LABIATiE.  375 

M.  Russelliana,  Nutt.  Slender,  sparingly  pubescent :  leaves  lanceolate  or  narrowly 
ovate-lanceolate  from  a  rounded  or  subcordate  base:  calyx  naked  at  orifice ;  its  slender- 
subulate  teeth  muricate-glandular :  corolla  nearly  glabrous,  slender,  with  long  and  much 
exserted  tube;  lower  lip  shorter,  obscurely  3-lobed  at  the  extremity.  —  Tra v.  Arkans.  & 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  185 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2613  &  Exot.  Fl.  t.  130 ;  Sweet, 
Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  166.  —  Arkansas,  NuttaU,  T.  L.  Hwve.y. 

-  %  2.  Cheilyctis,  Benth,  Heads  (i.  e.  verticillastrate  glomerules)  commonly 
in  the  axils  of  all  the  upper  pairs  of  leaves,  or  interrupted-spicate,  foliose-brac- 
teate :  upper  face  of  the  floral  leaves  and  larger  bracts  often  canescent  and  some- 
times purple-tinged  :  corolla  with  shorter  almost  included  tube,  more  dilated  throat, 
and  oblong  lips;  the  upper  arching,  emarginate  or  cleft  at  apex  (either  sparsely 
bearded  or  glabrous  in  the  same  species),  seldom  at  all  surpassed  by  the  stamens ; 
lower  with  middle  lobe  often  broadest :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sparsely  ser- 
rate or  denticulate,  tapering  into  the  petiole :  minute  pubescence  more  or  less 
cinereous.  —  Gheilyctis^  Raf.     Monarda  §  Coryanthm,  Nutt. 

*  Corolla  j'ellowish  with  copious  brown-purple  spots :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate-  or  triangular-subulate : 
floral  leaves  and  involucrate  bracts  mostly  muticous:  root  perennial. 

M.  punctata,  L.  (Horse-Mint.)  Stem  commonly  2  feet  high:  floral  leaves  and  bracts 
(either  whitened  or  purplish  or  both)  often  slender-acuminate :  calyx-teeth  rigid,  soon  stellate- 
spreading,  hardly  longer  than  the  width  of  the  villous  orifice  of  the  tube.  —  Spec.  i.  22 ; 
Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  546  ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  87.  M.  lutea,  Michx.  Fi.  i.  16.  —  Sandy  ground,  New 
York  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Varies  in  foliage,  pubescence,  &o., 
passing  into 

Var.  lasiodonta,  Gray,  1.  c,  with  throat  and  teeth  of  calyx  densely  villous:  plant 
sometimes  robust,  often  smaller,  and  narrow-leaved.  —  Texas,  Drummond.  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona,  Wislizenus,  Wooodhouse,  RothrocL 

*  *    Corolla  white  or  pinkish,  not  spotted,  but  more  or  less  punctate:  calyx-teeth  aristiform  or 
subulate-setaceous :  involucral  bracts  conspicuously  aristate-tipped :  root  annual. 

M.  pectinata,  Nutt.  Rather  low  and  slender :  floral  leaves  and  bracts  of  the  compara- 
tively small  heads  mostly  green ;  the  latter  oblong,  short-aristate,  obscurely  3-nerved,  hir- 
sute-ciliate  :  calyx-teeth  subulate-setaceous  from  a  broad  base,  soon  spreading,  villous-hir- 
sute  within,  twice  the  length  of  the  width  of  the  very  villous  orifice.  —  PI.  Gamb.  182, 
M.  citriodora,  var.  aristdata,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  369,  in  part,  where  Nuttall's  name 
was  inadvertently  written  "  M^  penicillata."  —  New  Mexico,  near  Santa  Fe',  Gambel.  Not 
since  seen.     Seemingly  a  hybrid  between  M.  punctata  and  M.  citriodora. 

M.  clinopodioides.  Slender,  a  foot  or  more  high :  bracts  of  the  rather  small  heads 
mostly  green  or  greenish,  erect,  oblong-ovate  to  obovate-lanceolate,  rigid,  strongly  3-6- 
nerved,  hispid-ciliate :  calyx-teeth  always  erect,  rigid,  aristiform-attenuate  (tapering  grad- 
ually from  the  base),  fully  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  hirsute  tube,  purplish,  sparsely 
hispid;  throat  densely  short-villous.  —  M.  aristata.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3526,  not  Nutt.  ~  M. 
citriodora,  var.  aristdata,  Gray,  1.  c,  in  part.  —  Texas,  Di~ummond,  Wright,  Reverchon. 

M.  citriodora,  Cerv.  Usually  more  robust,  the  larger  forms  (2  or  3  feet  high)  with  the 
aspect  of  M.  punctata:  bracts  narrowly  oblong,  similarly  whitened  or  purple-tinged,  at 
least  their  spreading  or  recurving  and  abruptly  aristulate  or  slender  aristate  tips  :  throat 
of  the  calyx  densely  villous;  the  teeth  slender-aristiform,  at  length  usually  spreading, 
|ialf  or  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  mostly  glabrous  tube,  from  sparsely  hirsute-plumose 
with  long  soft  hairs  to  naked.  —  Cervantes  in  Lag.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  2  (1816) ;  Gray,  1.  c, 
the  var.  tenui-aristata.  M.  aristata,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  186 ;  Benth. 
Lab.  318,  &  DC.  I.  c.  363:  excl.  the  char,  of  the  calyx-teeth  at  the  close,  which  was  taken 
from  M.  punctata,  var.  lasiodonta.  —  Plains  of  Nebraska  to  Texas,  Eastern  Colorado,  and 
Arizona.  (Mex.) 
M.  GRACILIS,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  17,  described  from  a  specimen  in  Lyon's  herbarium,  said  to 

come  from  the  mountains  of  South  Carolina  (to  which  Virginia  and  the  accustomed  v.  v.  are 

added  by  Pursh),  is  not  identified  by  the  description.    It  may  not  improbably  be  Pycnanlhe- 

mum  montanum,  Michx. 


376  LABIATE.  Blephilia. 

31.  BLEPHfLIA,  Raf.  (From  ^Ucpagig,  the  eye-lash,  suggested  by  the 
conspicuously  ciliate  bracts,  &c.)  —  Perenuial  herbs,  of  the  Atlantic  United 
States,  resembling  3fonarda  in  foliage,  &c.,  but  with  smaller  verticillastrate-capi- 
tate  glomerules,  the  upper  more  spicate ;  and  small  purple  or  bluish-white  corolla, 
with  the  lower  lip  darker-spotted :  fl.  summer. 

B.  ciliata,  Raf.  Stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  often  simple,  downy  with  short  soft  pubes- 
cence :  leaves  short-petioled,  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  serrate ;  the  upper  sessile  and 
mostly  narrowed  at  base ;  lower  floral  siijiilar,  uppermost  and  outer  bracts  of  the  mostly 
spicate-approximate  heads  ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  chartaceo-membranaceous,  some- 
what colored,  strongly  ciliate,  conspicuously  many-nerved  from  a  stout  midrib,  about 
equalling  the  calyx :  corolla  villous-pubescent  outside,  purple.  —  Jour.  Phys.  Ixxxix.  98 ; 
Benth.  Lab.  319  &  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  364.  Monarda  ciliata,  L.  Spec.  i.  23  (Pluk.  Aim.  t.  164, 
fig.  3;  Moris.  Hist.  iii.  sect.  11,  t.  8,  fig.  6.)  —  Dry  ground,  Penn.  (and  recently  at  Hadley, 
Mass. ),  to  Wisconsin,  Georgia,  and  Missouri.   Varies  westward  with  more  villous  pubescence. 

B.  hirsuta,  Benth.  1.  c.  Taller,  loosely  branching,  villous-hirsute :  leaves  slender-peti- 
oled,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  rounded  or  subcordate  base  ;  lower  floral 
similar,  subtending  remote  heads ;  upper  floral  and  the  bracts  lanceolate  and  linear,  subu- 
late or  aristate,  few-nerved,  hirsute  with  long  hairs,  as  is  the  calyx  :  corolla  less  pubes- 
cent, pale,  with  some  conspicuous  dark  spots. — B.  nepetoides,  Raf.  1.  c.  Monarda  hirsuta, 
Pursh,  Fl.  i.  19.  M.  ciliata,  Michx.  Fl.  i.  16,  not  L.  —  Moist  shady  places,  Canada  and 
"Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  south  to  Missouri  and  E.  Texas,  and  through  the  Alleghanies  to 
Georgia. 

32.  LOPHANTHUS,  Benth.  {A6(fog,  crest,  and  avOog,  flower:  appli- 
cation not  evident.)  —  Perennial  erect  herbs  (of  N.  America  and  N.  E.  Asia), 
mostly  tall  and  coarse ;  with  serrate  and  veiny  petioled  leaves,  the  lower  usually 
subcordate  and  the  upper  ovate,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  and  sessile  verticillas- 
trate  glomerules,  which  are  congested  into  a  terminal  spike,  either  continuous  or 
interrupted  below :  floral  leaves  reduced  to  short  ovate  and  acuminate  bracts. 
Nutlets  minutely  hairy  or  glandular  at  the  top.  Fl.  summer.  —  Bot.  Reg.  xv.  & 
Lab.  462.     Agastache,  Clayt.,  Gronov.  Virg.  ed.  2,  88. 

*    Calyx-teeth  green  and  herbaceous,  ovate,  obtuse :  corolla  greenish-yellow,  almost  included. 

L.  nepetoides,  Benth.  1-  c.  Glabrous  or  barely  puberulent:  stem  '2^  to  5  feet  high, 
acute-angled:  leaves  ovate,  acute :  spike  cylindrical,  linear,  nearly  continuous.  —  Hyssopus 
nepetoides,  L.  Spec.  ii.  569 ;  Jacq.  Vind.  t.  69.  —  Borders  of  woods,  Vermont  and  Connecti- 
cut to  Wisconsin,  and  south  to  mountains  of  Carolina  and  Texas. 

*    *   Calyx-teeth  acute,  membranaceous,  more  or  less  colored :  corolla  purplish  or  bluish,  more  con- 
spicuous. 

L.  scrophularisefolius,  Benth.  1.  c.  Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  sjtout  -.  leaves  ovate  or  the 
lower  cordate,  acuminate,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  glabrous  :  spikes  thickish,  mostly 
interrupted,  4  to  16  inches  long:  calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  whitish  :  corolla  dull 
purplish.  —  H.  scrophularicefolius,  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  48.  —  Borders  of  thickets,  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  mountains  of  N.  Carolina. 

L.  anisatus,  Benth.  1-  c.  Glabrous  or  very  minutely  puberulent,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves 
ovate,  often  subcordate,  canescent  beneath,  anisate-scented  when  crushed :  spike  short  and 
narrow,  interrupted,  sometimes  leafy  below  and  paniculate :  calyx  canescently  puberu- 
lent ;  the  teeth  ovate-lanceolate  and  merely  acute,  tinged  with  purple  or  violet :  corolla 
blue.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1282.  Hyssopus  anisatus,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  27.  II.  discolor,  Desf.  Cat.  Par. 
Stackys  fceniculum,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  407.  —  Plains,  Wisconsin  to  Saskatchewan,  the  northern 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  Nebraska. 

L.  urticifolius,  Benth.  1.  c.  Like  the  last,  but  leaves  green  both  sides,  mostly  crenate 
and  more  or  less  cordate,  sweet-aromatic :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate  : 
corolla  light  violet  or  purplish.  —  Western  slopes  of  RockyMountains  to  Oregon,  Nevada, 
and  California. 


Nepeta.  LABIATE.  377 

33.  CEDR0N:6LLA,  Moench.  (Diminutive  of  Ksdqiov,  oil  of  cedar, 
from  the  sweet-scented  leaves  of  G.  triphylla  of  the  Canaries  and  Madeira,  the 
Balm-of-Gilead  of  English  gardens.)  —  The  following  are  the  other  species; 
sweet-odorous  perennials;  with  petioled  leaves,  and  flesh-colored  or  purplish 
flowers,  in  summer.  —  Meth.  411  ;  Benth.  Lab.  501. 

§  I.  Tube  of  corolla  little  exserted  beyond  the  ample  calyx,  its  throat  inflated  : 
stamens  shorter  than  the  upper  lip :  flowers  rather  few,  loosely  and  almost  simply 
spicate. 

C.  COrdata,  Benth.  I.  c.  Low,  hirsute-pubescent,  producing  long  leafy  runners :  leaves 
long-petioled,  cordate,  crenate ;  the  floral  reduced  to  ovate  bracts,  each  subtending  1  to  3 
short-pedicelled  minutely  bracteolate  flowers  :  calyx  campanulate :  corolla  purplish,  hairy 
inside,  over  an  inch  long.  —  DracocepMum  cordatum,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  35.  —  Moist  shady  banks, 
W.  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  mountains  of  N.  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

§  2.  Corolla  slender,  with  tube  exserted  beyond  the  narrow  calyx  :  stamens 
exserted  :  erect  herbs  of  the  Mexican  region ;  with  the  verticillastrate  glomerules 
or  condensed  cymes  iuterrupted-spicate  in  the  manner  of  Lophanthus,  but  less 
condensed. 

C.  Mexicana,  Benth.  Puberulent  or  almost  glabrous :  stems  1  to  3  feet  high :  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  ovate  and  cordate,  crenate-dentate;  lower  floral  sessile  and 
often  entire;  upper  ones  lanceolate  and  reduced  to  short  bracts  of  the  many -flowered 
spicate  clusters :  teeth  of  the  purplish  calyx  subulate :  corolla  bright  pink  (an  inch  or 
more  long),  thrice  the  length  of  the  caAyx.  —  Dracocephalum  Mexicanum,  HBK.  Nov.  Gen. 
&  Spec.  ii.  322,  t.  160.  Gardoquia  betonicoides,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxiv.  misc.  86 ;  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  3860.  —  Mountains  of  S.  Arizona,  near  Santa  Cruz,  Wright.  A  form  with  mainly 
ovate  and  obtuse  coarsely  crenate  leaves,  resembling  C.  pallida,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxxii.  t.  29, 
but  with  (inch  long)  much  exserted  corolla.     (Mex.) 

Var.  c4na,  Gray.  Pale  and  very  minutely  cinereous,  or  inclined  to  be  so :  leaves 
smaller  (half  to  inch  and  a  half  long),  less  toothed:  corolla  an  inch  long  or  sometimes 
much  smaller.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  370.  C.  cana,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4618;  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  133,  chiefly.— New  Mexico,  Wright,  Bigelow,  &c.  A  form  with  much  smaller 
(seemingly  not  well-developed)  flowers  is  C. pallida,  var.,  Torr.  1.  c.  and  Hyptis  spicata  ?  Torr. 
1.  c.  129. —  S.  Arizona,  Wright,  Thurber.  (Adjacent  Mex.) 
C.  micrantha,  Gray,  1.  c.  Puberulent :  stems  slender,  branching  above :  leaves  thin, 
slender-petioled,  coarsely  crenate-dentate ;  the  lower  cordate-ovate,  obtuse ;  upper  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong ;  upper  floral  reduced  to  minute  bracts  and  shorter  than  the  calyx  : 
capitate  clusters  sessile,  many-flowered,  mostly  approximate  in  a  cylindrical  naked  spike  : 
calyx  ovate-campanulate,  less  than  2  lines  long,  greenish ;  the  triangular-subulate  teeth 
about  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  corolla  (whitish,  barely  2  lines  long)  and  stamens  little 
exserted.  —  S.  W.  Texas,  towards  the  border  of  New  Mexico  (station  not  recorded),  Wright. 
Spikes  2  inches  long. 

34.  NEPETA,  L.  Cat-Mint.  (Probably  from  the  Etrurian  city  iVe/je^e.) — 
A  large  genus  in  the  Old  World ;  two  are  naturalized  weeds  in  the  New,  repre- 
senting, distinct  sections,  differing  in  habit  and  inflorescence,  rather  than  in  the 
flowers,  which  are  produced  all  summer. 

N.  CatAria,  L.  (Catnip.)  Erect,  branched,  tall,  minutely  tomentose:  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong  and  cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  green  above,  canescent  beneath :  glomerate  cymes 
many-flowered,  spicate-crowded  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches,  subtended  by  small 
floral  leaves:  bracts  and  calyx-teeth  slender-subulate,  soft:  corolla  whitish  with  some 
dark  dots;  tlie  middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  crenate-dentate.  —  Common  eastward,  especially 
near  dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

N.  Glech6ma,  Benth.  Procumbent  or  creeping,  slender,  somewhat  pubescent,  equally  leafy 
throughout :  leaves  long-petioled,  reniform  or  round-cordate,  coarsely  crenate :  flov/ers  2  or 


378  LABIATE.  Dracuccphalum. 

3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  short-pedicelled  :  bracts  setaceous  :  calyx-teeth  seta- 
ceous-acuminate from  a  broad  base,  soon  spreading :  corolla  light  blue,  inch  or  less  long : 
pairs  of  stamens  very  unequal :  anthers  in  perfect  flowers  closely  approximate  in  pairs ; 
the  anther-cells  diverging  at  a  right  angle,  and  each  pair  forming  a  cross  :  but  the  plant  is 
gynodioecious,  i.  e.  some  produce  only  female  flowers  with  abortive  stamens.  —  Lab.  485. 
Glechoma  hederacea,  L.  —  Damp  or  shady  places  east  of  the  Mississippi,  in  woods  as  well  as 
near  dwellings.    Popularly  named  Gill-over-the-Ground.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

35.  DRACOCifiPHALUM,  Tourn.  Dragon-head  (as  the  name,  com- 
posed of  d()dy.a)v  and  xscf.ah},  denotes).  —  Herbs,  chiefly  of  North  Asia,  one 
North  American,  peculiar  for  its  small  and  included  corolla. 

D.  parviflorum,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  6  to  20  inches  high,  rather  stout,  some- 
what pubescent :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  petioled,  incisely  dentate,  or  the  lower  pin- 
natifid-incised ;  the  lower  floral  similar :  flowers  numerous  in  sessile  glomerules  crowded  in 
a  thick  terminal  leafy-bracted  head  or  short  spike  interrupted  at  base :  bracts  pectinate- 
laciniate  and  the  teeth  aristate :  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  the  others  lanceolate  and 
subulate-acuminate:  corolla  bluish,  slender,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Gen.  ii.  35; 
Benth.  in  DC.  xii.  400.  Rocky  or  gravelly  soil,  N.  New  York  (shore  of  Lake  Ontario)  and 
L.  Superior,  to  Brit.  Columbia,  and  along  the  mountains  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico  :  fl.  spring. 

36.  SCUTELLARIA,  L.  Skullcap.  (Scutella,  a  dish  or  platter,  from 
the  form  of  the  fruiting  cal}'x.)  —  Large  and  widely  diffused  genus,  of  bitter 
(not  aromatic)  chiefly  perennial  herbs,  rarely  undershrubby ;  with  single  (mostly 
blue  or  bluish)  flowers  in  the  axils  of  leaves,  or  when  the  floral  leaves  are  reduced 
to  bracts  then  in  (commonly  secund)  spikes  or  racemes  :  fl.  spring  and  summer. 
Corolla  arrect.  All  but  two  of  our  species  are  perennial,  and  the  flowers  ha  all 
are  opposite,  one  in  each  axil. 

§  1.  Nutlets  wingless,  mostly  marginless,  on  a  low  or  slightly  elevated  gynobase. 

*  Flowers  small  (only  a  quarter  inch  long),  in  axillary  and  sometimes  also  terminal  racemes. 
S.  lateriflora,  L.  (Mad-dog  Skullcap.)  Glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  :  leaves 
thin,  oblong-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  rounded  at  base, 
slenderpetioled  ;  the  lower  floral  ones  of  the  terminal  racemes  similar :  lips  of  the  corolla 
short,  equal  in  length.  —  Spec.  ii.  598;  Lam.  Diet.  t.  515;  Raf.  Med.  Fl.  t.  84;  Bart.  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  i.  t.  2L  —  Wet  borders  of  streams,  Canada  to  Florida,  New  Mexico,  and  north- 
wardly to  Oregon  and  Brit.  Columbia. 
*  *   Flowers  larger  (half  to  full  inch  long),  iu  terminal  single  or  panicled  racemes,  which  are 

commonly  more  or  less  leafy  below,  the  floral  leaves  being  gradually  reduced  to  bracts. 
•1—  Cauline  leaves  all  cordate,  crenate-toothed,  and  slender-petioled  :  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla 

almost  equalling  the  short  upper  lip  :  anthers  minutely  ciliate. 
S.  versicolor,  Nutt.  Soft-pubescent:  stem  rather  stout,  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves 
rugosely  very  veiny,  broadly  cordate,  mostly  obtuse  (3  or  4  inches  long) ;  the  floral  ovate, 
entire  (half  inch  long),  crowded:  racemes  glandular-pubescent:  corolla  bright  blue  with 
lower  side  and  lip  whitish.  —  Gen.  ii.  38.  S.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Car.  163  ?  S.  cordifolia, 
Muhl.  Cat.  —  Banks  of  streams,  Penn.  and  Wisconsin  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

Var.  bracteata,  Benth.  Robust,  with  larger  and  firmer  floral  leaves,  many  of  the 
lower  occasionally  longer  than  the  flowers,  which  thus  appear  to  be  axillary  rather  than 
racemose.  —  Lab.  433.  —  Texas. 

Var.  minor,  Chapm.  Low,  slender,  and  thin-leaved  :  floral  leaves  small.  — Fl.  323. 
S.  rugosa,  Wood,  Class-Book.  —  Mountains  of  "Virginia,  &c. 
S.  saxatilis,  Riddell.  Slightly  and  sparsely  pubescent,  or  glabrous  :  stems  slender,  weak, 
ascending  (a  span  or  two  high),  stoloniferous  from  the  base:  leaves  thin,  moderately 
veiny,  cordate-ovate,  obtuse,  crenate-dentate  (inch  or  two  long) ;  floral  ovate  or  oblong, 
entire:  raceme  simple,  loose:  corolla  light  blue.  —  Cat.  PI.  Ohio,  Suppl.  (1836)  14  ;  Benth. 
in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  422 ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  1,  327.  —  Shaded  moist  banks,  Delaware  to  Ohio 
and  Tennessee. 


Scutellaria.  LABIATE.  379 

V ar.  arguta.  Pilose-pubescent :  thin  leaves  narrower,  acutish,  more  deeply  crenate- 
dentate.  — S.  arguta,  Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlv.  175;  Chapm.  Fl.  323.  S.  saxalilis, 
var.  ?  pilosior,  Benth.  1.  c,  at  least  in  part.  S.  Chamcedrys,  Slmttleworth  in  Ind.  Sein.  Lips., 
on  char.  —  Mountains  of  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

+-  -)—  Cauline  leaves  creiiate-dentaie  or  serrate,  onlv  the  lowest  if  any  cordate  at  base,  more  or 
less  petioled :  lateral  lobes  of  the  blue  corolla  shorter  than  the  galeate  upper  lip  and  more  con- 
nected with  it.  "  ^f       V 

++  Corolla  a  full  inch  long,  nearly  glabrous  :  stem  (a  foot  or  two  high)  and  loosely  flowered  some- 
what leafy  erect  raceme  simple,  or  rarely  a  pair  of  racemes  at  tlie   base  of  the  terminal  one: 
leaves  (3  to  5  pairs)  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  acute  at  base,  2  to  4 
inches  long;  the  lowest  floral  usually  large  and  similar;  upper  entire  and  lanceolate. 
S.  montana,  Chapm.     Soft-pubescent :  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  the  lowest  subcordate  : 
calyx  velvety-pubescent :  tube  of  the  corolla  ampliate  upward,  and  the  lips  very  broad, 
the  upper  emarginate.  —  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  11.  —  Dry  woods  and  fields,  in  the  mountains  of 
the  north-western  part  of  Georgia,  Chapman. 
S.  serrata,   Andr.     Glabrous,  or  obscurely  pubescent:  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-ob- 
long :  corolla  with  narrow  tube,  moderately  ampliate  throat,  and  rather  narrow  upper  lip. 
—  Bot.  Rep.  t.  494;  Benth.  in  DC.  I.  c.  422.  — Woods,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  N.  Carolina. 
++  ++  Corolla  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  inch  long,  canescently  puberulent :  racemes  numerous, 
thyvsoid-paniculafe,  many -flowered. 

S.  canescens,  Nutt.  Minutely  and  canescently  pubescent :  stem  2  to  4  feet  high, 
leafy  :  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  crenate-serrate,  acute  (3  or  4  inches 
long),  the  base  obtuse  or  rounded,  or  of  the  uppermost  acute,  and  lowest  occasionally  sub- 
cordate,  the  upper  surface  green  and  glabrous,  the  lower  canescent,  as  also  the  racemes 
and  especially  the  calyx :  upper  lip  of  corolla  considerably  surpassing  the  lower.  —  Gen. 
ii.  38 ;  Benth.  1.  c.  S.  puhescens  &  S.  incana,  Muhl.  Cat.  S.  serrata,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  703, 
not  Andr.  —  River-banks,  W.  Canada  and  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  the  mountains  of  Carolina 
and  N.  Alabama.     Varies  with  the  foliage  greener,  only  a  little  paler  beneath,  and  in 

Var.  punctata,  Chapm.,  glabrate  and  minutely  punctate  beneath.  —  Georgia  and 
Florida,  Chapman. 

++  -H-  ++  Corolla  half  inch  long,  nearly  glabrous :  raceme  simple  and  terminal,  or  also  from  the 
axils  of  one  or  two  pairs  of  leaves. 

S.  pilosa,  Michx.  Hirsute-pubescent:  stem  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high:  leaves  rather 
remote,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  crenate,  veiny  (inch  or  two  long) ;  the  lower  subcordate  and 
slender-petioled ;  upper  cuneate  at  base  and  subsessile;  floral  oblong:  bracts  of  the  oblong 
raceme  spatulate.  —  Fl.  ii.  11 ;  Benth.  I.e.  S.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Car.  163?  S.  elUptica, 
Muhl.  Cat.  ■?  S.  polymorpha,  C.  Hamilton,  Monogr.  39,  in  part,  ex  Benth.  —  Dry  or  sterile 
ground,  S.  New  York  and  Michigan  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

Var.  hirsuta,  a  large  form,  sometimes  nearly  3  feet  high,  more  hirsute :  larger  leaves 
2  or  3  inches  long,  very  coarsely  crenate.  —  <S.  hirsuta,  Short,  Cat.  PI.  Kentucky.  —  Richer 
soil,  Kentucky,  Short. 

Var.  ovalifolia,  Benth.,  a  form  with  shorter  and  finer  pubescence,  and  narrower 
less  veiny  leaves.  —  S.  ovalifoUa,  Pers.  Syn.  ii.  136.  — New  Jersey  to  Virginia.    . 
S.  viLLOSA,  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  90,  from  upper  part  of  Georgia  (villous,  and  with  lanceolate  leaves 

3  or  4^  inches  long,  coarsely  dentate  and  acute  at  both  ends,  brachiate  racemes,  but  flowers 

not  seen),  is  not  identified. 

^—  +-  -)—  Cauline  leaves  entire  (except  in  the  first  species),  obtuse,  narrowed  at  base:  racemes 
mostly  simple  and  terminal,  leafy  below :  corolla  blue,  upwardly  much  ampliate  and  with  large 
lips. 
,    ++  These  much  shorter  than  the  downwardly  attenuate  tubular  portion :  pubescence  wholly  soft 
or  cinereous. 

S.  integrifolia,  L.  Manifestly  pubescent  or  puberulent:  stems  mostly  simple  from  a 
fibrous  root,  8  to  20  inches  high,  slender:  leaves  thinnish,  from  oblong  to  nearly  linear,  an 
inch  or  more  long;  the  upper  narrowed  at  base  and  subsessile  or  short-petioled ;  lowest 
varying  to  ovate  or  even  cordate  and  slender-petioled,  often  with  a  few  coarse  crcnatures 
or  obtuse  teeth :  corolla  slightly  pubescent,  near  an  inch  long ;  lower  lip  about  equalling 
the  upper:  anthers  long-ciliate  :  nutlets  tuberculate. —  (Pluk.  Aim.  t.  313,  fig.  4.)  5.  inte- 
grifolia &  5.  hyssopifolia,  L.  Spec.  ii.  599,  the  latter  a  narrow-leaved  form.  S.  Caroliniana, 
Lam.  111.  t.  515,  fig.  3.  S.  polymorpha,  A.  Hamilton,  Monogr.  38,  in  part.  — Dry  ground, 
New  England  to  Florida  and  Texas. 


380  LABIATE.  Scutellaria. 

S.  brevifolia.  Cinereous-puberulent  throughout:  stems  numerous  from  a  suffrutescent 
base,  rigid,  a  foot  or  less  liigii,  very  leafy :  leaves  tliickish,  narrowly  oblong,  6  to  8  lines 
long  by  2  or  3  wide,  all  subsessile;  the  floral  similar,  gradually  smaller:  corolla  soft- 
pubescent,  three-fourths  incli  long;  lower  lip  rather  longer  than  the  upper:  anthers  short- 
ciliate:  nutlets  granulate.  — 5.  integrifoUa,  var.  brevifolia,  Gray  in  Cat.  Coll.  Tex.  Hall,  no. 
458.  —  Dry  banks,  Dallas,  Texas,  E.  Hall,  Reverchon. 

++  ++  Lips  of  the  corolla  about  the  length  of  the  broad  tube  and  throat. 
S.  Floridana,  Chapm.  Obscurely  puberulent  :  stems  slender,  a  foot  or  more  high,  rather 
remotely  leafy  and  with  some  axillary  fascicles :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear  (8  to  12  lines 
long,  seldom  a  line  wide),  with  somewhat  revolute  margins  ;  the  lowest  minute  and  scale- 
like :  raceme  rather  loose  :  corolla  nearly  inch  long :  anthers  long-ciliate.  —  Fl.  324.  —  Pine- 
barren  swamps,  Apalachicola,  Florida. 
*   *   *   Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  cauline  leaves,  or  some  occasionallv  imperfectly  racemose 

through  the  reduction  in  size  of  the  upper  leaves  of  the  stem  or  branches.' 
-1—  Annuals,  loosely  branched  from  the  base:  corolla  pubescent,  half  inch  or  less  long:  nutlets 

muriculate. 

S.  cardioph:^lla,  Engelm.  &  Gray.  Puberulent,  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with 
virgate  branches:  leaves  cordate-ovate  or  deltoid-subcordate,  mostly  obtuse,  thin,  veiny; 
principal  cauline  inch  long,  coarsely  crenate,  slender-petioled ;  floral  gradually  smaller  and 
less  toothed,  the  uppermost  entire  and  subsessile  (3  lines  long,  barely  exceeding  the  calyx) : 
corolla  slender,  blue.  —  PI.  Lindh.  i.  19 ;  Benth.  m  DC.  1.  c.  429.  —  Open  woods,  Arkansas 
and  Texas. 

S.  Drummondii,  Benth.  Villous-pubescent,  a  span  or  more  high,  soon  diffuse,  leafy : 
leaves  ovate  or  obovate-oblong,  very  obtuse,  half  inch  or  more  long,  contracted  at  base, 
the  lower  into  distinct  petioles ;  floral  subsessile  and  about  equalling  the  flowers ;  all  entire 
or  nearly  so  (rarely  subcrenulate) :  corolla  violet  purple  or  blue  (3  to  5  lines  long),  com- 
monly with  the  calyx  villous-pubescent,  at  least  when  young ;  lower  lip  longer  than  the 
upper,  violet-spotted.  — Lab.  441,  &  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  428.  —  Damp  or  rich  soil,  Texas; 
common.     (Mex.) 

*t—  •*—  Perennials,  from  a  firm  or  ligneous  stock,   neither  stoloniferous  nor  tuberiferous :  nutlets 
granulate. 

S.  Wrightii.'Gray.  A  span  or  so  high,  many-stemmed  in  a  tuft,  minutely  cinereous- 
puberulent,  very  leafy:  leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  spatulate-oblong,  entire,  subsessile,  about 
half  an  inch  long;  upper  floral  shorter  than  the  flowers  :  corolla  pubescent,  half  an  inch 
long,  usually  violet ;  lips  nearly  equal  in  length ;  tube  rather  slender.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
viii.  370.  —  Texas,  quite  to  the  western  borders,  Wright,  Lindheimer,  E.  Hall,  &c.  Kansas, 
Gordon,  L.  Watson,  with  a  white-flowered  variety. 

H—  -i—  H-   Perennials,  completely  herbaceous  and  fibrous-rooted,  mostlj'  producing  filiform  stolon- 
like rootstocks : 

++  These  more  or  less  moniliform-tuberiferous. 
=  Flower  2  to  4  lines  long:  leaves  broadest  at  base  and  all  but  the  lower  sessile;  primary  veins 
prominent  underneath. 

S.  parvula,  Michx.  Minutely  (sometimes  more  conspicuously)  pubescent,  branching 
from  the  base,  commonly  erect,  4  to  10  inches  high :  filiform  subterranean  shoots  bearing 
a  long  moniliform  string  of  small  tubers  :  leaves  ovate  or  the  uppermost  ovate-lanceolate, 
sessile  by  a  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  base,  about  half  inch  long  ;  some  of  the  lower  with 
one  or  two  coarse  teeth,  the  lowest  slender-petioled :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  corolla 
violet,  pubescent,  twice  or  tlirice  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  nutlets  strongly  muricate,  girt 
with  a  thickish  ring  or  border,  which  is  conspicuous  when  young.  —  Fl.  ii.  12  ;  Hook.  Exot. 

■  t.  106.  5.  ambirjua,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  37.  —  Sandy  banks,  W.  New  England  and  along  the  Great 
Lakes  to  Wisconsin,  South  Florida,  and  Texas. 

Var.  mollis,  Gray.  More  spreading,  softly  pubescent  throughout  (the  pubescence 
somewhat  viscid) :  leaves  larger,  less  firm.  —  Sandy  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  at  Oquawka, 
S.  Illinois,  &c.,  H.  N.  Patterson.  A  remarkable  form,  with  somewhat  the  aspect  of  5. 
Drummondii. 

=  =  Flower  half  or  two-thirds  inch  long:  leaves  narrowed  at  base  or  petioled:  plants  depressed 
or  weak  and  diffuse. 

S.  nana,  Gray.  Minutely  cinereous-puberulent,  2  inches  high,  much  branched :  filiform 
subterranean  shoots  copiously  moniliform-tuberiferous:   leaves   crowded,  from   ovate  to 


Scutellaria.  LABIATE.  381 

spatulate-obovate,  entirfe,  thickish,  nearly  veinless,  half  inch  long,  tapering  into  a  petiole  : 
corolla  white,  rather  broad  and  with  dilated  throat,  liardly  exceeding  the  leaves ;  lips  of 
equal  length. —Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ii.  100,  &  Bot.  Calif.  L  604.  — N.  W.  Nevada,  near  Pyra- 
mid Lake,  Lemmon. 

S.  tuberosa,  Benth.  Soft-pubescent  or  villous :  sterna  slender,  rather  sparsely  leafy, 
1  to  4  inches  high  and  erect,  or  sometimes  reaching  a  foot  in  length  and  trailing :  leaves 
mostly  ovate,  either  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base,  thin,  coarsely  and  obtusely  few-toothed,  or 

■  rarely  entire  (a  quarter  to  inch  and  a  half  long),  nearly  all  petioled ;  floral  about  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  violet  or  blue  narrow  corolla  :  nutlets  strongly  muricate.  —  Lab.  441 ; 
Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  60L  —  Hills,  &c.,  nearly  tliroughout  California. 

=  ====  Flower  larger,  violet-blue:  stems  erect,  equally  leafy:  leaves  from  oblong  to  linear,  all 
but  the  lower  sessile  aud  entire :  moniliform  tubers  mor^  rare  or  obscure,  except  in  the  first  species. 

S.  resinosa,  Torr.  Barely  a  span  high,  branched  from  the  base,  minutely  pubescent  and 
resinousatomiferous,  somewhat  viscid :  leaves  uniform,  oval  and  oblong,  or  uppermost 
narrower,  obtuse,  mostly  sessile  (5  to  10  lines  long),  nervose-veined :  pedicels  shorter  tiian  the 
calyx :  corolla  pubescent,  an  inch  long,  with  slender  tube  and  ampliate  throat ;  lower  lip 
glabrous  inside  :  nutlets  tuberculate.  —  Arm.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  232 ;  Benth.  I.  c.  —  Plains  of 
Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Nebraska. 

S.  angustif  olia,  Pursh.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  minutely  puberulent  or  almost  glabrous  : 
stems  or  branches  often  simple  and  slender  :  leaves  from  linear  to  narrowly  oblong  (6  to  12 
lines  long),  all  but  the  lower  acute  or  contracted  at  base;  lower  more  petioled  and  some- 
times few-toothed;  radical  orbicular  or  cordate  and  small:  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx: 
corolla  three-fourths  to  nearly  inch  long,  puberulent,  with  slender  tube  and  moderately 
ampliate  throat ;  lower  lip  villous  inside  :  nutlets  minutely  granulate.  —  Fl.  ii.  412 ;  Gray, 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  603. — Moist  ground,  British  Columbia  and  Montana  to  California,  even  as 
far  south  as  San  Bernardino  Co. 

Var.  canescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  branching,  tomentulose-canescent :  corolla  more 
arrect  by  the  curvature  of  the  base  of  the  tube.  —  S.  sipJwcampylotdes,  Vatke  in  Bot.  Zeit. 
XXX.  717.  —  Western  part  of  California,  in  caiions,  &c. 

S.  antirrhinoides,  Benth.  Resembles  broader  leaved  forms  of  the  preceding :  stems 
more  branching,  diffuse  or  ascending:  leaves  oblong  (6  to  9  lines  long),  mostly  obtuse  at 
base  as  well  as  apex,  more  petioled :  corolla  shorter  and  broader,  7  to  10  lines  long ;  the 
tube  shorter  and  less  slender.  —  Bot.  Reg.  xviii.  under  1493,  &  DCr  1  c.  428 ;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.,  viii.  306.  S.  resinosa,  Watson,  Bot.  King,  237.  —  Moist  shady  ground,  Oregon, 
northern  part  of  California,  and  mountains  of  Nevada. 

++  ++  Filiform  rootstocks  or  subterranean  stolons  not  tuberiferous :  corolla  half  to  two-thirds  inch 
long, 

=  Dull  yellow  or  whitish,  with  ampliate-iiiflated  throat,  villous  within  (at  least  the  lower  lip),  and 
short  proper  tube :  all  the  upper  leaves  entire,  obtuse. 

S.  Calif ornica.  Puberulent:  stems  8  to  20  inches  high,  slender:  leaves  from  lanceolate- 
oblong  to  oval-ovate,  mostly  roundish  at  base,  short-petioled ;  the  lower  an  inch  or  more 
long,  often  somewhat  serrate ;  upper  gradually  reduced  to  half  inch  or  less  ;  uppermost 
shorter  than  the  flowers :  lips  of  the  corolla  about  equal :  nutlets  obscurely  rugose-granu- 
late.—  S.  antirrhinoides,  var.  Californica,  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acid,  viii.  396,  &  Bot.  Calif. 
1.  c,  mainly. — Banks  of  streams,  California,  from  Tehama  Co.  southward,  and  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  Narrow-leaved  forms  resemble  the  preceding ;  broader-leaved  forms  are 
more  like  the  following  species. 

S.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Pubescent:  stem  simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  a  foot  high, 
equably  and  very  leafy  to  the  summit :  leaves  ovate-elliptical,  very  obtuse,  closely  sessile 
by  an  obscurely  cordate  base,  an  inch  or  less  long,  veiny  from  the  base :  flowers  very  short- 
pedicelled,  seldom  equalling  the  leaf  :  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  rather  longer.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  387,  &  Bot.  Calif.  1.  c.  —  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  in  Mariposa  and  Plumas  Co., 
Bolander,  Lemmon. 

=  =  Corolla  violet-blue,  with  slender  tube  and  less  ampliate  throat,  naked  within. 

S.  galericulata,  L.  Nearly  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  slender,  1  to  3  feet  high, 
simple  or  paniculately  branched  above  :  leaves  membranaceous,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  broadest  next  the  subsessile  or  very  short-petioled  subcordate  base  (2  inches  or 
less  long),  all  but  the  upper  and  more  reduced  ones  appressed-serrate  :  pedicels  shorter  than 


382  LABIATiE.  Scutellaria. 

the  calyx  :  corolla  puberulent ;  lower  lip  nearly  erect  and  surpassing  the  upper :  nutlets 
densely  muriculate-scabrous.  —  Spec.  ii.  599 ;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  693 ;  Schk.  Handb.  1. 167.  —  Wet 
soil,  Atlantic  States,  from  mountains  of  Carolina  to  Newfoundland,  Mackenzie  River,  and 
westward  from  mountains  of  Arizona  to  Brit.  Columbia.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

§  2.  Nutlets  raised  on  a  slender  gynobase,  each  surrounded  by  a  conspicuous 
membranaceous  wing  in  the  manner  of  Perilomia,  the  faces  muricate.  (Here 
also  a  Japanese  species,  S.  Guilielmi.) 

S.  nervosa,  Pursh.  Glabrous  :  rootstocks  or  stolons  filiform  :  stems  slender,  rather  sim- 
ple, 4-quetrous  (10  to  20  inches  high) :  leaves  membranaceous,  coarsely  few-toothed,  rather 
prominently  quintuple-ribbed  from  near  the  base ;  the  lowest  cordate  and  short-petioled ; 
the  others  sessile  or  nearly  so;  middle  ones  ovate;  floral  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually 
smaller  and  more  entire,  much  surpassing  the  axillary  secund  flowers :  corolla  bluish,  4 
lines  long,  with  lower  lip  exceeding  the  straightish  merely  concave  upper  one.  —  Pursh,  Fl. 
ii.  412 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  370.  S.  teucrifoUa,  Smith.  S.  gracilis,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii. 
37.  —  Moist  thickets,  New  York  to  Virginia,  Ohio,  and  Missouri. 

37.  S ALIZARIA,  Torr.  (In  honor  of  Bon  Jose  Salizar  y  Larrequi,  the 
Mexican  Commissioner  of  the  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Boundary  Survey.) — Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  133,  t.  39.  —  Single  species  of  a  remarkable  genus. 

S.  Mexicana,  Torr.  1.  c.  Shrubby,  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  diffuse  or  sarmentose  slender 
sof  t-canescent  branches :  leaves  remote,  glabrate,  small,  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate, 
short-petioled,  mostly  entire;  floral  reduced  to  bracts  of  the  short  and  loose  terminal 
racemes  :  flowers  less  than  inch  long :  corolla  purplish,  or  the  spreading  lower  lip  deep 
purple  :  fructiferous  vesicular  calyx  half  inch  or  more  in  diameter.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  G04.  — 
Ravines,  S.  E.  California  in  the  Mohave  desert,  S.  Nevada  and  Utah,  Arizona,  Fremont, 
Pairy,  Cooper,  Palmer.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

38.  BRUN^LLA,  Tourn.  Self-heal,  or  Heal-All.  (Commonly 
written  Prunella,  but  said  to  come  from  the  old  German  word  Breune  or  Braime, 
an  affection  of  the  throat,  which  the  plant  was  thought  to  cure.)  —  Low  peren- 
nials ;  with  nearly  simple  stems,  terminated  by  a  short  verticillastrate-spicate  or 
capitate  inflorescence,  with  imbricated  round-ovate  and  nervose  bracts  or  floral 
leaves  of  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  each  subtending  3  subsessile  flowers  :  fl. 
all  summer, 

B.  vulgaris,  L.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  slender-petioled,  commonly  pubes- 
cent :  corolla  not  twice  the  length  of  tlie  purplish  calyx,  violet,  purplish,  &c.,  rarely  white. 
—  Fields  and  borders  of  copses,  Newfoundland  to  Florida,  and  west  to  California  and 
northward;  evidently  indigenous  in  some  of  the  cooler  districts.     (Eu.,  Asia,  Mex.) 

39.  BRAZORIA,  Engelm.  &  Gray.  (Discovered  on  the  Rio  Brazos, 
Texas.)  —  A  genus  of  two  annuals,  of  rather  low  stature :  leaves  oblong,  mostly 
sessile,  denticulate  ;  lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  floral  diminished  to  small 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate  bracts  to  the  single  flowers  of  the  virgate  racemes  or 
spikes  :  corolla  rose-purple :  fl.  summer.  —  PI.  Lindh.  i.  47  ;  Gray,  Chloris,  34, 
"t.  5  ;  Benfch.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  434. 

B.  truncata,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  Somewhat  pubescent,  at  least  the  raceme  and 
calyx  viscid-hairy :  spike  dense  and  strict,  simple  or  sometimes  branching :  calyx  much 
reticulated,  truncate,  its  broad  lips  of  equal  length,  obscurely  lobed,  mucrouately  denticu- 
late (3  or  4  inches  in  fruit):  corolla  three-fourths  inch  long;  upper  lip  and  middle  lobe 
of  lower  deeply  emarginate,  all  the  lobes  denticulate;  palate  somewhat  prominent;  tube 
pilose-annulate  near  the  base  :  anthers  somewhat  hairy  :  nutlets  puberulent.  —  Chloris,  1.  c. 
t.  6.  Pht/sosteffia  truncata,  Benth.  Lab.  305 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3494.  —  Sandy  soil,  in 
plains  and  prairies  of  E.  Texas,  Berlandier,  Drummond,  Lindheimer,  &c. 


Machridea.  LABIATE.  383 

B.  SCUtellarioides,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  Almost  glabrous :  spikes  or  racemes 
loose,  mostly  panicled  :  lips  of  the  calyx  unequal ;  the  upper  with  3  ovate-rounded,  lower 
with  2  triangular-lanceolate  lobes,  all  but  the  uppermost  cuspidate:  corolla  (a  tiiird  inch 
long)  not  pilose-annulate ;  its  lobes  entire  or  merely  retuse :  anthers  barely  ciliolate :  nut- 
lets glabrous.— P%soste7ta  truncata,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3494  (wrongly  cited  in  DC.  under 
preceding  species).  — Richer  prairie  soil,  Texas,  Drummond,  Wright,  Lindheimer,  &c. 

40.  PHYS0ST:&G-IA,  Benth.  False  Dragon-head,  {(hvaa,  bladder, 
and  GTsyT],  covering ;  from  the  turgid  fruiting  calyx,  but  more  applicable  to  the 
inflated  corolla.)  —  Perennial  erect  N.  American  herbs,  almost  glabrous  ;  with 
lanceolate  or  oblong  and  callose-denticulate  or  serrate  leaves ;  the  upper  ones 
sessile,  lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole,  floral  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts  of 
the  simple  or  panicled  spikes,  most  of  them  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Flowers 
cataleptic  (remaining  in  whatever  position  they  may  be  turned  on  the  short 
pedicel,  either  right  or  left  of  the  normal  position).  Corolla  showy,  rose  or  flesh- 
color,  often  variegated  :  in  summer. 

P.  Virginiana,  Benth.  1.  c.  Stem  in  larger  forms  3  or  4,  in  smaller  1  or  2  feet  high, 
terminated  by  a  simple  virgate  or  sometimes  several  panicled  spikes  :  leaves  thickish  : 
calyx  tubular-campanulate  or  somewhat  turbinate-campanulate,  in  fruit  broader  and  with  a 
narrowed  base ;  its  teeth  ovate-triangular  and  very  acute,  only  half  the  length  of  the  tube  : 
corolla  commonly  an  inch  long.  —  Dracocephalum  Virginianum,  L.  Spec.  ii.  594 ;  Sims,  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  4G7.  D.  landfollum,  Mcench,  Meth.  410.  D.  variegatum,  Vent.  Cels,  t.  44.  Prasium 
pitrpureum  &  P.  coccineum,  Wa.lt.  Car.  166.  —  Wet  grounds,  N.  Vermont,  W.  Canada  and 
Saskatchewan  to  Florida  and  Texas  :  common  in  gardens.  Varies  greatly  ;  the  extremes  are 
Var.  speciosa,  a  tall  form,  with  very  acutely  serrate  lanceolate  leaves,  and  dense  and 
panicled  spikes.  —  Dracocephalum  speciosum,  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  93,  with  horizontal 
flowers  Physostegia  imbricata,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3386  (not  Benth.),  a  Texan  form,  with 
erect  imbricated  flowers. 

Var.  denticxilata,  a  more  slender  and  commonly  low  form,  with  crenulate-denticu- 
late  or  obscurely  serrate  leaves,  and  more  slender  or  loosely-flowered  spike.  —  Dracocepha- 
lum denticulutum,  Ait.  Kew.  ii.  317  ;  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  214.  —  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

Var.  obovata,  with  oblong  or  obovate  and  often  obtuse  leaves.  —  Dracocephalum 
ohooalum,  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  86. — Georgia  to  Arizona. 

P.  intermedia,  Gray.  Stem  slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  remotely  leaved :  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  repand-denticulate  :  spikes  filiform,  commonly  rathet  remotely  flowered  :  calyx 
short  and  broadly  campanulate;  the  triangular  acute  teeth  about  as  long  as  the  tube: 
corolla  5  or  6  lines  long,  much  dilated  upwards.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  371.  Dracocephalum 
intermedium,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  187.  —  Barrens,  W.  Kentucky  and 
Arkansas  to  Louisiana  and  Texas. 

P.  parviflora,  Nutt.  Stem  rather  slender,  leafy,  a  foot  or  two  higli :  leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate;  spikes  short  (1  to  4  inches  long):  calyx  short-campanulate, 
inflated-globular  in  fruit  and  with  short  mostly  obtuse  teeth :  corolla  rather  narrow,  half 
incli  long.  —  Nutt.  (ex  Benth.,  under  P.  imbricata,  Benth.  1.  c,  not  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.) ;  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  371.  —  Banks  of  streams,  Saskatchewan  and  Wyoming  to  Brit. 
Columbia,  and  Oregon. 

41.  MACBRfDEA,  Ell.  (In  memory  of  Dr.  James  Macbride.)  Gla- 
brous or  sparsely  hirsute  perennials  (of  S.  Atlantic  States)  ;  with  simple  stems,  a 
foot  or  more  high,  lanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong  repand-toothed  or  entire  minutely 
punctate  leaves  ;  the  floral  becoming  thickish  and  rounded  imbricated  bracts  of 
a  capitate  and  rather  few-flowered  capitate  inflorescence.  Flowers  showy  (corolla 
over  an  inch  long),  in  late  summer.  (Anthers  not  pilose  within  the  cell,  as  stated, 
but  mainly  on  the  inner  face.)  —  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  56  ;  Chapm.  Fl.  324. 

M.  pulchra,  Ell.  1-  c.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends  and  tapering 
into  a  petiole,  thinnish ;  floral  or  bracts  ovate,  acute :  lateral  lobes  of  the  calyx  entire  or 


384  LABIATE.  Macbridea. 

emarginate :  corolla  rose-purple  (streaked  with  a  deeper  hue  and  whit?) ;  its  upper  lip 
entire.  —  M.  pidchella,  Benth.  Lab.  505,  &  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  435.  Thymhra  Caroliniana  &  Pra- 
sium  incarnatum,  Walt.  Car.  ex  Benth.  Melittis  Caroliniana,  Spreug.  Syst.  ii.  700. — Pine- 
barren  swamps,  southern  borders  of  N.  Carolina  to  Georgia  and  Alabama. 
M.  alba,  Chapm.  1.  c.  Leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  thickish,  all  but 
the  lowest  sessile  ;  floral  ones  round-ovate  or  orbicular :  lateral  lobes  of  the  calyx  strongly 
emarginate  or  2-cleft :  corolla  white ;  its  upper  lip  emarginate.  —  Low  pine-barrens,  W. 
Florida  near  the  coast,  Chapman. 

42.  SYNANDRA,  Nutt.  {Zvv,  together,  and  dvtjQ,  for  anther,  the  pos- 
terior and  sterile  anthers  connate.)  —  Single  species,  large-flowered,  and  with  the 
aspect  of  Lamium. 

S.  grandiflora,  Nutt.  Fibrous-rooted  biennial,  a  foot  or  two  high, hirsute:  leaves  mem- 
branaceous, cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  all  but  the  floral  long-petioled;  these  reduced  to 
ovate  sessile  bracts,  each  subtending  a  single  flower:  corolla  inch  and  a  half  long,  white  or 
nearly  so  :  filaments  bearded.  —  Gen.  ii.  29 ;  Benth.  1.  c.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  S.  Ohio 
to  Illinois  and  Tennessee  :  in  spring. 

43.  MARRtJBIUM,  Tourn.  Horehound.  (From  Hebrew  word,  mean- 
ing bitter.)  —  Perennials ;  all  natives  of  the  Old  World,  but  one  species  widely 
dispersed  and  naturalized,  viz. 

M.  vulgAre,  L.  Hoary-woolly,  branched  from  the  base,  aromatic-bitter  (hence  used  in 
popular  medicine) :  leaves  roundish,  crenate,  very  rugose- veiny  :  flowers  verticillastrate- 
capitate  in  the  upper  axils :  calyx  with  10  short  recurving  teeth,  these  and  the  bracts  at 
length  hooked  at  the  tip.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  into  waste  or  open  ground  :  fl.  late 
summer.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

44.  BALL6TA,  L.  Black  Horehound.  (Greek  name,  of  obscure 
derivation.) — Weedy  perennials  of  the  Old  "V\iorld ;  with  bitter  and  unpleasant- 
scented  herbage  ;    fl.  summer. 

B.  NfoRA,  L.  Soft-pubescent,  but  not  hoary,  spreading:  leaves  ovate,  crenate  or  toothed, 
slightly  rugose,  slender-petioled :  flowers  numerous  in  rather  loose  axillary  verticillastrate 
cymes :  bracts  setaceous  :  calyx  with  dilated  somewhat  foliaceous  mucronate-tipped  teeth, 
equalling  the  purplish  corolla.  —  Sparingly  in  waste  places,  New  England,  Penn.,  &c. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

45.  PHLOMIS,  Tourn.  Jerusalem  Sage.  (Ancient  Greek  name  of  a 
woolly  plant,  perhaps  of  this  genus.)  — Perennials,  of  the  Old  World,  one  spar- 
ingly introduced,  viz. 

P.  tuber6sa,  L.  Tall,  3  to  5  feet  high,  from  a  thick  tuberous  root,  somewhat  glabrous  : 
lower  leaves  ovate  and  cordate,  crenate,  slender-petioled,  rugose-veiny ;  floral  oblong-lan- 
ceolate and  mostlj'  sessile,  subtending  dense  verticillastrate-capitate  clusters  :  bracts  seta- 
ceous, hirsute  :  calyx-teeth  setaceous-subulate  from  a  short  and  dilated  truncate-eniargi- 
nate  base,  divaricate  :  corolla  pale  purple,  its  upper  lip  densely  white-bearded.  —  S.  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario,  New  York :  fl.  early  summer.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

46.  LiEONCTIS,  R.  Br.  {Atav,  lion,  and  ova,  onoa,  ear,  from  the  corolla.) 
—  African  plants;  with  dense  verticillastrate-capitate  clusters  of  showy  scarlet  or 
orange  flowers  ;  sparingly  naturalized  on  our  southern  borders:  fl.  summer. 

L.  nepet^f6lia,  R.  Br.  Tall  annual,  minutely  soft-pubescent :  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate, 
coarsely  serrate  or  crenate,  veiny ;  upper  floral  lanceolate  :  verticillastrate  heads  large  and 
dense:  calyx  about  8-toothed:  corolla  an  inch  long,  orange-red,  densely  hirsute.  —  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  28L —  Waste  grounds,  Georgia  and  Florida.     (Nat.  from  Afr.) 


Galeopsis.  LABIATiE.  385 

47.  LEONtTRUS,  L.  Motherwokt.  (Jeav,  a  lion,  and  ovqu,  tail.)  — 
Herbs  of  the  Old  World,  weeds  or  escapes  from  gardens  in  the  New :  herbage 
bitter  :  flowers  small,  in  summer. 

L.  CARofACA,  L.  (Common  Motherwort.)  Tall  perennial,  more  or  less  pubescent:  leaves 
long-petioled,  palmately  cleft;  the  lower  rounded;  floral  rhombic-lanceolate,  3-clef  t ; 
lobes  lanceolate:  flowers  much  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  corolla  pale  purple  ;  its  upper  lip 
very  villous  outside,  narrowed  at  base,  hardly  galeate,  at  length  often  recurved ;  lower 
deflexed,  spotted  :  stamens  often  recurving  outwards  after  anthesis  :  anther-cells  parallel. 

—  Waste  and  cult,  ground,  in  manured  soil.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  MarrdbiAstrum,  L.  Tall  biennial,  minutely  soft-pubescent :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  or 
the  floral  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  or  incised :  calyx-teeth  slender,  rather  aristiform 
than  spinescent:  corolla  minute,  whitish,  almost  glabrous  ;  its  lips  less  divergent:  stamens 
little  exserted  beyond  the  throat :  anther-cells  diverging.  —  Chaiturus  Mcurubiastrkm,  Ehrii. 

—  Waste  grounds.  New  Jersey  to  Delaware,  and  southward;  rare.    Related  as  much  to 
Sideritis  as  to  Leonurus ;  might  be  placed  next  to  Marrubium.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  SiBfRicus,  L.  Tall  biennial,  minutely  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  3-parted ; 
the  divisions  2-5-cleft,  or  deeply  3-7-cleft  and  incised  :  corolla  purplish,  twice  the  length  of 
the  calyx;  upper  lip  fornicate,  lower  little  spreading.  —  Waste  grounds,  Pennsylvania 
(near  Philadelphia,  Martindale),  New  Mexico,  &c.     (Sparingly  nat.  from  Eu.  &  Asia.) 

48.  L  AMIUM,  Tourn.  Dead-Nettle.  (From  larnog,  the  throat,  alluding 
to  the  I'ingent  corolla.)  —  Spreading  or  decumbent  herbs,  with  mostly  cordate 
incised  or  doubly  toothed  leaves  ;  the  lower  long-petioled  ;  upper  becoming  sessile 
or  roundish  at  base,  subtending  sessile  and  loose  or  capitate  clusters  of  purple  or 
sometimes  white  flowers.  Anthers  in  our  species  hirsute.  Natives  of  the  Old 
World,  some  naturalized  in  waste  places  or  fields,  eastward. 

li.  AMPLEXicAULE,  L.  Biennial  or  winter  annual,  weak  and  slender,  low :  leaves  distant ;  lowest 
small,  roundish-cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  long-petioled ;  upper  subsessile  or  clasping,  cre- 
nately  lobed  and  incised :  corolla  slender,  purple, with  spotted  lower  lip,  truncate  lateral  lobes, 
and  upper  lip  villous  on  the  back.  —  Rather  common,  Canada  to  Florida.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  PURPiJREUM,  L.  Resembles  the  last,  but  with  leaves  (even  the  upper  floral)  all  petioled 
and  only  crenate-serrate :  calyx-teeth  more  slender  :  small  lateral  teeth  to  the  orifice  of  the 
corolla.  —  Penn.  and  New  England.     (Sparingly  nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  Album,  L.  Stouter,  a  foot  or  two  high,  more  leafy  and  hirsute-pubescent :  root  peren- 
nial :  leaves  ovate,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  mostly  peti- 
oled: corolla  white,  an  inch  long,  with  tube  curved  upwards  and  throat  rather  narrow; 
upper  lip  oblong ;  a  long  slender  appendage  at  each  side  of  the  throat.  —  E.  New  England. 
(Sparingly  nat.  from  Eu.) 

49.  GALE6PSIS,  L.  Hemp-Nettle.  {raUa,  a  weasel,  and  oxpig,  re- 
semblance, "  very  like  a  weasel"  to  a  lively  imagination  only.  The  popular  name 
is  little  less  natural.)  —  Annual  weeds  of  Europe:  naturalized  in  waste  places 
and  garden  soil :    fl.  late  summer. 

G.  TetrAhit,  L.  Hispid :  stem  swollen  below  the  joints  :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely 
serrate  :  corolla  light  purple,  variegated,  6  to  10  lines  long.  —  Common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

G.  LAdandm,  L.  Pubescent,  lower  and  smaller :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate :  corolla  red  or  rose- 
color. —  E.  New  England,  in  few  places.     (Barely  nat.  from  Eu.) 

50.  STACHYS,  Tourn.  Woundwort.  (^Vrzp?,  a  spike,  primarily  a 
spike  or  ear  of  corn,  and  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  this  genus  or  of  some  similar 
plants,  from  the  spicate  inflorescence.) — A  large  genus,  widely  dispersed  ;  ours 
all  herbs,  with  the  flowers  verticillastrate-capitate  or  clustered,  or  sometimes  few 

25 


386  LABIATE.  StacTiys. 

or  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  floral  leaves,  forming  usually  an  interrupted  spicate 
inflorescence ;  in  summer. 

*   Root  annual :  corolla  with  short  tube,  mostly  purplish  or  reddish. 
•h-  Even  the  lower  lip  hardly  exceeding  the  subulate  or  aristulat*  tips  of  the  calyx-teeth :  leaves 
obtuse,  crenate,  an  inch  or' less  long;  lower  subcordate  and  slender-petioled :  upper  subsessile : 
stems  a  span  or  two  high  :  lower  flower-clusters  remote. 

S.  ARVENSis,  L.  Hirsute,  often  decumbent:  upper  leaves  ovate  with  cuneate  base:  verti- 
cillastrate  clusters  in  their  axils  few-flowered  :  calyx  oblong-campanulate,  3  lines  or  more 
long,  almost  hispid,  in  fruit  declined ;  the  lanceolate  teeth  aristulate.  —  Waste  grounds, 
"E.  Mass.     (Locally  nat.  from  Eu.) 

S.  agraria,  Cham.  &  Schl.  Hirsute  pubescence  finer  and  softer:  stems  slender,  erect : 
upper  leaves  subcordate  or  oval ;  upper  floral  shorter  than  the  small  and  several-flowered 
clusters  :  calyx  even  in  fruit  not  over  2  lines  long  and  not  declined,  short-campanulate  ; 
the  subulate  teeth  cuspidate-aristulate.  —  Linn.  v.  100 ;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  479. 
S.  Grahami,  Benth.  Lab.  551.  —  Moist  or  shady  places,  common  in  Texas.     (Mex.) 

•i—  Lips  of  the  corolla  surpassing  the  slender-subulate  and  aristulate  calyx-teeth :  fructiferous 
calyx  4  lines  long:    stem  a  foot  or  two  high. 

S.  Drummondii,  Benth.  Soft-hirsute  :  leaves  ovate  and  oval,  obtuse,  crenate,  all  the 
lower  cordate :  upper  pairs  distant ;  floral  with  narrowed  base,  the  uppermost  lanceolate 
or  subulate  and  shorter  than  the  flowers  :  these  mostly  in  sixes  :  calyx-tube  in  fruit  glob- 
ular-campanulate  and  rather  shorter  than  the  setaceous-attenuate  teeth :  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  nearly  2,  and  lower  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Lab.  651,  &  DC.  1.  c.  —  Moist  ground, 
Texas,  Drummond,  Wright,  Lindheimer.  (Mex.) 
S.  Annua,  L.,  an  Old-World  species,  with  glabrous  leaves  not  cordate,  and  whitish  flowers 

only  four  lines  long,  sparingly  occurs  as  a  ballast  weed,  near  Philadelphia. 

*   *   Root  perennial. 

•1—  Corolla  white  or  whitish,  with  tube  shorter  or  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx-teeth  ;  lips  only  2 
or  3  lines  long;  the  upper  villous-bearded  or  woolly  on  the  back:  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so: 
herbage  from  soft-hirsute  to  white-tomentose.     (Californian  and  one  New  Mexican  species  ) 

S.  Rothrockii,  Gray.  A  span  high,  branched  from  the  base,  canescently  lanate-pubes- 
cent  throughout :  leaves  all  sessile  and  lanceolate,  obtuse,  almost  entire  (inch  long)  ;  floral 
gradually  smaller  and  oblong,  subtending  about  3  flowers :  spike  rather  dense  and  short : 
calyx  campanulate;  the  teeth  ovate-  or  subulate-deltoid,  with  very  acute  but  soft  tips: 
corolla  4  or  5  lines  long;  the  tube  included.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  82.  —  Zuni  village, 
New  Mexico,  Rothrock. 

S.  ajugoides,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  villous  with  very  soft  white  hairs :  leaves 
oblong,  very  obtuse,  crenately  serrate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  roundish  or  acutish  at  base;  the 
lower  petioled;  upper  sessile ;  even  the  upper  floral  as  long  as  the  (about  3)  subtended 
flowers  :  clusters  mainly  distant :  calyx  short-campanulate  or  in  fruit  turbinate,  very  silky- 
villous ;  the  teeth  triangular-ovate,  aristulate-acuminate,  barely  equalling  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.  —  Linn.  vi.  80,  &  DC.  1.  c.  474  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  G05.  —  California,  common  in  moist 
ground.     Also  (in  a  dubious  form)  Willow  Spring,  Arizona,  Rothrock. 

S.  albens,  Gray.  Tall  (1  to  5  feet  high),  soft-tomentose  or  lanate  with  white  or  whitish 
wool,  leafy  :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  usually  with  more  or  less  cordate  base,  acutish,  cre- 
nate, 2  or  3  inches  long;  lower  short-petioled ;  upper  nearly  sessile;  most  of  the  floral 
shorter  than  the  dense  interrupted  capitate  clusters  of  the  virgate  spike :  calyx  turbinate- 
campanulate;  the  teeth  triangular  and  aristulate,  nearly  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  387,  &  Bot.  Calif.  I.  c.  S.  pycnostachya  (meaning  5.  pycnantha, 
Benth.),  Torr.  in  Wilkes  Exped.  xvii.  408.  — Wet  ground,  mountains  and  foot-hills  of 
California,  from  Shasta  to  Kern  Co. 

S.  pycnantha,  Benth.  Soft-hirsute  with  somewhat  fulvous  hairs,  leafy,  2  or  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  oblong-ovate  and  subcordate,  obtuse,  crenate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  mostly  rather 
long-petioled;  floral  all  reduced  to  small  bracts  of  the  dense  oblong  or  cylindraceous  spike 
(of  1  to  3  inches  long),  each  subtending  about  3  flowers :  calyx-teeth  deltoid,  nmcronulate, 
very  hirsute,  fully  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  upper  lip  of  the  latter  strongly 
bearded.  —  PI.  Hartweg.  331 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  605. —California,  in  the  Coast  Range, 
from  Monterey  to  above  San  Francisco,  Hartweg,  Kellogg. 


Stachys.  LABIATE.  387 

■«-•)-  Corolla  purple  or  rose-red  (not  scarlet-red),  with  tube  equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx : 
flowers  sessile  or  subsessile, 

++  Not  over  half  inch  long:  tube  of  the  corolla  not  exceeding  the  tips  of  the  calyx-teeth :  spike 
mostly  much  interrupted :  stems  erect  from  filiform  and  sometimes  tuberiferous  rootstocks.  (At- 
lantic species,  one  extending  north-wesl ward  to  the  Pacific.) 

=  Leaves  obscurely  or  not  at  all  cordate,  sessile  or  short  petioled. 

S.  hyssopifolia,  Michx.  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  or  sometimes  a  hirsute 
ring  at  the  nodes :  stems  slender,  about  a  foot  high  :  leaves  linear,  sometimes  oblong-linear 
(1  or  2  inches  long,  1^  to  3  lines  wide),  entire  or  merely  denticulate,  even  the  lowest  nar- 
rowed at  base  and  sessile  :  spike  rather  short  and  slender;  the  clusters  2-6-flowered  :  calyx 
2  or  3  lines  long,  occasionally  with  a  few  bristly  long  hairs;  teeth  broadly  subulate: 
corolla  glabrous.  —  Fl.  ii.  4;  Benth.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  317,  ed.  5,  358.  S.  palustris, 
Walt.  Car.  162,  not  L.  —  Wet  and  sandy  soil,  coast  of  Mass.  to  Michigan  and  Florida. 

Var.  ambigua.  Stouter,  1  or  2  feet  high,  sometimes  with  scattered  retrorse  bristles 
on  the  angles  of  the  stem  :  leaves  broader,  3  to  6  lines  wide,  serrulate.  —  Georgia,  LeConte. 
Kentucky  and  Illinois,  Shqrt,  Buckley,  E.  Hall,  &c. 

S.  palustris,  L.  From  densely  soft-pubescent  to  roughish-hirsute,  leafy :  stem  1  to  3 
feet  high,  hirsute  or  hispid:  leaves  from  ovate- to  oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate,  mostly 
acute  or  acuminate  (1^  to  3  inches  long),  sessile  or  subsessile  by  a  broad  and  abrupt  or 
obscurely  subcordate  base ;  the  lowest  little  petioled ;  all  sometimes  almost  velvety- 
tomentose  beneath :  clusters  of  the  spike  mostly  approximate,  6-10-flowcred  :  calyx  pubes- 
cent or  hirsute ;  the  teeth  subulate,  nearly  the  length  of  the  tube :  upper  lip  of  corolla 
distinctly  pubescent.  — Spec.  ii.  580;  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1103;  Engl.  Bot.  t.  1675;  Benth.  1.  c. — 
Wet  ground,  Newfoundland  to  the  Pacific  in  Oregon,  south  to  Pennsylvania,  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region  to  New  Mexico,  nor^th  to  Mackenzie  River.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

S.  aspera,  Michx.  1.  c.  Taller,  2  to  4  feet  high,  usually  less  leafy,  sparsely  hirsute  or 
hispidulous-pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous :  stem  mostly  retrorse-hispid  on  the  angles  : 
leaves  thinner,  from  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  (1^  to  4^  inches  long),  acute  or 
acuminate,  rather  obtusely  serrate,  nearly  all  distinctly  petioled  and  with  truncate  or 
merely  subcordate  base :  calyx  glabrous  or  glabratQ,  or  with  some  scattered  bristles ;  the 
tube  obscurely  striate  when  dry :  corolla  glabrous  throughout.  —  Benth.  I.  c.  S.  arvensis, 
Walt.  Car.  162,  not  L.  S.  hispida,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  407.  S.  palustris,  var.  aspera,  Gray,  1.  c. 
—  Wet  ground,  Canada  to  Florida  and  W.  Louisiana.     Too  near  S.  palustris.     (Japan. ) 

Var,  glabra.  Even  the  angles  of  the  stem  smooth  and  naked  or  nearly  so :  leayes 
more  conspicuously  petioled,  acuminate,  and  serrate.— -5.  annua,  Walt.  Car.  161,  not  L. 
S.  tenuifolia,  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  100.  5.  glabra,  Riddell,  Cat.  Ohio  PI.  Suppl.  (1836),  16.  S. 
aspera,  var.  glabrata,  Benth.  1.  c.  S.  palustris,  var.  glabra.  Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  —  W.  New  York 
t(\  Illinois  and  southward.     Filiform  stolon-like  rootstocks  more  or  less  tuberiferous. 

=  =  Most  of  the  leaves  distinctly  petioled ;  lower  all  long-petioled  and  cordate  :  corolla  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  throughout,  barely  5  lines  long. 

S.  Floridana,  Shuttlew.  Barely  a  foot  high,  with  filiform  stolon-like  rootstocks  termi- 
nated by  a  moniliform  tuber  (of  2  or  3  inches  in  length),  nearly  glabrous,  or  the  slender 
stem  minutely  hirsute,  at  least  the  angles :  lower  leaves  cordate-oblong,  very  obtuse,  cre- 
nate-dentate  (three-fourths  to  3  inches  long),  slender-petioled  ;  floral  small  and  with  cune- 
ate  subsessile  base,  hardly  surpassing  or  shorter  than  the  rather  remote  clusters  of  the 
short  spike:  calyx-teeth  aristulate-subulate,  little  shorter  than  the  oblong-campanulate 
tube.  —  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  478  ;  Chapm.  Fl.  327,  but  root  not  annual.  — E.  Florida, 
Rngel,  Buckley,  Canby,  Palmer,  Curtiss. 

S.  cordata,  Riddell.  Two  or  three  feet  high,  rather  weak,  hirsute :  leaves  all  ovate-  or 
oblong-cordate,  acuminate,  crenate  (2  to  5  inches  long),  nearly  all  long-petioled;  the  floral 
mostly  minute :  spikes  slender,  of  numerous  and  small  few-flowered  clusters  :  calyx  (only 
2  lines  long)  with  broadly  subulate  teeth  much  shorter  than  the  campanulate  tube.  —  Cat. 
Ohio  PI.  Suppl.  (1836),  15.  5.  sylvatica,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  30,  not  L.,  but  near  it.  S.  Nuttallii, 
Shuttlw.  in  DC.  1.  e.  469.  S.  palustris,  var.  cordata,  Gray,  Man.  1.  c.  —  Thickets,  S.  Ohio  to 
Virginia  and  Tennessee.  — Not  rarely  leaves  as  broad  at  the  base  as  in  S.  sylvatica. 
•H-  -H-  Flowers  half  inch  long:  tube  of  corolla  somewhat  exceeding  the  calj'x.     (Pacific  species.) 

S.  buUata,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  high  from  a  slender  rootstock,  hirsute-pubescent, 
varying  to  villous  or  to  somewhat  hispid :  leaves  mostly  petioled,  ovate  to  oblong,  usually 


388  LABIATiE. 


Stachys. 


obtuse,  cordate  or  roundish-truncate  at  base,  crenate,  sometimes  bullate-rugulose,  not 
rarely  villous-canescent,  especially  beneath :  spike  naked,  interrupted :  teeth  of  the 
calyx  deltoid-subulate  and  aristulate-acuminate,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  campanulate 
tube :  corolla  with  the  little  or  more  manifestly  exserted  tube  about  4  lines  long,  nearly 
equalled  by  the  widely  spreading  lower  lip ;  the  short  upper  lip  villous  or  pubescent  on 
the  back.  —  Lab.  647,  &  DC.  1.  c.  474 ;  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  606.  S.  Califomica,  &  S.  Nuttallii, 
var.  ?  occidentalis,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  469.  S.  NuUallli,  var.  leptostachya,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw! 
331.  S.  rigida,  Nutt.  ex  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  472.  S.  coccinea,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  156, 
ex  Benth.  S.  syluatka  &  S.  agraria,  Torn  in  Wilkes's  Exped.  xvii.  408.  —  California  to 
Oregon,  near  the  coast,  and  south-eastward  to  the  Mohave.  —  A  variable  species  :  leaves 
thinner  and  not  rugose  when  growing  in  shade. 

++++++  Flowers  ample:  tube  of  the  rose-red  corolla  over  half  inch  long,  fully  twice  the  length 
of  the  lower  lip  and  of  the  cylindraceous-canipanulate  calyx  :  leaves  mostly  ample  {3  to  5  inches 
long),  petioled,  oblong-ovate  and  subcordate,  crenate,  veinv :  stems  2  to  6  feet  high,  almost 
always  retrorsely  hispid  on  the  angles :  verticillastrate  clusters  of  the  spike  mostly  6-fiowered. 

S.  Chamissonis,  Benth.  Leaves  softly  villous-canescent  beneath,  sericeous-hirsute 
above,  oblong-ovate,  rather  obtuse,  rugose-veiny ;  petioles  retrorsely  hispid  :  short  spike 
mostly  naked ;  the  floral  leaves  reduced  to  bracts  and  shorter  than  the  flowers  :  calyx 
densely  hirsute-pubescent ;  teeth  deltoid  and  cuspidate :  tube  of  corolla  commonly  three- 
fourths  inch  long;  outside  of  the  lips  (at  least  of  the  upper)  hirsute-pubescent.  — Linn.  vi. 
80;  &  DC.  1.  c.  468;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  155;  Gray,  Bot,  Calif,  i.  606.  —  Calif ornia, 
in  swamps  along  San  Francisco  and  Bolinas  Bay,  &c. 

S.  ciliata,  Dougl.  Green  and  glabrate,  or  sparsely  pilose-pubescent :  leaves  thin,  ovate, 
mostly  acute  or  acuminate:  petioles  and  angles  of  the  stem  retrorsely  hispid-ciliate : 
lower  floral  leaves  often  similar  to  the  cauline  and  much  surpassing  the  flowers ;  upper- 
most reduced  to  small  bracts,  merely  equalling  the  calyx,  which  is  more  tubular  than  in 
the  preceding,  either  nearly  glabrous  or  pilose-pubescent,  and  the  teeth  narrower :  corolla 
rather  smaller,  nearly  glabrous.  —  Benth.  Lab.  539,  &  DC.  1.  c.  467.  —  Oregon  to  Brit. 
Columbia  along  the  coast,  in  damp  and  shady  places. 

Var.  pubens..  Soft-pilose-pubescent  or  villous-hirsute,  especially  the  calyx  and  lower 
face  of  the  leaves  :  flowers  commonly  rather  smaller  or  shorter.  —  S.  Riederi,  Cham.  & 
Benth.  1.  c.  ?  S.  palustris,  var.,  Torr.  in  Wilkes  Exped.  1.  c.  —  Washington  Terr,  to  Eraser 
River,  &c.     Connects  S.  ciliata  with  S.  Chamissonis. 

•1—  -K-  -}—  Corolla  scarlet-red,  with  narrow  cylindrical  tube  much  exceeding  the  calyx  and  the  lips  : 
flowers  short-pedicelled  or  subsessile :  cauline  leaves  slender-petioled  :  pubescence  short  and  soft. 

S.  coccinea,  Jacq.  Rather  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  with 
cordate  base,  or  oblong-deltoid,  obtuse,  crenate  (inch  or  two  long) ;  floral  sessile ;  the  upper 
very  small :  spike  interrupted :  flowers  generally  distinctly  pedicelled :  calyx  in  flower 
cylindraceous,  with  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  slender-subulate  teeth  (in  fruit  more  cam- 
panulate), a  third  to  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  (9  to  12  lines  long)  corolla.  —  Hort 
Schoenb.  iii.  18,  t.  284;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  666;  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  310;  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  467. 
S.  cardinalis,  Kunze  in  Bot.  Zeit.  ii.  645,  ex  Benth.  —  W.  Texas  to  S.  Arizona.     (Mex.) 

S.  Bigelovii,  Gray.  Minutely  cinereous-pubescent,  slender :  foliage,  &c.,  nearly  of  the 
preceding :  flowers  fewer  in  the  clusters,  almost  sessile  :  calyx  (only  3  lines  long)  oblong- 
campanulate  ;  its  teeth  broader:  tube  of  the  (red'?)  corolla  only  half  inch  long;  lower 
lip  3  lines  long,  much  larger  than  the  upper.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  371.  —  S.  W.  Texas, 
in  crevices  of  basaltic  rocks,  Wright,  Bigelow. 
Bet6nica  officinAhs,  L.,  or  Stachys  Betonica,  Benth.,  Wood  Betony,  of  Europe,  has 

been  found  in  thickets  near  Boston,  an  escape  from  gardens. 

Order  CV.  PLANTAGINACE^. 

An  anomalous  order  of  Gamopetalae,  chiefly  acaulescent  herbs  with  one-several- 
ribbed  or  nerved  radical  leaves,  simply  spicate  inflorescence,  and  regular  4-merous 
flowers  having  a  free  ovary,  a  filiform  and  entire  long-stigmatose  style,  amphi- 
tropous  and  peltate  ovules  and  seeds,  a  mostly  straight  embryo  in  firm-fleshy 
albumen,  the  cotyledons  little  broader  than  the  radicle,  and  the  corolla  scarious 


Plantago.  PLANTAGINACEiE.  389 

and  veinless,  mostly  marcescent-persistent.  Consists  of  one  European  and  one 
Andine- American  genus,  each  of  a  single  or  at  most  two  species  and  monoecious 
or  dioecious,  and  of  the  large  and  widely  dispersed  genus, 

1 .  PL  ANT  Ago,  Tourn.  Plantain,  Ribwort.  (The  Latin  name.)  — 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious,  each  subtended  by  a  bract.  Calyx  of 
4  imbricated  sepals,  persistent.  Corolla  salverform  with  a  short  tube,  or  nearly 
rotate  ;  limb  4-parted  ;  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  two  lateral  exterior.  Stamens 
4,  or  sometimes  2,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  filaments  commonly  capillary : 
anthers  2-celled,  versatile.  Ovary  2-celled  (or  rarely  falsely  3-4-celled),  with  one 
or  more  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  or  stigma  mostly  hairy.  Capsule  (pyxidium) 
circumscissile  toward  the  base,  and  with  a  loose  partition  falling  away  with  the 
lid  ;  the  seeds  attached  to  its  face.  Seed-coat  developing  copious  mucilage  when 
wetted.  Scape  from  the  axils  of  the  radical  or  subradical  leaves,  mostly  bearing 
a  single  simple  spike  or  head  of  greenish  or  whitish  small  flowers,  in  summer. 

§  1.  Stamens  4:  flowers  all  perfect:  corolla  remaining  expanded,  never  closed 
over  the  fruit. 

*  Flowers  dichogamous,  proterogynous ;  the  style  projecting  from  the  apex  of  the  unopened 
corolla;  the  anthers  loug-exserted  on  capillary  filaments  after  the  corolla  has  expanded. 

-<—  Corolla  glabrous  (as  also  the  whole  inflorescence,  except  in  P.  macrocarpa) :  seeds  not  hollowed 
(or  barely  concave)  on  the  inner  face:  leaves  3-8-nerved  or  ribbed,  plane:  root  perennial. 

++  Ribs  or  nerves  of  the  broad  leaves  mainly  confluent  with  the  thick  and  dilated  lower  portion  of 
the  midrib :  ovules  only  2  in  each  cell :  seeds  by  abortion  sometimes  solitary. 

P.  cordata,  Lam.  Glabrous  and  very  smooth :  leaves  cordate  or  ovate  (3  to  8  inches 
long),  sometimes  repand-dentate,  long-petioled,  7-9-ribbed :  scape  fistulous,  stout,  a  foot  or 
two  high,  including  the  narrow  spike :  bracts  rotund-ovate,  convex,  fleshy,  with  slightly 
scarious  margins,  very  obtuse,  as  are  the  ovate  and  obovate  sepals  and  the  corolla-lobes : 
capsules  broadly  ovoid,  very  obtuse,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  seeds  4  to  2, 
large,  oblong,  flat  on  the  face.  —  111.  i.  338;  Jacq.  Eclog.  t.  72.  P.  Kentuckensis,  Michx.  Fl. 
1.  94.  —  Along  streams  (Canada?  Pursh),  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  Alabama,  and  Louis- 
iana, common  only  westward. 

++  ++  Ribs  or  nerves  of  the  leaf  free  quite  to  the  contracted  base. 

=  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  or  in  small  forms  oblong,  rarely  subcordate;  several-ribbed  ;  base  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  distinct  petiole,  not  fleshy,  varj'ing  from  glabrous  to  pubescent,  and  from  entire 
to  sparinglv  repand-dentate:  ovules  and  seeds  at  least  2  in  each  cell:  scapes  with  the  spike  a  span 
to  2  feet  high. 

P.  major,  L.  (Common  Plantain.)  Spike  commonly  dense,  obtuse  at  apex:  sepals 
rotund-ovate  or  obovate,  scarious-margined ;  the  exterior  and  the  bract  more  or  less  cari- 
nate  :  ovules  8  to  18  :  seeds  as  many  or  by  abortion  fewer,  small,  angled  by  mutual  press- 
ure, usuall}'  light  brown,  minutely  reticulated :  capsule  ovoid,  very  obtuse,  circumscissile 
near  the  middle  and  near  the  level  of  the  summit  of  the  sepals.  —  Waysides  and  near 
dwellings  throughout  the  comitry,  doubtless  introduced  from  Europe,  but  also  native  from 
Lake  Superior  far  northward.  Runs  into  some  monstrosities  and  several  varieties,  an 
extreme  in  saline  soil  being  var.  minima,  Decaisne  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii.  695  {P.  minima,  DC), 
with  scapes  2  to  5  inches  high,  and  leaves  proportionally  small.     (Cosmop.) 

Var.  Asiatica,  Decaisne.  Capsule  usually  more  broadly  ovoid,  circumscissile 
near  the  base  and  much  within  the  calyx.  —  P.  Asiatica,  L.  Spec.  i.  113;  Franchet  & 
Savatier,  Enum.  PI.  Jap.  384.  (Includes  perhaps  P.  Kamtschatica,  Cham,  and  Link,  or 
plants  cultivated  as  such,  with  4,  5,  or  6  seeds).  —  A  very  large  indigenous  form,  coast  of 
California  near  San  Francisco  (capsule  globose-ovoid)  to  the  borders  of  British  Columbia  ; 
Saskatchewan  to  the  Arctic  Sea.    Perhaps  a  distinct  species.     (N.  Asia,  Himalaya.) 

P.  Rugelii,  Decaisne.  Leaves  paler,  commonly  thinner:  spikes  long  and  thin,  atten- 
uate at  the  apex :  sepals  oblong,  all  as  well  as  the  similar  bract  acutely  carinate :  cap- 
sules erect  in  the  spike,  cylindraceous-oblong  (somewhat  over  2  lineS  long,  one-sixteenth 


390  'PLANTAGTNACE^.  Planiago. 

inch  in  diameter),  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  circumscissile  much  below  the 
middle:  ovules  6  to  10:  seeds  4  to  9,  oval-oblong  (about  a  line  long),  opaque  and  dull 
brown,  not  reticulated.  —  Prodr.  1.  c.  700,  founded  on  a  small  and-  slender  4-seeded  form  : 
but  the  species  is  often  large,  with  its  spike  a  foot  or  more  long,  and  seeds  more  than 
4.  —  P.  major,  Ell.  Sk.  i.  201 ;  Torr.  Fl.  183,  &  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  14 ;  Darlingt.  Fl.  Cest.  ed.  2, 110. 
P.  Kamtschatica,  Hook.  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  ii.  61;  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  311,  not  Cham. — Cana- 
da, Vermont  to  Illinois,  and  south  to  Georgia  and  Texas :  probably  truly  indigenous,  as 
no  trace  of  it  is  found  in  the  Old  World. 

=  =  Leaves  mostly  narrower,  fewer-ribbed,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate,  tapering  at  base  into 
more  or  less  of  a  petiole :  ovules  and  seeds  never  over  2  in  each  ceil. 

P,  sparsiflora,  Michx.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  thinnish  (4  to  7  inches  long), 
tapering  into  a  slender  petiole,  villous-pubescent  or  glabrous,  3-5-herved :  scape  with  the 
filiform  sparsely-flowered  spike  8  to  20  inches  long :  bracts  ovate,  shorter  than  the  oval 
rather  rigid  coriaceous  sepals :  corolla-lobes  oblong-ovate,  acute :  capsule  oblong,  umbili- 
cate,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  seeds  (also  ovules)  solitary  in  each  cell,  oblong, 
narrowly  shallow-concave  on  the  face.  —  Fl.  i.  94;  Decaisne,  1.  c.  721.  P.  Virginica,  Walt. 
Car.  85  ?  P.  interrupta,  Poir.  Diet.  v.  375.  P.  Caroliniana,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  98,  not  Walt.  — 
Low  pine  barrens,  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

P.  eriopoda,  Torr.  Usually  a  mass  of  yellowish  wool  at  the  crown  :  leaves  oblanceolate 
to  oval-obovate,  fleshy-coriaceous,  3-7-nerved,  3  to  5  inches  long  and  with  short  or  stout 
petiole,  mostly  glabrous :  scapes  pubescent  or  glabrate,  and  with  the  cylindrical  and  dense 
or  sometimes  sparsely-flowered  spike  a  span  to  a  foot  high ;  bracts  broadly  ovate  or  round- 
ish, convex,  scarious-margined,  sometimes  pubescent-ciliate :  sepals  roundish-obovate,  sca- 
rious  except  the  fuscous  or  greenish  midrib  :  corolla-lobes  broadly  oval  or  ovate  :  capsule 
ovoid,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx :  ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell :  seeds  as  many  or  fewer, 
oval,  flat  on  the  face.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  237 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King,  212.  P.  attenuata, 
James  in  Long  Exped.  i.  445,  not  Wall.  P.  lanceolata,  var.  7  &  /3  in  part,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  123. 
P.  virescens,  Barneoud,  Monogr.  33 ;  Decaisne  in  DC.  1.  c.  721.  P.  Richardsonii ,  Decaisne, 
1.  c.  698.  —  Moist  and  saline  soil,  Colorado  {James,  &c.)  to  Nevada  (  Watson),  and  N.  California 
(Greene),  north  to  Wyoming,  Saskatchewan^  and  Mackenzie  River. 

P.  macrocarpa,  Cham,  &  Schl.  Leaves  thinner,  lanceolate,  acute,  &-7-nerved,  4  to 
15  inches  long,  4  to  12  lines  wide,  gradually  tapering  into  long  margined  petioles  :  scapes 
equalling  or  surpassing  the  leaves,  bearing  an  oblong  dense  spike  (in  fruit  2  inches  long)  ; 
the  rhachis,  &c.,  tomentose  or  pubescent :  bracts  round-ovate  or  oval,  fleshy-herbaceous  and 
scarious-margined  :  sepals  similar  but  almost  wholly  scarious  :  corolla-lobes  oval :  mature 
capsule  ovoid-oblong  (3  or  4  lines  long),  separating  from  the  base  and  then  fissile,  2-ovuled, 
1-2-seeded :  seeds  narrowly  oblong,  flat  or  slightly  concave  on  the  face.  —  Linn.  i.  106 ; 
Bong.  Veg.  Sitk.  42.  P.  macrocarpa  &  P.  longifolia,  Decaisne,  1.  c.  —  Coast  of  Washington 
Terr,  to  Alaska,  and  the  Aleutian  Islands. 

-1—  -}—  Corolla  with  tube  externally  pubescent:  capsule  2-4-seeded  (in  ours  seldom  incompletely 
3-4-celled):  seeds  not  excavated  nor  concave  on  the  face:  leaves  linear  or  fihform,  fleshy;  ribs 
usually  indistinct  or  obsolete  in  the  fresh  plant:  commonly  some  wool  among  the  bases"  of  the 
leaves.     (Maritime  species.) 

P.  maritima,  L.  Root  perennial :  leaves  mostly  obtuse :  spike  dense,  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical :  bracts-  mostly  rotund  and  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  sepals  oval,  more  or  less  acutely 
carinate  :  corolla-lobes  obtuse  or  hardly  acute.  — P.  juncoides,  Lam.  111.  i.  342  (Magellan) ; 
Decaisne  in  DC.  1.  c.  731,  partly.  P.  paucijlora,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  99;  a  dwarf  form,  with  short 
and  few-flowered  spike,  from  Labrador ;  therefore  P.  oUganthos,  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  iii.  122. 
P.  borealis,  Lange  in  Bot.  Not.  1873,  129  &  Fl.  Dan.  t.  2707,  a  similar  few-flowered  form.  — 
Atlantic  coast  north  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence ;  the  abbreviated  form.  Pacific  coast 
from  California  to  the  Aleutian  Islands  and  Behring  Straits.     (Eu.,  Asia,  Patagonia.) 

P.  decipiens,  Barneoud.  Root  annual  (perhaps  sometimes  biennial)  :  leaves  from  fili- 
form to  rather  broadly  linear  and  plane,  attenuate-acute  :  spike  slender,  with  flowers  either 
sparse  or  dense  (with  the  scape  from  3  to  15  inches  h\g\v) :  lower  bracts  commonly  ovate- 
subulate  and  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx  :  sepals  ovate-orbicular :  corolla-lobes  very 
acute.  —  Monogr.  16,  poorly  characterized  on  a  specimen  from 'Labrador,  but  marked  as 
an  annual.     P.  juncoides,  Decaisne,  1.  c.  in  part.     P.  maritima,  of  U.  S.  authors  generally. 

•  P.  paucijlora,  Pursh,  1.  c.  in  part.  P.  viaritima,  var.  juncoides.  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  311.  —  Salt 
marshes,  Atlantic  coast  from  Labrador  and  New  Brunswick  to  New  Jersey  ;  flowering  late. 


Plantago.  PLANT  AGIN  ACE^E.  391 

■•"L  tr  ■*"",  Corolla  glabrous,  nearly  rotate :  ovules  and  seeds  2,  solitary  in  each  cell :  the  latter 
hollowed  on  the  face :  leaves  strongly  3-5-ribbed,  not  fleshy. 

P.  LANCEOLATA,  L.  (RippLE-  Of  RiBGRASS,  ENGLISH  Plantain.)  Root  biennial  or  short- 
lived perennial  :  herbage  villous  or  glabrate:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a 
slender  petiole,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  (foot  or  two  long)  slender  deeply  sulcate  and 
angled  scape :  spike  at  first  capitate,  in  age  cylindrical,  dense :  bract  and  sepals  broadly 
ovate,  scarious,  brownish;  two  of  the  latter  usually  united  into  one. —  Commonly  natural- 
'  ized  in  fields,  from  Eu.  (Varieties  said  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  123,  to  be  indigenous  far  north- 
ward ;  but  some  of  these  plants  belong  to  P.  eriopoda,  others  perhaps  to  P.  macrocarpa.) 
*   *   Flowers  heterogonous,  in  the  greater  number  of  individuals  cleistogamous,  but- with  normal 

corolla:  this  with  broad  cordate  or  ovate  widelv  expanding  lobes  nearly  equalling  the  tube: 

ovules  solitary  in  the  two  cells:  seed  cymbiform,  deeply  excavated  on  the  lace:  inflorescence 

and  commonly  the  narrow  leaves  silky-pubescent  or  lanate. 
P.  Patagonica,  Jacq.  Annual,  silky-lanate  or  glabrate :  leaves  from  narrowly  linear  to 
oblanceolate,  acute  or  callous-pointed,  tapering  below  into  a  petiole,  entire  or  sparingly 
denticulate,  1-3-nerved :  scape  terete,  3-12  inches  high  including  the  dense  cylindrical  or 
oblong  spike :  sepals  very  obtuse,  scariously  margined  from  a  thickish  and  firm  central 
herbaceous  portion ;  the  anterior  oblong,  posterior  oval :  lobes  of  the  corolla  usually  a  line 
long,  roundish :  seeds  oblong-oval.  (Filaments  in  the  long-stamened  individuals  capillary 
and  much  exserted,  and  the  anthers  of  usual  ample  size ;  style  less  exserted ;  apparently 
not  proterogynous.  Stamens  and  style  in  the  other  and  more  fruitful  form  short,  included, 
or  the  effete  anthers  barely  protruded  from  the  throat ;  these  very  small,  in  the  cleisto- 
gamous manner.)  —  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  269,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  117,  &  Bot.  Calif,  i.  661.  P. 
Patagonica,  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  t.  306,  &  Coll.  Suppl.  35 ;  Barneoud,  Monogr.  88 ;  Decaisne  in 
DC.  I.  c.  713 ;  to  which  add  most  of  the  dozen  species  of  the  same  subdivision  in  the 
Prodromus,  and  their  synonyms.  —  Prairies  and  dry  plains,  from  Kentucky,  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin  north  to  Saskatchewan,  south  to  Texas,  aad  west  to  California  and  Brit. 
Columbia.     (Mex.,  S.  Am.) 

Var.  gnaphalioides,  Gray,  rnay  be  taken  as  the  commoner  N.  American  type,  can- 
escently  villous  ;  but  the  wool  often  floccose  and  deciduous  :  leaves  from  oblong-linear  or 
spatulate-lanceolate  to  nearly  filiform :  spike  very  dense,  1  to  4  inches  long,  varying  to 
capitate  and  few-flowered,  lanate :  bracts  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  deltoid- 
ovate,  hardly  surpassing  the  calyx.  —  P.  Lacjopus,  Pursh,  Fl.  i.  99,  not  L.  P.  Pwskii, 
Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  iii.  120.  P.  gnaphalioides,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  100.  P.  Hookeriana,  Fisch.  & 
Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  1838,  39.  —  Runs  through 

Var.  spinulosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  (P.  spinuhsa,  Decaisne,  1.  c.^,  a  canescent  form  with 
aristately  prolonged  and  rigid  bracts,  and 

Var.  nuda,  Gray,  I.  c.  (P.  Wrightiana,  Decaisne,  1.  c),  with  sparse  and  loose  pubes- 
cence, green  and  soon  glabrate  rigid  leaves,  and  short  bracts,  to 

Var.  aristata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Loosely  villous  and  glabrate :  leaves  green :  bracts 
attenuate-prolonged  to  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  flowers.  —  P.  aristata,  Michx.  Fl. 
i.  95.  P.  gnaphalioides,  var.  aristata.  Hook.  Fl.  1.  c.  A  slender  and  depauperate  form  is 
P.  squarrosa,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  178,  and  P.  Nuttallii,  Rapin  ex  Barneoud, 
1.  c,  also  P.Jiliformis,  Decaisne,  1.  c.  —  All  the  forms  most  abound  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
from  Nebraska  to  Texas. 

§  2.  Stamens  4  or  2  :  flowers  subdioecious  or  dioecio-cleistogamous  ;  the  corolla 
in  the  fertile  or  mainly  fertile  plant  remaining  closed  or  closing  over  the  matur- 
ing capsule  and  forming  a  kind  of  beak,  and  anthers  not  exs^'^d :  seeds  flat  or 
barely. concave  on  the  face.     (American  species.) 

*  Leaves  comparatively  broad :  stamens  4 :  ovules  and  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 
P.  Virginica,  L.  Small  winter-annual  or  fibrous-rooted  biennial,  soft-pubescent  or  more 
villous  with  spreading  articulated  hairs  :  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate-oblong,  little  if  at  all 
petioled,  entire  or  repand-denticulate,  thin,  an  inch  or  so  long,  obscurely  3-5nerved: 
scapes  2  to'  6  inches  high,  slender :  spike  mostly  dense,  and  an  inch  or  two  long :  bracts 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  calyx :  sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  hairy  on  the 
back :  corolla-lobes  subcordate-ovate :  substerile  flowers  widely  open,  with  capillary  fila- 
ments, style  long-exserted  (the  style  commonly  earlier),  and  large  oval  antliers  :  flowers 
of  the  fully  fertile  spikes  with  corolla  remaining  closed,  small  anthers  on  short  filaments. 


392  PLANTAGINACEiE.  Plantago. 

and  short  style  not  protruded.  —  Spec.  i.  113  (Gronov.  Virg.  16;  Moris.  Hist.  iii.  259, 
sect.  8,  t.  15,  fig.  8);  Michx.  Fl.  i.  94;  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  117.  P.  Caroliniana, 
Walt.  Car.  84.  P.  purpurascens,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c. ;  the  staminate  and 
substerile  plant.  —  Sandy  fields,  &c.,  S.  New  England  to  S.  Illinois,  Florida,  and  Texas. 
A  depauperate  form  (perpusilla)  has  a  filiform  scape  an  inch  high,  from  an  annual  root, 
much  exceeding  the  leaves,  and  2-5-flowcred  :  Florida,  Chapman. 

Var.  longifolia.  A  coarser  plant :  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  3  to  5  inches  long  and 
tapering  into  a  margined  petiole,  often  with  some  coarse  salient  teeth :  scapes  with  the 
spike  5  to  12  inches  long  :  flowers  rather  larger.  —  P.  puipurascens,  Nutt.  1.  c.  P.  occiden- 
talis,  Decaisne  in  DC.  1.  c.  —  Arkansas  and  Texas  to  S.  Arizona.     (Adjacent  Mex.) 

P.  hirtella,  HBKl.  Root  perennial,  thick :  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  oblong-spatulate,  gla- 
brate,  rather  fleshy,  entire  or  sparsely  denticulate,  5-7-nerved,  4-10  inches  long,  narrowed 
into  a  short  and  broad  base  or  a  broad-margined  petiole :  scape  and  long  dense  spike  a  foot 
or  two  high,  stout,  hirsute  :  flowers  longer  than  in  the  preceding  (3  lines  long),  with  corolla- 
lobes  ovate,  acute ;  those  of  the  fertile  closed  form  with  apex  of  slender  stjie  commonly 
protruding  and  the  anthers  perhaps  sterile.  (Staminate  and  open-flowered  form  as  in  P. 
Virginica  or  more  fertile,  but  not  yet  seen  from  California).  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  ii.  229, 
1. 127  ;  Decaisne,  in  DC.  1.  c.  723.  P.Hartwegi,  Decaisne,  1.  c.  724.  P.  Urvillei,  Delile,  Cat. 
Hort.  Monsp.?  &  P.  Candollei,  Rapin  ?  P.  DurviUei,  var.  Californica,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind. 
Sem.  Petrop.  P.  Kamtschatica,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  156 "?  P.  Virginica,  var.  maxima, 
Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  611.  —  Coast  of  California,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  southward :  usually 
in  a  remarkably  large  form.     (Mex.,  Chili.) 

*  *  Leaves  linear  or  filiform:  flowers  very  small :  stamens  only  2:  small  and  slender  annuals, 
minutely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous :  the  individuals  having  exserted  stamens  and  style  and 
open  corolla  not  rarely  fully  fruitful. 

•t—  Spike  short,  thick,  and  dense,  in  fruit  an  inch  long:  mature  capsule  2  lines  long. 

P.  Bigelovii,  Gray.  Mostly  glabrous  and  green  :  leaves  1|^  to  4  inches  long,  rather 
fleshy,  obtuse,  entire,  shorter  than  the  scapes :  mature  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  half  longer 
than  the  calyx,  4-seeded :  only  form  known  fully  fertile,  with  style  conspicuously  and 
the  two  stamens  slightly  exserted  from  the  open  corolla. — Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  117,  &  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  612.  —  Brackish  marshes.  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  California,  at  Benicia  and  Oak- 
land, Bigelow,  Greene,  Bolander.  Vancouver  Island,  a  smaller  form,  Macoun. 
^_  ^^  Spike  filiform  or  slender,  at  length  sparse-flowered,  and  half  inch  to  three  inches  long: 
capsule  about  a  line  long:  leaves  occasionally  with  a  few  denticulations  or  divergent  lobes. 

P.  pusilla,  Nutt.  Somewhat  cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  about  an  inch  long  and  half 
line  wide  :  capsule  short-ovoid,  little  exceeding  the  bract  and^  calyx,  4-seeded  :  seeds  elon- 
gated-oblong. —  Gen.  i.  110,  &  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.  (excl.  syn.) ;  Torr.  Fl.  184,  &  Fl. 
N.  Y.  ii.  16.  P.  linearifolia,  Muhl.  Cat.  15  ?  P.  hybrida,  Bart.  Fl.  Philad.,  &  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
iii.  t.  98,  fig.  1.  P.  Bigelodi,  Watson,  Bot.  King,  212,  not  Gray,  a  rather  larger-flowered 
form.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  S.  New  York  to  Virginia  and  Louisiana,  lUmois,  Nebraska  ; 
also  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  and  interior  of  Oregon. 

P.  heterophylla,  Nutt.  Greener  or  nearly  glabrous,  often  taller,  and  with  spikes  2  to  5 
inches  long :  leaves  sometimes  4  inches  long  and  1  or  2  lines  wide  :  capsule  conoidal-oblong 
and  at  length  considerably  surpassing  the  bract  and  calyx,  10-28-seeded  :  seeds  oblong, 
usually  angled  by  mutual  pressure,  obscurely  rugose-pitted. —  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n. 
ser.  V.  177  (char,  imperfect) ;  Gray,  Man.  1.  c. ;  Chapm.  Fl.  278.  P.  Caroliniana,  Pursh,  Fl. 
i.  98?  not  Walt.  P.  perpusilla,  Decaisne  in  DC.  1.  c.  697.  — Low  sandy  ground,  Penn.  to 
Florida,  Texas,  and  Arkansas. 
P.  MEDIA,  L.,  enumerated  by  Muhlenberg  as  of  the  United  States,  is  not  met  with  in  this 

country. 
P.  cucullAta,  Lam.,  which  is  P.  maxima,  Jacq.,  another  Old- World  species,  said  by  Pursh 

to  inhabit  Canada  and  Maine,  is  not  found.    Pursh  may  have  taken  a  large  P.  Rugelii  for  it. 
P.  elgngAta,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  729,  of  Bradbury's  collection  on  the  Missouri,  is  unknown ; 

probably  a  glabrate  form  of  P.  Patagonica. 
P.  glAbra,  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  100,  on  arid  soil  near  Fort  Mandan,  on  the  Upper  Missouri,  is  not 

identified ;  perhaps  a  form  of  P.  eriopodu,  Torr.,  with  loose  spike. 


ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS. 


Page  5.    LOBELIA.    To  L.  paludosa,  add: 
Var.  Floridana.     The  larger  form,  2  to  5  feet  high  :  tube  of  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long. 
—  L.  Floridana,  Chapm.  in  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  9,  Feb.  1878.  —  Common  in  Florida,  also  Louis- 
iana, Drummond. 

Page  19.    GATLUSSACIA.    To  G.  f rondosa,  add : 
Var.  nana.     Stems  lower  and  strict,  only  a  foot  or  so  high  :  leaves  more  reticulated  in 
age  and  smaller  than  in  the  northern  plant :  racemes  and  their  pedicels  shorter.  —  Pine  bar- 
rens of  Florida,  &c.     Apparently  there  the  common  form,  of  which  the  var.  tomentosa  is 
a  downy-leaved  state. 

Page  59.  PRIMULA.  To  P.  angustifolia,  add : 
Var.  Cusickiana.  Larger:  scape  3  or  4  inches  high,  surpassing  the  leaves,  2-flow- 
ered,  and  with  more  conspicuous  involucre  of  a  pair  of  unequal  lanceolate  bracts ;  calyx 
more  campanulate,  a  farinose  white  line  ,below  each  sinus;  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  about 
the  length  of  the  tube  :  corolla-lobes  only  retuse  or  emarginate.  —  Rocky  hills.  Union  Co., 
eastern  border  of  Oregon,  W.  C.  Cusick,  1877. 

Page  64.    CENTUNCULUS.    After  C.  minimus,  add: 
C.  pentandrus,  R.  Br.     Pedicels  equalling  or  surpassing  the  ovate  leaves :  flowers  com- 
monly 5-merous.  —  Prodr.  427  ;  Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  390.    C.  tenellus,  Duby  in  DC.  Prodr.  viii. 
72  ;  Chapm.  in  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  10.     Anagallis  pumila,  Swartz.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i.  345.    Micro- 
pyxis  pumila,  Duby,  1.  c.  —  S.  Florida,  Chapman,  &c.     (Trop.  Am.,  E.  Ind.,  Australia.  ) 

Page  84.  ECHITES.  After  B.  Andrewsii,  add  : 
E.  paludosa,  Vahl.  Habit  of  the  preceding:  peduncle  elongated,  1-3-flowered :  corolla 
white,  2  inches  long  or  more ;  tube  slender,  as  long  as  the  obconical-campanulate  throat, 
about  thrice  the  length  of  the  oblong  and  mucronate  spreading  calyx-lobes :  anthers 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  not  appendaged  :  beak  of  the  seeds  plumose  to  the  base.  — 
Eel.  Am.  ii.  19,  &  Ic.  t.  5 ;  Griseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  415.  Rhahdadenia  paludosa.  Mull.  Arg.  — 
Muddy  islets  of  Caloosa  River,  S.  Florida,  Chapman,  published  in  Bot.  Gazette,  1.  c,  as  E. 
hijlora.     (W.  Ind.  to  Isthmus.) 

Page  102.    VINCETOXICUM. 
V.  palustre.     Add  syn.  Cynoctonum  maritimum,  Maxim,  in  Bull.  Acad.  Petrop.  ix.  800. 

Page  104.     GONOLOBUS. 
G.  hirsutus.     Add :  Corolla  from  straw-color  or  greenish  to  dull  and  dark  purple  in  the 

same  cluster.     Dr.  Mellichamp. 
G.  Carolinensis.     This  has  the  fleshy  crown  considerably  surpassing  the  stigma  :  flowers 

with  a  cimicine  odor,  according  to  Engelmann,  who  finds  it  in  S.  Missouri. 
G.  Baldwinianus  has  a  clear  white  corolla,  according  to  Chapman.  —  After  G.  Caroli- 
.  nensis,  add ; 


394  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 

G.  flavidulus,  Chapm.  Corolla  sordid  yellow,  ovate  in  bud;  lobes  broadly  oblong, 
reticulated,  3  or  4  lines  long :  crown  thinnish,  equalling  the  stigma,  15-dentate ;  teeth  of 
about  equal  length  ;  5  broad,  obtuse  or  retuse,  alternate  with  5  pairs  of  narrower  subulate 
ones ;  the  sinuses  deeper  between  those  of  each  pair,  which  are  accordingly  rather  distant. 
—  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  12,  Feb.  1878;  G.  macrophyllus.  Ell.  Sk.  i.  327'/  G.  hirsutus,  Ch&^xn. 
Fl.  368,  not  Michx.  —  Light  clay  soil,  Gadsden  Co.,  Florida,  Chapman. 

Page  136.    (See  also  p.  145.)    COLLOMIA. 

C.  aggregata,  T.  C.  Porter,  in  Wheeler  Rep.  ined.  The  character  which  appeared 
well  to  distinguish  Collomia  from  GUia,  namely  the  unequal  insertion  of  the  stamens, 
unfortunately  fails  in  GUia  aggrefjata,  Spreng.  (Cantua  aggregata,  Pursh),  which  on  p.  145 
is  associated  with  G.  coronopifolia,  the  type  of  the  section  Ipomopsis,  and  is  in  other  respects 
also  a  most  polymorphous  species.  In  many  specimens,  and  we  believe  in  the  original, 
the  anthers  are  all  of  the  same  height  and  the  insertion  of  the  filaments  equal,  or  not 
obviously  unequal:  in  others  from  all  localities  (but  especially  in  the  southern  ranges  of 
the  species),  the  insertion  varies  from  obviously  to  excessively  unequal,  as  much  so  as  in 
any  Phlox.  It  seems  impossible  to  divide  the  specimens  into  two  or  more  species.  As  the 
inequality  prevails,  and  as  the  nearest  relatives  of  the  species  have  been  already  placed  in 
Collomia,  it  seems  necessary  to  transfer  GUia  aggregata  also  to  that  genus,  as  has  been 
done  by  Professor  Porter  in  the  still  unpublished  Report  of  the  Botany  of  Wheeler's 
Surveys. 

Page  138.     GILIA.     After  G.  aurea,  add : 

G.  Lemmoni.  Of  §  Dactylophylhm,  with  foliage  of  G.  pus  ilia,  var.  Cali/ornica,  and  corolla 
of  the  same,  but  more  f unnelforra  and  tube  rather  longer :  stem  erect,  simple,  2  or  3  inches 
high :  leaves  very  much  shorter  than  the  internodes :  flowers  sessile  in  tlie  manner  of 
Leptosiphoii,  but  few  :  calyx  turbinate-prismatic,  strongly  5-costate  ;  lobes  acerose-subulate, 
rigid,  equalling  the  yellow  throat  of  the  corolla:  anthers  oval,  capsule  narrowly  cylindri- 
cal, many-seeded. —  S.  J5r  California,  in  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Parry  &  Lemmon.  Proper 
tube  of  corolla,  the  yellowish  throat,  and  the  (apparently  white)  rounded-obovate  lobes 
each  a  line  long. 

Page  160.  PHACBLIA.  After  P.  crenillata,  add  : 
P.  Arizonica.  Much  smaller  than  P.  cremdata,  (with  depauperate  forms  of  which  it  has 
been  confounded),  depressed  instead  of  erect,  lighter  green:  leaves  oblong-linear  or  nar- 
rowly oblong  in  outline,  all  but  the  lower  sessile,  deeply  pinnatifid  (6  to  15  lines  long), 
appressed-pubeecent ;  lobes  oval  or  short-oblong,  entire  or  crenulate :  corolla  only  2  lines, 
long,  white,  with  some  purple  lines,  rotate-campanulate ;  the  lobes  quite  entire:  stamens, 
and  style  much  exserted  :  capsule  globular  :  seeds  oval.  —  S.  Arizona,  Thurber,  Greene,  &c. 
P.  Menziesii,  p-  166,  add:  appendages  of  the  corolla  connivent  in  pairs  over  the  base 
of  the  midnerve  of  each  petal,  forming  5  nectariferous  grooves  alternate  with  the  stamens. 

Page  193-196.     ERITRICHIUM. 

To  the  character  of  the  subsection  Eukrynitzia,  on  p.  193,  E.  pusillum  forms  an  exception, 
having  acute-angled  nutlets,  as  rightly  described  under  the  speOies. 
E.  Texanum,  p.  195,  lias  been  collected  in  Colorado,  at  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 

by  J.  D.  Hooker  &  A.  Gray,  1877. 
E.  holopterum,  p.  196.     The  wing  of  the  nutlets  appears  to  be  sometimes  reduced  to  a 

narrow  border  :  but  mature  fruit  is  still  unknown.     The  root  is  annual. 

Var.  submolle,   Gray.     Low :    inflorescence   and  obtuse  calyx  more  canescently 

pubescent,   nearly   destitute   of  hispid   hairs:    immature   nutlets  merely  wing-margined. 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiii.  374.  —  St.  George,  S.  Utah,  Palmer,  1877. 
E.   setosissimum.      Nutlets  flattish  or  barely  convex  and  not  carinate  on  the  back. 

Those  of  E.  glomeratum  are  distinctly  carinate. 

Page  216.     CONVOLVULUS  :  add  : 

C.  Havanensis,  Jacq.     Suffruticose,  prostrate,  canescent  and  glabrate :  leaves  oblong 

or  elliptical,  obtuse  or  retuse  and  mucronate,  entire  (6  to  12  lines  long),  abruptly  contracted 

or  sometimes  tapering  into  a  short  petiole  :  peduncle  few-several-flowered :  pedicels  longer 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS.  395 

than  the  calyx :  corolla  white,  half  inch  long :  lobes  acute :  stigmas  oblong :  capsule  split- 
ting into  several  valves.  — Obs.  ii.  26,"  t.  45,  fig.  3  (flower  and  leaf) ;  Griseb.  Cat.  Cub.  207. 
C.  ruderarins,  HBK.  C.  Garberi,  Chapm.  in  Bot.  Gazette,  1.  c.  8.  Ipomaea  Havanensis, 
Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  368,  referred  to  that  genus  at  a  venture.  —  Sandy  coast,  Cape 
Sable,  S.  Florida,  Garber.     (Cuba.) 

Page  225.    CHAM^SARACHA. 

To  the  character  should  be  added :  Corolla  with  roundish  tomentose  twin  appendages  or 
elevations  at  the  tliroat,  alternate  with  the  stamens.     These  in 
C.  Cor6nopus  are  large  and  very  protuberant,  densely  tomentose,  and  the  corolla  is 
greenish-white,  not  "yellowish."    In  the  two   other  species  they  are  smaller  and  less 
conspicuous. 

Page  236.    PHYSALIS.    To  P.  Fendleri,  add : 
Var.  COrdif olia.     Leaves  larger ;  all  the  lower  ones  subcordate,  or  the  lowest  reni- 
form.  —  St.  George,  S.  Utah,  Palmer. 

Page  255.    MOHAVEA  viscida  :  add  syn. 
Antirrhinum  confertijlorum,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  592. 

Page  329,  under  DIANTHERA,  add: 
JacobInia  neglecta,  Sericograpliis  neglecta,  Oersted,  a  native  of  the  Mexican  coast-region, 
has  been  received,  through  P.  J.  Berckmans,  in  living  specimens  from  Florida,  where  it  is  said 
to  be  spontaneous.  It  is  somewhat  shrubby,  with  oblong-lanceolate  or  broader  and  acumi- 
nate leaves,  flowers  (inch  and  a  half  long)  secund,  in  naked  triple  spikes  on  a  slender  axillary 
peduncle:  calyx  and  bracts  short :  corolla  light  brick-red  and  narrowly  tubular :  connective 
of  the  anthers  broad  enough  to  refer  the  plant  to  Dianthera,  the  slightly  higher  and  larger 
cell  (or  rather  the  connective)  apiculate. 

Page  334.    STACHYTARPHETA. 
As  to  the  derivation  of  the  name,  Lemaire,  in  Flore  des  Serres,  June,  1846,  has  happily  sug- 
gested that  Vahl  formed  the  latter  part  of  the  word  from  rap<peiSs,  crowded  or  dense,  and 
wrote  Stachytarpheia,  and  that  the  i  was  mistaken  for  a  t  by  the  printer. 


INDEX. 


Names  of  Orders  are  in  CAPITALS;  of  Suborders  and  Tribes,  in  small  capitals;  of  genera,  in 
ordinary  type;  of  subgenera  or  sections,  synonyms,  and  genera  merely  referred  to,  in  Italic  type.  Popular 
or  vernacular  names  are  also  in  ordinary  Roman  type. 


ACANTHACE^,  321. 
Acanthomintha,  344,  365. 
Acanthus,  321. 
Acerates,  86,  98. 
Acerates,  88,  89. 
Achras,  67,  69. 
Acinos,  259. 
Actinocyclus,  46. 
Achlia,  76,  77. 
Adenostecjia ,  303. 
Adhatoda,  328. 
jEqochloa,  141,  142. 
A/zelia,  289. 
Ayarista,  33. 
Ayasiaclie,  376. 
Aqauria,  33. 
Ajuga,  342,  349. 
Ajugoide.e,  342. 
Aldea,  159. 
Allotropa,  18,  48. 
Aluysia,  338 
Amblyanthera,  84. 
Amelia,  46. 
Amer.  Cowslip,  57. 
Ammobroma,  51. 
Ammyrsine,  43. 
Amphiaiithus,  247,  284. 
A7nphistehia,  102. 
Amsinckia,  179, 197. 
Amsonia,  79,  81. 
Anagallis,  56,  63. 
Anngallis,  393. 
Anantherix,  86,  88. 
Anchusa,  204. 
Andrewsia,  lib. 
Androcera,  231. 
Andromeda,  15,  30. 
Andromeda,  20,  28,  33-37, 
Anuromede.e,  15. 
Androsace,  56,  60. 
Androsace,  59. 
Anisacanthus,  323,  326. 
Aniseia,  209. 
Anisocheila,  303. 
Anoplanthus,  312. 
Anoplon,  312. 
Antiphvtum,  179,  199. 
Antirrhinastrum,  251. 

ANTIRRHINE.E,  245. 

Antirrhinum,  245,  251. 
Antirrhinum,  250,  395. 
Aphyllon,  311,  312. 
APOCYNACE^,  79. 
Apocvnum,  80,  82. 
Apple-of-Peru,  237. 


Arbute^,  15. 
Arbutus,  15,  26. 
Arbutus,  26-28. 
Arctostaphjios,  15,  27. 
Arctous,  27. 
Ardisia,  65. 
Aretia,  59. 
Armaria,  54. 

ASCLEPIADACEiE,  85. 
Asclepiade/E,  85. 
Asclepias,  86,  89. 
Asclepia-s,  88,  89. 
Asclepiodora,  86,  88. 
Ash,  73 

Astephanus,  85,  87. 
Athencen,  233. 
Atrapa,  237. 
Atroi'e.e,  225. 
Audibertia,  345. 
Avicennia,  334,  340. 

AVICENNIE.E,  333. 
Azalea,  39-44. 
Azaleastrum,  40. 

Ballota,  347,  384. 
Balm,  361,  374. 
Balmonv,  256. 
Bartonia,  111,  127. 
Bartsia,  249,  305. 
Bartsia,  297,  300. 
Basil,  350,  360. 
Basil  Tliyme,  359. 
Bassovla',  224. 
Batatas,  211. 
Baiodendron,  20. 
Batschia,  204. 
Bearberrv,  27. 
Bee-Balm,  374. 
Beech-drops,  314. 
Be/aria,  43. 
Bejaria,  17.  43. 
Bell-flower,  11. 
Beloperone,  323,  329. 
Belvedere,  53. 
Bene,  320. 
Benthamia,  198. 
Bergamot,  352. 
Berginia,  322,  327. 
Betonicn,  388. 
Betony,  388. 
Beurreria,  180. 
Bigelovia,  76. 
Bignonia,  318,  319. 
Bignonia,  107,319,320. 
BIGNONIACE^,  318. 


Bilbern',  20,  23,  24. 
Billurdiera,  337. 
Bindweed,  214. 
Bittersweet,  228. 
Bird  Pepper,  231. 
Bladderwort,  314. 
Blanfordia,  53. 
Blephilia,  345,  376. 
Blueberry,  20,  21. 
BIue-curFs,  347. 
Blue  Tangle,  19. 
Blueweed,  207. 
Bolivaria,  78. 
Bonamia,  217. 
Borage,  180. 

BORRAGEyE,  178. 

BORRAGINACE.<E,  177. 

Borrago,  180. 
Borya,  76,  77. 
Boschnialiia,  311,  313. 
Bouchea,  333,  334. 
Bouchetia,  220,  244. 
Boun-eria,  177,  180. 
Boxberry,  30. 
Box-thorn,  237. 
Brachyglossis,  244. 
Brachygyne,  290. 
Brachy sternum,  354. 
Bramia,  281. 
Brazoria,  346,  382. 
Breweria,  208.  217. 
Brooklime,  286. 
Brookweed,  64. 
Broom-Rape,  311. 
Browallia,  244. 
Brunella,  346,  382. 
Br^  anthus,  16,  36. 
Buchiiera,  248,  289. 
Buckbean,  128. 
Buckthorn,  68. 
Buddleia,  107, 109. 
Bugle-weed,  352,  353. 
Bugloss,  207. 
Bumelia,  67. 
Burchardia,  340. 
Butter-and-eggs,  251. 
Butterwort,  317. 

Calabash  tree,  320. 
Calamintha,  343,  359. 
Calaminiha,  365. 
Calamint,  359. 
Calico-bush,  38. 
Callib'rac.hoa,  243. 
Callicarpa,  333,  340. 


398 


INDEX 


CalUstachy  a,  28G. 
Calluna,  IG,  30. 
Calunyction,  209. 
Calophanes,  322,  324. 
Calasphace,  366. 
Calyptrospermum,  78. 
Calystegia,  214. 
Cainara,  339. 
Campanula,  10,  11. 
CAM  PAN  UL  ACE  ^,  9. 
Campanule^,  9. 
Campsis,  319. 
Campylocera,  10. 
Cancer-root,  312.  314. 
Canchalagua,  112. 
Cantua,  136,  145. 
Cape  Gooseberry,  233. 
Capraria,  248,  285. 
Capraria,  279. 
Capsicum,  224,  231. 
Carlowrightia,  322,  327. 
Cassandra,  16,  35. 
CassJope,  16,  35. 
Castilleia.  249,  295. 
Castilleloides,  299. 
Catalpa,  319. 
Ca3'enne  Pepper,  231. 
Cedronella,  345,  377. 
Centaurella,  127. 
Centauriwm,  125. 
Centaury,  112. 
Centunculus,  56,  64,  393. 
Cerantliera,  344,  365. 
Cerinihe,  200. 
Ceropeyia,  102. 

CESTuiNE.fi,  225. 

Cestrum,  226,  241. 
Chmtodiscus,  280. 
Chaffseed.  305. 
Cliaffweed,  64. 
Chaiturus,  385. 
Cknmcednp/ine,  35. 
ChniruBledon,  44. 
Cknmcepkysalis,  233. 
CliamiEsaracha,  225,  232,  395. 
Checkerberrv,  30. 
Cheilyctis,  375. 
Chelone,  246,  259. 
Chelune,  261.  264. 
Chelo.ne/E,  246. 
Chia,  3G6 

Chickweed-Wintergreen,  60. 
Chilopsis,  319.  320. 
Chimaphila,  17.  45. 
Chiogenes,  15,  26. 
Chionanthus,  73,  77. 
Chionophila,  246,  273. 
Chiroma,  113. 
Chondrophylla,  120. 
Chrysophvllum,  66,  67. 
Cklhamalla,  104. 
Cicendin,  112,  113. 
Citharexylum,  333,  340. 
Vitronelia,  351. 
Cladothamnus,  17,  44. 
Clethra,  17,  44. 

Cr.ETHRE/E,  17. 

Cllnopodium,  350,  356,  360. 
Clint onia,  8. 
CUslofframviica,  220. 
Cochrnnea,  186. 
Calantke,  120. 
Ccelostylis,,  108. 
Coldenia,  177,  181. 
Collinsia,  246,  255. 


CoUinsonia,  342,  351. 
Collomia,  129,134,  394. 
Collomia,  141),  146. 
Collumiuides,  143. 
Columbo,  125. 
Comarostaphylis,  29. 
Comfrey,  206. 
Conanthus,  153,  171. 
Conobea,  247,  279. 
Conopliolis,  311,  313. 
Conradia,  289. 
Conradina,  343,  361. 
CONVOLVULACE^,  207. 

CONVOLVULE^,  208. 

Convolvulus,  208,  214,  394. 
Convolvulus.  209-214,  217. 
Corallophyllum,  51. 
Cordia,  177,180. 
COKDIE.B,  177. 
Cordylanthus,  249,  302. 
Cory'anthuf,  375. 
Cosmanthoides,  162. 
Cosmnnthus,  158,  162. 
Courtoisia,  135. 
Cowberry,  25 
Cow-Wheat,  310. 
Cranberry,  20,  25. 
Crematomia,  181. 
Crescentia,  320. 
Cressa,  208,  219. 
Crossopeialum,  lift. 
Cryphiacanihus,  325. 
Culver's  Physic,  286. 
Cunila,  343,  353. 
Cuscuta,  208,  219. 
CuscuTE^,  208. 
Cymiococcus,  21. 
Cycladenia,  80,  83. 
Cynanche/E,  85. 
Cynanchum,  102. 
Cynoctonum,  102,  108,  393. 
Cvnoglossum,  178,  187. 
C'ynoglossum,  189,  190. 
Cyphik.e,  2. 
Cyrilla,  65. 

Dictylophyllum,  137,  394. 
Dtictylnste/jium,  331. 
D.ipnnidoslapJiylis,  27. 
Dasystomn,  289,  290. 
Date-Plum,  69. 
Datura,  225,  2-39. 
Dead-Nettie,  .385. 
Dtcnchann,  19. 
Decmnerhim,  19. 
Decemium,  155. 
Deerberrv,  21. 
Dendriurn,  43. 
Dianthera,  323,  329. 
Dianthoides,  138. 
Diapensia,  52. 
DIAPENSUCE^,  51. 
Diapensie^,  52. 
Dicerandra,  365. 
Dicliptera,  32-3,  331. 
DicUptera,  330. 
Dichondra,  207. 
D1CH0NDRE.E,  207. 
Dictyolobus,  103. 

DiGITALE/E,  248. 

Diospvros,  69. 
Dipho'lis,  67. 
Diplacus,  273,  275. 
Dipteracanthus,  324-327. 
Dittany,  353. 


Dodder,  219. 
Dodecatheon,  56,  57. 
Dogbane,  82. 
Douglasia,  56,  59. 
Downingia,  2,  8. 
Dracocepiialum,345,  378. 
Drucocephalum,  377,  383. 
Draperia,  153,  158. 
Dvejera,  328,  330. 
Duranta,  333,  340. 
Dysmicodon,  10,  11. 

Ebenace/E,  69. 
Echidiocarya,  179,  198. 
Echinoglochin,  190. 
Echinospennum,  179,  188. 
Echinusphace,  366. 
Echites,  80,  84,  393.       " 
Echites,  83,  85. 

ECHITIDE.-E,  80. 

Echium,  180,  207. 
Eddya,  182. 
Ehretia,  177,  181. 

EHKETlEyE,  177. 

Elaphocera,  143. 
Elliottia,  17,  44. 
Ellisia,  152, 157. 
EUisia,  340. 
Elmigera,  261. 
Elytraria.  322,  323. 
Emmenantlie,  153,  170. 
Emorya,  107,  110. 
iMislenia,  86,  100. 
Epicliroma,  295. 
Epigiea,  15,  29. 
Epiphegus,  311,  314. 
Enanikera,  259. 
Erica,  36. 
ERICACE^,  14. 
EiiiCE^,  16. 

EllICINE/E,  15. 

Erinus,  280. 
Eriodictyon,  153,  175. 
Eritrichfum,  179,  190,  394. 
Eritrichium,  199. 
Erythrsa,  110,  112. 
ErTiihrorhiza,  53. 
Eubotrys,  34. 
Euchroma,  295. 
Eucryptn.  157. 
Eunnnus,  273. 
Euphrasia,  249,  305. 
Euphrasie/E,  249. 
Euplvca,  183. 
Eustachya,  286. 
Eustoma,  111,  116. 
Eutoca,  158,  164,  171. 
Evolvulus,  203,  218. 
Exacum,  112. 
Eyebright,  305. 

False  Dragon-head,  383. 
Farkle-berrv,  20. 
Featherfoil,"  57. 
Eenzlin,  138. 
Fetterbush,  32. 
Figwort,  258. 
Fischera,  43. 
Floating  Heart,  128. 
Flowering  Moss,  52. 
Forget-me-not,  202. 
Forestienij  73,  76. 
Forsterojiia,  85. 
Forsythia,  72. 
Frasera,  111,  125. 


INDEX. 


399 


Fraxinaster,  74. 
Fraxine^,  72. 
Fraxmus,  72,  73. 
French  Tea,  ^51. 
Fringe-tree,  77. 

Galacine^,  52. 
Galapagoa,  182. 
Galax,  52,  53. 
Galeopsis,  347. 
Gambelia,  254. 
GarHoquia,  360. 
Gatesia,  323,  330. 
Gaultheria,  15,  29. 
GauUheria,  26. 
Gaultiera,  30. 
Gautiera,  29. 
Gaylussacia,  15,  19,  393. 
GelsemiEvE,  106. 
Gelsemiiim,  106,  107. 
Gentian,  116. 
Gentiana,  111,  116. 
Gentiann,  124. 

GENTIANE.E,  110. 

GENTIANACEiE,  110. 
Gen/ianella,  116. 
Gerardia,  248.  290. 
Gerardia,  280,  289. 
GKRAimiEyE,  248. 
Germander,  349. 
Gilia,  129,  137,  394. 
Gilia,  135,  136. 
Gilinndra,  146. 
Gillopsis,  136. 
Gill-over-the-ground,  378. 
Gipsy-wort,  352. 
Gitliopsis,  9. 
Glandularia,  337. 
Glau.x,  56,  63. 
Glycyphylla.  26. 
Goatweed,  285. 
Gomphocarpiis,  86, 100. 

GONOLOBE^.,  87. 

Gonolobus,  87,  102,  393. 
GOODENIACE^,  1. 
Grammica,  269. 
Gratiola,  247,  281. 
Graiiolurin,  281. 
Gratiole^,  246. 
Greasewood,  373. 
Greek  Valerian,  149. 
Greqorin,  59. 
Groiiiwell,  203. 
Ground  Clierrv,  233. 
Ground  Laurel,  29. 
Ground  Pink,  131. 
Gruvelia,  187. 
Glial/ Iteria,  29. 
Gualtieria,  29. 
Gymnandra,  332. 
Gymnandra,  286. 
Gymnobylhus,  163. 
Gymnocnulis,  312. 
Gyrandra,  112. 

Halenia,  111,  127. 
Halesia,  70,  71. 
Haplophvton,  80,  82. 
Harebell;  11. 
Harpaconella,  178,  186. 
Heal-all,  382. 
Heath,  36. 
Heather,  36. 
Hedeoma,  344,  361. 
Hedeoma,  364. 


TTedeomoides,  364. 
Hedge  Hyssop,  281. 
HeUophyium,  183,  186. 
Heliotrope,  183. 
Heliotropie^,  177. 
Heliotropium,  177,  183. 
Hemiantltus,  284. 
Hemipogon,  3. 
Henasteyiu,  304. 
Hemitomes,  50. 
Hemp-Nettle,  335. 
Henbane,  240. 
Henrya,  330. 
Herpestis,  247,  280. 
Heipestis,  279. 
Hespereljea,  73,  77. 
Hesperochiron,  153,  172. 
Hesptrothyjnus,  259. 
Heterocodon,  10,  14. 
Heferosphace,  366. 
Hippoglossum,  200. 
Huitzia,  141. 
Holopogon,  3. 
Homalocnryum,  188. 
ffomockilus,  3. 
Hoped,  70. 
Horehound,  384. 
Horse-Balm,  351. 
Horse-Mint,  375. 
Horse-sugar,  71. 
Horse-weed,  351. 
Hottonia,  55,  57. 
H0TT0NIE.E,  55. 
Houndstongue,  187. 
Huckleberry,  19, 20. 
Hugelia,  143. 
Hy'dranlheUum.,  281. 
Hydrolea,  154,  176. 
HVprole^,  153. 
HYDROPHYLLACEiE,  152. 
Hyurophylue^,,  152. 
Hydrophvllum,  152, 154. 
Hygrophila,  322,  324. 
Hyoscyamea:,  225. 
Hyoscyamus,  225,  240. 
Hypopitys,  49. 
Hyptis,  342,  350. 
Hyssop,  364. 
Hvssopus,  343,  354. 
Hyssopus,  376. 

Ilysanthes,  247.  283. 
Indian  Hemp,  82. 
Indian  Pipe,  49. 
Indian  Tobacco,  3. 
Ipovieria,  145. 
Iponioea,  208. 
Jpo?nosa,  214-216,  394. 
Jpomopsis,  135,  145. 
Isanthus,  342,  349. 

Jacobinia,  395. 
Jacobinia,  329. 
Jacob's  Ladder,  149. 
Jacquemontia,  208,  214. 
Jacquinia,  65.  66. 
Jasmines,  73. 
Jerusalem  Cherry,  228. 
Jerusalem  Sage,  384. 
Justicia,  323,  329. 
Justicia,  329,  330. 
.lusTiciE^,  322. 

Kalmia,  16,  37. 
Krynitzkia,  190,  193. 


Ktenospermum,  187. 

LABIATE,  341. 
Labrador  Tea,  43. 
Lachnostnma,  104. 
Lagotis,  332. 
Lambkill,  38. 
Lamium,  347. 
Lantana,  333,  339. 
Lappula,  188. 
Laurel,  37,  42. 
Laurentia,  2,  8. 
Leadwort,  55. 
Leather-leaf,  35. 
Ledum,  16,  43. 
Leiophyllum,  17,  43. 
Lemmonia,  153,  173. 
LENNOACE^,  50. 
Lentibularin,  314. 
LENTIBULARIACE^,  314. 
Leonotis,  347,  384. 
Lepidanche,  222,  223. 
Leptamnium,  314. 
Leptandra,  286. 
Lepiodnctylon,  140. 
Leptoglossis,  226.  244. 
Leptophragnia,  243. 
Leptosiphon,  1.39. 
Leptost.achya,  334. 
Leucanthea,  244. 
LeucophyllevE,  245. 
Leucophylluni,  245,  250. 
Leucosporu,  279. 
Leucothoe,  16,  33. 
Ligustrum,  72. 
Lilac,  72. 

Limnanthemum,  111,  128. 
Limosella,  247,  284. 
Unanthus,  138. 
Linaria,  245,  250. 
Lindemia,  243,  283. 
Ling,  36. 
Lippia,  333,  338. 
Lisinnthus,  116. 
Lithospermum,  179,  203. 
Litkospermum,  198-201. 
Lobelia,  2,  3,  393. 
Lobelia.  8. 

LOBELIACE^,  1,  3. 
L0BELIE.E,  2. 
Lochnera,  82. 
Loeselia,  129,  1.36. 
LOGANIACE^,  106. 
Loganie/E,  1u6. 
Loiseleuria,  17,  44. 
Lomatogonium,  124. 
Lonlcera,  108. 
Loosestrife,  62. 
Lophanthus,  345,  383. 
Lophospermum,  254. 
Lopseed,  334. 
Lousewort,  305. 
Lycium,  225,  237. 
L3'copersicum,  224,  226. 
Lycopsis,  179,  207. 
Lvcopus,  343,  352. 
L'yonia  (Nutt.),  32. 
Lyonia  (Ell.),  102. 
Lysimachia,  56,  62. 
Lysimackia,  61. 

Macbridea,  346,  383. 
Macranthera,  248,  290. 
Macromei-utj  205. 
Macromerundes,  205. 


400 


INDEX. 


Macrosiphonia,  80,  83. 
Madrona,  27. 
Majorano,  371. 
Mnruhvillea,  84. 
Maiizanita,  27. 
Margarantlms,  225,  237. 
Maria,  32. 
Marjoram,  358. 
Marrubium,  3i6. 
Marsh  Rosemary,  54. 
Martynia,  320,  321. 
Mastic-tree,  67. 
Matrimonv-vine,  237. 
Maurandia.  245,  254. 
Maurandella,  253. 
Mayflower,  29. 
Meiophanes,  327. 
Melampyriim,  249,  310. 
Melinia,  87, 101. 
Melissa,  343,  361. 
MeUttis,  384. 
Mtlla,  280. 
Mentha,  342,  351. 
Menziesia,  16,  39. 
Menziesia,  37. 
Menodora,  73,  78. 
Menodoropsis,  79. 
Menyanthes,  111,  128. 
Menyanthide^,  111. 
Mevciulunia,  280. 
Mertensia,  179,  199. 
Messersmidtia,  183. 
Metagonla,  25. 
MetastehTia,  86, 101. 
Micranthemum,  247,  284. 
Microcala,  110,  112. 
Microcarpcea,  280. 
Microg.enetes,  158,  169. 
Microgilia,  146. 
Micromevia,  343,  359. 
Micropyxis,  393. 
Milkweed,  89. 
Milti/zia,  170. 
Mimulus,  247,  273. 
Mimiduides,  273,  279. 
Mimusnps,  67,  68. 
Mint,  351. 
Mitreola,  107,  108. 
Mohavea,  245,  254,  395. 
Monarda,  345,  373. 
Monarda,  376. 

MONARDK.E,  344. 

Monardella,  343,  3.56. 
Monarddla,  356.  374. 
Muntchma,  328. 
Moneses,  17,  46. 
Moiiej'wort,  63. 
Monkey-flower,  273. 
Mnnniera,  280,  281. 
Monogynella,  223. 
Monotropa,  18,  49. 

Mo.NOTUOPE^K,  18. 
Monatropsis^  49. 
Morella,  227. 
Morning  Glory,  208,  209. 
Moss  Pink,  131. 
Motherwort,  385. 
Mountain  Basil,  354. 
Mountain  Mint,  354. 
Mudwort,  284. 
Mullein,  250. 
Mylanche,  314. 
Mvosotis,  179,  202. 
Myosofis,  189,  191-197. 
Myrica,  77. 


MYRSINACE^,  64. 
Myrsine,  65. 
Myksune^e,  65. 
Afyxa,  180. 

Nama,  153,  173. 
Nama,  158,  172. 
Name^,  153. 
Naseberry,  69. 
Naumhur(jia,  63. 
Navaii-etia,  135,  141. 
Neckweed,  288. 
Nelsonie/E,  322. 
Nemacladus,  2,  3. 
Nemophila,  152,  155. 
Nemophila,  155. 
Nepeta,  345,  377. 
NepetEvE,  345. 
Neriandra,  84. 
Nerium,  79. 
Newberrya,  19,  50. 
Nicandra,  225,  237. 
Nicotia  241. 
Nicotiana,  226,  241. 
Nicotiana,  ITS,  343. 
Nightshade,  226. 
Nierembergin,  243,  244. 
Nothaphyllon,  312. 
Nothacerates,  98. 
Nothockeione,  259. 
Nycterium,  231: 

Obolaria,  111,  127. 

OciMOIDEiE,  342. 

Ocimum,  342,  350, 
Ocymum,  350. 
OclontiteS,  305. 
Oil-plant,  .320. 
Olea,  72,  78. 
OLEACE^,  72. 
Oleander,  79. 
Oleine.e,  73. 
Olive,  72. 
Omphnludes,  180. 
Oncorrhynchm,  300. 
Onosmodium,  179,  205. 
Ophiorhizn,  106. 
Origanum,  343,  358. 
Origanum,  374. 
Ornus,  73. 

OROBANCHACEiE,  310. 
Orobanche,  311. 
Orobanc/ie,  312-314. 
Orontium,  251.       . 
Ortheutoca,  164. 
Orthocarpus,  249,  299. 
Orthopodium,  348. 
Orthostachtjs,  184. 
Oryctes,  225,  232. 
Os'manthus,  73,  78. 
Osmulhamnus,  41. 
Oswego  Tea,  374. 
Otophylla.  292. 
Ounsin,  173. 
Oxycoccus,  20,  25. 
Oxydendrum,  15,  33. 

Painted-cup,  295. 
Palmerella,  2,  8. 
Parabryanihus,  37. 
Parechites,  85. 
Pectocarva,  178,  187. 
PEDALiACE^,  320. 
Pedicularis,  249,  305. 
Pennyroyal,  362. 


Pentalophus,  205. 
Pentastemon,  259. 
Pentstemon,  246,  259. 
Pentslftmon,  259. 
Pepper-bush,  45. 
Peppermint,  352. 
Peripluca,  85. 
Periwinkle,  82. 
Persimmon,  69. 
Petunia,  226,  243. 
Phacelia,  153,  156,  394. 
Pkacelia,  158. 
Phacelie.e,  152. 
Phalerocarpus,  26. 
Pharbitis,  209. 
Pkelipcea,  312. 
Philibertia,  85,  87. 
Pliillyreoides,  31. 
PMuganthea,  131. 
Phlomis,  347,  384. 
Phlox,  129. 
Phlox,  136,  141. 
Pholisma,  51. 
Phrvma,  333,  334. 
Phryme^,  333. 
Phyllodoce,  36,  37. 
Phvsalis,  225,  233,  395. 
Phj'sostegia,  346,  383. 
Physoslegin,  382. 
Pickeringia,  65. 
Picrococcus,  21. 
Picrocolla,  146. 
Pieris,  31,  32. 
Pimpernel,  63. 
Pine-sap.  49. 
Plnguicula,  314,  317. 
Pipe-wood,  34. 
Pipsissewa,  45. 
Piptolepis,  76,  77. 
Plagioboihrys,  190,  191. 
Plantago,  389. 
PLANl-AGINACE^E,  388. 
Plantain,  389. 
Pleuricospora,  18,  50. 
Pleuricospore^,,  18. 
Pleurogvne,  111,  124. 
PLUMBAGINACE^,  53. 
Plumbago,  54,  55. 
Plumerik^.,  79. 
Pneiimonanihe,  120. 
Podostemma,  98. 
Podostigma,  80,  88. 
Pogogvne,  344,  364. 
POLEMONIACE^,  128. 
Polemonium,  129,  149. 
Polemonium,  147,  157. 
Poliomintha,  344,  361. 
Polydiclin,  243. 
Polydiclis.  243. 
Polyntm,  99. 
Polypremum,  107,  109. 
Ponqatium,  10. 
Porterella,  8. 
Portuna,  31. 
Potato,  227. 
Prnsium,  382. 
Preslea,  184. 
Primrose.  58. 
Primula,  56,  58,  393. 
Primule.k,  55. 
PRIMULACEiE,  55. 
Prince's  Pine,  45. 
Priva,  333,  334. 
Privet,  72. 
Prunella,  382. 


INDEX. 


401 


Pseudocollomia^  143. 
Pseudo-Myosotis,  197. 
Pseudorontium,  251. 

PSEUDOSOLANE^,  245 

Pterospora,  18,  48. 
Pterostyrax,  71. 
Pteryr/tum,  195. 
Ptilucalyx.  181. 
Puccoon,  204. 
Puhmnaria,  200,  201. 
Purshia,  206. 
Pycnanthemum,  343,  354. 
Pycnosphace,  366. 
Pycnothymus,  358. 
Pyrola,  18,  46. 
Pyrola,  45,  46. 
Pyrole^;,  17. 
Pyroline^,  17. 
Pyxidanthera,  52. 
P'yxothamnus,  25. 

QuamocUt,  209. 

Ramsted,  251. 
Eapanea,  65. 
Ehabdadenia,  84,  393. 
Rhinanthide^,  248. 
Rhinanthus,  249,  310. 
Rhododendke^,  16. 
Rhododendron,  16,  39. 
Ekodora,  40,  41. 
PhodorecE,  16. 
Rhodothamnus,  40. 
Rhynchospermum,  85. 
Rhytiglossa,  329,  330. 
Ribgrass,  391. 
Ribwort,  389. 
Rippiegrass,  391. 
Rochelia,  197. 
Romanzoffia,  153,  172. 
Rose  Bav,  39. 
Roulinia",  86,  100. 
Ruellia,  322,  325. 
Ruellia,  324,  327. 
Ruellie^,  322. 

Sabbatia,  110, 113. 
Snccnntkera,  271. 
Salal,  30. 
Salpichroa,  225,  231. 

SALPIGLOSSIDEiE,  226. 

Snlpiylossis,  243. 
Salvik,  345,  366. 
Snlviastrum,  366. 
Samara,  65. 
Sambdia,  64. 
Samole^,  56. 
Samolus,  56,  64. 
SAPOTACEiE,  66. 
Sappadilla,  69. 
Saracha,  232. 
Sarcodes,  18,  49. 
Sarcostemma,  86. 
Satureia,  343,  358. 
Satureia,  354. 
Satukeine^,  342. 
Savory,  358. 
Scagvola,  1. 
Schauei-ia,  328,  330. 
Schizocodon,  52. 
Schizonotus,  86, 100. 
Schistophragma,  279. 
Schleidenia,  184,185. 
Schwalbea,  249,  305. 
ScLweinitzia,  18,  49. 


Sclarea,  371. 
Scoparia,  248,  284. 
Scrophularia,  246,  258. 
SCROPHULARIACEiE,  244. 
Scutellaria,  346,  378. 

SCUTELLARINE.^,  345. 

Sea  Lavender,  54. 
Sea-Milkwort,  63. 
Sebestenoides,  180. 
SecoTulutia,  85. 
SELAGINACE^,  332. 
Self-heal,  382. 
Sericographis,  329,  395. 
Sesamum,  320. 
Seutera,  102. 
Seymeria,  248,  289. 
Shallon,  30. 
Shin-leaf,  46. 
Shooting  Star,  57. 
Shortia,  52,  53. 
Shuttleioorthia,  337. 
Sideroxylon,  66,  67. 
Sideroxylon,  68. 
Silkweed,  89. 
,  Silver-bell  tree,  71. 
Siphocampylus,  3. 
Siphonella,  140. 
Siphonoglossa,  323,  328. 
Skullcap,  378. 
Snapdragon,  251. 
Snowberry,  26. 
Snowdrop  tree,  71. 
Snow-plant,  49. 
SOLANACE^,  224. 

SOLANE^,  224. 

Solanum,  224,  226. 
Solanum,  226,  232,  233. 
Solenandria,  53. 
Sophronanthe,,  282,  283. 
Sorrel-tree,  33. 
Sour-wood,  33. 
Sparkle-berry,  20. 
Spearmint,  352. 
Specularia,  9,  10. 
Speedwell,  286. 
Sphacele,  344,  365. 
Sphenoclea,  9, 10. 
SphenoclejE,  9. 
Spigelia,  106,  107. 
Spondylococcus,  340. 
Squaw-root,  313. 
Stachyde^,  346. 
Stachys,  347. 
StacJnjtarpha,  334. 
Stachvtarpheta,  333,  334, 395. 
Stagger-bush,  32. 
Star-apple,  67. 
Star-flower,  60. 
Statice,  54. 
Statice,  55. 
Statice^,  54. 
Steenhammera,  200. 
Stegnocarpus,  181. 
Steironema,  56,  61. 
Stemodia,  247,  279. 
Stenandrium,  322,  327. 
Stenhnmmaria,  200. 
Stenolobium,  319. 
Stickseed,  188. 
Stipecoma,  84. 
Stone-root,  351. 
Storax,  71. 
Stramonium,  239. 
Streptopodium,  348. 
Stylandra,  88. 

28 


Stylisma,  217. 
STYRACACE^,  70. 
StyracEvK,  70. 
Styrax.  70,  71. 
Sweet-leaf,  70. 
Sweet  Potato,  211. 
Swertia,  111,  124. 
Swertia,  124-127. 
Symphytum,  179,  206. 
Symplocine.^,  70. 
Svmplocos,  70. 
SVnandra,  346,  384. 
Synthyris,  248,  285. 
Syringa,  72. 

Taberrusmontana,  81. 
Tecoma,  318,  319. 
Tetraclea,  342,  347. 
Tetramerium,  323,  330. 
Teucrium,  342,  349. 
Thelaia,  46. 

THEOPHRASTE.E,  65. 

Thevetia,  79. 
Thom-Apple,  239. 
Thunbergia,  321. 
Tkymbra,  384. 
Thvme,  358. 
Thvmus,  343,  358. 
Th'yrsanthus,  63. 
Tiaridium,  185. 
Tiquilia,  182. 
Tiquiliopsis,  182. 
Toad-Flax,  250. 
Tobacco,  241. 
Tolmiea,  44. 
Tomato,  226. 
Tonella,  246,  257. 
Tournefortia,  178, 182. 
Tournsole,  183. 
Trachelospermum,  80,  84. 
Trailing  Arbutus,  29. 
Tretrorkiza,  120, 
Trichosphace,  366. 
Trichostema,  342,  347. 
THchostemma,  347. 
Tricardia,  153,  172. 
Trientalis,  56,  60. 
Triodallus,  10. 
TriodaniSj  10. 
Tnpetaleia,  44. 
Tripkysaria,  301. 
Trumpet-creeper,  319. 
Trumpet-flower,  319. 
Tubiflora,  324. 
TuKia,  355. 
Turtlehead,  258. 

Unicorn-plant,  321. 

Uranantiius,  116. 

Urechites,  84. 
Utricularia,  314. 

Uva-Ursi,  27. 

Uwarowia,  337. 

Vaccinieje,  14. 
Vaccinium,  15,  20. 
Vaccinium,  19,  26,  30. 
Vallesia,  79,  81. 
Varronia,  180. 
Venus's  Looking-glass,  10. 
Verbasce^,  245. 
Veibascum,  245,  250. 
Verbena,  333,  335. 
Verbena,  334,  338. 
VERBENACEiE,  332. 


402 


INDEX. 


Verbene^,  333. 
Veronica,  248,  286. 
Vervain,  335. 
Villarsia,  128,  173. 
Vinca,  80,  82. 
Vincetoxicum,  87,  102,  i 
Vincetnxicum,  103. 
VlTICE.B,  333. 
Viticella,  53,  155. 
Vitis-IdcBa,  24. 

Water  Horehound,  352. 


Waterleaf,  154. 
Water-Pimpernel,  64. 
White  Alder,  44. 
White  Mangrove,  340. 
Whitlavia,  164. 
WhortlebeiTv,  24. 
Wicky,  38. 
Wigandia,  176. 
Winter  Clierrv,  233. 
Wintergreen,"29,  45,  4f 
Withania,  224,  232. 
Woundwort,  385. 


Wulfenia,  285. 

Xerobotrys,  27. 
Xylococcus,  28. 

Yerba  Buena,  359. 
Yerba  Santa,  176. 
Yellow-rattle,  310. 

Zapania,  338. 
Zenobia,  31. 
Zizopkora,  360. 


Cambridge:  Press  of  John  Wilson  &  Son. 


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